1
|
Ponce MA, Ranabhat S, Bruce A, Van Winkle T, Campbell JF, Morrison Iii WR. Density-mediated foraging behavioral responses of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Sci Rep 2024; 14:12259. [PMID: 38806558 PMCID: PMC11133452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica are cosmopolitan, destructive postharvest pests. Although research has investigated how high densities of T. castaneum affect attraction to the aggregation pheromone by conspecifics, research into the behavioral response of both species to food cues after high density exposure has been lacking despite its importance to foraging ecology. Our goal was to manipulate and observe the effects of crowding on the behavioral response of both species to common food and pheromonal stimuli and to determine how the headspace emission patterns from grain differed under increasing densities. Densities of colonies for both species was altered (10-500 adults) on a fixed quantity of food (10 g of flour or whole wheat), then the behavioral response to common food and pheromonal cues was evaluated in a wind tunnel and release-recapture experiment, while volatiles were examined through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Importantly, at least for T. castaneum, crowded conditions attenuate attraction to food-based stimuli, but not pheromonal stimuli. Crowding seemed to have no effect on R. dominica attraction to food and pheromonal stimuli in the wind tunnel, but exposure to high density cues did elicit 2.1-3.8-fold higher captures in traps. The relative composition and abundance of headspace volatiles emitted varied significantly with different densities of beetles and was also species-specific. Overall, our results have implications for expanding our understanding of the foraging ecology of two economically important pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Ponce
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Sabita Ranabhat
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, 1603 Old Claflin Place, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Alexander Bruce
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 2505 E. J. Chapman Dr., 370 Plant Biotechnology, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Taylor Van Winkle
- School of Planning, Design, and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James F Campbell
- Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - William R Morrison Iii
- Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu S, Tong X, Peng C, Luo J, Zhang C, Lu K, Li C, Ding X, Duan X, Lu Y, Hu H, Tan D, Dai F. The BTB-ZF gene Bm-mamo regulates pigmentation in silkworm caterpillars. eLife 2024; 12:RP90795. [PMID: 38587455 PMCID: PMC11001300 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The color pattern of insects is one of the most diverse adaptive evolutionary phenotypes. However, the molecular regulation of this color pattern is not fully understood. In this study, we found that the transcription factor Bm-mamo is responsible for black dilute (bd) allele mutations in the silkworm. Bm-mamo belongs to the BTB zinc finger family and is orthologous to mamo in Drosophila melanogaster. This gene has a conserved function in gamete production in Drosophila and silkworms and has evolved a pleiotropic function in the regulation of color patterns in caterpillars. Using RNAi and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology, we showed that Bm-mamo is a repressor of dark melanin patterns in the larval epidermis. Using in vitro binding assays and gene expression profiling in wild-type and mutant larvae, we also showed that Bm-mamo likely regulates the expression of related pigment synthesis and cuticular protein genes in a coordinated manner to mediate its role in color pattern formation. This mechanism is consistent with the dual role of this transcription factor in regulating both the structure and shape of the cuticle and the pigments that are embedded within it. This study provides new insight into the regulation of color patterns as well as into the construction of more complex epidermal features in some insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Chenxing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jiangwen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Chenghao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Kunpeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Chunlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiaohui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yaru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Duan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goerlinger A, Develay C, Balourdet A, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Infection risk by oral contamination does not induce immune priming in the mealworm beetle ( Tenebrio molitor) but triggers behavioral and physiological responses. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1354046. [PMID: 38404577 PMCID: PMC10885348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1354046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In invertebrates, immune priming is the ability of individuals to enhance their immune response based on prior immunological experiences. This adaptive-like immunity likely evolved due to the risk of repeated infections by parasites in the host's natural habitat. The expression of immune priming varies across host and pathogen species, as well as infection routes (oral or wounds), reflecting finely tuned evolutionary adjustments. Evidence from the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) suggests that Gram-positive bacterial pathogens play a significant role in immune priming after systemic infection. Despite the likelihood of oral infections by natural bacterial pathogens in T. molitor, it remains debated whether ingestion of contaminated food leads to systemic infection, and whether oral immune priming is possible is currently unknown. We first attempted to induce immune priming in both T. molitor larvae and adults by exposing them to food contaminated with living or dead Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. We found that oral ingestion of living bacteria did not kill them, but septic wounds caused rapid mortality. Intriguingly, the consumption of either dead or living bacteria did not protect against reinfection, contrasting with injury-induced priming. We further examined the effects of infecting food with various living bacterial pathogens on variables such as food consumption, mass gain, and feces production in larvae. We found that larvae exposed to Gram-positive bacteria in their food ingested less food, gained less mass and/or produced more feces than larvae exposed to contaminated food with Gram-negative bacteria or control food. This suggests that oral contamination with Gram-positive bacteria induced both behavioral responses and peristalsis defense mechanisms, even though no immune priming was observed here. Considering that the oral route of infection neither caused the death of the insects nor induced priming, we propose that immune priming in T. molitor may have primarily evolved as a response to the infection risk associated with wounds rather than oral ingestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yannick Moret
- CNRS UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Orbán-Bakk K, Witek M, Dubiec A, Heinze J, Markó B, Csata E. Infection with a non-lethal fungal parasite is associated with increased immune investment in the ant Myrmica scabrinodis. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 202:108027. [PMID: 38042446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Social insects, such as ants, are preferred host organisms of pathogens and parasites because colonies are densely populated, and the number of potential hosts is high in the same place and time. Within a colony, individuals are exposed differentially to risks according to their function and age. Thus, older individuals forage and are therefore the most exposed to infection, predation, or physical stress, while young workers mostly stay inside the sheltered nest being less exposed. Immune investment is considered to be dependent on an individual's age and pathogen pressure. Long-term exposure to a parasite could affect the immune activity of individuals in an intriguing way that interferes with the age-dependent decline in immunocompetence. However, there are only few cases in which such interferences can be studied. The myrmecopathogenic fungus Rickia wasmannii, which infects entire colonies without killing the workers, is a suitable candidate for such studies. We investigated the general immunocompetence of Myrmica scabrinodis ant workers associated with non-lethal fungal infection by measuring the levels of active phenoloxidase (PO) and total PO (PPO) (reflecting the amount of both active and inactive forms of the enzyme) in two age classes. The level of PO proved to be higher in infected workers than in uninfected ones, while the level of PPO increased with age but was not affected by infection. Overall, these results indicate that a long-term infection could go hand in hand with increased immune activity of ant workers, conferring them higher level of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kincső Orbán-Bakk
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania; Center for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Sociobiology and Insect Ecology Lab, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania.
| | - Magdalena Witek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Anna Dubiec
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Jürgen Heinze
- Institute for Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Bálint Markó
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Clinicilor st. 5-7, Romania; Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Enikő Csata
- Institute for Zoology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Apirajkamol NB, Hogarty TM, Mainali B, Taylor PW, Walsh TK, Tay WT. Virulence of Beauveria sp. and Metarhizium sp. fungi towards fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:328. [PMID: 37676308 PMCID: PMC10495518 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective pest management strategies for Spodoptera frugiperda is a high priority for crop protection across its invasive ranges. Here, we examined six Beauveria and five Metarhizium fungal isolates against this pest. Two Beauveria isolates (B-0571, B-1311) induced high mortality toward 3rd and 6th instar caterpillars and adults. For B-0571 mortality was 82.81 ± 5.75%, 61.46 ± 6.83%, and 93.75 ± 3.61%, and 73.72 ± 2.51%, 71.88 ± 5.41%, and 97.92 ± 2.08% for B-1311, with deaths in caterpillars largely occurring under 24 h (3rd instar control 0.74 ± 0.33%, B-0571 73.96 ± 7.85% and B-1311 62.08 ± 3.67%; 6th instar control 0%, B-0571 66.67% ± 11.02% and B-1311 62.5% ± 9.55%). Infection from both Beauveria isolates fully prevented reproduction in surviving S. frugiperda females. In contrast, all five Metarhizium isolates tested and the remaining four Beauveria isolates exhibited lower virulence. The discovery of two highly virulent Beauveria fungal isolates to S. frugiperda opens avenues to develop novel biological control tools against this highly invasive pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nonthakorn Beatrice Apirajkamol
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Timothy Michael Hogarty
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bishwo Mainali
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Kieran Walsh
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Wee Tek Tay
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Herren P, Hesketh H, Meyling NV, Dunn AM. Environment-host-parasite interactions in mass-reared insects. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:588-602. [PMID: 37258342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The mass production of insects is rapidly expanding globally, supporting multiple industrial needs. However, parasite infections in insect mass-production systems can lower productivity and can lead to devastating losses. High rearing densities and artificial environmental conditions in mass-rearing facilities affect the insect hosts as well as their parasites. Environmental conditions such as temperature, gases, light, vibration, and ionizing radiation can affect productivity in insect mass-production facilities by altering insect development and susceptibility to parasites. This review explores the recent literature on environment-host-parasite interactions with a specific focus on mass-reared insect species. Understanding these complex interactions offers opportunities to optimise environmental conditions for the prevention of infectious diseases in mass-reared insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Herren
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Helen Hesketh
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Nicolai V Meyling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Alison M Dunn
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Naccarato A, Vommaro ML, Amico D, Sprovieri F, Pirrone N, Tagarelli A, Giglio A. Triazine Herbicide and NPK Fertilizer Exposure: Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Rare Earth Elements, Effects on Cuticle Melanization, and Immunocompetence in the Model Species Tenebrio molitor. TOXICS 2023; 11:499. [PMID: 37368599 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of agrochemicals, including fertilizers and herbicides, has led to worrying metal contamination of soils and waters and raises serious questions about the effects of their transfer to different levels of the trophic web. Accumulation and biomagnification of essential (K, Na, Mg, Zn, Ca), nonessential (Sr, Hg, Rb, Ba, Se, Cd, Cr, Pb, As), and rare earth elements (REEs) were investigated in newly emerged adults of Tenebrio molitor exposed to field-admitted concentrations of a metribuzin-based herbicide and an NPK blend fertilizer. Chemical analyses were performed using inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) supported by unsupervised pattern recognition techniques. Physiological parameters such as cuticle melanization, cellular (circulating hemocytes), and humoral (phenoloxidase enzyme activity) immune responses and mass loss were tested as exposure markers in both sexes. The results showed that NPK fertilizer application is the main cause of REE accumulation in beetles over time, besides toxic elements (Sr, Hg, Cr, Rb, Ba, Ni, Al, V, U) also present in the herbicide-treated beetles. The biomagnification of Cu and Zn suggested a high potential for food web transfer in agroecosystems. Gender differences in element concentrations suggested that males and females differ in element uptake and excretion. Differences in phenotypic traits show that exposure affects metabolic pathways involving sequestration and detoxification during the transition phase from immature-to-mature beetles, triggering a redistribution of resources between sexual maturation and immune responses. Our findings highlight the importance of setting limits for metals and REEs in herbicides and fertilizers to avoid adverse effects on species that provide ecosystem services and contribute to soil health in agroecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Naccarato
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria,87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Maria Luigia Vommaro
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Domenico Amico
- CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Pirrone
- CNR-Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Antonio Tagarelli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria,87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Anita Giglio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Perumal V, Kannan S, Pittarate S, Chinnasamy R, Krutmuang P. Essential oils from Acacia nilotica (Fabales: Fabaceae) seeds: May have insecticidal effects? Heliyon 2023; 9:e14808. [PMID: 37089397 PMCID: PMC10119573 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study Acacia nilotica seed derived essential oils were tested against Spodoptera litura, Tenebrio molitor, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, and Aphis fabae, as well as their effects on non-target species Eudrilus eugeniae and Artemia salina at 24 h post treatment. The seed essential oil produced insecticidal activity against A. fabae (LC50 = 41.679, LC90 = 75.212 μl/mL), O. hyalinipennis (LC50 = 37.629, LC90 = 118.485 μl/mL), T. molitor (LC50 = 56.796, LC90 = 201.912 μl/mL), and S. litura (LC50 = 62.215, LC90 = 241.183 μl/mL). Essential oils do not cause a remarkable effect on E. eugeniae and A. salina cytotoxicity. The essential oils produced a lower effect on Artemia salina (LC50 = 384.382, LC90 = 1341.397 μl/mL) and no lethal effects were observed on E. eugeniae. The histopathological evaluation showed no sub-lethal effects of essential oils on earthworm gut tissues. GC-MS analysis results revealed that the major chemical constituent was hexadecane (19.560%) and heptacosane (17.214%) and FT-IR analysis revealed the presence of alkanes and alkyles, aromatics, and amides functional groups that may be involved in insecticidal activity. Overall, the results showed that the seed derived essential oil has excellent insecticidal action against major agricultural insect pests and may therefore offer an environmentally benign alternative to conventional insecticide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanandhan Perumal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Physiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 77, Tamil Nadu, India
- Corresponding author. Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Swathy Kannan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sarayut Pittarate
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Patcharin Krutmuang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiangmai 50200, Thailand
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gourgoulianni N, Schäfer MA, Kapun M, Busso JP, Blanckenhorn WU. Temperature-dependent melanism and phenoloxidase activity in the dimorphic sepsid fly Sepsis thoracica. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103473. [PMID: 36796918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate is changing towards both higher average temperatures and more frequent and severe heat waves. Whereas numerous studies have investigated temperature effects on animal life histories, assessments of their immune function are limited. In the size- and colour-dimorphic black scavenger (or dung) fly Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae), we experimentally studied how developmental temperature and larval density influence phenoloxidase (PO) activity, a key enzyme in insect pigmentation, thermoregulation, and immunity. Flies from five latitudinal European populations were raised at three developmental temperatures (18, 24, 30 °C). PO activity increased with developmental temperature differently in the sexes and the two male morphs (black and orange), altering the sigmoid relationship between melanism, i.e. colouration and fly size. PO activity further positively correlated with larval rearing density, potentially because of higher risks of pathogen infection or greater developmental stress following stronger resource competition. Populations varied somewhat in PO activity, body size and colouration, however with no clear latitudinal pattern. Overall our results indicate that morph- and sex-specific PO activity, and thus likely immune function, in S. thoracica depends on temperature and larval density, modifying the underlying putative trade-off between immunity and body size. The strong dampening of the immune system of all morphs at cool temperatures suggests low-temperature stress in this warm-adapted species common in southern Europe. Our results also support the population density dependent prophylaxis hypothesis, which predicts higher investment in immunity when facing limited resource availability and increased pathogen infection probability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gourgoulianni
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A Schäfer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Kapun
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Natural History Museum of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Juan Pablo Busso
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Petronio Petronio G, Pietrangelo L, Cutuli MA, Magnifico I, Venditti N, Guarnieri A, Abate GA, Yewhalaw D, Davinelli S, Di Marco R. Emerging Evidence on Tenebrio molitor Immunity: A Focus on Gene Expression Involved in Microbial Infection for Host-Pathogen Interaction Studies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1983. [PMID: 36296259 PMCID: PMC9611967 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the scientific community's interest in T. molitor as an insect model to investigate immunity and host-pathogen interactions has considerably increased. The reasons for this growing interest could be explained by the peculiar features of this beetle, which offers various advantages compared to other invertebrates models commonly used in laboratory studies. Thus, this review aimed at providing a broad view of the T. molitor immune system in light of the new scientific evidence on the developmental/tissue-specific gene expression studies related to microbial infection. In addition to the well-known cellular component and humoral response process, several studies investigating the factors associated with T. molitor immune response or deepening of those already known have been reported. However, various aspects remain still less understood, namely the possible crosstalk between the immune deficiency protein and Toll pathways and the role exerted by T. molitor apolipoprotein III in the expression of the antimicrobial peptides. Therefore, further research is required for T. molitor to be recommended as an alternative insect model for pathogen-host interaction and immunity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Petronio Petronio
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marco Alfio Cutuli
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Irene Magnifico
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Noemi Venditti
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Guarnieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Getnet Atinafu Abate
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos P.O. Box 269, Ethiopia
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 307, Ethiopia
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nath Das P, Kumar Basu A, Guru Prasad N. Increasing adult density compromises survival following bacterial infections in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 141:104415. [PMID: 35753428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The density-dependent prophylaxis hypothesis predicts that risk of pathogen transmission increases with increase in population density, and in response to this, organisms mount a prophylactic immune response when exposed to high density. This prophylactic response is expected to help organisms improve their chances of survival when exposed to pathogens. Alternatively, organisms living at high densities can exhibit compromised defense against pathogens due to lack of resources and density associated physiological stress; the crowding stress hypothesis. We housed adult Drosophila melanogaster flies at different densities and measured the effect this has on their post-infection survival and resistance to starvation. We find that flies housed at higher densities show greater mortality after being infected with bacterial pathogens, while also exhibiting increased resistance to starvation. Our results are more in line with the crowding stress hypothesis that postulates a compromised immune system when hosts are subjected to high densities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paresh Nath Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, India
| | - Aabeer Kumar Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, India
| | - Nagaraj Guru Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dupriez F, Rejasse A, Rios A, Lefebvre T, Nielsen-LeRoux C. Impact and Persistence of Serratia marcescens in Tenebrio molitor Larvae and Feed under Optimal and Stressed Mass Rearing Conditions. INSECTS 2022; 13:458. [PMID: 35621793 PMCID: PMC9148086 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Industrial insect mass rearing aims to produce quality insects under safe sanitary conditions which can be compromised by pathogens and abiotic stressors. Therefore, knowledge on pathogen persistence, virulence and means of detection is of importance. This study focuses on the opportunistic pathogen Serratia marcescens (Sm) as a possible candidate to reveal sanitary issues in Tenebrio molitor (Tm) breeding. A screening test was performed to assess the impact of abiotic stressors (starvation, density and sieving) in presence and absence of Sm. Two Sm detection methods were conducted, and the kinetics of Sm persistence were investigated. Our results show that (i) the presence of Sm had a low but significant effect on Tm mortality, (ii) a short temporary starvation period had a negative impact on larval growth, (iii) the detection of Sm by q-PCR was sensitive but less convenient than a specific Sm growth media, (iv) the kinetics of persistence showed that Sm declined but survived for nine days in the feed and in the feces for three weeks. Both the relatively low virulence and the persistence in the environment suggest that Sm could be used as an indicator for the sanitary status of mealworm production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Dupriez
- Ynsect, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France; (F.D.); (A.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Agnès Rejasse
- Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Alfredo Rios
- Ynsect, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France; (F.D.); (A.R.); (T.L.)
| | - Thomas Lefebvre
- Ynsect, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France; (F.D.); (A.R.); (T.L.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ruiz-González MX, Kelly M, Moret Y, Brown MJF. Parasite resistance and immunity across female castes in a social insect. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Living in a social group increases the risks of parasitism, especially in highly-related groups. In homogenous groups, with no reproductive division of labour, the impact of parasitism is unlikely to vary with host identity. Many social systems, however, do exhibit division of reproductive labour, most famously in social insects with their reproductive queens and generally infertile workers. In such systems, the impact of parasitism will differ for each group. Consequently, we predict that susceptibility to parasites will vary to reflect such differential impact. We tested this prediction using a trypanosome-bumble bee system, where Crithidia bombi infects both gynes and workers of Bombus terrestris. We studied both susceptibility to the parasite and relevant measures of the immune function. As predicted, gynes were significantly less susceptible to the parasite than workers, but while gynes and workers expressed different immune profiles, how these link to differential susceptibility remains unclear. In conclusion, our results suggest that differential selection pressures exerted by parasites may produce multiple phenotypes from a single genotype in order to maximise fitness in a social group context.
Significance statement
Social insect colonies dominate terrestrial ecology, and as such are targets for parasites. How they defend themselves against such threats is a key question. Here, we show that bumble bee gynes — the reproductive individuals that overwinter and found colonies in this annual social system — are more resistant to a parasite that disproportionately affects reproductive fitness than their sister workers. Differential patterns of susceptibility may help to explain the success of these social insects.
Collapse
|
14
|
Friesen OC, Li CH, Sykes EME, Stout JM, Aukema HM, Kumar A, Detwiler JT. Density-Dependent Prophylaxis in Freshwater Snails Driven by Oxylipin Chemical Cues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826500. [PMID: 35173735 PMCID: PMC8841777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While animal aggregations can benefit the fitness of group members, the behaviour may also lead to higher risks of parasite infection as group density increases. Some animals are known to moderate their investment in immunity relative to the risk of infection. These animals exhibit density-dependent prophylaxis (DDP) by increasing their immune investment as group density increases. Despite being documented in many taxa, the mechanisms of DDP remain largely unexplored. Snails are known to aggregate and experience large fluctuations in density and serve as required hosts for many parasites. Further, they are known to use chemical cues to aggregate. To test whether freshwater snails exhibit DDP and investigate the role that chemical signaling compounds may play in triggering this phenomenon, we performed four experiments on the freshwater snail Stagnicola elodes, which is a common host for many trematode parasite species. First, we tested if DDP occurred in snails in laboratory-controlled conditions (control vs snail-conditioned water) and whether differences in exposure to chemical cues affected immune function. Second, we used gas chromatography to characterize fatty acids expressed in snail-conditioned water to determine if precursors for particular signaling molecules, such as oxylipins, were being produced by snails. Third, we characterized the oxylipins released by infected and uninfected field-collected snails, to better understand how differences in oxylipin cocktails may play a role in inducing DDP. Finally, we tested the immune response of snails exposed to four oxylipins to test the ability of specific oxylipins to affect DDP. We found that snails exposed to water with higher densities of snails and raised in snail-conditioned water had higher counts of haemocytes. Additionally, lipid analysis demonstrated that fatty acid molecules that are also precursors for oxylipins were present in snail-conditioned water. Trematode-infected snails emitted 50 oxylipins in higher amounts, with 24 of these oxylipins only detected in this group. Finally, oxylipins that were higher in infected snails induced naïve snails to increase their immune responses compared to sham-exposed snails. Our results provide evidence that snails exhibit DDP, and the changes in oxylipins emitted by infected hosts may be one of the molecular mechanisms driving this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olwyn C. Friesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Olwyn C. Friesen,
| | - Chen-Hua Li
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ellen M. E. Sykes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jake M. Stout
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Harold M. Aukema
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jillian T. Detwiler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Costantin EC, Viol DL, Del Puppo NP, Elliot SL. Realism in Immune Ecology Studies: Artificial Diet Enhances a Caterpillar's Immune Defense but Does Not Mask the Effects of a Plastic Immune Strategy. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 1:754571. [PMID: 38468892 PMCID: PMC10926546 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2021.754571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The immune system is considered a functional trait in life-history theory and its modulation is predicted to be costly and highly dependent on the host's nutrition. Therefore, the nutritional status of an individual has a great impact on an animal's immune ecology. Herbivorous insects are commonly used as model organisms in eco-immunology studies and the use of an artificial diet is the predominant rearing procedure to test them. However, this diet differs from what herbivores experience in nature and it is unclear to what degree this distinction might impact on the relevance of these studies for the real world. Here, we compared plant-based vs. artificial diet in a set of three experiments to investigate the interaction of both diets with a plastic immune strategy known as Density-Dependent Prophylaxis (DDP). We used as a model organism the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis, which is known to adjust its immune defense in line with the DDP hypothesis. Our main results showed that larvae fed with artificial diet had 20.5% more hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph and died 20% more slowly when infected with an obligate (viral) pathogen. Crucially, however, we did not find any indication of fitness costs related to DDP. The use of artificial diet did not interact with that of DDP except in the case of host survival after infection, where the DDP effect was only observable in this diet. Our findings suggest the use of an artificial diet does not mask resource allocation conflicts between immune investment and fitness related traits, but to some extent it might lead to an overestimation of immune parameters and host survival time after infection. We believe that this is the first study to compare an artificial diet and a host plant covering all these aspects: immune parameters, life-history traits, and host survival after infection. Here we provide evidence that, besides the quantitative effects in immune parameters and host survival time, the use of artificial diet interacts only marginally with a density-dependent immune response. This provides support for the use of artificial diets in eco-immunology studies with insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simon L. Elliot
- Laboratory of Insect-Microbe Interactions, Department of Entomology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mayekar HV, Kodandaramaiah U. Effect of density on pupal colour plasticity in the butterfly
Mycalesis mineus
(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. V. Mayekar
- IISER‐TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE) School of Biology Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - U. Kodandaramaiah
- IISER‐TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE) School of Biology Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Seike H, Nagata S. Different transcriptional levels of Corazonin, Elevenin and PDF according to the body-color of the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:23-30. [PMID: 34661648 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Body-color in insects changes according to the living environment and physiological stresses possibly involved in endocrine factors. To date, three predominant bioactive peptides, Corazonin, Elevenin, and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) have been illuminated to be involved in the body-color in insects and crustaceans. Here, we examined the possibilities that these three factors would contribute to body-color changes via melanization in the two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, whose body color changes according to population density drastically. Quantitative analyses revealed that the higher transcriptional levels of Corazonin and Elevenin in the crowded-conditioned crickets, whereas the transcriptional level of PDF was higher in the isolated-conditioned crickets. However, the body color was not changed by knockdown of Corazonin, Elevenin, and PDF by RNA interference. The present data indicated that coloration mechanisms in G. bimaculatus is differently controlled from the previous observation in Locusta migratoria, a closely related orthopteran species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Seike
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagata
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pu YC, Wang R, Liu HH, Lu SP, Tang FX, Hou YM. Immunosenescence along with direct physiological allocation trade-offs between life history and immunity in the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 123:104143. [PMID: 34051204 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent works have generally indicated that insects exhibit two immune response strategies: external and internal immune defense. However, the immune-related trade-offs and physiological regulatory mechanisms in red palm weevil, a major invasive pest, remain unclear. Based on postinfection survivorship experiments, we initially measured baseline constitutive external immunity (antibacterial activity of external secretions) and internal immunity (phenoloxidase and antibacterial activity of hemolymph) in uninfected individuals. Then, we challenged the individual immune system and examined subsequent investment in immune function. Our data showed that multiple factors (instar, age, sex, mating status, immune treatment) interacted to affect immune components and infection outcomes, but the magnitude and nature of the impact varied in each case. Although immune senescence is a common phenomenon in which immune function decreases with age, different components of the immune system changed differentially. Notably, mating activity may impose an immunity-related cost, with some evidence of sexual dimorphism and age-associated differences. Finally, parameters related to life-history traits usually decreased temporarily because of increased immunity, suggesting that the ultimate consequences of immune function fitness may be physiologically traded off with other fitness aspects, including growth, development, mating, reproduction, and longevity. These results reveal the complex factors that impact immunity as well as the physiological regulation of individual immunity, which may determine the evolution and outcome of immune senescence and trade-offs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Pu
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Hui-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Sheng-Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Fan-Xi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - You-Ming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li H, Dai C, Zhu Y, Hu Y. Larvae Crowding Increases Development Rate, Improves Disease Resistance, and Induces Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes and Heat Shock Proteins in Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noetuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1808-1816. [PMID: 34104958 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High population density (crowding) becomes a stress factor in insects. The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker), displays gregarious and solitary phases at high and low population densities, respectively. In this study, we compared life history, disease resistance, and induction of antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein (HSPs) in two phases of M. separata larvae. Results showed that gregarious larvae had a faster growth rate and lower pupal weight compared to solitary larvae. Furthermore, gregarious individuals exhibited higher survival rates than solitary individuals after Beauveria bassiana infection. The gregarious larvae had higher malondialdehyde content compared to solitary ones, but no differences in total antioxidant capacity were observed between the two larval phases before or after infection. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly lower in gregarious M. separata larvae than solitary individuals before infection, but no difference was detected in two phases after infection. However, peroxidase and catalase activities in the two phases showed no difference either before or after infection. Hsp19.8 and Hsp90 expression in gregarious larvae were up-regulated when compared to solitary individuals before or after infection. CuZnSOD expression was not different between the two phases before infection, but it was up-regulated in gregarious ones compared to solitary ones after infection. However, expression of other stress-related genes in gregarious larvae was either repressed or unchanged when compared to solitary individuals before or after infection. Thus, larval crowding changed life history, improved disease resistance of M. separata larvae, and induced variable response of antioxidant enzymes and HSPs to fungal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Changgeng Dai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Guizhou Station of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A common measure of prey immune function is not constrained by the cascading effects of predators. Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
21
|
Almeida DA, Mappes J, Gordon S. Predator-Induced Plasticity on Warning Signal and Larval Life-History Traits of the Aposematic Wood Tiger Moth, Arctia plantaginis. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.658177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator-induced plasticity in life-history and antipredator traits during the larval period has been extensively studied in organisms with complex life-histories. However, it is unclear whether different levels of predation could induce warning signals in aposematic organisms. Here, we investigated whether predator-simulated handling affects warning coloration and life-history traits in the aposematic wood tiger moth larva, Arctia plantaginis. As juveniles, a larger orange patch on an otherwise black body signifies a more efficient warning signal against predators but this comes at the costs of conspicuousness and thermoregulation. Given this, one would expect that an increase in predation risk would induce flexible expression of the orange patch. Prior research in this system points to plastic effects being important as a response to environmental changes for life history traits, but we had yet to assess whether this was the case for predation risk, a key driver of this species evolution. Using a full-sib rearing design, in which individuals were reared in the presence and absence of a non-lethal simulated bird attack, we evaluated flexible responses of warning signal size (number of orange segments), growth, molting events, and development time in wood tiger moths. All measured traits except development time showed a significant response to predation. Larvae from the predation treatment developed a more melanized warning signal (smaller orange patch), reached a smaller body size, and molted more often. Our results suggest plasticity is indeed important in aposematic organisms, but in this case may be complicated by the trade-off between costly pigmentation and other life-history traits.
Collapse
|
22
|
Shephard AM, Zambre AM, Snell‐Rood EC. Evaluating costs of heavy metal tolerance in a widely distributed, invasive butterfly. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1390-1402. [PMID: 34025774 PMCID: PMC8127708 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal tolerance to environmental pollution is thought to be constrained by fitness costs, where variants with higher survival in polluted environments have lower performance in nonpolluted environments. Yet, costs are not always detected in empirical studies. One hypothesis suggests that whether tolerance costs emerge depends on the degree of heterogeneity populations experience with respect to pollution exposure. For instance, in populations confined to local environments where pollution is persistent, selection may favour alleles that enhance pollution tolerance but reduce performance in nonpolluted environments (costs). However, in broadly distributed populations that undergo selection in both polluted and nonpolluted patches, costs should be eroded. Understanding tolerance costs in broadly distributed populations is relevant to management of invasive species, which are highly dispersive, wide ranging, and often colonize disturbed or polluted patches such as agricultural monocultures. Therefore, we conducted a case study quantifying costs of tolerance to zinc pollution (a common heavy metal pollutant) in wild cabbage white butterflies (Pieris rapae). This wide ranging, highly dispersive and invasive pest periodically encounters metal pollution by consuming plants in urban and agricultural settings. In contrast to expected costs of tolerance, we found that cabbage white families with greater zinc tolerance also produced more eggs and had higher reproductive effort under nonpolluted conditions. These results contribute to a more general hypothesis of why costs of pollution tolerance vary across studies: patchy selection with pollutants should erode costs and may favour genotypes that perform well under both polluted and nonpolluted conditions. This might partly explain why widely distributed invasive species are able to thrive in diverse, polluted and nonpolluted habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Shephard
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota – Twin CitiesSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Amod M. Zambre
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota – Twin CitiesSt. PaulMNUSA
| | - Emilie C. Snell‐Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota – Twin CitiesSt. PaulMNUSA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang G, Zhou Y, Tang B, Ali H, Hou Y. Immune function differences between two color morphs of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) at different life stages. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5702-5712. [PMID: 34026041 PMCID: PMC8131810 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated that in insects cuticle melanism is interrelated with pathogen resistance, as melanin-based coloration and innate immunity possess similar physiological pathways. For some insects, higher pathogen resistance was observed in darker individuals than in individuals with lighter cuticular coloration. Here, we investigated the difference in immune response between two color morphs (black and red) and between the life stages (pupa and adult) of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Here in this study, cuticle thickness, microbial test (antimicrobial activity, phenoloxidase activity, and hemocyte density), and immune-related gene expression were evaluated at different stages of RPW. Study results revealed that cuticle thickness of black phenotype was thicker than red phenotype at old-pupa stage, while no significant difference found at adult stage. These results may relate to the development processes of epidermis in different stages of RPW. The results of antimicrobial activity, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and hemocyte density analyses showed that adults with a red phenotype had stronger pathogen resistance than those with a black phenotype. In addition to antimicrobial activity and PO activity, we tested relative gene expression in the fat body of old pupae. The results of hemolymph antimicrobial analysis showed that old pupae with a red phenotype were significantly different from those with a black phenotype at 12 hr after Staphylococcus aureus injection, suggesting that red phenotype pupae were more sensitive to S. aureus. Examination of gene expression in the fat body also revealed that the red phenotype had a higher immune response than the black phenotype. Our results were inconsistent with the previous conclusion that dark insects had increased immune function, suggesting that the relationship between cuticle pigmentation and immune function in insects was not a direct link. Additional possible factors that are associated with the immune response, such as life-history, developmental, physiological factors also need to be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujianChina
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect EcologyCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFujianChina
| | - Yuxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujianChina
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect EcologyCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFujianChina
| | - Baozhen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujianChina
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect EcologyCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFujianChina
| | - Habib Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Department of Agriculture EngineeringKhawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Informtion TechnologyRahim Yar KhanPakistan
- University of Agriculture FaisalabdOkaraPakistan
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationFujianChina
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect EcologyCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFujianChina
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu J, He XZ, Zheng XL, Zhang Y, Wang Q. Larval social cues influence testicular investment in an insect. Curr Zool 2021; 68:1-8. [PMID: 35169624 PMCID: PMC8836345 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Socio-sexual environment can have critical impacts on reproduction and survival of animals. Consequently, they need to prepare themselves by allocating more resources to competitive traits that give them advantages in the particular social setting they have been perceiving. Evidence shows that a male usually raises his investment in sperm after he detects the current or future increase of sperm competition because relative sperm numbers can determine his paternity share. This leads to the wide use of testis size as an index of the sperm competition level, yet testis size does not always reflect sperm production. To date, it is not clear whether male animals fine-tune their resource allocation to sperm production and other traits as a response to social cues during their growth and development. Using a polygamous insect Ephestia kuehniella, we tested whether and how larval social environment affected sperm production, testis size, and body weight. We exposed the male larvae to different juvenile socio-sexual cues and measured these traits. We demonstrate that regardless of sex ratio, group-reared males produced more eupyrenes (fertile and nucleate sperm) but smaller testes than singly reared ones, and that body weight and apyrene (infertile and anucleate sperm) numbers remained the same across treatments. We conclude that the presence of larval social, but not sexual cues is responsible for the increase of eupyrene production and decrease of testis size. We suggest that male larvae increase investment in fertile sperm cells and reduce investment in other testicular tissues in the presence of conspecific juvenile cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4100, New Zealand
| | - Xiong Z He
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4100, New Zealand
| | - Xia-Lin Zheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agric-Environment and Agric-Products Safety, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4100, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xing K, Sun D, Zhang J, Zhao F. Wide Diurnal Temperature Amplitude and High Population Density Can Positively Affect the Life History of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6166182. [PMID: 33693804 PMCID: PMC7947990 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal temperature amplitude is known to have a large influence on insect life history. Population density affects intraspecific competition and many other aspects of insect life history. However, there is limited information on the interactive effects of these factors on insects. Here, we tested the interactive effects of three diurnal temperature amplitudes (22 ± 0°C, 22 ± 6°C, and 22 ± 12°C) and three population densities on the development, survival, longevity, and fecundity of the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Homoptera: Aphididae). At a constant temperature, increasing population density reduced the growth and survival of early-instar nymphs, increased longevity, and reduced fecundity. At a low population density, increasing temperature amplitude inhibited nymph development. However, even at a high temperature amplitude, nymph survival rate was higher than expected, and reproduction was possible because the recovery of the lower night-temperatures eliminated thermal stress. Increasing the population density reduced, and even reversed, the negative effects of the wide temperature amplitude. This may reflect synergistic interactions between population density and wide temperature amplitude as these stressors each incur energetic costs. These findings emphasize the importance of temperature amplitude and population density for improving prediction accuracy and damage assessment during pest control modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Chin
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Shanxi, China
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dongbao Sun
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Shanxi, China
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Chin
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Shanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stoldt M, Klein L, Beros S, Butter F, Jongepier E, Feldmeyer B, Foitzik S. Parasite Presence Induces Gene Expression Changes in an Ant Host Related to Immunity and Longevity. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:95. [PMID: 33451085 PMCID: PMC7828512 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most species are either parasites or exploited by parasites, making parasite-host interactions a driver of evolution. Parasites with complex life cycles often evolve strategies to facilitate transmission to the definitive host by manipulating their intermediate host. Such manipulations could explain phenotypic changes in the ant Temnothorax nylanderi, the intermediate host of the cestode Anomotaenia brevis. In addition to behavioral and morphological alterations, infected workers exhibit prolonged lifespans, comparable to that of queens, which live up to two decades. We used transcriptomic data from cestodes and ants of different castes and infection status to investigate the molecular underpinnings of phenotypic alterations in infected workers and explored whether the extended lifespan of queens and infected workers has a common molecular basis. Infected workers and queens commonly upregulated only six genes, one of them with a known anti-aging function. Both groups overexpressed immune genes, although not the same ones. Our findings suggest that the lifespan extension of infected workers is not achieved via the expression of queen-specific genes. The analysis of the cestodes' transcriptome revealed dominant expression of genes of the mitochondrial respiratory transport chain, which indicates an active metabolism and shedding light on the physiology of the parasite in its cysticercoid stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marah Stoldt
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (L.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Linda Klein
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (L.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Sara Beros
- Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Evelien Jongepier
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F), Molecular Ecology, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Susanne Foitzik
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (L.K.); (S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sharma L, Bohra N, Rajput VD, Quiroz-Figueroa FR, Singh RK, Marques G. Advances in Entomopathogen Isolation: A Case of Bacteria and Fungi. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E16. [PMID: 33374556 PMCID: PMC7822405 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic bacteria and fungi are quite frequently found in soils and insect cadavers. The first step in utilizing these microbes as biopesticides is to isolate them, and several culture media and insect baiting procedures have been tested in this direction. In this work, the authors review the current techniques that have been developed so far, in the last five decades, and display brief protocols which can be adopted for the isolations of these entomopathogens. Among bacteria, this review focuses on Serratia spp. and bacteria from the class Bacilli. Among fungi, the review focuses those from the order Hypocreales, for example, genera Beauveria, Clonostachys, Lecanicillium, Metarhizium, and Purpureocillium. The authors chose these groups of entomopathogenic bacteria and fungi based on their importance in the microbial biopesticide market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lav Sharma
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Nitin Bohra
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Soil Science and Land Evaluation Department, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Francisco Roberto Quiroz-Figueroa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa (CIIDIR-IPN Unidad Sinaloa), Laboratorio de Fitomejoramiento Molecular, Blvd. Juan de Dios Bátiz Paredes no. 250, Col. San Joachín, C.P., Guasave 81101, Mexico;
| | - Rupesh Kumar Singh
- Centro de Química de Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Guilhermina Marques
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Virulence traits within a community of the fungal entomopathogen Beauveria: Associations with abundance and distribution. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
29
|
Parasite defense mechanisms in bees: behavior, immunity, antimicrobials, and symbionts. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:59-76. [PMID: 32558901 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parasites are linked to the decline of some bee populations; thus, understanding defense mechanisms has important implications for bee health. Recent advances have improved our understanding of factors mediating bee health ranging from molecular to landscape scales, but often as disparate literatures. Here, we bring together these fields and summarize our current understanding of bee defense mechanisms including immunity, immunization, and transgenerational immune priming in social and solitary species. Additionally, the characterization of microbial diversity and function in some bee taxa has shed light on the importance of microbes for bee health, but we lack information that links microbial communities to parasite infection in most bee species. Studies are beginning to identify how bee defense mechanisms are affected by stressors such as poor-quality diets and pesticides, but further research on this topic is needed. We discuss how integrating research on host traits, microbial partners, and nutrition, as well as improving our knowledge base on wild and semi-social bees, will help inform future research, conservation efforts, and management.
Collapse
|
30
|
Integrative developmental ecology: a review of density-dependent effects on life-history traits and host-microbe interactions in non-social holometabolous insects. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPopulation density modulates a wide range of eco-evolutionary processes including inter- and intra-specific competition, fitness and population dynamics. In holometabolous insects, the larval stage is particularly susceptible to density-dependent effects because the larva is the resource-acquiring stage. Larval density-dependent effects can modulate the expression of life-history traits not only in the larval and adult stages but also downstream for population dynamics and evolution. Better understanding the scope and generality of density-dependent effects on life-history traits of current and future generations can provide useful knowledge for both theory and experiments in developmental ecology. Here, we review the literature on larval density-dependent effects on fitness of non-social holometabolous insects. First, we provide a functional definition of density to navigate the terminology in the literature. We then classify the biological levels upon which larval density-dependent effects can be observed followed by a review of the literature produced over the past decades across major non-social holometabolous groups. Next, we argue that host-microbe interactions are yet an overlooked biological level susceptible to density-dependent effects and propose a conceptual model to explain how density-dependent effects on host-microbe interactions can modulate density-dependent fitness curves. In summary, this review provides an integrative framework of density-dependent effects across biological levels which can be used to guide future research in the field of ecology and evolution.
Collapse
|
31
|
Li HB, Dai CG, Hu Y. Characterization and expression analysis of genes encoding three small heat shock proteins in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235912. [PMID: 32776931 PMCID: PMC7417081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) function in the response of insects to abiotic
stress; however, their role in response to biotic stress has been
under-investigated. Mythimna separata, the oriental armyworm,
is polyphenetic and exhibits gregarious and solitary phases in response to high
and low population density, respectively. In this study, three genes were
identified encoding sHsps, namely
MsHsp19.7,
MsHsp19.8 and
MsHsp21.4, and expression levels in
solitary and gregarious M. separata were
compared. The deduced protein sequences of the three MsHsps had
molecular weights of 19.7, 19.8 and 21.4 kDa, respectively, and contained a
conserved α-crystalline domain. Real-time PCR analyses revealed that the three
sHsps were transcribed in all developmental stages and were
dramatically up-regulated at the 6th larval stage in gregarious
individuals. Expression of the three MsHsps was variable in
different tissues of 6th instar larvae, but exhibited consistent up-
and down-regulation in the hindgut and Malpighian tubules of gregarious
individuals, respectively. In addition,
MsHsp19.7 and
MsHsp19.8 were significantly induced when
solitary forms were subjected to crowding for 36 h, but all three
MsHsps were down-regulated when gregarious forms were
isolated. Our findings suggest that population density functions as a stress
factor and impacts MsHsps expression in M.
separata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chang-Geng Dai
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guizhou Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cui K, Zhao Y, He L, Ding J, Li B, Mu W, Liu F. Comparison of Transcriptome Profiles of the Fungus Botrytis cinerea and Insect Pest Bradysia odoriphaga in Response to Benzothiazole. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1043. [PMID: 32655508 PMCID: PMC7325989 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzothiazole (BT) has a strong inhibitory effect on the growth and development of a wide spectrum of fungi and insects, such as Botrytis cinerea and Bradysia odoriphaga, that cause serious losses in agriculture. To investigate the underlying antifungal and insecticidal mechanisms of BT, RNA-seq analysis was performed for B. cinerea after BT treatment for 12, 24, and 48 h and for B. odoriphaga after BT treatment for 6 and 24 h. In B. cinerea, the pectin degradation process was inhibited, suggesting a low utilization of carbohydrate sources. As the treatment time was extended, the cell walls of B. cinerea thickened, and increases in melanin synthesis and ion transport were observed. In B. odoriphaga, signaling pathways including MAPK, insulin, adipocytokine, forkhead box class O, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor were activated at 6 h, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was the core gene in the signal transduction pathways that responded to BT; digestive system and melanogenesis genes were obviously altered at 24 h. In addition, we identified several insecticidal target genes, such as trypsin, aminopeptidase N, and tyrosinase. Benzothiazole significantly affected nutrient metabolism, especially carbohydrate metabolism, in both species, and the pentose and glucuronate interconversions pathway was shared by both species, although the individual genes were different in each species. Overall, our results suggested that BT was a melanogenesis disrupter for the insect but an activator for the fungus. Our findings are helpful for deeply exploring the genes targeted by BT and for developing new pesticide compounds with unique mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yunhe Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Leiming He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jinfeng Ding
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Beixing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dynamics of bacterial composition in the locust reproductive tract are affected by the density-dependent phase. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5807075. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe important role that locust gut bacteria play in their host biology is well accepted. Among other roles, gut bacteria are suggested to be involved in the locust swarming phenomenon. In addition, in many insect orders, the reproductive system is reported to serve as a vector for trans-generation bacterial inoculation. Knowledge of the bacterial composition of the locust reproductive tract is, however, practically absent. Here we characterized the reproductive system bacterial composition of gregarious and solitary females. We investigated its temporal dynamics and how it interacts with the locust phase, by comparative sampling and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We revealed that the bacterial composition of the locust female reproductive tract is mostly constructed of three core genera: Micrococcus, Acinetobacter and Staphylococcus. While solitary females maintained a consistent bacterial composition, in the gregarious phase this consortium demonstrated large temporal shifts, mostly manifested by Brevibacterium blooms. These data are in accord with our previous report on the dynamics of locust hindgut bacterial microbiota, further indicating that locust endosymbionts are affected by their host population density. These newly understood dynamics may have implications beyond their contribution to our knowledge of locust ecology, as aggregation and mass migration are prevalent phenomena across many migrating animals.
Collapse
|
34
|
Mun S, Noh MY, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S, Arakane Y. Gene functions in adult cuticle pigmentation of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 117:103291. [PMID: 31812474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In many arthropod species including insects, the cuticle tanning pathway for both pigmentation and sclerotization begins with tyrosine and is responsible for production of both melanin- and quinoid-type pigments, some of which are major pigments for body coloration. In this study we identified and cloned cDNAs of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, encoding seven key enzymes involved in this pathway including tyrosine hydroxylase (TmTH), DOPA decarboxylase (TmDDC), laccase 2 (TmLac2), Yellow-y (TmY-y), arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (TmAANAT1), aspartate 1-decarboxylase (TmADC) and N-β-alanyldopamine synthase (Tmebony). Expression profiles of these genes during development were analyzed by real-time PCR, revealing development-specific patterns of expression. Loss of function mediated by RNAi of either 1) TmTH or TmLac2, 2) TmDDC or TmY-y, and 3) TmAANAT1, TmADC or Tmebony resulted in pale/white, light yellow/brown and dark/black adult body coloration, respectively. In addition, there are three distinct layer/regional pigmentation differences in rigid types of adult cuticle, a brownish outer exocuticle (EX), a dark pigmented middle mesocuticle (ME) and a transparent inner endocuticle (EN). Decreases in pigmentation of the EX and/or ME layers were observed after RNAi of TmDDC or TmY-y. In TmADC- or Tmebony-deficient adults, a darker pigmented EX layer was observed. In TmAANAT1-deficient adults, trabeculae formed between the dorsal and ventral elytral cuticles as well as the transparent EN layer became highly pigmented. These results demonstrate that knocking down the level of gene expression of specific enzymes of this tyrosine metabolic pathway leads to abnormal pigmentation in individual layers and substructure of the rigid adult exoskeleton of T. molitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seulgi Mun
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Noh
- Department of Forestry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea.
| | - Karl J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Continuous Agrochemical Treatments in Agroecosystems Can Modify the Effects of Pendimethalin-Based Herbicide Exposure on Immunocompetence of a Beneficial Ground Beetle. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11120241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide application for pest control can negatively affect soil biodiversity, mainly acting on species that are involved in ecosystem service. In this study, field and laboratory trials were designed to assay herbicide exposure effects on the constitutive immunity of Harpalus (Pseudoophonus) rufipes (De Geer, 1774), a beneficial carabid species that inhabits croplands. The circulating hemocytes (THCs) and plasmatic levels of basal and total phenoloxidase (PO), as well as lysozyme-like enzyme activities, were measured as markers of exposure. In laboratory tests, the exposure to realistic field doses of pendimethalin-based herbicides for two, seven and 21 days caused a reduction in enzyme activities in beetles from organic crops. In beetles from conventional fields, the THCs and total PO activity decreased significantly at two and seven days after the initial exposure, though no effects were recorded on basal PO and lysozyme like-enzyme activities. These differences in enzyme activities and THCs indicate that the interference of pendimethalin with immune parameters clearly depends on both the different field conditions from which the population comes and the cumulative effects of repeated applications over the time.
Collapse
|
36
|
Martynov VO, Hladkyi OY, Kolombar TM, Brygadyrenko VV. Impact of essential oil from plants on migratory activity of Sitophilus granarius and Tenebrio molitor. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.15421/021955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Measures against pests should be performed in the context of integrated management of agricultural crops and complex control of pests. Therefore, use of ecologically safe approaches is the best option. Essential oils of plants can make an impact on the main metabolic, biochemical, physiological and behavioural functions of insects. We evaluated the effect of 18 essential oils and 18 dried plants on migratory activity of Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758) and Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 in conditions of laboratory experiment. Notable repellent activity against S. granarius was exhibited by Citrus sinensis and Picea abies. Repellent action against T. molitor was displayed by dried and cut leaves of Origanum vulgare and Eucalyptus globulus, and also essential oils from Juniperus communis, Р. abies, Pterocarpus santalinus, C. sinensis and C. aurantiifolia. Therefore, out of 18 studied essential oils, only two samples had a notable biological effect on migratory activity of S. granarius and five samples – on T. molitor. These data indicate a possibility of using essential oils or their main components as ecologically safe natural repellents against pests of stored wheat and products of its processing.
Collapse
|
37
|
Scholefield JA, Shikano I, Lowenberger CA, Cory JS. The impact of baculovirus challenge on immunity: The effect of dose and time after infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 167:107232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
38
|
Leech T, Evison SEF, Armitage SAO, Sait SM, Bretman A. Interactive effects of social environment, age and sex on immune responses in Drosophila melanogaster. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:1082-1092. [PMID: 31313398 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Social environments have been shown to have multiple effects on individual immune responses. For example, increased social contact might signal greater infection risk and prompt a prophylactic upregulation of immunity. This differential investment of resources may in part explain why social environments affect ageing and lifespan. Our previous work using Drosophila melanogaster showed that single-sex social contact reduced lifespan for both sexes. Here, we assess how social interactions (isolation or contact) affect susceptibility to infection, phagocytotic activity and expression of a subset of immune- and stress-related genes in young and old flies of both sexes. Social contact had a neutral, or even improved, effect on post-infection lifespan in older flies and reduced the expression of stress response genes in females; however, it reduced phagocytotic activity. Overall, the effects of social environment were complex and largely subtle and do not indicate a consistent effect. Together, these findings indicate that social contact in D. melanogaster does not have a predictable impact on immune responses and does not simply trade-off immune investment with lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Leech
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sophie E F Evison
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Steven M Sait
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Amanda Bretman
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wojciechowska M, Stepnowski P, Gołębiowski M. Cyfluthrin and Deltamethrin Induce Changes in the Fat Body Composition of
Tenebrio molitor
Larvae, Males and Females. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800515. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wojciechowska
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural CompoundsDepartment of Environmental AnalysisFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Gdańsk ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Laboratory of Chemical Environmental RisksDepartment of Environmental AnalysisFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Gdańsk ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural CompoundsDepartment of Environmental AnalysisFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of Gdańsk ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Twort VG, Newcomb RD, Buckley TR. New Zealand Tree and Giant Wētā (Orthoptera) Transcriptomics Reveal Divergent Selection Patterns in Metabolic Loci. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1293-1306. [PMID: 30957857 PMCID: PMC6486805 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to low temperatures requires an organism to overcome physiological challenges. New Zealand wētā belonging to the genera Hemideina and Deinacrida are found across a wide range of thermal environments and therefore subject to varying selective pressures. Here we assess the selection pressures across the wētā phylogeny, with a particular emphasis on identifying genes under positive or diversifying selection. We used RNA-seq to generate transcriptomes for all 18 Deinacrida and Hemideina species. A total of 755 orthologous genes were identified using a bidirectional best-hit approach, with the resulting gene set encompassing a diverse range of functional classes. Analysis of ortholog ratios of synonymous to nonsynonymous amino acid changes found 83 genes that are under positive selection for at least one codon. A wide variety of Gene Ontology terms, enzymes, and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways are represented among these genes. In particular, enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, melanin synthesis, and free-radical scavenging are represented, consistent with physiological and metabolic changes that are associated with adaptation to alpine environments. Structural alignment of the transcripts with the most codons under positive selection revealed that the majority of sites are surface residues, and therefore have the potential to influence the thermostability of the enzyme, with the exception of prophenoloxidase where two residues near the active site are under selection. These proteins provide interesting candidates for further analysis of protein evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Twort
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard D Newcomb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas R Buckley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vigneron A, Jehan C, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Immune Defenses of a Beneficial Pest: The Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Front Physiol 2019; 10:138. [PMID: 30914960 PMCID: PMC6422893 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, is currently considered as a pest when infesting stored grains or grain products. However, mealworms are now being promoted as a beneficial insect because their high nutrient content makes them a viable food source and because they are capable of degrading polystyrene and plastic waste. These attributes make T. molitor attractive for mass rearing, which may promote disease transmission within the insect colonies. Disease resistance is of paramount importance for both the control and the culture of mealworms, and several biotic and abiotic environmental factors affect the success of their anti-parasitic defenses, both positively and negatively. After providing a detailed description of T. molitor’s anti-parasitic defenses, we review the main biotic and abiotic environmental factors that alter their presentation, and we discuss their implications for the purpose of controlling the development and health of this insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charly Jehan
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dasgupta P, Sarkar S, Das AA, Verma T, Nandy B. Intergenerational paternal effect of adult density in Drosophila melanogaster. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3553-3563. [PMID: 30962910 PMCID: PMC6434557 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding recent evidences, paternal environment is thought to be a potential but unlikely source of fitness variation that can affect trait evolution. Here we studied intergenerational effects of males' exposure to varying adult density in Drosophila melanogasterlaboratory populations.We held sires at normal (N), medium (M) and high (H) adult densities for 2 days before allowing them to mate with virgin females. This treatment did not introduce selection through differential mortality. Further, we randomly paired males and females and allowed a single round of mating between the sires and the dams. We then collected eggs from the dams and measured the egg size. Finally, we investigated the effect of the paternal treatment on juvenile and adult (male) fitness components.We found a significant treatment effect on juvenile competitive ability where the progeny sired by the H-males had higher competitive ability. Since we did not find the treatment to affect egg size, this effect is unlikely to be mediated through variation in female provisioning.Male fitness components were also found to have a significant treatment effect: M-sons had lower dry weight at eclosion, higher mating latency, and lower competitive mating success.While being the first study to show both adaptive and non-adaptive effect of the paternal density in Drosophila, our results highlight the importance of considering paternal environment as important source of fitness variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purbasha Dasgupta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research BerhampurBerhampurIndia
| | | | | | - Tanya Verma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research BerhampurBerhampurIndia
| | - Bodhisatta Nandy
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research BerhampurBerhampurIndia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Martínez LC, Plata-Rueda A, Colares HC, Campos JM, Dos Santos MH, Fernandes FL, Serrão JE, Zanuncio JC. Toxic effects of two essential oils and their constituents on the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 108:716-725. [PMID: 29237511 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485317001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The study identified insecticidal effects from the cinnamon and clove essential oils in Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90), lethal time, and repellent effect on larvae, pupae, and adults of T. molitor after exposure to six concentrations of each essential oil and toxic compounds were evaluated. The chemical composition of the cinnamon oil was also determined and primary compounds were eugenol (10.19%), trans-3-caren-2-ol (9.92%), benzyl benzoate (9.68%), caryophyllene (9.05%), eugenyl acetate (7.47%), α-phellandrene (7.18%), and α-pinene (6.92%). In clove essential oil, the primary compounds were eugenol (26.64%), caryophyllene (23.73%), caryophyllene oxide (17.74%), 2-propenoic acid (11.84%), α-humulene (10.48%), γ-cadinene (4.85%), and humulene oxide (4.69%). Cinnamon and clove essential oils were toxic to T. molitor. In toxic chemical compounds, eugenol have stronger contact toxicity in larvae, pupae, and adult than caryophyllene oxide, followed by α-pinene, α-phellandrene, and α-humulene. In general, the two essential oils were toxic and repellent to adult T. molitor. Cinnamon and clove essential oils and their compounds caused higher mortality and repellency on T. molitor and, therefore, have the potential for integrated management programs of this insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Martínez
- Departamento de Entomologia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,36570-000,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,Brasil
| | - A Plata-Rueda
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,38810-000,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,Brasil
| | - H C Colares
- Departamento de Fitotecnia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,36570-000,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,Brasil
| | - J M Campos
- Departamento de Fitotecnia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,36570-000,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,Brasil
| | - M H Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,36570-000,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,Brasil
| | - F L Fernandes
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,38810-000,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,Brasil
| | - J E Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,36570-000,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,Brasil
| | - J C Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia,Universidade Federal de Viçosa,36570-000,Viçosa,Minas Gerais,Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
An Invertebrate Host to Study Fungal Infections, Mycotoxins and Antifungal Drugs: Tenebrio molitor. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040125. [PMID: 30424549 PMCID: PMC6308941 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Faced with ethical conflict and social pressure, researchers have increasingly chosen to use alternative models over vertebrates in their research. Since the innate immune system is evolutionarily conserved in insects, the use of these animals in research is gaining ground. This review discusses Tenebrio molitor as a potential model host for the study of pathogenic fungi. Larvae of T. molitor are known as cereal pests and, in addition, are widely used as animal and human feed. A number of studies on mechanisms of the humoral system, especially in the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, which have similar characteristics to vertebrates, have been performed. These studies demonstrate the potential of T. molitor larvae as a model host that can be used to study fungal virulence, mycotoxin effects, host immune responses to fungal infection, and the action of antifungal compounds.
Collapse
|
45
|
St. Clair CR, Fuller CA. Atrazine Exposure Influences Immunity in the Blue Dasher Dragonfly, Pachydiplax longipennis (Odonata: Libellulidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5127096. [PMID: 30312460 PMCID: PMC6181197 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural runoff containing herbicide is known to have adverse effects on freshwater organisms. Aquatic insects are particularly susceptible, and herbicide runoff has the potential to affect immunity in this group. Here we examined the effect of ecologically relevant levels of atrazine, an herbicide commonly used in the United States, on immune function in larvae of the blue dasher dragonfly (Odonata: Libelluludae, Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister 1839) during a long-term exposure at ecologically relevant concentrations. Larvae were exposed to concentrations of 0, 1, 5, and 10 ppb atrazine for 3 or 6 wk. Hemocyte counts, hemolymph phenyloxidase (PO) activity, cuticular PO, and gut PO were measured at the end of each trial period as indicators of immune system strength. Atrazine concentration had a significant effect on hemocyte counts after controlling for larval size. There was a significant interaction between time and concentration for hemolymph PO, cuticular PO, and a marginal interaction for gut PO. The effect of atrazine on the measured immune parameters was often nonmonotonic, with larger effects observed at intermediate concentrations. Therefore, atrazine affects both hemocyte numbers and PO activity over time in P. longipennis, and the changed immune function demonstrated in this study is likely to modify susceptibility to pathogens, alter wound healing, and may decrease available energy for growth and metamorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Coy R St. Clair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Biology Building, Murray, KY
| | - Claire A Fuller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Biology Building, Murray, KY
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fabricant SA, Burdfield-Steel ER, Umbers K, Lowe EC, Herberstein ME. Warning signal plasticity in hibiscus harlequin bugs. Evol Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-018-9946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
47
|
Kangassalo K, Valtonen TM, Sorvari J, Kecko S, Pölkki M, Krams I, Krama T, Rantala MJ. Independent and interactive effects of immune activation and larval diet on adult immune function, growth and development in the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1485-1497. [PMID: 29957883 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organisms in the wild are likely to face multiple immune challenges as well as additional ecological stressors, yet their interactive effects on immune function are poorly understood. Insects are found to respond to cues of increased infection risk by enhancing their immune capacity. However, such adaptive plasticity in immune function may be limited by physiological and environmental constraints. Here, we investigated the effects of two environmental stressors - poor larval diet and an artificial parasite-like immune challenge at the pupal stage - on adult immune function, growth and development in the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). Males whose immune system was activated with an artificial parasite-like immune challenge had weaker immune response - measured as strength of encapsulation response - as adults compared to the control groups, but only when reared on high-nutrition larval diet. Immune activation did not negatively affect adult immune response in males reared on low-nutrition larval diet, indicating that poor larval diet improved the capacity of the insects to respond to repeated immune challenges. Low-nutrition larval diet also had a positive independent effect on immune capacity in females, yet it negatively affected development time and adult body mass in both sexes. As in the nature immune challenges are rarely isolated, and adverse nutritional environment may indicate an elevated risk of infection, resilience to repeated immune challenges as a response to poor nutritional conditions could provide a significant fitness advantage. This study highlights the importance of considering environmental context when investigating the effects of immune activation in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Terhi M Valtonen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jouni Sorvari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanita Kecko
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Daugavpils, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Mari Pölkki
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Daugavpils, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Daugavpils, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Verlinden H. Dopamine signalling in locusts and other insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 97:40-52. [PMID: 29680287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is an important catecholamine neurotransmitter in invertebrates and vertebrates. It is biochemically derived from tyrosine via L-DOPA. It is most abundant in the central nervous system, but can also be produced in e.g. epidermal cells. Dopamine has conserved roles in the control of movement, pleasure, motivation, arousal and memory between invertebrate and vertebrate animals. It is crucial for melanisation and sclerotisation, important processes for the formation of the exoskeleton of insects and immune function. In this brief review I will discuss some general aspects of insect dopamine biosynthesis and breakdown, dopamine receptors and their pharmacology. In addition, I will provide a glance on the multitude of biological functions of dopamine in insects. More detail is provided concerning the putative roles of dopamine in phase related phenomena in locusts. Finally, molecular and pharmacological adjustments of insect dopamine signalling are discussed in the light of possible approaches towards insect pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Verlinden
- Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Woestmann L, Gibbs M, Hesketh H, Saastamoinen M. Viral exposure effects on life-history, flight-related traits, and wing melanisation in the Glanville fritillary butterfly. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 107:136-143. [PMID: 29627352 PMCID: PMC5971209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Infections represent a constant threat for organisms and can lead to substantial fitness losses. Understanding how individuals, especially from natural populations, respond towards infections is thus of great importance. Little is known about immunity in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). As the larvae live gregariously in family groups, vertical and horizontal transmission of infections could have tremendous effects on individuals and consequently impact population dynamics in nature. We used the Alphabaculovirus type strain Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and demonstrated that positive concentration-dependent baculovirus exposure leads to prolonged developmental time and decreased survival during larval and pupal development, with no sex specific differences. Viral exposure did not influence relative thorax mass or wing morphometric traits often related to flight ability, yet melanisation of the wings increased with viral exposure, potentially influencing disease resistance or flight capacity via thermal regulation. Further research is needed to explore effects under sub-optimal conditions, determine effects on fitness-related traits, and investigate a potential adaptive response of increased melanisation in the wings due to baculovirus exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Woestmann
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 65, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Melanie Gibbs
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen Hesketh
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom.
| | - Marjo Saastamoinen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 65, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Grau T, Vilcinskas A, Joop G. Sustainable farming of the mealworm Tenebrio molitor for the production of food and feed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:337-349. [PMID: 28525347 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The farming of edible insects is an alternative strategy for the production of protein-rich food and feed with a low ecological footprint. The industrial production of insect-derived protein is more cost-effective and energy-efficient than livestock farming or aquaculture. The mealworm Tenebrio molitor is economically among the most important species used for the large-scale conversion of plant biomass into protein. Here, we review the mass rearing of this species and its conversion into food and feed, focusing on challenges such as the contamination of food/feed products with bacteria from the insect gut and the risk of rapidly spreading pathogens and parasites. We propose solutions to prevent the outbreak of infections among farmed insects without reliance on antibiotics. Transgenerational immune priming and probiotic bacteria may provide alternative strategies for sustainable insect farming.
Collapse
|