1
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Satoh Y, Ohtsuka Y. Comparison of dissolved iodine measurements in seawater between inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and voltammetry. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:1653-1662. [PMID: 38805157 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Two analytical methods, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and voltammetry (VM), for three chemical species of dissolved iodine (iodide, iodate, and total dissolved iodine: TDI) were compared for dozens of coastal seawater samples owing to the compatibility of data between both methods. The median differences in the measured concentrations of TDI, total inorganic dissolved iodine (TII, the sum of iodide and iodate), and iodate between ICP-MS and VM were equivalent to 9.2, 13, and 14%, respectively. These differences were within the ranges that could be explained by the repeated-measurement precision of each measurement method for TDI, TII, and iodate. The difference for iodide was 19%, which was larger than the value based on the repeated-measurement precision for both methods. This is considered to be caused by the chemical instability and lower concentrations of iodide compared to other iodine species in seawater, in addition to the heterogeneity of natural samples. Finally, both methods provided reasonable measurement values for the iodine concentration in natural seawater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhi Satoh
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Aomori, 039-3212, Japan.
| | - Yoshihito Ohtsuka
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Aomori, 039-3212, Japan
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2
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Smyth PPA, O’Dowd CD. Climate changes affecting global iodine status. Eur Thyroid J 2024; 13:e230200. [PMID: 38471306 PMCID: PMC11046319 DOI: 10.1530/etj-23-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Global warming is now universally acknowledged as being responsible for dramatic climate changes with rising sea levels, unprecedented temperatures, resulting fires and threatened widespread species loss. While these effects are extremely damaging, threatening the future of life on our planet, one unexpected and paradoxically beneficial consequence could be a significant contribution to global iodine supply. Climate change and associated global warming are not the primary causes of increased iodine supply, which results from the reaction of ozone (O3) arising from both natural and anthropogenic pollution sources with iodide (I-) present in the oceans and in seaweeds (macro- and microalgae) in coastal waters, producing gaseous iodine (I2). The reaction serves as negative feedback, serving a dual purpose, both diminishing ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere and thereby increasing I2. The potential of this I2 to significantly contribute to human iodine intake is examined in the context of I2 released in a seaweed-abundant coastal area. The bioavailability of the generated I2 offers a long-term possibility of increasing global iodine status and thereby promoting thyroidal health. It is hoped that highlighting possible changes in iodine bioavailability might encourage the health community to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter PA Smyth
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colin D O’Dowd
- Ryan Institute’s Centre for Climate & Air Pollution Studies, School of Physics, University of Galway, Ireland
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3
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Seki T, Yu CC, Chiang KY, Yu X, Sun S, Bonn M, Nagata Y. Spontaneous Appearance of Triiodide Covering the Topmost Layer of the Iodide Solution Interface Without Photo-Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3830-3837. [PMID: 38353041 PMCID: PMC10902846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Ions containing iodine atoms at the vapor-aqueous solution interfaces critically affect aerosol growth and atmospheric chemistry due to their complex chemical nature and multivalency. While the surface propensity of iodide ions has been intensely discussed in the context of the Hofmeister series, the stability of various ions containing iodine atoms at the vapor-water interface has been debated. Here, we combine surface-specific sum-frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to examine the extent to which iodide ions cover the aqueous surface. The SFG probe of the free O-D stretch mode of heavy water indicates that the free O-D group density decreases drastically at the interface when the bulk NaI concentration exceeds ∼2 M. The decrease in the free O-D group density is attributed to the spontaneous appearance of triiodide that covers the topmost interface rather than to the surface adsorption of iodide. This finding demonstrates that iodide is not surface-active, yet the highly surface-active triiodide is generated spontaneously at the water-air interface, even under dark and oxygen-free conditions. Our study provides an important first step toward clarifying iodine chemistry and pathways for aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Seki
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Chun-Chieh Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kuo-Yang Chiang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shumei Sun
- Department of Physics, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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4
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Hoseinzadeh E, Taha P. Environmental iodine as a natural iodine intake in humans and environmental pollution index: a scientometric and updated mini review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38317354 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2312546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Although almost a third of the world's population is exposed to iodine deficiency (ID), and supplementation programs such as enriching table salt have been carried out or are being carried out at the global and national level, in many regions of the world, people are facing an increase in iodine intake, which is mainly due to the presence of large amounts of iodine in water, soil, agricultural products, or high consumption of seafood. Published articles were indexed in the Scopus database (from 2000 to 1 April 2023) were reviewed and analyzed by VOSviewer software. The results showed the growing interest of researchers over the last 20 years in environmental iodine intake. The results of this study can have a significant impact on the planning and policy-making of relevant officials and communities to supply the needed iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edris Hoseinzadeh
- Environmental Health Engineering, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Parisa Taha
- Nutrition Department, District Health Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
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5
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Prophet AM, Polley K, Van Berkel GJ, Limmer DT, Wilson KR. Iodide oxidation by ozone at the surface of aqueous microdroplets. Chem Sci 2024; 15:736-756. [PMID: 38179528 PMCID: PMC10762724 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04254e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The oxidation of iodide by ozone occurs at the sea-surface and within sea spray aerosol, influencing the overall ozone budget in the marine boundary layer and leading to the emission of reactive halogen gases. A detailed account of the surface mechanism has proven elusive, however, due to the difficulty in quantifying multiphase kinetics. To obtain a clearer understanding of this reaction mechanism at the air-water interface, we report pH-dependent oxidation kinetics of I- in single levitated microdroplets as a function of [O3] using a quadrupole electrodynamic trap and an open port sampling interface for mass spectrometry. A kinetic model, constrained by molecular simulations of O3 dynamics at the air-water interface, is used to understand the coupled diffusive, reactive, and evaporative pathways at the microdroplet surface, which exhibit a strong dependence on bulk solution pH. Under acidic conditions, the surface reaction is limited by O3 diffusion in the gas phase, whereas under basic conditions the reaction becomes rate limited on the surface. The pH dependence also suggests the existence of a reactive intermediate IOOO- as has previously been observed in the Br- + O3 reaction. Expressions for steady-state surface concentrations of reactants are derived and utilized to directly compute uptake coefficients for this system, allowing for an exploration of uptake dependence on reactant concentration. In the present experiments, reactive uptake coefficients of O3 scale weakly with bulk solution pH, increasing from 4 × 10-4 to 2 × 10-3 with decreasing solution pH from pH 13 to pH 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Prophet
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Kritanjan Polley
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | - David T Limmer
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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6
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Jiang Z, Cui M, Qian L, Jiang Y, Shi L, Dong Y, Li J, Wang Y. Abiotic and Biotic Reduction of Iodate Driven by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19817-19826. [PMID: 37972243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Iodate (IO3-) can be abiotically reduced by Fe(II) or biotically reduced by the dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis (MR-1) via its DmsEFAB and MtrCAB. However, the intermediates and stoichiometry between the Fe(II) and IO3- reaction and the relative contribution of abiotic and biotic IO3- reduction by biogenic Fe(II) and MR-1 in the presence of Fe(III) remain unclear. In this study, we found that abiotic reduction of IO3- by Fe(II) produced intermediates HIO and I- at a ratio of 1:2, followed by HIO disproportionation to I- and IO3-. Comparative analyses of IO3- reduction by MR-1 wild type (WT), MR-1 mutants deficient in DmsEFAB or MtrCAB, and Shewanella sp. ANA-3 in the presence of Fe(III)-citrate, Fe(III) oxides, or clay minerals showed that abiotic IO3- reduction by biogenic Fe(II) predominated under iron-rich conditions, while biotic IO3- reduction by DmsEFAB played a more dominant role under iron-poor conditions. Compared to that in the presence of Fe(III)-citrate, MR-1 WT reduced more IO3- in the presence of Fe(III) oxides and clay minerals. The observed abiotic and biotic IO3- reduction by MR-1 under Fe-rich and Fe-limited conditions suggests that Fe(III)-reducing bacteria could contribute to the transformation of iodine species and I- enrichment in natural iodine-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jiang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Mengjie Cui
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Li Qian
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Shi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yiran Dong
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Junxia Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
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7
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Nguyen QA, Kim B, Chung HY, Ahn YY, Kim K. Detoxification of arsenite by iodide in frozen solution. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139903. [PMID: 37611765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of arsenite (As(III)) to arsenate (As(V)) has received significant attention because it helps mitigate the hazardous and adverse effects of As(III) and subsequently improves the effectiveness of arsenic removal. This study developed an efficient freezing technology for the oxidative transformation of As(III) based on iodide (I-). For a sample containing a very low concentration of 20 μM As(III) and 200 μM I- frozen at -20 °C, approximately 19 μM As(V) was formed after reaction for 0.5 h at pH 3. This rapid conversion has never been achieved in previous studies. However, As(V) was not generated in water at 25 °C. The acceleration of the oxidation of As(III) by I- in ice may be attributed to the freeze-concentration effect. During freezing, all components (i.e., As(III), I-, and protons) are highly concentrated in the ice grain boundary regions, resulting in thermodynamically and kinetically favorable conditions for the redox reaction between As(III) and I-. The efficiency of the oxidation of As(III) using I- increased at high I- concentrations and low pH values. The low freezing temperature (below -20 °C) hindered the oxidative transformation of As(III) by I-. The efficiency of the oxidation of As(III) significantly increased using a fixed initial concentration of I- by subjecting the system to six freezing-melting cycles. The outcomes of this study suggest the possibility of the self-detoxification of As(III) in the natural environment, indicating the potential for developing an eco-friendly method for the treatment of As(III)-contaminated areas in regions with a cold climate. It also demonstrates radical remediation to almost completely remove a very small amount of As(III) that was input in As(III)-contaminated wastewater detoxification, a benchmark that existing methods have been unable to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Anh Nguyen
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Chung
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Yoon Ahn
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea; Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Guo Y, Li K, Perrier S, An T, Donaldson DJ, George C. Spontaneous Iodide Activation at the Air-Water Interface of Aqueous Droplets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15580-15587. [PMID: 37804225 PMCID: PMC10586319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental evidence that atomic and molecular iodine, I and I2, are produced spontaneously in the dark at the air-water interface of iodide-containing droplets without any added catalysts, oxidants, or irradiation. Specifically, we observe I3- formation within droplets, and I2 emission into the gas phase from NaI-containing droplets over a range of droplet sizes. The formation of both products is enhanced in the presence of electron scavengers, either in the gas phase or in solution, and it clearly follows a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, suggesting an interfacial process. These observations are consistent with iodide oxidation at the interface, possibly initiated by the strong intrinsic electric field present there, followed by well-known solution-phase reactions of the iodine atom. This interfacial chemistry could be important in many contexts, including atmospheric aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Guo
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control,
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure
and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute
of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Université
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Kangwei Li
- Université
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, University of
Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Université
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control,
Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure
and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute
of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - D. James Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Christian George
- Université
Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
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9
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Determination of environmental gaseous 129I trapped in charcoal cartridges by ICP-MS/MS. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-023-08845-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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10
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Satoh Y, Ohtsuka Y. Investigation of changes in the iodine concentrations of oceanic sediment and terrestrial soil samples after thermal drying. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:429. [PMID: 36847905 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To certify the suitability of pretreatment by thermal drying to measure iodine concentrations of oceanic sediment and terrestrial soil samples, changes in iodine concentrations after drying (50, 80 or 85, and 110 °C for 48 h) were examined using the samples in addition to a terrestrial plant (pine needles), which was selected as an intact organic sample. The iodine concentrations per wet weight of the sediment and soil samples processed by thermal drying were comparable to those of the raw samples at all temperatures. However, the concentrations of the plant samples dried at 85 and 110 °C were lower than those of the raw samples. The lower concentrations of the plant samples at higher temperatures were considered to be derived from the volatilization of a part of the plant's organic matter. Finally, these results suggested that the iodine concentrations in oceanic sediment and terrestrial soil samples scarcely change after thermal drying at 110 °C, although the concentrations may decrease when these samples include high contributions of fresh organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhi Satoh
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, 039-3212, Aomori, Japan.
| | - Yoshihito Ohtsuka
- Department of Radioecology, Institute for Environmental Sciences (IES), 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, 039-3212, Aomori, Japan
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11
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Schneider SR, Lakey PSJ, Shiraiwa M, Abbatt JPD. Iodine emission from the reactive uptake of ozone to simulated seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:254-263. [PMID: 35838601 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00111j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous reaction of ozone and iodide is both an important source of atmospheric iodine and dry deposition pathway of ozone in marine environments. While the iodine generated from this reaction is primarily in the form of HOI and I2, there is also evidence of volatile organoiodide compound emissions in the presence of organics without biological activity occuring [M. Martino, G. P. Mills, J. Woeltjen and P. S. Liss, A new source of volatile organoiodine compounds in surface seawater, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2009, 36, L01609, L. Tinel, T. J. Adams, L. D. J. Hollis, A. J. M. Bridger, R. J. Chance, M. W. Ward, S. M. Ball and L. J. Carpenter, Influence of the Sea Surface Microlayer on Oceanic Iodine Emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2020, 54, 13228-13237]. In this study, we evaluate our fundamental understanding of the ozonolysis of iodide which leads to gas-phase iodine emissions. To do this, we compare experimental measurements of ozone-driven gas-phase I2 formation in a flow tube to predictions made with the kinetic multilayer model for surface and bulk chemistry (KM-SUB). The KM-SUB model uses literature rate coefficients used in current atmospheric chemistry models to predict I2(g) formation in pH-buffered solutions of marine composition containing chloride, bromide, and iodide compared to solutions containing only iodide. Experimentally, I2(g) formation was found to be suppressed in solutions containing seawater levels of chloride compared to solutions containing only iodide, but the model does not predict this effect using literature rate constants. However, the model is able to predict this trend upon adjustment of two specific reaction rate constants. To more closely represent true oceanic conditions, we add an organic component to the proxy seawater solutions using material generated from Thalassiosira pseudonana phytoplankton cultures. Whereas the rate of ozone deposition is unaffected, the formation rate of I2(g) is strongly suppressed in the presence of biological organic material, indicative of a sink or reduction of reactive iodine formed during the oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697, California, USA
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Jiang Z, Huang M, Jiang Y, Dong Y, Shi L, Li J, Wang Y. Microbial Contributions to Iodide Enrichment in Deep Groundwater in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2625-2635. [PMID: 36668684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms play crucial roles in the global iodine cycling through iodine oxidation, reduction, volatilization, and deiodination. In contrast to iodate formation in radionuclide-contaminated groundwater by the iodine-oxidizing bacteria, microbial contribution to the formation of high level of iodide in geogenic high iodine groundwater is poorly understood. In this study, our results of comparative metagenomic analyses of deep groundwater with typical high iodide concentrations in the North China Plain revealed the existence of putative dissimilatory iodate-reducing idrABP1P2 gene clusters in groundwater. Heterologous expression and characterization of an identified idrABP1P2 gene cluster confirmed its functional role in iodate reduction. Thus, microbial dissimilatory iodate reduction could contribute to iodide formation in geogenic high iodine groundwater. In addition, the identified iron-reducing, sulfur-reducing, sulfur-oxidizing, and dehalogenating bacteria in the groundwater could contribute to the release and production of iodide through the reductive dissolution of iron minerals, abiotic iodate reduction of derived ferrous iron and sulfide, and dehalogenation of organic iodine, respectively. These microbially mediated iodate reduction and organic iodine dehalogenation processes may also result in the transformation among iodine species and iodide enrichment in other geogenic iodine-rich groundwater systems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Jiang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Minghui Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yiran Dong
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Shi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Junxia Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Yanxin Wang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
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Byeon H, Moon Y, Lee S, Son GI, Lee E. Effect of the Marine Exercise Retreat Program on Thyroid-Related Hormones in Middle-Aged Euthyroid Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1542. [PMID: 36674297 PMCID: PMC9863542 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a marine exercise retreat program on thyroid-related hormone levels. A total of 62 middle-aged euthyroid women participated in a 6-day marine exercise retreat program. Using thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) hormone levels, the participants were divided into high and low-hormone-level groups. Despite decreased TSH and fT4 levels after the program, the factors influencing changes in each group were different. TSH levels were influenced by changes in the normalized low frequency (nLF) of heart rate variability and carbon monoxide (CO) from all the participants, and changes in body fat percentage, nLF, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure level in the high TSH group. fT4 levels were influenced by changes in body mass index (BMI), NO2 exposure, and particulate matter diameter of 10 µm or less (PM10) exposure in all participants. Changes in BMI and CO exposure influenced the low fT4 group. Lastly, changes in the exercise stress test affected the high fT4 group. Thus, the marine exercise retreat program affected euthyroid thyroid-related hormone levels, and influencing factors differ depending on the initial value of the hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjin Byeon
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yesol Moon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoeun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Ic Son
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunil Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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14
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Sasamura S, Ohnuki T, Kozai N, Amachi S. Iodate respiration by Azoarcus sp. DN11 and its potential use for removal of radioiodine from contaminated aquifers. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1162788. [PMID: 37138623 PMCID: PMC10149662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1162788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Azoarcus sp. DN11 was previously isolated from gasoline-contaminated groundwater as an anaerobic benzene-degrading bacterium. Genome analysis of strain DN11 revealed that it contained a putative idr gene cluster (idrABP1P2 ), which was recently found to be involved in bacterial iodate (IO3 -) respiration. In this study, we determined if strain DN11 performed iodate respiration and assessed its potential use to remove and sequester radioactive iodine (129I) from subsurface contaminated aquifers. Strain DN11 coupled acetate oxidation to iodate reduction and grew anaerobically with iodate as the sole electron acceptor. The respiratory iodate reductase (Idr) activity of strain DN11 was visualized on non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the active band suggested the involvement of IdrA, IdrP1, and IdrP2 in iodate respiration. The transcriptomic analysis also showed that idrA, idrP1 , and idrP2 expression was upregulated under iodate-respiring conditions. After the growth of strain DN11 on iodate, silver-impregnated zeolite was added to the spent medium to remove iodide from the aqueous phase. In the presence of 200 μM iodate as the electron acceptor, more than 98% of iodine was successfully removed from the aqueous phase. These results suggest that strain DN11 is potentially helpful for bioaugmentation of 129I-contaminated subsurface aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Sasamura
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ohnuki
- Fukushima Reconstruction and Revitalization Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Naofumi Kozai
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Ibaraki, Naka-gun, Japan
| | - Seigo Amachi
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- *Correspondence: Seigo Amachi,
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15
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Guo J, Jiang J, Peng Z, Zhong Y, Jiang Y, Jiang Z, Hu Y, Dong Y, Shi L. Global occurrence of the bacteria with capability for extracellular reduction of iodate. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1070601. [PMID: 36504819 PMCID: PMC9732548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1070601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ-proteobacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 reduces iodate to iodide extracellularly. Both dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters are involved in extracellular reduction of iodate by S. oneidensis MR-1. DmsEFAB reduces iodate to hypoiodous acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Subsequently, H2O2 is reduced by MtrCAB to facilitate DmsEFAB-mediated extracellular reduction of iodate. To investigate the distribution of bacteria with the capability for extracellular reduction of iodate, bacterial genomes were systematically searched for both dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters. The dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters were found in three Ferrimonas and 26 Shewanella species. Coexistence of both dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters in these bacteria suggests their potentials for extracellular reduction of iodate. Further analyses demonstrated that these bacteria were isolated from a variety of ecosystems, including the lakes, rivers, and subsurface rocks in East and Southeast Asia, North Africa, and North America. Importantly, most of the bacteria with both dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters were found in different marine environments, which ranged from the Arctic Ocean to Antarctic coastal marine environments as well as from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Widespread distribution of the bacteria with capability for extracellular reduction of iodate around the world suggests their significant importance in global biogeochemical cycling of iodine. The genetic organization of dmsEFAB and mtrCAB gene clusters also varied substantially. The identified mtrCAB gene clusters often contained additional genes for multiheme c-type cytochromes. The numbers of dmsEFAB gene cluster detected in a given bacterial genome ranged from one to six. In latter, duplications of dmsEFAB gene clusters occurred. These results suggest different paths for these bacteria to acquire their capability for extracellular reduction of iodate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaofeng Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Zhaofeng Peng,
| | - Yuhong Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yidan Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiran Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China,Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Zhaofeng Peng,
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16
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Guo J, Jiang Y, Hu Y, Jiang Z, Dong Y, Shi L. The Roles of DmsEFAB and MtrCAB in Extracellular Reduction of Iodate by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 with Lactate as the Sole Electron Donor. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:5039-5050. [PMID: 35837844 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate their roles in extracellular reduction of iodate (IO3 - ) with lactate as an electron donor, the gene clusters of dmsEFAB, mtrCAB, mtrDEF, and so4360-4357 in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1were systematically deleted. Deletions of dmsEFAB and/or mtrCAB gene clusters diminished the bacterial ability to reduce IO3 - . Furthermore, DmsEFAB and MtrCAB worked collaboratively to reduce IO3 - of which DmsEFAB played a more dominant role than MtrCAB. MtrCAB was involved in detoxifying the reaction intermediate hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). The reaction intermediate hypoiodous acid (HIO) was also found to inhibit microbial IO3 - reduction. SO4360-4357 and MtrDEF, however, were not involved in IO3 - reduction. Collectively, these results suggest a novel mechanism of extracellular reduction of IO3 - at molecular level, in which DmsEFAB reduces IO3 - to HIO and H2 O2 . The latter is further reduced to H2 O by MtrCAB to facilitate the DmsEFAB-mediated IO3 - reduction. The extracellular electron transfer pathway of S. oneidensis MR-1is believed to mediate electron transfer from bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, across the cell envelope to the DmsEFAB and MtrCAB on the bacterial outer membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yidan Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yiran Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, School of Environmental Studies, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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17
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Jiao X, Zeng R, Lan G, Zuo S, He J, Wang C. Mechanistic study on photochemical generation of I •/I 2•- radicals in coastal atmospheric aqueous aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:154080. [PMID: 35218835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reactive iodine species may exhibit significant impacts on many global atmospheric issues and the I•/I2•- radicals play key roles for inducing the formation of these reactive iodine species. However, the current understanding on the formation of I•/I2•- radicals in atmospheric aqueous aerosol is still quite limited. The results reported herein suggest that I•/I2•- can be produced simultaneously in aqueous aerosol by several sunlight-driven photochemical pathways including direct photo-dissociation of soluble organic iodine (SOI) at rates of 0.10-1.34 × 10-9 M ns-1 and 0.99-5.68 × 10-7 M μs-1, •OH-mediated oxidation of I- at 0.03-1.41 × 10-8 M ns-1 and 0.05-4.10 × 10-6 M μs-1, and 3DOM⁎-induced oxidation of I- at 1.57-1.65 × 10-9 M ns-1 and 0.99-5.68 × 10-7 M μs-1 for generation of I• and I2•-, respectively. Meanwhile, the pathway of eaq--initiated stepwise reduction of IO3- to I2(aq) and further photolyzed into I• plays negligible role in formation of I•/I2•- due to the low reaction rates and severe quenching effect of eaq- by dissolved O2. Our work presented the new data on mechanism and kinetics for comprehensive elucidation of I•/I2•- formation in coastal atmospheric aqueous aerosol and would help to better understand the transformation mechanism of iodine species, pathways of iodine cycling and the associated environmental impacts involving atmospheric reactive iodine radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiao
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangcai Lan
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siyu Zuo
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham-Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China; The Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation Institute, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China.
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18
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Corella JP, Maffezzoli N, Spolaor A, Vallelonga P, Cuevas CA, Scoto F, Müller J, Vinther B, Kjær HA, Cozzi G, Edwards R, Barbante C, Saiz-Lopez A. Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle. Nat Commun 2022; 13:88. [PMID: 35013214 PMCID: PMC8748508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine has a significant impact on promoting the formation of new ultrafine aerosol particles and accelerating tropospheric ozone loss, thereby affecting radiative forcing and climate. Therefore, understanding the long-term natural evolution of iodine, and its coupling with climate variability, is key to adequately assess its effect on climate on centennial to millennial timescales. Here, using two Greenland ice cores (NEEM and RECAP), we report the Arctic iodine variability during the last 127,000 years. We find the highest and lowest iodine levels recorded during interglacial and glacial periods, respectively, modulated by ocean bioproductivity and sea ice dynamics. Our sub-decadal resolution measurements reveal that high frequency iodine emission variability occurred in pace with Dansgaard/Oeschger events, highlighting the rapid Arctic ocean-ice-atmosphere iodine exchange response to abrupt climate changes. Finally, we discuss if iodine levels during past warmer-than-present climate phases can serve as analogues of future scenarios under an expected ice-free Arctic Ocean. We argue that the combination of natural biogenic ocean iodine release (boosted by ongoing Arctic warming and sea ice retreat) and anthropogenic ozone-induced iodine emissions may lead to a near future scenario with the highest iodine levels of the last 127,000 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Corella
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- CIEMAT, Environmental Department, Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Niccolo Maffezzoli
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Spolaor
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Paul Vallelonga
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Scoto
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, S.P Lecce-Monteroni km1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Juliane Müller
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
- MARUM Research Faculty, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse 8, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Bo Vinther
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Helle A Kjær
- Physics of Ice Climate and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Tagensvej 16, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Giulio Cozzi
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Ross Edwards
- Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, UW-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR- ISP, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
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