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Dalby FR, Hafner SD, Ambrose HW, Adamsen APS. Pig manure degradation and carbon emission: Measuring and modeling combined aerobic-anaerobic transformations. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2024; 53:589-603. [PMID: 39054634 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions from liquid livestock manure storage significantly contribute to global warming. Accurate farm-scale models are essential for predicting these emissions and evaluating manure management strategies, but they rely on multiple parameters describing carbon loss dynamics. Surface respiration may significantly influence carbon loss and methane emission, yet it is not explicitly included in current models. We conducted experiments to measure pig manure surface respiration rate and its effect on organic matter degradation and methane and carbon dioxide emissions. Manure was incubated for 283 days at 10°C or 20°C under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, while measuring methane and carbon dioxide emission. This was followed by anaerobic digestion at 38°C. Surface respiration reduced the organic matter content, and the effect was temperature dependent. Methane emission was not affected by surface respiration, suggesting that substrate availability was not rate-limiting for methanogenesis. Surface respiration rates were 18.1 ± 3.5 g CO2 m-2 day-1 at 10°C and 37.1 ± 13.1 g CO2 m-2 day-1 at 20°C (mean ± standard deviation) and were consistent with microsensor measurements of oxygen consumption in different manure surfaces. Based on these results, temperature- and surface area-dependent respiration was incorporated in the existing anaerobic biodegradation model (ABM). Simulations showed that surface respiration accounts for 29% of carbon losses in a typical pig house and 8% for outdoor storage. Developing and refining algorithms for diverse carbon transformations, such as surface respiration, is crucial for evaluating the potential for methane emission and identification of variables that control emissions at the farm scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik R Dalby
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sasha D Hafner
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Herald W Ambrose
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Butch E, Prideaux M, Holland M, Phan JT, Trent C, Soon V, Hutchins G, Smith L. The 'bIUreactor': An Open-Source 3D Tissue Research Platform. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:1678-1692. [PMID: 38532173 PMCID: PMC11082015 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
We developed the open-source bIUreactor research platform for studying 3D structured tissues. The versatile and modular platform allows a researcher to generate 3D tissues, culture them with oxygenated perfusion, and provide cyclic loading, all in their own lab (in laboratorium) for an all in cost of $8,000 including 3D printer, printing resin, and electronics. We achieved this by applying a design philosophy that leverages 3D printing, open-source software and hardware, and practical techniques to produce the following: 1. perfusible 3D tissues, 2. a bioreactor chamber for tissue culture, 3. a module for applying cyclic compression, 4. a peristaltic pump for providing oxygenated perfusion to 3D tissues, 5. motor control units, and 6. open-source code for running the control units. By making it widely available for researchers to investigate 3D tissue models and easy for them to use, we intend for the bIUreactor to democratize 3D tissue research, therefore increasing the pace and scale of biomedical research discoveries using 3D tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Butch
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Prideaux
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark Holland
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Justin-Thuy Phan
- Smith BioFab Lab, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cole Trent
- Smith BioFab Lab, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Victor Soon
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gary Hutchins
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lester Smith
- Smith BioFab Lab, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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3
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Colyer B, Bak M, Basanta D, Noble R. A seven-step guide to spatial, agent-based modelling of tumour evolution. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13687. [PMID: 38707992 PMCID: PMC11064804 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial agent-based models are frequently used to investigate the evolution of solid tumours subject to localized cell-cell interactions and microenvironmental heterogeneity. As spatial genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies gain traction, spatial computational models are predicted to become ever more necessary for making sense of complex clinical and experimental data sets, for predicting clinical outcomes, and for optimizing treatment strategies. Here we present a non-technical step by step guide to developing such a model from first principles. Stressing the importance of tailoring the model structure to that of the biological system, we describe methods of increasing complexity, from the basic Eden growth model up to off-lattice simulations with diffusible factors. We examine choices that unavoidably arise in model design, such as implementation, parameterization, visualization and reproducibility. Each topic is illustrated with examples drawn from recent research studies and state of the art modelling platforms. We emphasize the benefits of simpler models that aim to match the complexity of the phenomena of interest, rather than that of the entire biological system. Our guide is aimed at both aspiring modellers and other biologists and oncologists who wish to understand the assumptions and limitations of the models on which major cancer studies now so often depend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair Colyer
- Department of MathematicsCity, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Maciej Bak
- Department of MathematicsCity, University of LondonLondonUK
| | - David Basanta
- Department of Integrated Mathematical OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research InstituteTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Robert Noble
- Department of MathematicsCity, University of LondonLondonUK
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4
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Suryavanshi P, Bodas D. Knockout cancer by nano-delivered immunotherapy using perfusion-aided scaffold-based tumor-on-a-chip. Nanotheranostics 2024; 8:380-400. [PMID: 38751938 PMCID: PMC11093718 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.87818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial disease produced by mutations in the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, which result in uncontrolled cell proliferation and resistance to cell death. Cancer progresses due to the escape of altered cells from immune monitoring, which is facilitated by the tumor's mutual interaction with its microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms involved in immune surveillance evasion and the significance of the tumor microenvironment might thus aid in developing improved therapies. Although in vivo models are commonly utilized, they could be better for time, cost, and ethical concerns. As a result, it is critical to replicate an in vivo model and recreate the cellular and tissue-level functionalities. A 3D cell culture, which gives a 3D architecture similar to that found in vivo, is an appropriate model. Furthermore, numerous cell types can be cocultured, establishing cellular interactions between TME and tumor cells. Moreover, microfluidics perfusion can provide precision flow rates, thus simulating tissue/organ function. Immunotherapy can be used with the perfused 3D cell culture technique to help develop successful therapeutics. Immunotherapy employing nano delivery can target the spot and silence the responsible genes, ensuring treatment effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. This study focuses on the importance of 3D cell culture in understanding the pathophysiology of 3D tumors and TME, the function of TME in drug resistance, tumor progression, and the development of advanced anticancer therapies for high-throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Suryavanshi
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004 India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 007 India
| | - Dhananjay Bodas
- Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G.G. Agarkar Road, Pune 411 004 India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411 007 India
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Mathur T, Tronolone JJ, Jain A. AngioMT: An in silico platform for digital sensing of oxygen transport through heterogenous microvascular networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523275. [PMID: 36711826 PMCID: PMC9881947 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the capacity of microvascular networks in delivering soluble oxygen and nutrients to its organs is essential in health, disease, and surgical interventions. Here, a finite element method-based oxygen transport program, AngioMT, is designed and validated to predict spatial oxygen distribution and other physiologically relevant transport metrics within both the vascular network and the surrounding tissue. The software processes acquired images of microvascular networks and produces a digital mesh which is used to predict vessel and tissue oxygenation. The image-to-physics translation by AngioMT correlated with results from commercial software, however only AngioMT could provide predictions within the solid tissue in addition to vessel oxygenation. AngioMT predictions were sensitive and positively correlated to spatial heterogeneity and extent of vascularization of 500 different vascular networks formed with variable vasculogenic conditions. The predictions of AngioMT cross-correlate with experimentally-measured oxygen distributions in vivo. The computational power of the software is increased by including calculations of higher order reaction mechanisms, and the program includes defining additional organ and tissue structures for a more physiologically relevant analysis of tissue oxygenation in complex co-cultured systems, or in vivo. AngioMT may serve as a digital performance measuring tool of vascular networks in microcirculation, experimental models of vascularized tissues and organs, and in clinical applications, such as organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Mathur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 101 Bizzell St, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - James J. Tronolone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 101 Bizzell St, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Abhishek Jain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 101 Bizzell St, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Karan S, Cho MY, Lee H, Park HS, Han EH, Song Y, Lee Y, Kim M, Cho JH, Sessler JL, Hong KS. Hypoxia-Responsive Luminescent CEST MRI Agent for In Vitro and In Vivo Tumor Detection and Imaging. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7106-7117. [PMID: 35580357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a feature of most solid tumors and a key determinant of cancer growth and propagation. Sensing hypoxia effectively could lead to more favorable clinical outcomes. Here, we report a molecular antenna-based bimodal probe designed to exploit the complementary advantages of magnetic resonance (MR)- and optical-based imaging. Specifically, we describe the synthesis and evaluation of a dual-action probe (NO2-Eu) that permits hypoxia-activated chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MR and optical imaging. In CT26 cells, this NO2-Eu probe not only provides an enhanced CEST MRI signal but also turns "on" the optical signal under hypoxic conditions. Time-dependent in vivo CEST imaging in a hypoxic CT26 tumor xenograft mouse model revealed probe-dependent tumor detection by CEST MRI contrast in the tumor area. We thus suggest that dual-action hypoxia probes, like that reported here, could have a role to play in solid tumor diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanu Karan
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea.,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Mi Young Cho
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
| | - Hyunseung Lee
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Park
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Han
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
| | - Youngkyu Song
- Research Equipment Operations Division, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
| | - Youlee Lee
- Research Equipment Operations Division, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
| | - Mina Kim
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Science, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Jee-Hyun Cho
- Research Equipment Operations Division, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea.,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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7
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Lasagna M, Ventura C, Hielpos MS, Mardirosian MN, Martín G, Miret N, Randi A, Núñez M, Cocca C. Endocrine disruptor chlorpyrifos promotes migration, invasion, and stemness phenotype in 3D cultures of breast cancer cells and induces a wide range of pathways involved in cancer progression. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111989. [PMID: 34506784 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus chlorpyrifos (CPF) is currently considered an endocrine disruptor (ED), as it can imitate hormone actions both in vitro and in vivo. We recently reported that CPF induces migration and invasion in 2D cultures and changes the expression of key molecular markers involved in epithelial mesenchymal transition in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. In this study, we investigated whether CPF could behave as a predisposing factor for tumors to become more metastatic and aggressive using 3D culture models. In MCF-7 cells, 0.05 μM CPF induced an increase in the number and size of mammospheres via estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and c-SRC. Furthermore, 0.05 μM CPF increased the area of spheroids generated from MCF-7 cells, induced invasion using both Matrigel® and type 1 collagen matrices, and increased cell migration capacity via ERα in this 3D model. In turn, 50 μM CPF increased cell migration capacity and invasion using type 1 collagen matrix. In monolayers, CPF increased the phosphorylation and membrane translocation of c-SRC at both concentrations assayed. CPF at 0.05 μM boosted p-AKT, p-GSK-3β and p-P38. While p-AKT rose in a ERα-dependent way, p-GSK-3β was dependent on ERα- and c-SRC, and p-P38 was only dependent on c-SRC. On the other hand, the increase in p-AKT and p-P38 induced by 50 μM CPF was dependent on the c-SRC pathway. We also observed that 0.05 μM CPF increased IGF-1R and IRS-1 expression and that 50 μM CPF induced IGF-1Rβ phosphorylation. In the MDA-MB-231 cell line, 0.05 and 50 μM CPF increased p-c-SRC. Finally, p-AKT and p-GSK-3β were also induced by CPF at 0.05 and 50 μM, and an increase in p-P38 was observed at 50 μM. Taken together, these data provide support for the notion that CPF may represent a risk factor for breast cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lasagna
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Ventura
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos (IIFP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - M S Hielpos
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M N Mardirosian
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Martín
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Miret
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Randi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Laboratorio de Efectos Biológicos de Contaminantes Ambientales, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Núñez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Cocca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini" (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Cátedra de Física, Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Hu A, Qiu R, Wu Z, Zhang H, Li WB, Li J. A Computational Model for Oxygen Depletion Hypothesis in FLASH Effect. Radiat Res 2022; 197:175-183. [PMID: 34739052 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00260.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Experiments have reported low normal tissue toxicities during FLASH irradiation, but the mechanism has not been elaborated. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanism. One hypothesis is oxygen depletion. We analyze the time-dependent change of oxygen concentration in the tissue to study the oxygen depletion hypothesis using a computational model. The effects of physical, chemical and physiological parameters on oxygen depletion were explored. The kinetic equation of the model is solved numerically using the finite difference method with rational boundary conditions. Results of oxygen distribution is supported by the experiments of oxygen-sensitivity electrodes and experiments on the expression and distribution of the hypoxia-inducible factors. The analysis of parameters shows that the steady-state oxygen distribution before irradiation is determined by the oxygen consumption rate of the tissue and the microvessel density. The change of oxygen concentration after irradiation has been found to follow a negative exponential function, and the time constant is mainly determined by the microvessel density. The change of oxygen during exposure increases with dose rate and tends to be saturated because of oxygen diffusion. When the dose rate is high enough, the same dose results in the same reduction of oxygen concentration regardless of dose rate. The analysis of the FLASH effect in the brain tissue based on this model does not support the explanation of the oxygen depletion hypothesis. The oxygen depletion hypothesis remains controversial because the oxygen in most normal tissues cannot be depleted to radiation resistance level by FLASH irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankang Hu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qiu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Nuctech Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Bo Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Junli Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Luo SC, Zheng X, Kankala RK, Wang SB, Chen AZ. Advances in Engineered Three-Dimensional (3D) Body Articulation Unit Models. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:213-235. [PMID: 35087267 PMCID: PMC8789231 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s344036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Indeed, the body articulation units, commonly referred to as body joints, play significant roles in the musculoskeletal system, enabling body flexibility. Nevertheless, these articulation units suffer from several pathological conditions, such as osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, gout, and psoriatic arthritis. There exist several treatment modalities based on the utilization of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, which can reduce or control the pathophysiological symptoms. Despite the success, these treatment modalities suffer from major shortcomings of enormous cost and poor recovery, limiting their applicability and requiring promising strategies. To address these limitations, several engineering strategies have been emerged as promising solutions in fabricating the body articulation as unit models towards local articulation repair for tissue regeneration and high-throughput screening for drug development. In this article, we present challenges related to the selection of biomaterials (natural and synthetic sources), construction of 3D articulation models (scaffold-free, scaffold-based, and organ-on-a-chip), architectural designs (microfluidics, bioprinting, electrospinning, and biomineralization), and the type of culture conditions (growth factors and active peptides). Then, we emphasize the applicability of these articulation units for emerging biomedical applications of drug screening and tissue repair/regeneration. In conclusion, we put forward the challenges and difficulties for the further clinical application of the in vitro 3D articulation unit models in terms of the long-term high activity of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Chang Luo
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology (Huaqiao University), Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, People’s Republic of China
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Barbosa MAG, Xavier CPR, Pereira RF, Petrikaitė V, Vasconcelos MH. 3D Cell Culture Models as Recapitulators of the Tumor Microenvironment for the Screening of Anti-Cancer Drugs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:190. [PMID: 35008353 PMCID: PMC8749977 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, innovative three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models have been proposed as viable and biomimetic alternatives for initial drug screening, allowing the improvement of the efficiency of drug development. These models are gaining popularity, given their ability to reproduce key aspects of the tumor microenvironment, concerning the 3D tumor architecture as well as the interactions of tumor cells with the extracellular matrix and surrounding non-tumor cells. The development of accurate 3D models may become beneficial to decrease the use of laboratory animals in scientific research, in accordance with the European Union's regulation on the 3R rule (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement). This review focuses on the impact of 3D cell culture models on cancer research, discussing their advantages, limitations, and compatibility with high-throughput screenings and automated systems. An insight is also given on the adequacy of the available readouts for the interpretation of the data obtained from the 3D cell culture models. Importantly, we also emphasize the need for the incorporation of additional and complementary microenvironment elements on the design of 3D cell culture models, towards improved predictive value of drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie A. G. Barbosa
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.G.B.); (C.P.R.X.)
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Cristina P. R. Xavier
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.G.B.); (C.P.R.X.)
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Rúben F. Pereira
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Biofabrication Group, INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vilma Petrikaitė
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - M. Helena Vasconcelos
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP—Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.A.G.B.); (C.P.R.X.)
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP—Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Zhu H, Li J, Deng X, Qiu R, Wu Z, Zhang H. Modeling of cellular response after FLASH irradiation: a quantitative analysis based on the radiolytic oxygen depletion hypothesis. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34464946 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose.Recent studies suggest ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) irradiation can spare normal tissues from radiotoxicity, while efficiently controlling the tumor, and this is known as the 'FLASH effect'. This study performed theoretical analyses about the impact of radiolytic oxygen depletion (ROD) on the cellular responses after FLASH irradiation.Methods.Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the ROD process, determine the DNA damage, and calculate the amount of oxygen depleted (LROD) during FLASH exposure. A mathematical model was applied to analyze oxygen tension (pO2) distribution in human tissues and the recovery of pO2after FLASH irradiation. DNA damage and cell survival fractions (SFs) after FLASH irradiation were calculated. The impact of initial cellular pO2, FLASH pulse number, pulse interval, and radiation quality of the source particles on ROD and subsequent cellular responses were systematically evaluated.Results.The simulated electronLRODrange was 0.38-0.43μM Gy-1when pO2ranged from 7.5 to 160 mmHg. The calculated DNA damage and SFs show that the radioprotective effect is only evident in cells with a low pO2. Different irradiation setups alter the cellular responses by modifying the pO2. Single pulse delivery or multi-pulse delivery with pulse intervals shorter than 10-50 ms resulted in fewer DNA damages and higher SFs. Source particles with a low linear energy transfer (LET) have a higher capacity to deplete oxygen, and thus, lead to a more conspicuous radioprotective effect.Conclusions. A systematic analysis of the cellular response following FLASH irradiation was performed to provided suggestions for future FLASH applications. The FLASH radioprotective effect due to ROD may only be observed in cells with a low pO2. Single pulse delivery or multi-pulse delivery with short pulse intervals are suggested for FLASH irradiation to avoid oxygen tension recovery during pulse intervals. Source particles with low LET are preferred for their conspicuous radioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowu Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Qiu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Nuctech Company Limited, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Particle & Radiation Imaging (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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12
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Dorrigiv D, Simeone K, Communal L, Kendall-Dupont J, St-Georges-Robillard A, Péant B, Carmona E, Mes-Masson AM, Gervais T. Microdissected Tissue vs Tissue Slices-A Comparative Study of Tumor Explant Models Cultured On-Chip and Off-Chip. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4208. [PMID: 34439362 PMCID: PMC8394960 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting patient responses to anticancer drugs is a major challenge both at the drug development stage and during cancer treatment. Tumor explant culture platforms (TECPs) preserve the native tissue architecture and are well-suited for drug response assays. However, tissue longevity in these models is relatively low. Several methodologies have been developed to address this issue, although no study has compared their efficacy in a controlled fashion. We investigated the effect of two variables in TECPs, specifically, the tissue size and culture vessel on tissue survival using micro-dissected tumor tissue (MDT) and tissue slices which were cultured in microfluidic chips and plastic well plates. Tumor models were produced from ovarian and prostate cancer cell line xenografts and were matched in terms of the specimen, total volume of tissue, and respective volume of medium in each culture system. We examined morphology, viability, and hypoxia in the various tumor models. Our observations suggest that the viability and proliferative capacity of MDTs were not affected during the time course of the experiments. In contrast, tissue slices had reduced proliferation and showed increased cell death and hypoxia under both culture conditions. Tissue slices cultured in microfluidic devices had a lower degree of hypoxia compared to those in 96-well plates. Globally, our results show that tissue slices have lower survival rates compared to MDTs due to inherent diffusion limitations, and that microfluidic devices may decrease hypoxia in tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Dorrigiv
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, (CRCHUM) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (D.D.); (K.S.); (L.C.); (J.K.-D.); (A.S.-G.-R.); (B.P.); (E.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Kayla Simeone
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, (CRCHUM) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (D.D.); (K.S.); (L.C.); (J.K.-D.); (A.S.-G.-R.); (B.P.); (E.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Laudine Communal
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, (CRCHUM) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (D.D.); (K.S.); (L.C.); (J.K.-D.); (A.S.-G.-R.); (B.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Jennifer Kendall-Dupont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, (CRCHUM) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (D.D.); (K.S.); (L.C.); (J.K.-D.); (A.S.-G.-R.); (B.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Amélie St-Georges-Robillard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, (CRCHUM) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (D.D.); (K.S.); (L.C.); (J.K.-D.); (A.S.-G.-R.); (B.P.); (E.C.)
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Benjamin Péant
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, (CRCHUM) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (D.D.); (K.S.); (L.C.); (J.K.-D.); (A.S.-G.-R.); (B.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Euridice Carmona
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, (CRCHUM) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (D.D.); (K.S.); (L.C.); (J.K.-D.); (A.S.-G.-R.); (B.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, (CRCHUM) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (D.D.); (K.S.); (L.C.); (J.K.-D.); (A.S.-G.-R.); (B.P.); (E.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Thomas Gervais
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, (CRCHUM) and Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (D.D.); (K.S.); (L.C.); (J.K.-D.); (A.S.-G.-R.); (B.P.); (E.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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13
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A therapeutic vascular conduit to support in vivo cell-secreted therapy. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:40. [PMID: 34326344 PMCID: PMC8322381 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant barrier to implementation of cell-based therapies is providing adequate vascularization to provide oxygen and nutrients. Here we describe an approach for cell transplantation termed the Therapeutic Vascular Conduit (TVC), which uses an acellular vessel as a scaffold for a hydrogel sheath containing cells designed to secrete a therapeutic protein. The TVC can be directly anastomosed as a vascular graft. Modeling supports the concept that the TVC allows oxygenated blood to flow in close proximity to the transplanted cells to prevent hypoxia. As a proof-of-principle study, we used erythropoietin (EPO) as a model therapeutic protein. If implanted as an arteriovenous vascular graft, such a construct could serve a dual role as an EPO delivery platform and hemodialysis access for patients with end-stage renal disease. When implanted into nude rats, TVCs containing EPO-secreting fibroblasts were able to increase serum EPO and hemoglobin levels for up to 4 weeks. However, constitutive EPO expression resulted in macrophage infiltration and luminal obstruction of the TVC, thus limiting longer-term efficacy. Follow-up in vitro studies support the hypothesis that EPO also functions to recruit macrophages. The TVC is a promising approach to cell-based therapeutic delivery that has the potential to overcome the oxygenation barrier to large-scale cellular implantation and could thus be used for a myriad of clinical disorders. However, a complete understanding of the biological effects of the selected therapeutic is absolutely essential.
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14
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Dhamecha D, Le D, Chakravarty T, Perera K, Dutta A, Menon JU. Fabrication of PNIPAm-based thermoresponsive hydrogel microwell arrays for tumor spheroid formation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 125:112100. [PMID: 33965110 PMCID: PMC8110948 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Complex three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are being increasingly implemented in biomedical research as they provide important insights into complex cancer biology, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in the tumor microenvironment. However, most methods used today for 3D cell culture are limited by high cost, the need for specialized skills, low throughput and the use of unnatural culture environments. We report the development of a unique biomimetic hydrogel microwell array platform for the generation and stress-free isolation of cancer spheroids. The poly N-isopropylacrylamide-based hydrogel microwell array (PHMA) has thermoresponsive properties allowing for the attachment and growth of cell aggregates/ spheroids at 37 °C, and their easy isolation at room temperature (RT). The reversible phase transition of the microwell arrays at 35 °C was confirmed visually and by differential scanning calorimetry. Swelling/ shrinking studies and EVOS imaging established that the microwell arrays are hydrophilic and swollen at temperatures <35 °C, while they shrink and are hydrophobic at temperatures >35 °C. Spheroid development within the PHMA was optimized for seeding density, incubation time and cell viability. Spheroids of A549, HeLa and MG-63 cancer cell lines, and human lung fibroblast (HLF) cell line generated within the PHMAs had relatively spherical morphology with hypoxic cores. Finally, using MG-63 cell spheroids as representative models, a proof-of-concept drug response study using doxorubicin hydrochloride was conducted. Overall, we demonstrate that the PHMAs are an innovative alternative to currently used 3D cell culture techniques, for the high-throughput generation of cell spheroids for disease modeling and drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Dhamecha
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Duong Le
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Tomali Chakravarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Kalindu Perera
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Arnob Dutta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Jyothi U Menon
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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15
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Roper SJ, Linke F, Scotting PJ, Coyle B. 3D spheroid models of paediatric SHH medulloblastoma mimic tumour biology, drug response and metastatic dissemination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4259. [PMID: 33608621 PMCID: PMC7895940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying medulloblastoma, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour, requires simple yet realistic in vitro models. In this study, we optimised a robust, reliable, three-dimensional (3D) culture method for medulloblastoma able to recapitulate the spatial conformation, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that exist in vivo and in patient tumours. We show that, when grown under the same stem cell enriching conditions, SHH subgroup medulloblastoma cell lines established tight, highly reproducible 3D spheroids that could be maintained for weeks in culture and formed pathophysiological oxygen gradients. 3D spheroid culture also increased resistance to standard-of-care chemotherapeutic drugs compared to 2D monolayer culture. We exemplify how this model can enhance in vitro therapeutic screening approaches through dual-inhibitor studies and continual monitoring of drug response. Next, we investigated the initial stages of metastatic dissemination using brain-specific hyaluronan hydrogel matrices. RNA sequencing revealed downregulation of cell cycle genes and upregulation of cell movement genes and key fibronectin interactions in migrating cells. Analyses of these upregulated genes in patients showed that their expression correlated with early relapse and overall poor prognosis. Our 3D spheroid model is a significant improvement over current in vitro techniques, providing the medulloblastoma research community with a well-characterised and functionally relevant culture method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Roper
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Franziska Linke
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul J Scotting
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Beth Coyle
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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16
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Rothwell BC, Kirkby NF, Merchant MJ, Chadwick AL, Lowe M, Mackay RI, Hendry JH, Kirkby KJ. Determining the parameter space for effective oxygen depletion for FLASH radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 33535191 PMCID: PMC8208623 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abe2ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There has been a recent revival of interest in the FLASH effect, after experiments have shown normal tissue sparing capabilities of ultra-high-dose-rate radiation with no compromise on tumour growth restraint. A model has been developed to investigate the relative importance of a number of fundamental parameters considered to be involved in the oxygen depletion paradigm of induced radioresistance. An example eight-dimensional parameter space demonstrates the conditions under which radiation may induce sufficient depletion of oxygen for a diffusion-limited hypoxic cellular response. Initial results support experimental evidence that FLASH sparing is only achieved for dose rates on the order of tens of Gy/s or higher, for a sufficiently high dose, and only for tissue that is slightly hypoxic at the time of radiation. We show that the FLASH effect is the result of a number of biological, radiochemical and delivery parameters. Also, the threshold dose for a FLASH effect occurring would be more prominent when the parameterisation was optimised to produce the maximum effect. The model provides a framework for further FLASH-related investigation and experimental design. An understanding of the mechanistic interactions producing an optimised FLASH effect is essential for its translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Cordelia Rothwell
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Norman F Kirkby
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Michael J Merchant
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Amy L Chadwick
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Matthew Lowe
- Christie Medical Physics and Engineering, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Ranald I Mackay
- Christie Medical Physics and Engineering , The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Jolyon H Hendry
- Christie Medical Physics and Engineering, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Karen J Kirkby
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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17
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Advanced Multi-Dimensional Cellular Models as Emerging Reality to Reproduce In Vitro the Human Body Complexity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031195. [PMID: 33530487 PMCID: PMC7865724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A hot topic in biomedical science is the implementation of more predictive in vitro models of human tissues to significantly improve the knowledge of physiological or pathological process, drugs discovery and screening. Bidimensional (2D) culture systems still represent good high-throughput options for basic research. Unfortunately, these systems are not able to recapitulate the in vivo three-dimensional (3D) environment of native tissues, resulting in a poor in vitro–in vivo translation. In addition, intra-species differences limited the use of animal data for predicting human responses, increasing in vivo preclinical failures and ethical concerns. Dealing with these challenges, in vitro 3D technological approaches were recently bioengineered as promising platforms able to closely capture the complexity of in vivo normal/pathological tissues. Potentially, such systems could resemble tissue-specific extracellular matrix (ECM), cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions and specific cell biological responses to mechanical and physical/chemical properties of the matrix. In this context, this review presents the state of the art of the most advanced progresses of the last years. A special attention to the emerging technologies for the development of human 3D disease-relevant and physiological models, varying from cell self-assembly (i.e., multicellular spheroids and organoids) to the use of biomaterials and microfluidic devices has been given.
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18
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Lai Y, Jia X, Chi Y. Modeling the effect of oxygen on the chemical stage of water radiolysis using GPU-based microscopic Monte Carlo simulations, with an application in FLASH radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66:025004. [PMID: 33171449 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abc93b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen plays a critical role in determining the initial DNA damages induced by ionizing radiation. It is important to mechanistically model the oxygen effect in the water radiolysis process. However, due to the computational costs from the many body interaction problem, oxygen is often ignored or treated as a constant continuum radiolysis-scavenger background in the simulations using common microscopic Monte Carlo tools. In this work, we reported our recent progress on the modeling of the chemical stage of the water radiolysis with an explicit consideration of the oxygen effect, based upon our initial development of an open-source graphical processing unit (GPU)-based MC simulation tool, gMicroMC. The inclusion of oxygen mainly reduces the yields of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] chemical radicals, turning them into highly toxic [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] species. To demonstrate the practical value of gMicroMC in large scale simulation problems, we applied the oxygen-simulation-enabled gMicroMC to compute the yields of chemical radicals under a high instantaneous dose rate [Formula: see text] to study the oxygen depletion hypothesis in FLASH radiotherapy. A decreased oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was found associated with a reduced initial oxygen concentration level due to reduced probabilities of reactions. With respect to dose rate, for the oxygen concentration of 21% and electron energy of 4.5 [Formula: see text], OCR remained approximately constant (∼0.22 [Formula: see text]) for [Formula: see text]'s of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and reduced to 0.19 [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text], because the increased dose rate improved the mutual reaction frequencies among radicals, hence reducing their reactions with oxygen. We computed the time evolution of oxygen concentration under the FLASH irradiation setups. At the dose rate of [Formula: see text] and initial oxygen concentrations from 0.01% to 21%, the oxygen is unlikely to be fully depleted with an accumulative dose of 30 Gy, which is a typical dose used in FLASH experiments. The computational efficiency of gMicroMC when considering oxygen molecules in the chemical stage was evaluated through benchmark work to GEANT4-DNA with simulating an equivalent number of radicals. With an initial oxygen concentration of 3% (∼105 molecules), a speedup factor of 1228 was achieved for gMicroMC on a single GPU card when comparing with GEANT4-DNA on a single CPU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfang Lai
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States of America. innovative Technology Of Radiotherapy Computation and Hardware (iTORCH) laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75287, United States of America
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Reidy E, Leonard NA, Treacy O, Ryan AE. A 3D View of Colorectal Cancer Models in Predicting Therapeutic Responses and Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E227. [PMID: 33435170 PMCID: PMC7827038 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been many advances in recent years for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), it still remains the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Many patients with late stage CRC display resistance to multiple different therapeutics. An important aspect in developing effective therapeutics for CRC patients is understanding the interactions that take place in the tumor microenvironment (TME), as it has been shown to contribute to drug resistance in vivo. Much research over the past 100 years has focused on 2D monolayer cultures or in vivo studies, however, the efficacy in translating these to the clinic is very low. More recent studies are turning towards developing an effective 3D model of CRC that is clinically relevant, that can recapitulate the TME in vitro and bridge the gap between 2D cultures and in vivo studies, with the aim of reducing the use of animal models in the future. This review summarises the advantages and limitations of different 3D CRC models. It emphasizes how different 3D models may be optimised to study cellular and extracellular interactions that take place in the TME of CRC in an effort to allow the development of more translatable effective treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Reidy
- Lambe Institute for Translational research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 V4AY Galway, Ireland; (E.R.); (N.A.L.); (O.T.)
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, NUI Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
| | - Niamh A. Leonard
- Lambe Institute for Translational research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 V4AY Galway, Ireland; (E.R.); (N.A.L.); (O.T.)
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
| | - Oliver Treacy
- Lambe Institute for Translational research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 V4AY Galway, Ireland; (E.R.); (N.A.L.); (O.T.)
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
| | - Aideen E. Ryan
- Lambe Institute for Translational research, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 V4AY Galway, Ireland; (E.R.); (N.A.L.); (O.T.)
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, NUI Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
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20
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Bhattacharya S, Calar K, Evans C, Petrasko M, de la Puente P. Bioengineering the Oxygen-Deprived Tumor Microenvironment Within a Three-Dimensional Platform for Studying Tumor-Immune Interactions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:1040. [PMID: 33015012 PMCID: PMC7498579 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen deprivation within tumors is one of the most prevalent causes of resilient cancer cell survival and increased immune evasion in breast cancer (BCa). Current in vitro models do not adequately mimic physiological oxygen levels relevant to breast tissue and its tumor-immune interactions. In this study, we propose an approach to engineer a three-dimensional (3D) model (named 3D engineered oxygen, 3D-O) that supports the growth of BCa cells and generates physio- and pathophysiological oxygen levels to understand the role of oxygen availability in tumor-immune interactions. BCa cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) were embedded into plasma-derived 3D-O scaffolds that reflected physio- and pathophysiological oxygen levels relevant to the healthy and cancerous breast tissue. BCa cells grown within 3D-O scaffolds were analyzed by flow cytometry, confocal imaging, immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence for cell proliferation, extracellular matrix protein expression, and alterations in immune evasive outcomes. Exosome secretion from 3D-O scaffolds were evaluated using the NanoSight particle analyzer. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were incorporated on the top of 3D-O scaffolds and the difference in tumor-infiltrating capabilities as a result of different oxygen content were assessed by flow cytometry and confocal imaging. Lastly, hypoxia and Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibition were validated as targets to sensitize BCa cells in order to overcome immune evasion. Low oxygen-induced adaptations within 3D-O scaffolds validated known tumor hypoxia characteristics such as reduced BCa cell proliferation, increased extracellular matrix protein expression, increased extracellular vesicle secretion and enhanced immune surface marker expression on BCa cells. We further demonstrated that low oxygen in 3D-O scaffolds significantly influence immune infiltration. CD8+ T cell infiltration was impaired under pathophysiological oxygen levels and we were also able to establish that hypoxia and PD-L1 inhibition re-sensitized BCa cells to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Bioengineering the oxygen-deprived BCa tumor microenvironment in our engineered 3D-O physiological and tumorous scaffolds supported known intra-tumoral hypoxia characteristics allowing the study of the role of oxygen availability in tumor-immune interactions. The 3D-O model could serve as a promising platform for the evaluation of immunological events and as a drug-screening platform tool to overcome hypoxia-driven immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somshuvra Bhattacharya
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Kristin Calar
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Claire Evans
- Histology and Imaging Core, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Mark Petrasko
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
- Sanford PROMISE, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Pilar de la Puente
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
- Flow Cytometry Core, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
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21
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Henslee EA, Dunlop CM, de Mel CM, Carter EA, Abdallat RG, Camelliti P, Labeed FH. DEP-Dots for 3D cell culture: low-cost, high-repeatability, effective 3D cell culture in multiple gel systems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14603. [PMID: 32884022 PMCID: PMC7471335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that cells grown in 3D are more tolerant to drug treatment than those grown in dispersion, but the mechanism for this is still not clear; cells grown in 3D have opportunities to develop inter-cell communication, but are also closely packed which may impede diffusion. In this study we examine methods for dielectrophoresis-based cell aggregation of both suspension and adherent cell lines, and compare the effect of various drugs on cells grown in 3D and 2D. Comparing viability of pharmacological interventions on 3D cell clusters against both suspension cells and adherent cells grown in monolayer, as well as against a unicellular organism with no propensity for intracellular communication, we suggest that 3D aggregates of adherent cells, compared to suspension cells, show a substantially different drug response to cells grown in monolayer, which increases as the IC50 is approached. Further, a mathematical model of the system for each agent demonstrates that changes to drug response are due to inherent changes in the system of adherent cells from the 2D to 3D state. Finally, differences in the electrophysiological membrane properties of the adherent cell type suggest this parameter plays an important role in the differences found in the 3D drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Henslee
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK.,Department of Engineering, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Carina M Dunlop
- Department of Mathematics, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Christine M de Mel
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Emily A Carter
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Rula G Abdallat
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, PO Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Patrizia Camelliti
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | - Fatima H Labeed
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK.
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22
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Laranga R, Duchi S, Ibrahim T, Guerrieri AN, Donati DM, Lucarelli E. Trends in Bone Metastasis Modeling. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2315. [PMID: 32824479 PMCID: PMC7464021 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common sites for cancer metastasis. Bone tissue is composed by different kinds of cells that coexist in a coordinated balance. Due to the complexity of bone, it is impossible to capture the intricate interactions between cells under either physiological or pathological conditions. Hence, a variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches have been developed. Various models of tumor-bone diseases are routinely used to provide valuable information on the relationship between metastatic cancer cells and the bone tissue. Ideally, when modeling the metastasis of human cancers to bone, models would replicate the intra-tumor heterogeneity, as well as the genetic and phenotypic changes that occur with human cancers; such models would be scalable and reproducible to allow high-throughput investigation. Despite the continuous progress, there is still a lack of solid, amenable, and affordable models that are able to fully recapitulate the biological processes happening in vivo, permitting a correct interpretation of results. In the last decades, researchers have demonstrated that three-dimensional (3D) methods could be an innovative approach that lies between bi-dimensional (2D) models and animal models. Scientific evidence supports that the tumor microenvironment can be better reproduced in a 3D system than a 2D cell culture, and the 3D systems can be scaled up for drug screening in the same way as the 2D systems thanks to the current technologies developed. However, 3D models cannot completely recapitulate the inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity found in patients. In contrast, ex vivo cultures of fragments of bone preserve key cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and allow the study of bone cells in their natural 3D environment. Moreover, ex vivo bone organ cultures could be a better model to resemble the human pathogenic metastasis condition and useful tools to predict in vivo response to therapies. The aim of our review is to provide an overview of the current trends in bone metastasis modeling. By showing the existing in vitro and ex vivo systems, we aspire to contribute to broaden the knowledge on bone metastasis models and make these tools more appealing for further translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Laranga
- Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (R.L.); (D.M.D.); (E.L.)
| | - Serena Duchi
- BioFab3D@ACMD, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia;
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Toni Ibrahim
- Osteoncology and Rare Tumors Center, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy;
| | - Ania Naila Guerrieri
- Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (R.L.); (D.M.D.); (E.L.)
| | - Davide Maria Donati
- Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (R.L.); (D.M.D.); (E.L.)
- Rizzoli Laboratory Unit, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- 3rd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic Prevalently Oncologic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (R.L.); (D.M.D.); (E.L.)
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23
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Chen AM, Lashmet M, Isidan A, Sterner JL, Walsh J, Koehler C, Li P, Ekser B, Smith L. Oxygenation Profiles of Human Blood, Cell Culture Medium, and Water for Perfusion of 3D-Bioprinted Tissues using the FABRICA Bioreactor Platform. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7237. [PMID: 32350358 PMCID: PMC7190847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent and saturated oxygen distribution from perfusion media (i.e., blood, or cell culture media) to cells within cell-dense, metabolically-active biofabricated tissues is required to keep them viable. Improper or poor oxygen supply to cells within the tissue bulk severely limits the tissue culturing potential of many bioreactors. We added an oxygenator module to our modular FABRICA bioreactor in order to provide stable oxygenation to biofabricated tissues during culture. In this proof of concept study of an oxygenated and perfused bioreactor, we characterized the oxygenation of water, cell culture medium, and human blood in the FABRICA as functions of augmenting vacuum (air inlet) pressure, perfusion (volumetric flow) rate, and tubing/oxygenator components. The mean oxygen levels for water and cell culture media were 27.7 ± 2.1% and 27.6 ± 4.1%, respectively. The mean oxygen level for human blood was 197.0 ± 90.0 mmHg, with near-physiologic levels achieved with low-permeability PharMed tubing alone (128.0 ± 14.0 mmHg). Hematologic values pre- and post-oxygenation, respectively were (median ± IQR): Red blood cell: 6.0 ± 0.5 (106/μL) and 6.5 ± 0.4 (106/μL); Hemoglobin: 17.5 ± 1.2 g/dL and 19.2 ± 3.0 g/dL; and Hematocrit: 56.7 ± 2.4% and 61.4 ± 7.5%. The relative stability of the hematologic parameters indicates that blood function and thus blood cell integrity were maintained throughout oxygenation. Already a versatile research tool, the now oxygenated FABRICA provides easy-to-implement, in vivo-like perfusion and stable oxygenation culture conditions in vitro semi-independently of one another, which means the bioreactor has the potential to serve as a platform for investigating the behavior of 3D tissue models (regardless of biofabrication method), performing drug toxicity-testing, and testing pharmaceutical efficacy/safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Chen
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Lashmet
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Abdulkadir Isidan
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jane L Sterner
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University of School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,3D Bioprinting Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julia Walsh
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cutter Koehler
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lester Smith
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University of School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,3D Bioprinting Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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24
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Sadhukhan S, Basu SK. Avascular tumour growth models based on anomalous diffusion. J Biol Phys 2020; 46:67-94. [PMID: 32185594 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-020-09541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we model avascular tumour growth in epithelial tissue. This can help us to understand that how an avascular tumour interacts with its microenvironment and what type of physical changes can be observed within the tumour spheroid before angiogenesis. This understanding is likely to assist in the development of better diagnostics, improved therapies, and prognostics. In biological systems, most of the diffusive processes are through cellular membranes which are porous in nature. Due to its porous nature, diffusion in biological systems are heterogeneous. The fractional diffusion equation is well suited to model heterogeneous biological systems, though most of the early studies did not use this fact. They described tumour growth with simple diffusion-based model. We have developed a spherical model based on simple diffusion initially, and then the model is upgraded with fractional diffusion equations to express the anomalous nature of biological system. In this study, two types of fractional models are developed: one of fixed order and the other of variable order. The memory formalism technique is also included in these anomalous diffusion models. These three models are investigated from phenomenological point view by measuring some parameters for characterizing avascular tumour growth over time. Tumour microenvironment is very complex in nature due to several concurrent molecular mechanisms. Diffusion with memory (fixed as well as variable) formation may be an oversimplified technique, and does not reflect the detailed view of the tumour microenvironment. However, it is found that all the models offer realistic and insightful information of the tumour microenvironment at the macroscopic level, and approximate well the physical phenomena. Also, it is observed that the anomalous diffusion based models offer a closer description to clinical facts than the simple model. As the simulation parameters get modified due to different biochemical and biophysical processes, the robustness of the model is determined. It is found that the anomalous diffusion models are moderately sensitive to the parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Sadhukhan
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - S K Basu
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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25
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Alva-Sánchez MS, Pianoschi TA. Study of the distribution of doses in tumors with hypoxia through the PENELOPE code. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Grimes DR, Fletcher AG. Close Encounters of the Cell Kind: The Impact of Contact Inhibition on Tumour Growth and Cancer Models. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:20. [PMID: 31970500 PMCID: PMC6976547 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex phenomenon, and the sheer variation in behaviour across different types renders it difficult to ascertain underlying biological mechanisms. Experimental approaches frequently yield conflicting results for myriad reasons, and mathematical modelling of cancer is a vital tool to explore what we cannot readily measure, and ultimately improve treatment and prognosis. Like experiments, models are underpinned by certain biological assumptions, variation of which can lead to divergent predictions. An outstanding and important question concerns contact inhibition of proliferation (CIP), the observation that proliferation ceases when cells are spatially confined by their neighbours. CIP is a characteristic of many healthy adult tissues, but it remains unclear to which extent it holds in solid tumours, which exhibit regions of hyper-proliferation, and apparent breakdown of CIP. What precisely occurs in tumour tissue remains an open question, which mathematical modelling can help shed light on. In this perspective piece, we explore the implications of different hypotheses and available experimental evidence to elucidate the implications of these scenarios. We also outline how erroneous conclusions about the nature of tumour growth may be arrived at by looking selectively at biological data in isolation, and how this might be circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Robert Grimes
- School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Alexander G Fletcher
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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27
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Milotti E, Fredrich T, Chignola R, Rieger H. Oxygen in the Tumor Microenvironment: Mathematical and Numerical Modeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1259:53-76. [PMID: 32578171 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43093-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There are many reasons to try to achieve a good grasp of the distribution of oxygen in the tumor microenvironment. The lack of oxygen - hypoxia - is a main actor in the evolution of tumors and in their growth and appears to be just as important in tumor invasion and metastasis. Mathematical models of the distribution of oxygen in tumors which are based on reaction-diffusion equations provide partial but qualitatively significant descriptions of the measured oxygen concentrations in the tumor microenvironment, especially when they incorporate important elements of the blood vessel network such as the blood vessel size and spatial distribution and the pulsation of local pressure due to blood circulation. Here, we review our mathematical and numerical approaches to the distribution of oxygen that yield insights both on the role of the distribution of blood vessel density and size and on the fluctuations of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Milotti
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Thierry Fredrich
- Center for Biophysics & FB Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Roberto Chignola
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Heiko Rieger
- Center for Biophysics & FB Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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28
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Sego TJ, Prideaux M, Sterner J, McCarthy BP, Li P, Bonewald LF, Ekser B, Tovar A, Jeshua Smith L. Computational fluid dynamic analysis of bioprinted self-supporting perfused tissue models. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:798-815. [PMID: 31788785 PMCID: PMC7015804 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural tissues are incorporated with vasculature, which is further integrated with a cardiovascular system responsible for driving perfusion of nutrient‐rich oxygenated blood through the vasculature to support cell metabolism within most cell‐dense tissues. Since scaffold‐free biofabricated tissues being developed into clinical implants, research models, and pharmaceutical testing platforms should similarly exhibit perfused tissue‐like structures, we generated a generalizable biofabrication method resulting in self‐supporting perfused (SSuPer) tissue constructs incorporated with perfusible microchannels and integrated with the modular FABRICA perfusion bioreactor. As proof of concept, we perfused an MLO‐A5 osteoblast‐based SSuPer tissue in the FABRICA. Although our resulting SSuPer tissue replicated vascularization and perfusion observed in situ, supported its own weight, and stained positively for mineral using Von Kossa staining, our in vitro results indicated that computational fluid dynamics (CFD) should be used to drive future construct design and flow application before further tissue biofabrication and perfusion. We built a CFD model of the SSuPer tissue integrated in the FABRICA and analyzed flow characteristics (net force, pressure distribution, shear stress, and oxygen distribution) through five SSuPer tissue microchannel patterns in two flow directions and at increasing flow rates. Important flow parameters include flow direction, fully developed flow, and tissue microchannel diameters matched and aligned with bioreactor flow channels. We observed that the SSuPer tissue platform is capable of providing direct perfusion to tissue constructs and proper culture conditions (oxygenation, with controllable shear and flow rates), indicating that our approach can be used to biofabricate tissue representing primary tissues and that we can model the system in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Sego
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Matthew Prideaux
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jane Sterner
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3D Bioprinting Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brian Paul McCarthy
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ping Li
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andres Tovar
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lester Jeshua Smith
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3D Bioprinting Core, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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29
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Gammon ST, Pisaneschi F, Bandi ML, Smith MG, Sun Y, Rao Y, Muller F, Wong F, De Groot J, Ackroyd J, Mawlawi O, Davies MA, Vashisht Gopal Y, Di Francesco ME, Marszalek JR, Dewhirst M, Piwnica-Worms D. Mechanism-Specific Pharmacodynamics of a Novel Complex-I Inhibitor Quantified by Imaging Reversal of Consumptive Hypoxia with [ 18F]FAZA PET In Vivo. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121487. [PMID: 31766580 PMCID: PMC6952969 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors lack a well-regulated vascular supply of O2 and often fail to balance O2 supply and demand. Net O2 tension within many tumors may not only depend on O2 delivery but also depend strongly on O2 demand. Thus, tumor O2 consumption rates may influence tumor hypoxia up to true anoxia. Recent reports have shown that many human tumors in vivo depend primarily on oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), not glycolysis, for energy generation, providing a driver for consumptive hypoxia and an exploitable vulnerability. In this regard, IACS-010759 is a novel high affinity inhibitor of OxPhos targeting mitochondrial complex-I that has recently completed a Phase-I clinical trial in leukemia. However, in solid tumors, the effective translation of OxPhos inhibitors requires methods to monitor pharmacodynamics in vivo. Herein, 18F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside ([18F]FAZA), a 2-nitroimidazole-based hypoxia PET imaging agent, was combined with a rigorous test-retest imaging method for non-invasive quantification of the reversal of consumptive hypoxia in vivo as a mechanism-specific pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarker of target engagement for IACS-010759. Neither cell death nor loss of perfusion could account for the IACS-010759-induced decrease in [18F]FAZA retention. Notably, in an OxPhos-reliant melanoma tumor, a titration curve using [18F]FAZA PET retention in vivo yielded an IC50 for IACS-010759 (1.4 mg/kg) equivalent to analysis ex vivo. Pilot [18F]FAZA PET scans of a patient with grade IV glioblastoma yielded highly reproducible, high-contrast images of hypoxia in vivo as validated by CA-IX and GLUT-1 IHC ex vivo. Thus, [18F]FAZA PET imaging provided direct evidence for the presence of consumptive hypoxia in vivo, the capacity for targeted reversal of consumptive hypoxia through the inhibition of OxPhos, and a highly-coupled mechanism-specific PD biomarker ready for translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth T. Gammon
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.T.G.); (F.P.); (Y.R.); (F.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Federica Pisaneschi
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.T.G.); (F.P.); (Y.R.); (F.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Madhavi L. Bandi
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.L.B.); (M.G.S.); (Y.S.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Melinda G. Smith
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.L.B.); (M.G.S.); (Y.S.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Yuting Sun
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.L.B.); (M.G.S.); (Y.S.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.T.G.); (F.P.); (Y.R.); (F.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Florian Muller
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.T.G.); (F.P.); (Y.R.); (F.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Franklin Wong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - John De Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX,77030, USA;
| | - Jeffrey Ackroyd
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.T.G.); (F.P.); (Y.R.); (F.M.); (J.A.)
| | - Osama Mawlawi
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Michael A. Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.A.D.)
| | - Y.N. Vashisht Gopal
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.A.D.)
| | - M. Emilia Di Francesco
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Joseph R. Marszalek
- Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.L.B.); (M.G.S.); (Y.S.); (J.R.M.)
| | - Mark Dewhirst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.T.G.); (F.P.); (Y.R.); (F.M.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-745-0850; Fax: +1-713-745-7540
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Leedale J, Colley HE, Gaskell H, Williams DP, Bearon RN, Chadwick AE, Murdoch C, Webb SD. In silico-guided optimisation of oxygen gradients in hepatic spheroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Xiang Y, Bernards N, Hoang B, Zheng J, Matsuura N. Perfluorocarbon nanodroplets can reoxygenate hypoxic tumors in vivo without carbogen breathing. Nanotheranostics 2019; 3:135-144. [PMID: 31008022 PMCID: PMC6470341 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.29908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale perfluorocarbon (PFC) droplets have enormous potential as clinical theranostic agents. They are biocompatible and are currently used in vivo as contrast agents for a variety of medical imaging modalities, including ultrasound, computed tomography, photoacoustic and 19F-magnetic resonance imaging. PFC nanodroplets can also carry molecular and nanoparticulate drugs and be activated in situ by ultrasound or light for targeted therapy. Recently, there has been renewed interest in using PFC nanodroplets for hypoxic tumor reoxygenation towards radiosensitization based on the high oxygen solubility of PFCs. Previous studies showed that tumor oxygenation using PFC agents only occurs in combination with enhanced oxygen breathing. However, recent studies suggest that PFC agents that accumulate in solid tumors can contribute to radiosensitization, presumably due to tumor reoxygenation without enhanced oxygen breathing. In this study, we quantify the impact of oxygenation due to PFC nanodroplet accumulation in tumors alone in comparison with other reoxygenation methodologies, in particular, carbogen breathing. Methods: Lipid-stabilized, PFC (i.e., perfluorooctyl bromide, CF3(CF2)7Br, PFOB) nanoscale droplets were synthesized and evaluated in xenograft prostate (DU145) tumors in male mice. Biodistribution assessment of the nanodroplets was achieved using a fluorescent lipophilic indocarbocyanine dye label (i.e., DiI dye) on the lipid shell in combination with fluorescence imaging in mice (n≥3 per group). Hypoxia reduction in tumors was measured using PET imaging and a known hypoxia radiotracer, [18F]FAZA (n≥ 3 per group). Results: Lipid-stabilized nanoscale PFOB emulsions (mean diameter of ~250 nm), accumulated in the xenograft prostate tumors in mice 24 hours post-injection. In vivo PET imaging with [18F]FAZA showed that the accumulation of the PFOB nanodroplets in the tumor tissues alone significantly reduced tumor hypoxia, without enhanced oxygen (i.e., carbogen) breathing. This reoxygenation effect was found to be comparable with carbogen breathing alone. Conclusion: Accumulation of nanoscale PFOB agents in solid tumors alone successfully reoxygenated hypoxic tumors to levels comparable with carbogen breathing alone, an established tumor oxygenation method. This study confirms that PFC agents can be used to reoxygenate hypoxic tumors in addition to their current applications as multifunctional theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiang
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Bernards
- TECHNA Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan Hoang
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- TECHNA Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinzi Zheng
- TECHNA Institute for the Advancement of Technology for Health, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naomi Matsuura
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Nunes AS, Barros AS, Costa EC, Moreira AF, Correia IJ. 3D tumor spheroids as in vitro models to mimic in vivo human solid tumors resistance to therapeutic drugs. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:206-226. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Nunes
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI); Covilhã Portugal
| | - Andreia S. Barros
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI); Covilhã Portugal
| | - Elisabete C. Costa
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI); Covilhã Portugal
| | - André F. Moreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI); Covilhã Portugal
| | - Ilídio J. Correia
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI); Covilhã Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia Química; Universidade de Coimbra, (CIEPQF); Coimbra Portugal
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33
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Grimes DR, Currell FJ. Oxygen diffusion in ellipsoidal tumour spheroids. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20180256. [PMID: 30111663 PMCID: PMC6127169 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen plays a central role in cellular metabolism, in both healthy and tumour tissue. The presence and concentration of molecular oxygen in tumours has a substantial effect on both radiotherapy response and tumour evolution, and as a result the oxygen micro-environment is an area of intense research interest. Multi-cellular tumour spheroids closely mimic real avascular tumours, and in particular they exhibit physiologically relevant heterogeneous oxygen distribution. This property has made them a vital part of in vitro experimentation. For ideal spheroids, their heterogeneous oxygen distributions can be predicted from theory, allowing determination of cellular oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and anoxic extent. However, experimental tumour spheroids often depart markedly from perfect sphericity. There has been little consideration of this reality. To date, the question of how far an ellipsoid can diverge from perfect sphericity before spherical assumptions break down remains unanswered. In this work, we derive equations governing oxygen distribution (and, more generally, nutrient and drug distribution) in both prolate and oblate tumour ellipsoids, and quantify the theoretical limits of the assumption that the spheroid is a perfect sphere. Results of this analysis yield new methods for quantifying OCR in ellipsoidal spheroids, and how this can be applied to markedly increase experimental throughput and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Robert Grimes
- Centre for Advanced and Interdisciplinary Radiation Research (CAIRR) School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Frederick J Currell
- The Dalton Cumbrian Facility and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Westlakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, Whitehaven CA24 3HA, UK
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Chen H, Huang G, Zhou H, Zhou X, Xu H. Highly efficient triazolone/metal ion/polydopamine/MCM-41 sustained release system with pH sensitivity for pesticide delivery. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180658. [PMID: 30109110 PMCID: PMC6083694 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
MCM-41 was prepared through the sol-gel method and encapsulated by polydopamine (PDA) before being coordinated with metal ions to form a highly efficient sustained release system (M-PDA-MCM-41) for triazolone delivery. The characterization results confirmed the existence of the coordination bond between the PDA layer and triazolone through the bridge effect from metal ions, which enhanced the interaction between PDA-MCM-41 and triazolone. The adsorption capacity of Fe-PDA-MCM-41 increased up to 173 mg g-1, which was 160% more than that of MCM-41. The sustained release performance of M-PDA-MCM-41 in different pH values was investigated. Under the conditions of pH ≤7, the release speed of triazolone increased with pH decreasing, whereas its release speed in the weak base condition was slower than in the neutral condition. Therefore, the as-synthesized system showed significant pH-sensitivity in the sustained release process, indicating that the sustained release system can be well stored in the neutral or basic environment and activated in the acid environment. Their sustained release curves described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas equation at pH 7 showed the same behaviour, indicating that PDA decoration or metal ion coordination only increases the steric hindrance and the interaction between carrier and triazolone instead of changing the original structure of the pure MCM material in accordance with X-ray diffraction and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Efficient Use of Agricultural Chemicals, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Efficient Use of Agricultural Chemicals, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Efficient Use of Agricultural Chemicals, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Efficient Use of Agricultural Chemicals, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Efficient Use of Agricultural Chemicals, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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35
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Lücker A, Secomb TW, Weber B, Jenny P. The Relation Between Capillary Transit Times and Hemoglobin Saturation Heterogeneity. Part 1: Theoretical Models. Front Physiol 2018; 9:420. [PMID: 29755365 PMCID: PMC5932636 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary dysfunction impairs oxygen supply to parenchymal cells and often occurs in Alzheimer's disease, diabetes and aging. Disturbed capillary flow patterns have been shown to limit the efficacy of oxygen extraction and can be quantified using capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH). However, the transit time of red blood cells (RBCs) through the microvasculature is not a direct measure of their capacity for oxygen delivery. Here we examine the relation between CTH and capillary outflow saturation heterogeneity (COSH), which is the heterogeneity of blood oxygen content at the venous end of capillaries. Models for the evolution of hemoglobin saturation heterogeneity (HSH) in capillary networks were developed and validated using a computational model with moving RBCs. Two representative situations were selected: a Krogh cylinder geometry with heterogeneous hemoglobin saturation (HS) at the inflow, and a parallel array of four capillaries. The heterogeneity of HS after converging capillary bifurcations was found to exponentially decrease with a time scale of 0.15-0.21 s due to diffusive interaction between RBCs. Similarly, the HS difference between parallel capillaries also drops exponentially with a time scale of 0.12-0.19 s. These decay times are substantially smaller than measured RBC transit times and only weakly depend on the distance between microvessels. This work shows that diffusive interaction strongly reduces COSH on a small spatial scale. Therefore, we conclude that CTH influences COSH yet does not determine it. The second part of this study will focus on simulations in microvascular networks from the rodent cerebral cortex. Actual estimates of COSH and CTH will then be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Lücker
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute of Fluid Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timothy W Secomb
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Jenny
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute of Fluid Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Lee G, Jun Y, Jang H, Yoon J, Lee J, Hong M, Chung S, Kim DH, Lee S. Enhanced oxygen permeability in membrane-bottomed concave microwells for the formation of pancreatic islet spheroids. Acta Biomater 2018; 65:185-196. [PMID: 29101017 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen availability is a critical factor in regulating cell viability that ultimately contributes to the normal morphogenesis and functionality of human tissues. Among various cell culture platforms, construction of 3D multicellular spheroids based on microwell arrays has been extensively applied to reconstitute in vitro human tissue models due to its precise control of tissue culture conditions as well as simple fabrication processes. However, an adequate supply of oxygen into the spheroidal cellular aggregation still remains one of the main challenges to producing healthy in vitro spheroidal tissue models. Here, we present a novel design for controlling the oxygen distribution in concave microwell arrays. We show that oxygen permeability into the microwell is tightly regulated by varying the poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) bottom thickness of the concave microwells. Moreover, we validate the enhanced performance of the engineered microwell arrays by culturing non-proliferated primary rat pancreatic islet spheroids on varying bottom thickness from 10 μm to 1050 μm. Morphological and functional analyses performed on the pancreatic islet spheroids grown for 14 days prove the long-term stability, enhanced viability, and increased hormone secretion under the sufficient oxygen delivery conditions. We expect our results could provide knowledge on oxygen distribution in 3-dimensional spheroidal cell structures and critical design concept for tissue engineering applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we present a noble design to control the oxygen distribution in concave microwell arrays for the formation of highly functional pancreatic islet spheroids by engineering the bottom of the microwells. Our new platform significantly enhanced oxygen permeability that turned out to improve cell viability and spheroidal functionality compared to the conventional thick-bottomed 3-D culture system. Therefore, we believe that this could be a promising medical biotechnology platform to further develop high-throughput tissue screening system as well as in vivo-mimicking customised 3-D tissue culture systems.
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37
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Grimes DR, Warren DR, Warren S. Hypoxia imaging and radiotherapy: bridging the resolution gap. Br J Radiol 2017; 90:20160939. [PMID: 28540739 PMCID: PMC5603947 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20160939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen distribution is a major determinant of treatment success in radiotherapy, with well-oxygenated tumour regions responding by up to a factor of three relative to anoxic volumes. Conversely, tumour hypoxia is associated with treatment resistance and negative prognosis. Tumour oxygenation is highly heterogeneous and difficult to measure directly. The recent advent of functional hypoxia imaging modalities such as fluorine-18 fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography have shown promise in non-invasively determining regions of low oxygen tension. This raises the prospect of selectively increasing dose to hypoxic subvolumes, a concept known as dose painting. Yet while this is a promising approach, oxygen-mediated radioresistance is inherently a multiscale problem, and there are still a number of substantial challenges that must be overcome if hypoxia dose painting is to be successfully implemented. Current imaging modalities are limited by the physics of such systems to have resolutions in the millimetre regime, whereas oxygen distribution varies over a micron scale, and treatment delivery is typically modulated on a centimetre scale. In this review, we examine the mechanistic basis and implications of the radiobiological oxygen effect, the factors influencing microscopic heterogeneity in tumour oxygenation and the consequent challenges in the interpretation of clinical hypoxia imaging (in particular fluorine-18 fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography). We also discuss dose-painting approaches and outline challenges that must be addressed to improve this treatment paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Robert Grimes
- 1 Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37DQ, UK.,2 Centre for Advanced and Interdisciplinary Radiation Research (CAIRR), School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Daniel R Warren
- 1 Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Samantha Warren
- 1 Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37DQ, UK.,3 Hall-Edwards Radiotherapy Research Group, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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38
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Paul-Gilloteaux P, Potiron V, Delpon G, Supiot S, Chiavassa S, Paris F, Costes SV. Optimizing radiotherapy protocols using computer automata to model tumour cell death as a function of oxygen diffusion processes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2280. [PMID: 28536438 PMCID: PMC5442104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of hypofractionation is gaining momentum in radiation oncology centres, enabled by recent advances in radiotherapy apparatus. The gain of efficacy of this innovative treatment must be defined. We present a computer model based on translational murine data for in silico testing and optimization of various radiotherapy protocols with respect to tumour resistance and the microenvironment heterogeneity. This model combines automata approaches with image processing algorithms to simulate the cellular response of tumours exposed to ionizing radiation, modelling the alteration of oxygen permeabilization in blood vessels against repeated doses, and introducing mitotic catastrophe (as opposed to arbitrary delayed cell-death) as a means of modelling radiation-induced cell death. Published data describing cell death in vitro as well as tumour oxygenation in vivo are used to inform parameters. Our model is validated by comparing simulations to in vivo data obtained from the radiation treatment of mice transplanted with human prostate tumours. We then predict the efficacy of untested hypofractionation protocols, hypothesizing that tumour control can be optimized by adjusting daily radiation dosage as a function of the degree of hypoxia in the tumour environment. Further biological refinement of this tool will permit the rapid development of more sophisticated strategies for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Paul-Gilloteaux
- Structure Fédérative de Recherche François Bonamy, Micropicell, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Grégory Delpon
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, F-44800, France
| | - Stéphane Supiot
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, F-44800, France
| | - Sophie Chiavassa
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, F-44800, France
| | - François Paris
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, F-44800, France.
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Biosciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS:977, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Blvd, Mountain View, 94035, CA, USA.
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39
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Jenkins J, Borisov SM, Papkovsky DB, Dmitriev RI. Sulforhodamine Nanothermometer for Multiparametric Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10566-10572. [PMID: 27696826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Live cells function within narrow limits of physiological temperature (T) and O2 and metabolite concentrations. We have designed a cell-permeable T-sensitive fluorescence lifetime-based nanoprobe based on lipophilic sulforhodamine, which stains 2D and 3D cell models, shows cytoplasmic localization, and has a robust response to T (∼0.037 ns/K). Subsequently, we evaluated the probe and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) technique for combined imaging of T and O2 gradients in metabolically active cells. We found that in adherent 2D culture of HCT116 cells intracellular T and O2 are close to ambient values. However, in 3D spheroid structures having size >200 μm, T and O2 gradients become pronounced. These microgradients can be enhanced by treatment with mitochondrial uncouplers or dissipated by drug-induced disaggregation of the spheroids. Thus, we demonstrate the existence of local microgradients of T in 3D cell models and utility of combined imaging of O2 and T.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jenkins
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Sergey M Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dmitri B Papkovsky
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Ruslan I Dmitriev
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
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40
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Gomes A, Guillaume L, Grimes DR, Fehrenbach J, Lobjois V, Ducommun B. Oxygen Partial Pressure Is a Rate-Limiting Parameter for Cell Proliferation in 3D Spheroids Grown in Physioxic Culture Condition. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161239. [PMID: 27575790 PMCID: PMC5004916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The in situ oxygen partial pressure in normal and tumor tissues is in the range of a few percent. Therefore, when studying cell growth in 3D culture systems, it is essential to consider how the physiological oxygen concentration, rather than the one in the ambient air, influences the proliferation parameters. Here, we investigated the effect of reducing oxygen partial pressure from 21% to 5% on cell proliferation rate and regionalization in a 3D tumor spheroid model. We found that 5% oxygen concentration strongly inhibited spheroid growth, changed the proliferation gradient and reduced the 50% In Depth Proliferation index (IDP50), compared with culture at 21% oxygen. We then modeled the oxygen partial pressure profiles using the experimental data generated by culturing spheroids in physioxic and normoxic conditions. Although hypoxia occurred at similar depth in spheroids grown in the two conditions, oxygen partial pressure was a major rate-limiting factor with a critical effect on cell proliferation rate and regionalization only in spheroids grown in physioxic condition and not in spheroids grown at atmospheric normoxia. Our findings strengthen the need to consider conducting experiment in physioxic conditions (i.e., tissue normoxia) for proper understanding of cancer cell biology and the evaluation of anticancer drugs in 3D culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Gomes
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Jérôme Fehrenbach
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- IMT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Bernard Ducommun
- ITAV, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse; Toulouse, France
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41
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Grimes DR, Kannan P, McIntyre A, Kavanagh A, Siddiky A, Wigfield S, Harris A, Partridge M. The Role of Oxygen in Avascular Tumor Growth. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153692. [PMID: 27088720 PMCID: PMC4835055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxygen status of a tumor has significant clinical implications for treatment prognosis, with well-oxygenated subvolumes responding markedly better to radiotherapy than poorly supplied regions. Oxygen is essential for tumor growth, yet estimation of local oxygen distribution can be difficult to ascertain in situ, due to chaotic patterns of vasculature. It is possible to avoid this confounding influence by using avascular tumor models, such as tumor spheroids, a much better approximation of realistic tumor dynamics than monolayers, where oxygen supply can be described by diffusion alone. Similar to in situ tumours, spheroids exhibit an approximately sigmoidal growth curve, often approximated and fitted by logistic and Gompertzian sigmoid functions. These describe the basic rate of growth well, but do not offer an explicitly mechanistic explanation. This work examines the oxygen dynamics of spheroids and demonstrates that this growth can be derived mechanistically with cellular doubling time and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) being key parameters. The model is fitted to growth curves for a range of cell lines and derived values of OCR are validated using clinical measurement. Finally, we illustrate how changes in OCR due to gemcitabine treatment can be directly inferred using this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Robert Grimes
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Pavitra Kannan
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alan McIntyre
- The Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital/Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Kavanagh
- Advanced Technology Development Group, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Abul Siddiky
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Wigfield
- The Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital/Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Harris
- The Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital/Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Partridge
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratories, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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42
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Grimes DR, Kannan P, Warren DR, Markelc B, Bates R, Muschel R, Partridge M. Estimating oxygen distribution from vasculature in three-dimensional tumour tissue. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:20160070. [PMID: 26935806 PMCID: PMC4843681 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regions of tissue which are well oxygenated respond better to radiotherapy than hypoxic regions by up to a factor of three. If these volumes could be accurately estimated, then it might be possible to selectively boost dose to radio-resistant regions, a concept known as dose-painting. While imaging modalities such as 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography (PET) allow identification of hypoxic regions, they are intrinsically limited by the physics of such systems to the millimetre domain, whereas tumour oxygenation is known to vary over a micrometre scale. Mathematical modelling of microscopic tumour oxygen distribution therefore has the potential to complement and enhance macroscopic information derived from PET. In this work, we develop a general method of estimating oxygen distribution in three dimensions from a source vessel map. The method is applied analytically to line sources and quasi-linear idealized line source maps, and also applied to full three-dimensional vessel distributions through a kernel method and compared with oxygen distribution in tumour sections. The model outlined is flexible and stable, and can readily be applied to estimating likely microscopic oxygen distribution from any source geometry. We also investigate the problem of reconstructing three-dimensional oxygen maps from histological and confocal two-dimensional sections, concluding that two-dimensional histological sections are generally inadequate representations of the three-dimensional oxygen distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Robert Grimes
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Pavitra Kannan
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Daniel R Warren
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Bostjan Markelc
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Russell Bates
- Engineering Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Ruth Muschel
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mike Partridge
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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43
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Langan LM, Dodd NJF, Owen SF, Purcell WM, Jackson SK, Jha AN. Direct Measurements of Oxygen Gradients in Spheroid Culture System Using Electron Parametric Resonance Oximetry. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149492. [PMID: 26900704 PMCID: PMC4764677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced in vitro culture from tissues of different origin includes three-dimensional (3D) organoid micro structures that may mimic conditions in vivo. One example of simple 3D culture is spheroids; ball shaped structures typically used as liver and tumour models. Oxygen is critically important in physiological processes, but is difficult to quantify in 3D culture: and the question arises, how small does a spheroid have to be to have minimal micro-environment formation? This question is of particular importance in the growing field of 3D based models for toxicological assessment. Here, we describe a simple non-invasive approach modified for the quantitative measurement and subsequent evaluation of oxygen gradients in spheroids developed from a non-malignant fish cell line (i.e. RTG-2 cells) using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) oximetry. Sonication of the paramagnetic probe Lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) allows for incorporation of probe particulates into spheroid during its formation. Spectra signal strength after incorporation of probe into spheroid indicated that a volume of 20 μl of probe (stock solution: 0.10 mg/mL) is sufficient to provide a strong spectra across a range of spheroid sizes. The addition of non-toxic probes (that do not produce or consume oxygen) report on oxygen diffusion throughout the spheroid as a function of size. We provide evidence supporting the use of this model over a range of initial cell seeding densities and spheroid sizes with the production of oxygen distribution as a function of these parameters. In our spheroid model, lower cell seeding densities (∼2,500 cells/spheroid) and absolute size (118±32 μm) allow control of factors such as pre-existing stresses (e.g. ∼ 2% normoxic/hypoxic interface) for more accurate measurement of treatment response. The applied methodology provides an elegant, widely applicable approach to directly characterize spheroid (and other organoid) cultures in biomedical and toxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Langan
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. F. Dodd
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart F. Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy M. Purcell
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Simon K. Jackson
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Science, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Awadhesh N. Jha
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
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44
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Grimes DR, Partridge M. A mechanistic investigation of the oxygen fixation hypothesis and oxygen enhancement ratio. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2015; 1:045209. [PMID: 26925254 PMCID: PMC4765087 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/1/4/045209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The presence of oxygen in tumours has substantial impact on treatment outcome; relative to anoxic regions, well-oxygenated cells respond better to radiotherapy by a factor 2.5-3. This increased radio-response is known as the oxygen enhancement ratio. The oxygen effect is most commonly explained by the oxygen fixation hypothesis, which postulates that radical-induced DNA damage can be permanently 'fixed' by molecular oxygen, rendering DNA damage irreparable. While this oxygen effect is important in both existing therapy and for future modalities such a radiation dose-painting, the majority of existing mathematical models for oxygen enhancement are empirical rather than based on the underlying physics and radiochemistry. Here we propose a model of oxygen-enhanced damage from physical first principles, investigating factors that might influence the cell kill. This is fitted to a range of experimental oxygen curves from literature and shown to describe them well, yielding a single robust term for oxygen interaction obtained. The model also reveals a small thermal dependency exists but that this is unlikely to be exploitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Robert Grimes
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mike Partridge
- Cancer Research UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Gray Laboratory, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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45
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Kagawa Y, Miyahara H, Ota Y, Tsuneda S. System for measuring oxygen consumption rates of mammalian cells in static culture under hypoxic conditions. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:189-97. [PMID: 26558344 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Estimating the oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) of mammalian cells in hypoxic environments is essential for designing and developing a three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture system. However, OCR measurements under hypoxic conditions are infrequently reported in the literature. Here, we developed a system for measuring OCRs at low oxygen levels. The system injects nitrogen gas into the environment and measures the oxygen concentration by an optical oxygen microsensor that consumes no oxygen. The developed system was applied to HepG2 cells in static culture. Specifically, we measured the spatial profiles of the local dissolved oxygen concentration in the medium, then estimated the OCRs of the cells. The OCRs, and also the pericellular oxygen concentrations, decreased nonlinearly as the oxygen partial pressure in the environment decreased from 19% to 1%. The OCRs also depended on the culture period and the matrix used for coating the dish surface. Using this system, we can precisely estimate the OCRs of various cell types under environments that mimic 3-D culture conditions, contributing crucial data for an efficient 3-D culture system design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kagawa
- Inst. for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Miyahara
- Dept. of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yuri Ota
- Dept. of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsuneda
- Inst. for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan.,Dept. of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
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46
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Datta M, Via LE, Chen W, Baish JW, Xu L, Barry CE, Jain RK. Mathematical Model of Oxygen Transport in Tuberculosis Granulomas. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:863-72. [PMID: 26253038 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary granulomas--the hallmark of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection--are dense cellular lesions that often feature regions of hypoxia and necrosis, partially due to limited transport of oxygen. Low oxygen in granulomas can impair the host immune response, while MTB are able to adapt and persist in hypoxic environments. Here, we used a physiologically based mathematical model of oxygen diffusion and consumption to calculate oxygen profiles within the granuloma, assuming Michaelis-Menten kinetics. An approximate analytical solution--using a priori and newly estimated parameters from experimental data in a rabbit model of tuberculosis--was able to predict the size of hypoxic and necrotic regions in agreement with experimental results from the animal model. Such quantitative understanding of transport limitations can inform future tuberculosis therapeutic strategies that may include adjunct host-directed therapies that facilitate oxygen and drug delivery for more effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Datta
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cox 7, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Wei Chen
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cox 7, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - James W Baish
- Departments of Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA
| | - Lei Xu
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cox 7, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cox 7, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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