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Stockenhuber R, Akiyama R, Tissot N, Milosavljevic S, Yamazaki M, Wyler M, Arongaus AB, Podolec R, Sato Y, Widmer A, Ulm R, Shimizu KK. UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8-Mediated UV-B Response Is Required Alongside CRYPTOCHROME 1 for Plant Survival in Sunlight under Field Conditions. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:35-48. [PMID: 37757822 PMCID: PMC10799719 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
As sessile, photoautotrophic organisms, plants are subjected to fluctuating sunlight that includes potentially detrimental ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Experiments under controlled conditions have shown that the UV-B photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) controls acclimation and tolerance to UV-B in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, its long-term impact on plant fitness under naturally fluctuating environments remain poorly understood. Here, we quantified the survival and reproduction of different Arabidopsis mutant genotypes under diverse field and laboratory conditions. We found that uvr8 mutants produced more fruits than wild type when grown in growth chambers under artificial low-UV-B conditions but not under natural field conditions, indicating a fitness cost in the absence of UV-B stress. Importantly, independent double mutants of UVR8 and the blue light photoreceptor gene CRYPTOCHROME 1 (CRY1) in two genetic backgrounds showed a drastic reduction in fitness in the field. Experiments with UV-B attenuation in the field and with supplemental UV-B in growth chambers demonstrated that UV-B caused the cry1 uvr8 conditional lethal phenotype. Using RNA-seq data of field-grown single and double mutants, we explicitly identified genes showing significant statistical interaction of UVR8 and CRY1 mutations in the presence of UV-B in the field. They were enriched in Gene Ontology categories related to oxidative stress, photoprotection and DNA damage repair in addition to UV-B response. Our study demonstrates the functional importance of the UVR8-mediated response across life stages in natura, which is partially redundant with that of cry1. Moreover, these data provide an integral picture of gene expression associated with plant responses under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Stockenhuber
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Reiko Akiyama
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Tissot
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Milosavljevic
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Misako Yamazaki
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Michele Wyler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Adriana B Arongaus
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Roman Podolec
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Sato
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Alex Widmer
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Roman Ulm
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro K Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, Totsuka-ward, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan
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2
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Malhotra B, Kumar P, Bisht NC. Defense versus growth trade-offs: Insights from glucosinolates and their catabolites. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:2964-2984. [PMID: 36207995 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites are a structurally diverse group of naturally occurring compounds that facilitate plant-environment interactions. Their synthesis and maintenance in plants is overall a resource-demanding process that occurs at the expense of growth and reproduction and typically incurs several costs. Evidence emerging on different specialized compounds suggests that they serve multiple auxiliary functions to influence and moderate primary metabolism in plants. These new functionalities enable them to mediate trade-offs from defenses to growth and also to offset their production and maintenance costs in plants. Recent research on glucosinolates (GSLs), which are specialized metabolites of Brassicales, demonstrates their emerging multifunctionalities to fine-tune plant growth and development under variable environments. Herein, we present findings from the septennium on individual GSLs and their catabolites (GHPs) per se, that work as mobile signals within plants to mediate precise regulations of their primary physiological functions. Both GSLs and GHPs calibrate growth-defense trade-off interactions either synergistically or directly when they function as storage compounds, abiotic stress alleviators, and one-to-one regulators of growth pathways in plants. We finally summarize the overall lessons learned from GSLs and GHPs as a model and raise the most pressing questions to address the molecular-genetic intricacies of specialized metabolite-based trade-offs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Malhotra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen C Bisht
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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3
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Hickman DT, Comont D, Rasmussen A, Birkett MA. Novel and holistic approaches are required to realize allelopathic potential for weed management. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10018. [PMID: 37091561 PMCID: PMC10121234 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Allelopathy, that is, plant-plant inhibition via the release of secondary metabolites into the environment, has potential for the management of weeds by circumventing herbicide resistance. However, mechanisms underpinning allelopathy are notoriously difficult to elucidate, hindering real-world application either in the form of commercial bioherbicides or allelopathic crops. Such limited application is exemplified by evidence of limited knowledge of the potential benefits of allelopathy among end users. Here, we examine potential applications of this phenomenon, paying attention to novel approaches and influential factors requiring greater consideration, with the intention of improving the reputation and uptake of allelopathy. Avenues to facilitate more effective allelochemical discovery are also considered, with a view to stimulating the identification of new compounds and allelopathic species. Synthesis and Applications: We conclude that tackling increasing weed pressure on agricultural productivity would benefit from greater integration of the phenomenon of allelopathy, which in turn would be greatly served by a multi-disciplinary and exhaustive approach, not just through more effective isolation of the interactions involved, but also through greater consideration of factors which may influence them in the field, facilitating optimization of their benefits for weed management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin T. Hickman
- Protecting Crops and the EnvironmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton BoningtonUK
| | - David Comont
- Protecting Crops and the EnvironmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
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4
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Nicolas-Espinosa J, Garcia-Ibañez P, Lopez-Zaplana A, Yepes-Molina L, Albaladejo-Marico L, Carvajal M. Confronting Secondary Metabolites with Water Uptake and Transport in Plants under Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032826. [PMID: 36769147 PMCID: PMC9917477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds and glucosinolates are secondary plant metabolites that play fundamental roles in plant resistance to abiotic stress. These compounds have been found to increase in stress situations related to plant adaptive capacity. This review assesses the functions of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates in plant interactions involving abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, high temperature, metals toxicity, and mineral deficiency or excess. Furthermore, their relation with water uptake and transport mediated through aquaporins is reviewed. In this way, the increases of phenolic compounds and glucosinolate synthesis have been related to primary responses to abiotic stress and induction of resistance. Thus, their metabolic pathways, root exudation, and external application are related to internal cell and tissue movement, with a lack of information in this latter aspect.
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5
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Ferrenberg S, Vázquez‐González C, Lee SR, Kristupaitis M. Divergent growth‐differentiation balance strategies and resource competition shape mortality patterns in ponderosa pine. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ferrenberg
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences University of Montana Missoula Montana USA
| | - Carla Vázquez‐González
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine California USA
- Misión Biológica de Galicia National Spanish Research Council Pontevedra Spain
| | - Steven R. Lee
- Department of Biology New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico USA
| | - Milda Kristupaitis
- Department of Biology New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico USA
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Oduor AMO. Invasive plant species that experience lower herbivory pressure may evolve lower diversities of chemical defense compounds in the exotic range. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1382-1393. [PMID: 36000500 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Invasive plant species often escape from specialist herbivores and are more likely to be attacked by generalist herbivores in the exotic range. Consequently, the shifting defense hypothesis predicts that invasive plants will produce higher concentrations of qualitative defense compounds to deter dominant generalist herbivores in the exotic range. Here, I additionally propose a reduced chemical diversity hypothesis (RCDH), which predicts that reduced herbivory pressure will select for invasive plant genotypes that produce lower diversities of chemical defense compounds in the exotic range. METHODS I tested whether (1) invasive Brassica nigra populations express a lower diversity and an overall higher concentration of glucosinolate compounds than native-range B. nigra; (2) Brassica nigra individuals that express high diversities and concentrations of glucosinolate compounds are more attractive to specialist and deterrent to generalist herbivores; and (3) tissues of invasive B. nigra are less palatable than tissues of native-range B. nigra to the generalist herbivores Theba pisana and Helix aspersa. RESULTS Invasive B. nigra populations produced a significantly lower diversity of glucosinolate compounds, a marginally higher concentration of total glucosinolates, and a significantly higher concentration of sinigrin (the dominant glucosinolate). Leaf tissues of invasive B. nigra were significantly less palatable to T. pisana and marginally less so to H. aspersa. Brassica nigra individuals that expressed high concentrations of total glucosinolate compounds were visited by a low diversity of generalist herbivore species in the field. CONCLUSIONS In line with the RCDH, the lower diversity of glucosinolate compounds produced by invasive B. nigra populations likely resulted from selection imposed by reduced herbivory pressure in the exotic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayub M O Oduor
- Department of Applied Biology, Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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7
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Barbour MA, Kliebenstein DJ, Bascompte J. A keystone gene underlies the persistence of an experimental food web. Science 2022; 376:70-73. [PMID: 35357912 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genes encode information that determines an organism's fitness. Yet we know little about whether genes of one species influence the persistence of interacting species in an ecological community. Here, we experimentally tested the effect of three plant defense genes on the persistence of an insect food web and found that a single allele at a single gene promoted coexistence by increasing plant growth rate, which in turn increased the intrinsic growth rates of species across multiple trophic levels. Our discovery of a "keystone gene" illustrates the need to bridge between biological scales, from genes to ecosystems, to understand community persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Barbour
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jordi Bascompte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Qu J, Bonte D, Vandegehuchte ML. Phenotypic and genotypic divergence of plant‐herbivore interactions along an urbanization gradient. Evol Appl 2022; 15:865-877. [PMID: 35603025 PMCID: PMC9108311 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban environments provide challenging conditions for species survival, including increased temperatures, drought and pollution. Species can deal with these conditions through evolution across generations or the immediate expression of phenotypic plasticity. The resulting phenotypic changes are key to the performance of species and their interactions with other species in the community. We here document patterns of herbivory in Arabidopsis thaliana along a rural–urban gradient, and tested the genetic background and ecological consequences of traits related to herbivore resistance. Aphid densities increased with urbanization levels along the gradient while plant size did not change. Offspring of urban mothers, raised under common garden conditions, were larger and had a decreased trichome density and seed set but a higher caterpillar (Pieris brassicae) tolerance. In contrast, no urban evolution was detected for defences against aphids (Myzus persicae). Aphids reduced seed set more strongly in urban offspring, but this effect disappeared in second‐generation plants. In general, urban adaptations as expressed in size and caterpillar tolerance were found, but these adaptations were associated with smaller inflorescences. The maternal effect on the response of seed set to aphid feeding demonstrates the relevance of intergenerational plasticity as a direct ecological consequence of herbivory. Our study demonstrates that the urban environment interacts with the plant's genotype and the extended phenotype as determined by ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Qu
- Lushan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Jiujiang 332900 Jiangxi China
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Dries Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Martijn L. Vandegehuchte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit Department of Biology Ghent University Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Høgskoleringen 5 7491 Trondheim Norway
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9
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Systematic characterization of triterpenoid saponins in Kuding tea using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Perkins AC, Lynch JP. Increased seminal root number associated with domestication improves nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition in maize seedlings. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:453-468. [PMID: 34120166 PMCID: PMC8414917 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Domesticated maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) generally forms between two and six seminal roots, while its wild ancestor, Mexican annual teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis), typically lacks seminal roots. Maize also produces larger seeds than teosinte, and it generally has higher growth rates as a seedling. Maize was originally domesticated in the tropical soils of southern Mexico, but it was later brought to the Mexican highlands before spreading to other parts of the continent, where it experienced different soil resource constraints. The aims of this study were to understand the impacts of increased seminal root number on seedling nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition and to model how differences in maize and teosinte phenotypes might have contributed to increased seminal root number in domesticated maize. METHODS Seedling root system architectural models of a teosinte accession and a maize landrace were constructed by parameterizing the functional-structural plant model OpenSimRoot using plants grown in mesocosms. Seedling growth was simulated in a low-phosphorus environment, multiple low-nitrogen environments, and at variable planting densities. Models were also constructed to combine individual components of the maize and teosinte phenotypes. KEY RESULTS Seminal roots contributed ~35 % of the nitrogen and phosphorus acquired by maize landrace seedlings in the first 25 d after planting. Increased seminal root number improved plant nitrogen acquisition under low-nitrogen environments with varying precipitation patterns, fertilization rates, soil textures and planting densities. Models suggested that the optimal number of seminal roots for nutrient acquisition in teosinte is constrained by its limited seed carbohydrate reserves. CONCLUSIONS Seminal roots can improve the acquisition of both nitrogen and phosphorus in maize seedlings, and the increase in seed size associated with maize domestication may have facilitated increased seminal root number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alden C Perkins
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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11
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Panda S, Kazachkova Y, Aharoni A. Catch-22 in specialized metabolism: balancing defense and growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6027-6041. [PMID: 34293097 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants are unsurpassed biochemists that synthesize a plethora of molecules in response to an ever-changing environment. The majority of these molecules, considered as specialized metabolites, effectively protect the plant against pathogens and herbivores. However, this defense most probably comes at a great expense, leading to reduction of growth (known as the 'growth-defense trade-off'). Plants employ several strategies to reduce the high metabolic costs associated with chemical defense. Production of specialized metabolites is tightly regulated by a network of transcription factors facilitating its fine-tuning in time and space. Multifunctionality of specialized metabolites-their effective recycling system by re-using carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, thus re-introducing them back to the primary metabolite pool-allows further cost reduction. Spatial separation of biosynthetic enzymes and their substrates, and sequestration of potentially toxic substances and conversion to less toxic metabolite forms are the plant's solutions to avoid the detrimental effects of metabolites they produce as well as to reduce production costs. Constant fitness pressure from herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stressors leads to honing of specialized metabolite biosynthesis reactions to be timely, efficient, and metabolically cost-effective. In this review, we assess the costs of production of specialized metabolites for chemical defense and the different plant mechanisms to reduce the cost of such metabolic activity in terms of self-toxicity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Panda
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Negev, Israel
| | - Yana Kazachkova
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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12
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Simpson KJ, Atkinson RRL, Mockford EJ, Bennett C, Osborne CP, Rees M. Large seeds provide an intrinsic growth advantage that depends on leaf traits and root allocation. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily J. Mockford
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Christopher Bennett
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Colin P. Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
| | - Mark Rees
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
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Frerigmann H, Hoecker U, Gigolashvili T. New Insights on the Regulation of Glucosinolate Biosynthesis via COP1 and DELLA Proteins in Arabidopsis Thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:680255. [PMID: 34276733 PMCID: PMC8281118 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.680255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of defensive secondary metabolites, such as glucosinolates (GSLs), is a costly process, which requires nutrients, ATP, and reduction equivalents, and, therefore, needs well-orchestrated machinery while coordinating defense and growth. We discovered that the key repressor of light signaling, the CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1/SUPPRESSOR OF PHYTOCHROME A-105 (COP1/SPA) complex, is a crucial component of GSL biosynthesis regulation. Various mutants in this COP1/SPA complex exhibited a strongly reduced level of GSL and a low expression of jasmonate (JA)-dependent genes. Furthermore, cop1, which is known to accumulate DELLA proteins in the dark, shows reduced gibberellin (GA) and JA signaling, thereby phenocopying other DELLA-accumulating mutants. This phenotype can be complemented by a dominant gain-of-function allele of MYC3 and by crossing with a mutant having low DELLA protein levels. Hence, SPA1 interacts with DELLA proteins in a yeast two-hybrid screen, whereas high levels of DELLA inhibit MYC function and suppress JA signaling. DELLA accumulation leads to reduced synthesis of GSL and inhibited growth. Thus, the COP1/SPA-mediated degradation of DELLA not only affects growth but also regulates the biosynthesis of GSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Frerigmann
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ute Hoecker
- BioCenter, Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tamara Gigolashvili
- BioCenter, Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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14
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Perkovich C, Ward D. Herbivore-induced defenses are not under phylogenetic constraints in the genus Quercus (oak): Phylogenetic patterns of growth, defense, and storage. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5187-5203. [PMID: 34026000 PMCID: PMC8131805 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of plant defenses is often constrained by phylogeny. Many of the differences between competing plant defense theories hinge upon the differences in the location of meristem damage (apical versus auxiliary) and the amount of tissue removed. We analyzed the growth and defense responses of 12 Quercus (oak) species from a well-resolved molecular phylogeny using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Access to light is paramount for forest-dwelling tree species, such as many members of the genus Quercus. We therefore predicted a greater investment in defense when apical meristem tissue was removed. We also predicted a greater investment in defense when large amounts of tissue were removed and a greater investment in growth when less tissues were removed. We conducted five simulated herbivory treatments including a control with no damage and alterations of the location of meristem damage (apical versus auxiliary shoots) and intensity (25% versus 75% tissue removal). We measured growth, defense, and nutrient re-allocation traits in response to simulated herbivory. Phylomorphospace models were used to demonstrate the phylogenetic nature of trade-offs between characteristics of growth, chemical defenses, and nutrient re-allocation. We found that growth-defense trade-offs in control treatments were under phylogenetic constraints, but phylogenetic constraints and growth-defense trade-offs were not common in the simulated herbivory treatments. Growth-defense constraints exist within the Quercus genus, although there are adaptations to herbivory that vary among species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Ward
- Department of Biological SciencesKent State UniversityKentOHUSA
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15
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Mitreiter S, Gigolashvili T. Regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:70-91. [PMID: 33313802 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are secondary defense metabolites produced by plants of the order Brassicales, which includes the model species Arabidopsis and many crop species. In the past 13 years, the regulation of glucosinolate synthesis in plants has been intensively studied, with recent research revealing complex molecular mechanisms that connect glucosinolate production with responses to other central pathways. In this review, we discuss how the regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis is ecologically relevant for plants, how it is controlled by transcription factors, and how this transcriptional machinery interacts with hormonal, environmental, and epigenetic mechanisms. We present the central players in glucosinolate regulation, MYB and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, as well as the plant hormone jasmonate, which together with other hormones and environmental signals allow the coordinated and rapid regulation of glucosinolate genes. Furthermore, we highlight the regulatory connections between glucosinolates, auxin, and sulfur metabolism and discuss emerging insights and open questions on the regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mitreiter
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tamara Gigolashvili
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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López Sánchez A, Pascual-Pardo D, Furci L, Roberts MR, Ton J. Costs and Benefits of Transgenerational Induced Resistance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:644999. [PMID: 33719325 PMCID: PMC7952753 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.644999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that stressed plants employ epigenetic mechanisms to transmit acquired resistance traits to their progeny. However, the evolutionary and ecological significance of transgenerational induced resistance (t-IR) is poorly understood because a clear understanding of how parents interpret environmental cues in relation to the effectiveness, stability, and anticipated ecological costs of t-IR is lacking. Here, we have used a full factorial design to study the specificity, costs, and transgenerational stability of t-IR following exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to increasing stress intensities by a biotrophic pathogen, a necrotrophic pathogen, and salinity. We show that t-IR in response to infection by biotrophic or necrotrophic pathogens is effective against pathogens of the same lifestyle. This pathogen-mediated t-IR is associated with ecological costs, since progeny from biotroph-infected parents were more susceptible to both necrotrophic pathogens and salt stress, whereas progeny from necrotroph-infected parents were more susceptible to biotrophic pathogens. Hence, pathogen-mediated t-IR provides benefits when parents and progeny are in matched environments but is associated with costs that become apparent in mismatched environments. By contrast, soil salinity failed to mediate t-IR against salt stress in matched environments but caused non-specific t-IR against both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens in mismatched environments. However, the ecological relevance of this non-specific t-IR response remains questionable as its induction was offset by major reproductive costs arising from dramatically reduced seed production and viability. Finally, we show that the costs and transgenerational stability of pathogen-mediated t-IR are proportional to disease pressure experienced by the parents, suggesting that plants use disease severity as an environmental proxy to adjust investment in t-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana López Sánchez
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ana López Sánchez,
| | - David Pascual-Pardo
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Furci
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Roberts
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plant Production and Protection (P3) Centre, Institute for Sustainable Food, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Jurriaan Ton,
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Erb M, Kliebenstein DJ. Plant Secondary Metabolites as Defenses, Regulators, and Primary Metabolites: The Blurred Functional Trichotomy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:39-52. [PMID: 32636341 PMCID: PMC7479915 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant kingdom produces hundreds of thousands of low molecular weight organic compounds. Based on the assumed functions of these compounds, the research community has classified them into three overarching groups: primary metabolites, which are directly required for plant growth; secondary (or specialized) metabolites, which mediate plant-environment interactions; and hormones, which regulate organismal processes and metabolism. For decades, this functional trichotomy of plant metabolism has shaped theory and experimentation in plant biology. However, exact biochemical boundaries between these different metabolite classes were never fully established. A new wave of genetic and chemical studies now further blurs these boundaries by demonstrating that secondary metabolites are multifunctional; they can function as potent regulators of plant growth and defense as well as primary metabolites sensu lato. Several adaptive scenarios may have favored this functional diversity for secondary metabolites, including signaling robustness and cost-effective storage and recycling. Secondary metabolite multifunctionality can provide new explanations for ontogenetic patterns of defense production and can refine our understanding of plant-herbivore interactions, in particular by accounting for the discovery that adapted herbivores misuse plant secondary metabolites for multiple purposes, some of which mirror their functions in plants. In conclusion, recent work unveils the limits of our current functional classification system for plant metabolites. Viewing secondary metabolites as integrated components of metabolic networks that are dynamically shaped by environmental selection pressures and transcend multiple trophic levels can improve our understanding of plant metabolism and plant-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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18
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Abstract
Plants have a variety of strategies to avoid canopy shade and compete with their neighbors for light, collectively called the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Plants also have extensive systems to defend themselves against pathogens and herbivores. Defense and shade avoidance are two fundamental components of plant survival and productivity, and there are often tradeoffs between growth and defense. Recently, MYC2, a major positive regulator of defense, was reported to inhibit elongation during shade avoidance. Here, we further investigate the role of MYC2 and the related MYC3 and MYC4 in shade avoidance, and we examine the relationship between MYC2/3/4 and the PIF family of light-regulated transcription factors. We demonstrate that MYC2/3/4 inhibit both elongation and flowering. Furthermore, using both genetic and transcriptomic analysis we find that MYCs and PIFs generally function independently in growth regulation. However, surprisingly, the pif4/5/7 triple mutant restored the petiole shade avoidance response of myc2 (jin1-2) and myc2/3/4 We theorize that increased petiole elongation in myc2/3/4 could be more due to resource tradeoffs or post-translational modifications rather than interactions with PIF4/5/7 affecting gene regulation.
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Chaney L, Baucom RS. The soil microbial community alters patterns of selection on flowering time and fitness-related traits in Ipomoea purpurea. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020. [PMID: 32052423 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.p8350q3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant flowering time plays an important role in plant fitness and thus evolutionary processes. Soil microbial communities are diverse and have a large impact, both positive and negative, on the host plant. However, owing to few available studies, how the soil microbial community may influence the evolutionary response of plant populations is not well understood. Here we sought to uncover whether belowground microbial communities act as an agent of selection on flowering and growth traits in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea. METHODS We performed a controlled greenhouse experiment in which genetic lines of I. purpurea were planted into either sterilized soils or in soils that were sterilized and inoculated with the microbial community from original field soil. We could thus directly test the influence of alterations to the microbial community on plant growth, flowering, and fitness and assess patterns of selection in both soil microbial environments. RESULTS A more complex soil microbial community resulted in larger plants that produced more flowers. Selection strongly favored earlier flowering when plants were grown in the complex microbial environment than compared to sterilized soil. We also uncovered a pattern of negative correlational selection on growth rate and flowering time, indicating that selection favored different combinations of growth and flowering traits in the simplified versus complex soil community. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest the soil microbial community is a selective agent on flowering time and ultimately that soil microbial community influences important plant evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Chaney
- Department of Biology, Snow College, Ephraim, UT, 84627, USA
| | - Regina S Baucom
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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20
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Li B, Tang M, Caseys C, Nelson A, Zhou M, Zhou X, Brady SM, Kliebenstein DJ. Epistatic Transcription Factor Networks Differentially Modulate Arabidopsis Growth and Defense. Genetics 2020; 214:529-541. [PMID: 31852726 PMCID: PMC7017016 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants integrate internal and external signals to finely coordinate growth and defense for maximal fitness within a complex environment. A common model suggests that growth and defense show a trade-offs relationship driven by energy costs. However, recent studies suggest that the coordination of growth and defense likely involves more conditional and intricate connections than implied by the trade-off model. To explore how a transcription factor (TF) network may coordinate growth and defense, we used a high-throughput phenotyping approach to measure growth and flowering in a set of single and pairwise mutants previously linked to the aliphatic glucosinolate (GLS) defense pathway. Supporting a link between growth and defense, 17 of the 20 tested defense-associated TFs significantly influenced plant growth and/or flowering time. The TFs' effects were conditional upon the environment and age of the plant, and more critically varied across the growth and defense phenotypes for a given genotype. In support of the coordination model of growth and defense, the TF mutant's effects on short-chain aliphatic GLS and growth did not display a simple correlation. We propose that large TF networks integrate internal and external signals and separately modulate growth and the accumulation of the defensive aliphatic GLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Michelle Tang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Céline Caseys
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Ayla Nelson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Marium Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Chaney L, Baucom RS. The soil microbial community alters patterns of selection on flowering time and fitness-related traits in Ipomoea purpurea. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:186-194. [PMID: 32052423 PMCID: PMC7065020 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant flowering time plays an important role in plant fitness and thus evolutionary processes. Soil microbial communities are diverse and have a large impact, both positive and negative, on the host plant. However, owing to few available studies, how the soil microbial community may influence the evolutionary response of plant populations is not well understood. Here we sought to uncover whether belowground microbial communities act as an agent of selection on flowering and growth traits in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea. METHODS We performed a controlled greenhouse experiment in which genetic lines of I. purpurea were planted into either sterilized soils or in soils that were sterilized and inoculated with the microbial community from original field soil. We could thus directly test the influence of alterations to the microbial community on plant growth, flowering, and fitness and assess patterns of selection in both soil microbial environments. RESULTS A more complex soil microbial community resulted in larger plants that produced more flowers. Selection strongly favored earlier flowering when plants were grown in the complex microbial environment than compared to sterilized soil. We also uncovered a pattern of negative correlational selection on growth rate and flowering time, indicating that selection favored different combinations of growth and flowering traits in the simplified versus complex soil community. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest the soil microbial community is a selective agent on flowering time and ultimately that soil microbial community influences important plant evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina S. Baucom
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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Davis JK, Aguirre LA, Barber NA, Stevenson PC, Adler LS. From plant fungi to bee parasites: mycorrhizae and soil nutrients shape floral chemistry and bee pathogens. Ecology 2019; 100:e02801. [PMID: 31234229 PMCID: PMC6773465 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bee populations have experienced declines in recent years, due in part to increased disease incidence. Multiple factors influence bee-pathogen interactions, including nectar and pollen quality and secondary metabolites. However, we lack an understanding of how plant interactions with their environment shape bee diet quality. We examined how plant interactions with the belowground environment alter floral rewards and, in turn, bee-pathogen interactions. Soil-dwelling mycorrhizal fungi are considered plant mutualists, although the outcome of the relationship depends on environmental conditions such as nutrients. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, we asked whether mycorrhizal fungi and nutrients affect concentrations of nectar and pollen alkaloids (anabasine and nicotine) previously shown to reduce infection by the gut pathogen Crithidia in the native bumble bee Bombus impatiens. To ask how plant interactions affect this common bee pathogen, we fed pollen and nectar from our treatment plants, and from a wildflower pollen control with artificial nectar, to bees infected with Crithidia. Mycorrhizal fungi and fertilizer both influenced flowering phenology and floral chemistry. While we found no anabasine or nicotine in nectar, high fertilizer increased anabasine and nicotine in pollen. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) decreased nicotine concentrations, but the reduction due to AMF was stronger in high than low-nutrient conditions. AMF and nutrients also had interactive effects on bee pathogens via changes in nectar and pollen. High fertilizer reduced Crithidia cell counts relative to low fertilizer in AMF plants, but increased Crithidia in non-AMF plants. These results did not correspond with effects of fertilizer and AMF on pollen alkaloid concentrations, suggesting that other components of pollen or nectar were affected by treatments and shaped pathogen counts. Our results indicate that soil biotic and abiotic environment can alter bee-pathogen interactions via changes in floral rewards, and underscore the importance of integrative studies to predict disease dynamics and ecological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Davis
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Luis A. Aguirre
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Barber
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Philip C. Stevenson
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Lynn S. Adler
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Sato Y, Shimizu-Inatsugi R, Yamazaki M, Shimizu KK, Nagano AJ. Plant trichomes and a single gene GLABRA1 contribute to insect community composition on field-grown Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:163. [PMID: 31029092 PMCID: PMC6486987 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in plants alters insect abundance and community structure in the field; however, little is known about the importance of a single gene among diverse plant genotypes. In this context, Arabidopsis trichomes provide an excellent system to discern the roles of natural variation and a key gene, GLABRA1, in shaping insect communities. In this study, we transplanted two independent glabrous mutants (gl1-1 and gl1-2) and 17 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana to two localities in Switzerland and Japan. RESULTS Fifteen insect species inhabited the plant accessions, with the insect community composition significantly attributed to variations among plant accessions. The total abundance of leaf-chewing herbivores was negatively correlated with trichome density at both field sites, while glucosinolates had variable effects on leaf chewers between the sites. Interestingly, there was a parallel tendency for the abundance of leaf chewers to be higher on gl1-1 and gl1-2 than on their different parental accessions, Ler-1 and Col-0, respectively. Furthermore, the loss of function in the GLABRA1 gene significantly decreased the resistance of plants to the two predominant chewers; flea beetles and turnip sawflies. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results indicate that insect community composition significantly varies among A. thaliana accessions across two distant field sites, with GLABRA1 playing a key role in altering the abundance of leaf-chewing herbivores. Given that such a trichome variation is widely observed in Brassicaceae plants, the present study exemplifies the community-wide effect of a single plant gene on crucifer-feeding insects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Sato
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012 Japan
- Research Institute for Food and Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1-5, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Rie Shimizu-Inatsugi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Misako Yamazaki
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro K. Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka, 244-0813 Totsuka-ward, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi J. Nagano
- Department of Plant Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani 1-5, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194 Japan
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Hu W, Di Q, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Shi X. Grafting alleviates potassium stress and improves growth in tobacco. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:130. [PMID: 30961523 PMCID: PMC6454764 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potassium is a nutrient element necessary for tobacco growth. Tobacco leaves with high potassium content are elastic and tough, rich in oil. And the same time, potassium can also improve the scent and aromatic value of flue-cured tobacco by regulating the synthesis of aromatic hydrocarbons in leaves.. It is an important quality indicator for flue-cured tobacco. However, the potassium concentration in tobacco leaves in most areas of China is generally lower than the global standard for high quality tobacco. Two tobacco genotypes were grafted to each other under different potassium levels to test whether potassium content and plant growth can be improved by grafting in tobacco. RESULTS The growth of tobacco in all treatments was inhibited under potassium starvation, and grafting significantly alleviated this potassium stress in 'Yunyan 87'. The trends in whole plant K+ uptake and K+ transfer efficiency to the leaves corresponded to the growth results of the different grafts. The nutrient depletion test results showed that the roots of 'Wufeng No.2' had higher K+ absorption potential, K+ affinity, and K+ inward flow rate. K+ enrichment circles appeared at the endoderm of the root section in the energy dispersive X-ray figure, indicating that the formation of Casparian strips may be partly responsible for the lower rate of lateral movement of K+ in the roots of 'Yunyan 87'. Gene expression analysis suggested that energy redistribution at the whole plant level might constitute one strategy for coping with potassium starvation. The feedback regulation effects between scion 'Wufeng No.2' and rootstock 'Yunyan 87' indicated that the transmission of certain signaling substances had occurred during grafting. CONCLUSIONS 'Wufeng No.2' tobacco rootstock grafting can increase the K+ uptake and transport efficiency of 'Yunyan 87' and enhance plant growth under potassium stress. The physiological mechanism of the improved performance of grafted tobacco is related to higher K+ uptake and utilization ability, improved xylem K+ loading capacity, and up-regulated expression of genes related to energy supply systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Qing Di
- Vegetable and Flower Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329 China
| | - Zhijin Wang
- Vegetable and Flower Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329 China
| | - Yimo Zhang
- Vegetable and Flower Institute of Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 401329 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330099 China
| | - Jia Liu
- Soil and Fertilizer & Resources and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200 China
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
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25
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de Vries J, Evers JB, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Ecological interactions shape the adaptive value of plant defence: Herbivore attack versus competition for light. Funct Ecol 2019; 33:129-138. [PMID: 31007332 PMCID: PMC6472621 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants defend themselves against diverse communities of herbivorous insects. This requires an investment of limited resources, for which plants also compete with neighbours. The consequences of an investment in defence are determined by the metabolic costs of defence as well as indirect or ecological costs through interactions with other organisms. These ecological costs have a potentially strong impact on the evolution of defensive traits, but have proven to be difficult to quantify.We aimed to quantify the relative impact of the direct and indirect or ecological costs and benefits of an investment in plant defence in relation to herbivory and intergenotypic competition for light. Additionally, we evaluated how the benefits of plant defence balance its costs in the context of herbivory and intergenotypic competition.To this end, we utilised a functional-structural plant (FSP) model of Brassica nigra that simulates plant growth and development, morphogenesis, herbivory and plant defence. In the model, a simulated investment in defences affected plant growth by competing with other plant organs for resources and affected the level and distribution of herbivore damage.Our results show that the ecological costs of intergenotypic competition for light are highly detrimental to the fitness of defended plants, as it amplifies the size difference between defended and undefended plants. This leads to herbivore damage counteracting the effects of intergenotypic competition under the assumption that herbivore damage scales with plant size. Additionally, we show that plant defence relies on reducing herbivore damage rather than the dispersion of herbivore damage, which is only beneficial under high levels of herbivore damage.We conclude that the adaptive value of plant defence is highly dependent on ecological interactions and is predominantly determined by the outcome of competition for light. plain language summary is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorad de Vries
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Centre for Crop System AnalysisWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jochem B. Evers
- Centre for Crop System AnalysisWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Humphrey PT, Gloss AD, Frazier J, Nelson-Dittrich AC, Faries S, Whiteman NK. Heritable plant phenotypes track light and herbivory levels at fine spatial scales. Oecologia 2018; 187:427-445. [PMID: 29603095 PMCID: PMC5999565 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Organismal phenotypes often co-vary with environmental variables across broad geographic ranges. Less is known about the extent to which phenotypes match local conditions when multiple biotic and abiotic stressors vary at fine spatial scales. Bittercress (Brassicaceae: Cardamine cordifolia), a perennial forb, grows across a microgeographic mosaic of two contrasting herbivory regimes: high herbivory in meadows (sun habitats) and low herbivory in deeply shaded forest understories (shade habitats). We tested for local phenotypic differentiation in plant size, leaf morphology, and anti-herbivore defense (realized resistance and defensive chemicals, i.e., glucosinolates) across this habitat mosaic through reciprocal transplant-common garden experiments with clonally propagated rhizomes. We found habitat-specific divergence in morphological and defensive phenotypes that manifested as contrasting responses to growth in shade common gardens: weak petiole elongation and attenuated defenses in populations from shade habitats, and strong petiole elongation and elevated defenses in populations from sun habitats. These divergent phenotypes are generally consistent with reciprocal local adaptation: plants from shade habitats that naturally experience low herbivory show reduced investment in defense and an attenuated shade avoidance response, owing to its ineffectiveness within forest understories. By contrast, plants from sun habitats with high herbivory show shade-induced elongation, but no evidence of attenuated defenses canonically associated with elongation in shade-intolerant plant species. Finally, we observed differences in flowering phenology between habitat types that could potentially contribute to inter-habitat divergence by reducing gene flow. This study illuminates how clonally heritable plant phenotypes track a fine-grained mosaic of herbivore pressure and light availability in a native plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Humphrey
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, 81224, USA
| | - A D Gloss
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, 81224, USA
| | - J Frazier
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, 81224, USA
| | - A C Nelson-Dittrich
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - S Faries
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, 81224, USA
| | - N K Whiteman
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Gothic, CO, 81224, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 91645, USA.
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Loeuille N, Hauzy C. Multidimensionality of plant defenses and herbivore niches: Implications for eco-evolutionary dynamics. J Theor Biol 2018; 445:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Turnbull LA, Isbell F, Purves DW, Loreau M, Hector A. Understanding the value of plant diversity for ecosystem functioning through niche theory. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0536. [PMID: 27928043 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity experiments have generated robust empirical results supporting the hypothesis that ecosystems function better when they contain more species. Given that ecosystems provide services that are valued by humans, this inevitably suggests that the loss of species from natural ecosystems could diminish their value. This raises two important questions. First, will experimental results translate into the real world, where species are being lost at an alarming rate? And second, what are the benefits and pitfalls of such valuation exercises? We argue that the empirical results obtained in experiments are entirely consistent with well-established theories of species coexistence. We then examine the current body of work through the lens of niche theory and highlight where closer links with theory could open up opportunities for future research. We argue that niche theory predicts that diversity-functioning relationships are likely to be stronger (and require more species) in the field than in simplified experimental settings. However, we caution that while many of the biological processes that promote coexistence can also generate diversity-function relationships, there is no simple mapping between the two. This implies that valuation exercises need to proceed with care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA
| | - Drew W Purves
- Google Deepmind, 6 Pancras Square, London N1C 4AG, UK
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS and Paul Sabatier University, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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29
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Xiao Z, Wang X, Koricheva J, Kergunteuil A, Le Bayon R, Liu M, Hu F, Rasmann S. Earthworms affect plant growth and resistance against herbivores: A meta‐analysis. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggao Xiao
- Soil Ecology LabCollege of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of Neuchâtel Neuchatel Switzerland
| | - Xie Wang
- Soil and Fertilizer Research InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of London Egham UK
| | - Alan Kergunteuil
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of Neuchâtel Neuchatel Switzerland
| | | | - Manqiang Liu
- Soil Ecology LabCollege of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization Nanjing China
| | - Feng Hu
- Soil Ecology LabCollege of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural University Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization Nanjing China
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of Neuchâtel Neuchatel Switzerland
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30
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Sato Y, Kudoh H. Herbivore-Mediated Interaction Promotes the Maintenance of Trichome Dimorphism through Negative Frequency-Dependent Selection. Am Nat 2017; 190:E67-E77. [PMID: 28829638 DOI: 10.1086/692603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Natural plant populations exhibit genetic variation in defense traits against herbivores. Despite a growing body of evidence for herbivore-mediated selection on plant defenses, we still know little about how genetic variation persists in antiherbivore defense traits. Here we present field and experimental evidence for herbivore-mediated frequency-dependent selection that promotes the maintenance of trichome-producing (hairy) and trichomeless (glabrous) plants of Arabidopsis halleri subsp. gemmifera. First, in a natural population where the specialist leaf beetle Phaedon brassicae was prevalent, hairy plants were damaged less when the frequency of neighboring glabrous plants increased. Furthermore, temporal variation in the frequency of the two plant morphs showed that rarer morphs increased in frequency at the scale of 1-m-diameter patches between survey years. Using a mesocosm experiment, we demonstrated a rare-morph advantage for defense (leaf damage and herbivore abundance) and reproduction (flower and clone production) between hairy and glabrous plants in the presence of P. brassicae. However, this rare-morph advantage was not detected when beetles were absent, with glabrous plants having higher reproduction than hairy plants under these conditions regardless of frequency conditions. These findings highlight the overlooked but potentially critical role of herbivore-mediated apparent interaction in maintaining plant defense polymorphism.
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31
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Zhou LH, Liu SB, Wang PF, Lu TJ, Xu F, Genin GM, Pickard BG. The Arabidopsis trichome is an active mechanosensory switch. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:611-621. [PMID: 26920667 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes ('hair cells') on Arabidopsis thaliana stem and leaf surfaces provide a range of benefits arising from their shape and disposition. These include tempting herbivores to sample constitutive toxins before they reach the bulk of the tissue. We asked whether, in addition, small mechanical disturbances such as an insect can make elicit signals that might help the plant respond to herbivory. We imaged, pressed and brushed trichomes in several ways, most notably with confocal microscopy of trichomes transgenically provided with apoplastic pH reporter apo-pHusion and cytosolic Ca2+ reporter cameleon. In parallel, we modelled trichome wall mechanics with finite element analysis. The stimulated trichome focuses force on a pliant zone and the adjoining podium of the stalk. A buckling instability can further focus force on a skirt of cells surrounding the podium, eliciting oscillations of cytosolic Ca2+ and shifts in apoplastic pH. These observations represent active physiological response. Modelling establishes that the effectiveness of force focusing and buckling is due to the peculiar tapering wall structure of the trichome. Hypothetically, these active mechanosensing functions enhance toxin synthesis above constitutive levels, probably via a priming process, thus minimizing the costly accumulation of toxins in the absence of herbivore attack but assuring rapid build-up when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hong Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Gladys Levis Allen Laboratory of Plant Sensory Physiology, Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Shao Bao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Gladys Levis Allen Laboratory of Plant Sensory Physiology, Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Peng Fei Wang
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Guy M Genin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Barbara G Pickard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Gladys Levis Allen Laboratory of Plant Sensory Physiology, Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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32
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Züst T, Agrawal AA. Trade-Offs Between Plant Growth and Defense Against Insect Herbivory: An Emerging Mechanistic Synthesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:513-534. [PMID: 28142282 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Costs of defense are central to our understanding of interactions between organisms and their environment, and defensive phenotypes of plants have long been considered to be constrained by trade-offs that reflect the allocation of limiting resources. Recent advances in uncovering signal transduction networks have revealed that defense trade-offs are often the result of regulatory "decisions" by the plant, enabling it to fine-tune its phenotype in response to diverse environmental challenges. We place these results in the context of classic studies in ecology and evolutionary biology, and propose a unifying framework for growth-defense trade-offs as a means to study the plant's allocation of limiting resources. Pervasive physiological costs constrain the upper limit to growth and defense traits, but the diversity of selective pressures on plants often favors negative correlations at intermediate trait levels. Despite the ubiquity of underlying costs of defense, the current challenge is using physiological and molecular approaches to predict the conditions where they manifest as detectable trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Züst
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3013 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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33
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The Role of Specialized Photoreceptors in the Protection of Energy‐Rich Tissues. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy7010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Zu P, Schiestl FP. The effects of becoming taller: direct and pleiotropic effects of artificial selection on plant height in Brassica rapa. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1009-1019. [PMID: 27889935 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant height is an important trait for plant reproductive success. Plant height is often under pollinator-mediated selection, and has been shown to be correlated with various other traits. However, few studies have examined the evolutionary trajectory of plant height under selection and the pleiotropic effects of plant height evolution. We conducted a bi-directional artificial selection experiment on plant height with fast cycling Brassica rapa plants to estimate its heritability and genetic correlations, and to reveal evolutionary responses to artificial selection on height and various correlated traits. With the divergent lines obtained through artificial selection, we subsequently conducted pollinator-choice assays and investigated resource limitation of fruit production. We found that plant height variation is strongly genetically controlled (with a realized heritability of 41-59%). Thus, plant height can evolve rapidly under phenotypic selection. In addition, we found remarkable pleiotropic effects in phenology, morphology, floral scent, color, nectar and leaf glucosinolates. Most traits were increased in tall-line plants, but flower size, UV reflection and glucosinolates were decreased, indicating potential trade-offs. Pollinators preferred plants of the tall selection lines over the short selection lines in both greenhouse experiments with bumblebees and field experiment with natural pollinators. We did not detect any differences in resource limitation between plants of the different selection lines. Overall, our study predicts that increased height should evolve under positive pollinator-mediated directional selection with potential trade-offs in floral signals and herbivore defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Zu
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Busta L, Hegebarth D, Kroc E, Jetter R. Changes in cuticular wax coverage and composition on developing Arabidopsis leaves are influenced by wax biosynthesis gene expression levels and trichome density. PLANTA 2017; 245:297-311. [PMID: 27730411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wax coverage on developing Arabidopsis leaf epidermis cells is constant and thus synchronized with cell expansion. Wax composition shifts from fatty acid to alkane dominance, mediated by CER6 expression. Epidermal cells bear a wax-sealed cuticle to hinder transpirational water loss. The amount and composition of the cuticular wax mixture may change as organs develop, to optimize the cuticle for specific functions during growth. Here, morphometrics, wax chemical profiling, and gene expression measurements were integrated to study developing Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and, thus, further our understanding of cuticular wax ontogeny. Before 5 days of age, cells at the leaf tip ceased dividing and began to expand, while cells at the leaf base switched from cycling to expansion at day 13, generating a cell age gradient along the leaf. We used this spatial age distribution together with leaves of different ages to determine that, as leaves developed, their wax compositions shifted from C24/C26 to C30/C32 and from fatty acid to alkane constituents. These compositional changes paralleled an increase in the expression of the elongase enzyme CER6 but not of alkane pathway enzymes, suggesting that CER6 transcriptional regulation is responsible for both chemical shifts. Leaves bore constant numbers of trichomes between 5 and 21 days of age and, thus, trichome density was higher on young leaves. During this time span, leaves of the trichome-less gl1 mutant had constant wax coverage, while wild-type leaf coverage was initially high and then decreased, suggesting that high trichome density leads to greater apparent coverage on young leaves. Conversely, wax coverage on pavement cells remained constant over time, indicating that wax accumulation is synchronized with cell expansion throughout leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Edward Kroc
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, 3182 Earth Sciences Building, 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, University of British Columbia, 2125 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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36
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Saleem M, Meckes N, Pervaiz ZH, Traw MB. Microbial Interactions in the Phyllosphere Increase Plant Performance under Herbivore Biotic Stress. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:41. [PMID: 28163703 PMCID: PMC5247453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phyllosphere supports a tremendous diversity of microbes and other organisms. However, little is known about the colonization and survival of pathogenic and beneficial bacteria alone or together in the phyllosphere across the whole plant life-cycle under herbivory, which hinders our ability to understand the role of phyllosphere bacteria on plant performance. We addressed these questions in experiments using four genetically and biogeographically diverse accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana, three ecologically important bacterial strains (Pseudomonas syringae DC3000, Xanthomonas campestris, both pathogens, and Bacillus cereus, plant beneficial) under common garden conditions that included fungus gnats (Bradysia spp.). Plants supported greater abundance of B. cereus over either pathogenic strain in the phyllosphere under such greenhouse conditions. However, the Arabidopsis accessions performed much better (i.e., early flowering, biomass, siliques, and seeds per plant) in the presence of pathogenic bacteria rather than in the presence of the plant beneficial B. cereus. As a group, the plants inoculated with any of the three bacteria (Pst DC3000, Xanthomonas, or Bacillus) all had a higher fitness than uninoculated controls under these conditions. These results suggest that the plants grown under the pressure of different natural enemies, such as pathogens and an herbivore together perform relatively better, probably because natural enemies induce host defense against each other. However, in general, a positive impact of Bacillus on plant performance under herbivory may be due to its plant-beneficial properties. In contrast, bacterial species in the mixture (all three together) performed poorer than as monocultures in their total abundance and host plant growth promotion, possibly due to negative interspecific interactions among the bacteria. However, bacterial species richness linearly promoted seed production in the host plants under these conditions, suggesting that natural enemies diversity may be beneficial from the host perspective. Collectively, these results highlight the importance of bacterial community composition on plant performance and bacterial abundance in the phyllosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Nicole Meckes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Zahida H Pervaiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | - Milton B Traw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, PittsburghPA, USA; Department of Biology, Berea College, BereaKY, USA
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37
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Muraya MM, Chu J, Zhao Y, Junker A, Klukas C, Reif JC, Altmann T. Genetic variation of growth dynamics in maize (Zea mays L.) revealed through automated non-invasive phenotyping. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:366-380. [PMID: 27714888 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hitherto, most quantitative trait loci of maize growth and biomass yield have been identified for a single time point, usually the final harvest stage. Through this approach cumulative effects are detected, without considering genetic factors causing phase-specific differences in growth rates. To assess the genetics of growth dynamics, we employed automated non-invasive phenotyping to monitor the plant sizes of 252 diverse maize inbred lines at 11 different developmental time points; 50 k SNP array genotype data were used for genome-wide association mapping and genomic selection. The heritability of biomass was estimated to be over 71%, and the average prediction accuracy amounted to 0.39. Using the individual time point data, 12 main effect marker-trait associations (MTAs) and six pairs of epistatic interactions were detected that displayed different patterns of expression at various developmental time points. A subset of them also showed significant effects on relative growth rates in different intervals. The detected MTAs jointly explained up to 12% of the total phenotypic variation, decreasing with developmental progression. Using non-parametric functional mapping and multivariate mapping approaches, four additional marker loci affecting growth dynamics were detected. Our results demonstrate that plant biomass accumulation is a complex trait governed by many small effect loci, most of which act at certain restricted developmental phases. This highlights the need for investigation of stage-specific growth affecting genes to elucidate important processes operating at different developmental phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses M Muraya
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Seeland, Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, Chuka University, P.O. Box 109 - 60400, Chuka, Kenya
| | - Jianting Chu
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Yusheng Zhao
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Astrid Junker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Christian Klukas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Jochen C Reif
- Department of Breeding Research, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Seeland, Germany
| | - Thomas Altmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Seeland, Germany
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38
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Huber M, Bont Z, Fricke J, Brillatz T, Aziz Z, Gershenzon J, Erb M. A below-ground herbivore shapes root defensive chemistry in natural plant populations. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20160285. [PMID: 27009228 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants display extensive intraspecific variation in secondary metabolites. However, the selective forces shaping this diversity remain often unknown, especially below ground. Using Taraxacum officinale and its major native insect root herbivore Melolontha melolontha, we tested whether below-ground herbivores drive intraspecific variation in root secondary metabolites. We found that high M. melolontha infestation levels over recent decades are associated with high concentrations of major root latex secondary metabolites across 21 central European T. officinale field populations. By cultivating offspring of these populations, we show that both heritable variation and phenotypic plasticity contribute to the observed differences. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the production of the sesquiterpene lactone taraxinic acid β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G) is costly in the absence, but beneficial in the presence of M. melolontha, resulting in divergent selection of TA-G. Our results highlight the role of soil-dwelling insects for the evolution of plant defences in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Huber
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Zoe Bont
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Fricke
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Théo Brillatz
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Zohra Aziz
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Root Herbivore Interactions Group, Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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39
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Larbat R, Robin C, Lillo C, Drengstig T, Ruoff P. Modeling the diversion of primary carbon flux into secondary metabolism under variable nitrate and light/dark conditions. J Theor Biol 2016; 402:144-57. [PMID: 27164436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the partitioning of carbon resources between growth and defense is detrimental for their development. From a metabolic viewpoint, growth is mainly related to primary metabolism including protein, amino acid and lipid synthesis, whereas defense is based notably on the biosynthesis of a myriad of secondary metabolites. Environmental factors, such as nitrate fertilization, impact the partitioning of carbon resources between growth and defense. Indeed, experimental data showed that a shortage in the nitrate fertilization resulted in a reduction of the plant growth, whereas some secondary metabolites involved in plant defense, such as phenolic compounds, accumulated. Interestingly, sucrose, a key molecule involved in the transport and partitioning of carbon resources, appeared to be under homeostatic control. Based on the inflow/outflow properties of sucrose homeostatic regulation we propose a global model on how the diversion of the primary carbon flux into the secondary phenolic pathways occurs at low nitrate concentrations. The model can account for the accumulation of starch during the light phase and the sucrose remobilization by starch degradation during the night. Day-length sensing mechanisms for variable light-dark regimes are discussed, showing that growth is proportional to the length of the light phase. The model can describe the complete starch consumption during the night for plants adapted to a certain light/dark regime when grown on sufficient nitrate and can account for an increased accumulation of starch observed under nitrate limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Larbat
- INRA UMR 1121, Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France; Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Christophe Robin
- INRA UMR 1121, Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France; Université de Lorraine UMR 1121, Agronomie & Environnement Nancy-Colmar, TSA 40602, 54518 Vandoeuvre Cedex, France
| | - Cathrine Lillo
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger Innovation Park, Måltidets Hus, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tormod Drengstig
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Peter Ruoff
- Centre for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger Innovation Park, Måltidets Hus, 4021 Stavanger, Norway.
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40
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Swierts T, Vermeij MJ. Competitive interactions between corals and turf algae depend on coral colony form. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1984. [PMID: 27190707 PMCID: PMC4867736 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Turf algae are becoming more abundant on coral reefs worldwide, but their effects on other benthic organisms remain poorly described. To describe the general characteristics of competitive interactions between corals and turf algae, we determined the occurrence and outcomes of coral–turf algal interactions among different coral growth forms (branching, upright, massive, encrusting, plating, and solitary) on a shallow reef in Vietnam. In total, the amount of turf algal interaction, i.e., the proportion of the coral boundary directly bordering turf algae, was quantified for 1,276 coral colonies belonging to 27 genera and the putative outcome of each interaction was noted. The amount of turf algal interaction and the outcome of these interactions differed predictably among the six growth forms. Encrusting corals interacted most often with turf algae, but also competed most successfully against turf algae. The opposite was observed for branching corals, which rarely interacted with turf algae and rarely won these competitive interactions. Including all other growth forms, a positive relationship was found between the amount of competitive interactions with neighboring turf algae and the percentage of such interaction won by the coral. This growth form dependent ability to outcompete turf algae was not only observed among coral species, but also among different growth forms in morphologically plastic coral genera (Acropora, Favia, Favites, Montastrea, Montipora, Porites) illustrating the general nature of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Swierts
- Marine Biodiversity, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Ja Vermeij
- Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Carmabi Foundation, Willemstad, Curaçao
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41
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Liu H, Zhou LH, Jiao J, Liu S, Zhang Z, Lu TJ, Xu F. Gradient Mechanical Properties Facilitate Arabidopsis Trichome as Mechanosensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:9755-61. [PMID: 27010517 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that Arabidopsis thaliana leaf trichome can act as a mechanosensory switch, transducing mechanical stimuli into physiological signals, mainly through a buckling instability to focus external force (e.g., exerted by insects) on the base of trichome. The material and structural properties of trichomes remain largely unknown in this buckling instability. In this report, we mainly focused on material standpoint to explore the possible mechanism facilitating the buckling instability. We observed that the Young's modulus of trichome cell wall decreased gradually from branch to the base region of trichome. Interestingly, we also found a corresponding decline of calcium concentration on the trichome cell wall. Results of finite element method (FEM) simulation suggested that such a gradient distribution of Young's modulus significantly promotes force focusing and buckling instability on the base of trichome. It is indicated that Arabidopsis trichome has developed into an active mechanosensor benefiting from gradient cell wall mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Li Hong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Jiao
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shaobao Liu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhanming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
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Mostafa I, Zhu N, Yoo MJ, Balmant KM, Misra BB, Dufresne C, Abou-Hashem M, Chen S, El-Domiaty M. New nodes and edges in the glucosinolate molecular network revealed by proteomics and metabolomics of Arabidopsis myb28/29 and cyp79B2/B3 glucosinolate mutants. J Proteomics 2016; 138:1-19. [PMID: 26915584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glucosinolates present in Brassicales are important for human health and plant defense against insects and pathogens. Here we investigate the proteomes and metabolomes of Arabidopsis myb28/29 and cyp79B2/B3 mutants deficient in aliphatic glucosinolates and indolic glucosinolates, respectively. Quantitative proteomics of the myb28/29 and cyp79B2/B3 mutants led to the identification of 2785 proteins, of which 142 proteins showed significant changes in the two mutants compared to wild type (WT). By mapping the differential proteins using STRING, we detected 59 new edges in the glucosinolate metabolic network. These connections can be classified as primary with direct roles in glucosinolate metabolism, secondary related to plant stress responses, and tertiary involved in other biological processes. Gene Ontology analysis of the differential proteins showed high level of enrichment in the nodes belonging to metabolic process including glucosinolate biosynthesis and response to stimulus. Using metabolomics, we quantified 292 metabolites covering a broad spectrum of metabolic pathways, and 89 exhibited differential accumulation patterns between the mutants and WT. The changing metabolites (e.g., γ-glutamyl amino acids, auxins and glucosinolate hydrolysis products) complement our proteomics findings. This study contributes toward engineering and breeding of glucosinolate profiles in plants in efforts to improve human health, crop quality and productivity. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Glucosinolates in Brassicales constitute an important group of natural metabolites important for plant defense and human health. Its biosynthetic pathways and transcriptional regulation have been well-studied. Using Arabidopsis mutants of important genes in glucosinolate biosynthesis, quantitative proteomics and metabolomics led to identification of many proteins and metabolites that are potentially related to glucosinolate metabolism. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the molecular networks of glucosinolate metabolism, and will facilitate efforts toward engineering and breeding of glucosinolate profiles for enhanced crop defense, and nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Mostafa
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Yoo
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kelly M Balmant
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Biswapriya B Misra
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Craig Dufresne
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, West Palm Beach, FL 33407, USA
| | - Maged Abou-Hashem
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Maher El-Domiaty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Onkokesung N, Reichelt M, van Doorn A, Schuurink RC, Dicke M. Differential Costs of Two Distinct Resistance Mechanisms Induced by Different Herbivore Species in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:891-906. [PMID: 26603653 PMCID: PMC4734589 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivory with the induction of resistance, mediated by distinct phytohormonal signaling pathways and their interactions. Phloem feeders are known to induce plant resistance via the salicylic acid pathway, whereas biting-chewing herbivores induce plant resistance mainly via the jasmonate pathway. Here, we show that a specialist caterpillar (biting-chewing herbivore) and a specialist aphid (phloem feeder) differentially induce resistance against Pieris brassicae caterpillars in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Caterpillar feeding induces resistance through the jasmonate signaling pathway that is associated with the induction of kaempferol 3,7-dirhamnoside, whereas aphid feeding induces resistance via a novel mechanism involving sinapoyl malate. The role of sinapoyl malate is confirmed through the use of a mutant compromised in the biosynthesis of this compound. Caterpillar-induced resistance is associated with a lower cost in terms of plant growth reduction than aphid-induced resistance. A strong constitutive resistance against P. brassicae caterpillars in combination with a strong growth attenuation in plants of a transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertion mutant of WRKY70 (wrky70) suggest that the WRKY70 transcription factor, a regulator of downstream responses mediated by jasmonate-salicylic acid signaling cross talk, is involved in the negative regulation of caterpillar resistance and in the tradeoff between growth and defense. In conclusion, different mechanisms of herbivore-induced resistance come with different costs, and a functional WRKY70 transcription factor is required for the induction of low-cost resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawaporn Onkokesung
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.O., M.D.);Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.R.);Keygene, 6708OW, Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.v.D.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.v.D., R.C.S.)
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.O., M.D.);Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.R.);Keygene, 6708OW, Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.v.D.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.v.D., R.C.S.)
| | - Arjen van Doorn
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.O., M.D.);Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.R.);Keygene, 6708OW, Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.v.D.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.v.D., R.C.S.)
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.O., M.D.);Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.R.);Keygene, 6708OW, Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.v.D.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.v.D., R.C.S.)
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.O., M.D.);Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.R.);Keygene, 6708OW, Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.v.D.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.v.D., R.C.S.)
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44
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Kazan K, Lyons R. The link between flowering time and stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:47-60. [PMID: 26428061 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary success in plants is largely dependent on the successful transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. In the lifetime of a plant, flowering is not only an essential part of the reproductive process but also a critical developmental stage that can be vulnerable to environmental stresses. Exposure to stress during this period can cause substantial yield losses in seed-producing plants. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that altering flowering time is an evolutionary strategy adopted by plants to maximize the chances of reproduction under diverse stress conditions, ranging from pathogen infection to heat, salinity, and drought. Here, recent studies that have revealed new insights into how biotic and abiotic stress signals can be integrated into floral pathways are reviewed. A better understanding of how complex environmental variables affect plant phenology is important for future genetic manipulation of crops to increase productivity under the changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lyons
- CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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45
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Francisco M, Joseph B, Caligagan H, Li B, Corwin JA, Lin C, Kerwin R, Burow M, Kliebenstein DJ. The Defense Metabolite, Allyl Glucosinolate, Modulates Arabidopsis thaliana Biomass Dependent upon the Endogenous Glucosinolate Pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:774. [PMID: 27313596 PMCID: PMC4887508 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) play an important role in plants as direct mediators of biotic and abiotic stress responses. Recent work is beginning to show that the GSLs can also inducing complex defense and growth networks. However, the physiological significance of these GSL-induced responses and the molecular mechanisms by which GSLs are sensed and/or modulate these responses are not understood. To identify these potential mechanisms within the plant and how they may relate to the endogenous GSLs, we tested the regulatory effect of exogenous allyl GSL application on growth and defense metabolism across sample of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. We found that application of exogenous allyl GSL had the ability to initiate changes in plant biomass and accumulation of defense metabolites that genetically varied across accessions. This growth effect was related to the allyl GSL side-chain structure. Utilizing this natural variation and mutants in genes within the GSL pathway we could show that the link between allyl GSL and altered growth responses are dependent upon the function of known genes controlling the aliphatic GSL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Francisco
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Department of Plant Genetics, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific ResearchPontevedra, Spain
| | - Bindu Joseph
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - Hart Caligagan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - Baohua Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - Jason A. Corwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Lin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Kerwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Daniel J. Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Daniel J. Kliebenstein
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46
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Francisco M, Joseph B, Caligagan H, Li B, Corwin JA, Lin C, Kerwin RE, Burow M, Kliebenstein DJ. Genome Wide Association Mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana Identifies Novel Genes Involved in Linking Allyl Glucosinolate to Altered Biomass and Defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1010. [PMID: 27462337 PMCID: PMC4940622 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A key limitation in modern biology is the ability to rapidly identify genes underlying newly identified complex phenotypes. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have become an increasingly important approach for dissecting natural variation by associating phenotypes with genotypes at a genome wide level. Recent work is showing that the Arabidopsis thaliana defense metabolite, allyl glucosinolate (GSL), may provide direct feedback regulation, linking defense metabolism outputs to the growth, and defense responses of the plant. However, there is still a need to identify genes that underlie this process. To start developing a deeper understanding of the mechanism(s) that modulate the ability of exogenous allyl GSL to alter growth and defense, we measured changes in plant biomass and defense metabolites in a collection of natural 96 A. thaliana accessions fed with 50 μM of allyl GSL. Exogenous allyl GSL was introduced exclusively to the roots and the compound transported to the leaf leading to a wide range of heritable effects upon plant biomass and endogenous GSL accumulation. Using natural variation we conducted GWAS to identify a number of new genes which potentially control allyl responses in various plant processes. This is one of the first instances in which this approach has been successfully utilized to begin dissecting a novel phenotype to the underlying molecular/polygenic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Francisco
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Department of Plant Genetics, Misión Biológica de Galicia, Spanish Council for Scientific ResearchPontevedra, Spain
| | - Bindu Joseph
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Hart Caligagan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Baohua Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Jason A. Corwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Lin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Rachel E. Kerwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel J. Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- DynaMo Center, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Daniel J. Kliebenstein
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47
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Speed MP, Fenton A, Jones MG, Ruxton GD, Brockhurst MA. Coevolution can explain defensive secondary metabolite diversity in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:1251-63. [PMID: 26243527 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species produce defensive compounds that are often highly diverse within and between populations. The genetic and cellular mechanisms by which metabolite diversity is produced are increasingly understood, but the evolutionary explanations for persistent diversification in plant secondary metabolites have received less attention. Here we consider the role of plant-herbivore coevolution in the maintenance and characteristics of diversity in plant secondary metabolites. We present a simple model in which plants can evolve to invest in a range of defensive toxins, and herbivores can evolve resistance to these toxins. We allow either single-species evolution or reciprocal coevolution. Our model shows that coevolution maintains toxin diversity within populations. Furthermore, there is a fundamental coevolutionary asymmetry between plants and their herbivores, because herbivores must resist all plant toxins, whereas plants need to challenge and nullify only one resistance trait. As a consequence, average plant fitness increases and insect fitness decreases as number of toxins increases. When costs apply, the model showed both arms race escalation and strong coevolutionary fluctuation in toxin concentrations across time. We discuss the results in the context of other evolutionary explanations for secondary metabolite diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Speed
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Andy Fenton
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Meriel G Jones
- Functional and Comparative Genomics, Institute of Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Graeme D Ruxton
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, UK
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48
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Sato Y, Kudoh H. Associational effects against a leaf beetle mediate a minority advantage in defense and growth between hairy and glabrous plants. Evol Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-015-9809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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49
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Züst T, Agrawal AA. Population growth and sequestration of plant toxins along a gradient of specialization in four aphid species on the common milkweed
Asclepias syriaca. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Züst
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY14853 USA
| | - Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY14853 USA
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50
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Burow M, Atwell S, Francisco M, Kerwin RE, Halkier BA, Kliebenstein DJ. The Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Gene AOP2 Mediates Feed-back Regulation of Jasmonic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1201-12. [PMID: 25758208 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Survival in changing and challenging environments requires an organism to efficiently obtain and use its resources. Due to their sessile nature, it is particularly critical for plants to dynamically optimize their metabolism. In plant primary metabolism, metabolic fine-tuning involves feed-back mechanisms whereby the output of a pathway controls its input to generate a precise and robust response to environmental changes. By contrast, few studies have addressed the potential for feed-back regulation of secondary metabolism. In Arabidopsis, accumulation of the defense compounds glucosinolates has previously been linked to genetic variation in the glucosinolate biosynthetic gene AOP2. AOP2 expression can increase the transcript levels of two known regulators (MYB28 and MYB29) of the pathway, suggesting that AOP2 plays a role in positive feed-back regulation controlling glucosinolate biosynthesis. We generated mutants affecting AOP2, MYB28/29, or both. Transcriptome analysis of these mutants identified a so far unrecognized link between AOP2 and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling independent of MYB28 and MYB29. Thus, AOP2 is part of a regulatory feed-back loop linking glucosinolate biosynthesis and JA signaling and thereby allows the glucosinolate pathway to influence JA sensitivity. The discovery of this regulatory feed-back loop provides insight into how plants optimize the use of resources for defensive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Susanna Atwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Marta Francisco
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Misión Biológica de Galicia, (MBG-CSIC), PO Box 28, 36080 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Rachel E Kerwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Barbara A Halkier
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Plant Sciences, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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