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Mayfield MM, Lau JA, Tobias JA, Ives AR, Strauss SY. What Can Evolutionary History Tell Us about the Functioning of Ecological Communities? The ASN Presidential Debate. Am Nat 2023; 202:587-603. [PMID: 37963115 DOI: 10.1086/726336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn January 2018, Sharon Strauss, then president of the American Society of Naturalists, organized a debate on the following topic: does evolutionary history inform the current functioning of ecological communities? The debaters-Ives, Lau, Mayfield, and Tobias-presented pro and con arguments, caricatured in standard debating format. Numerous examples show that both recent microevolutionary and longer-term macroevolutionary history are important to the ecological functioning of communities. On the other hand, many other examples illustrate that the evolutionary history of communities or community members does not influence ecological function, or at least not very much. This article aims to provide a provocative discussion of the consistent and conflicting patterns that emerge in the study of contemporary and historical evolutionary influences on community function, as well as to identify questions for further study. It is intended as a thought-provoking exercise to explore this complex field, specifically addressing (1) key assumptions and how they can lead us astray and (2) issues that need additional study. The debaters all agree that evolutionary history can inform us about at least some aspects of community function. The underlying question at the root of the debate, however, is how the fields of ecology and evolution can most profitably collaborate to provide a deeper and broader understanding of ecological communities.
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2
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Pie MR, Caron FS, Dallimore T, Einzmann H, Hietz P, Kessler M, Ramos FN, Elias JPC, Kreft H, Krömer T, Higuita MJC, Zuleta D, Machado G, de Gasper AL, Zotz G, Mendieta Leiva G, Jimenez-Lopez DA, Mendes AF, Brancalion P, Mortara S, Blum CT, Irume MV, Martínez-Meléndez Nayely N, Benavides AM, Boelter CR, Batke S. Phylogenetic diversity and the structure of host-epiphyte interactions across the Neotropics. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15500. [PMID: 37361043 PMCID: PMC10286801 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms driving community assembly has been a major focus of ecological research for nearly a century, yet little is known about these mechanisms in commensal communities, particularly with respect to their historical/evolutionary components. Here, we use a large-scale dataset of 4,440 vascular plant species to explore the relationship between the evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) (as measured by the 'species evolutionary history' (SEH)) of host species and the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of their associated epiphyte species. Although there was considerable variation across hosts and their associated epiphyte species, they were largely unrelated to host SEH. Our results mostly support the idea that the determinants of epiphyte colonization success might involve host characteristics that are unrelated to host SEH (e.g., architectural differences between hosts). While determinants of PD of epiphyte assemblages are poorly known, they do not appear to be related to the evolutionary history of host species. Instead, they might be better explained by neutral processes of colonization and extinction. However, the high level of phylogenetic signal in epiphyte PD (independent of SEH) suggests it might still be influenced by yet unrecognized evolutionary determinants. This study highlights how little is still known about the phylogenetic determinants of epiphyte communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio R. Pie
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda S. Caron
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thom Dallimore
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
- World Museum, National Museums Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Einzmann
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hietz
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Nunes Ramos
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brasil
| | | | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Zuleta
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Giesta Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - André Luís de Gasper
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | | | - Derio Antonio Jimenez-Lopez
- Programa de doctorado en Ciencias, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Alex Fernando Mendes
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sara Mortara
- International Institute for Sustainability IIS-Rio, Rio, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Victória Irume
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Amazônia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Renato Boelter
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Amazônia, Brazil
| | - Sven Batke
- Biology Department, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
- Centro Zamorano de Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ambiente y Desarrollo, Escuela Agricola Panamericana, Francisco Morazan, Honduras
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3
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Russo L, Casella V, Marabotti A, Jordán F, Congestri R, D'Alelio D. Trophic hierarchy in a marine community revealed by network analysis on co-occurrence data. FOOD WEBS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Pardo‐De la Hoz CJ, Medeiros ID, Gibert JP, Chagnon P, Magain N, Miadlikowska J, Lutzoni F. Phylogenetic structure of specialization: A new approach that integrates partner availability and phylogenetic diversity to quantify biotic specialization in ecological networks. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8649. [PMID: 35261742 PMCID: PMC8888259 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotic specialization holds information about the assembly, evolution, and stability of biological communities. Partner availabilities can play an important role in enabling species interactions, where uneven partner availabilities can bias estimates of biotic specialization when using phylogenetic diversity indices. It is therefore important to account for partner availability when characterizing biotic specialization using phylogenies. We developed an index, phylogenetic structure of specialization (PSS), that avoids bias from uneven partner availabilities by uncoupling the null models for interaction frequency and phylogenetic distance. We incorporate the deviation between observed and random interaction frequencies as weights into the calculation of partner phylogenetic α‐diversity. To calculate the PSS index, we then compare observed partner phylogenetic α‐diversity to a null distribution generated by randomizing phylogenetic distances among the same number of partners. PSS quantifies the phylogenetic structure (i.e., clustered, overdispersed, or random) of the partners of a focal species. We show with simulations that the PSS index is not correlated with network properties, which allows comparisons across multiple systems. We also implemented PSS on empirical networks of host–parasite, avian seed‐dispersal, lichenized fungi–cyanobacteria, and hummingbird pollination interactions. Across these systems, a large proportion of taxa interact with phylogenetically random partners according to PSS, sometimes to a larger extent than detected with an existing method that does not account for partner availability. We also found that many taxa interact with phylogenetically clustered partners, while taxa with overdispersed partners were rare. We argue that species with phylogenetically overdispersed partners have often been misinterpreted as generalists when they should be considered specialists. Our results highlight the important role of randomness in shaping interaction networks, even in highly intimate symbioses, and provide a much‐needed quantitative framework to assess the role that evolutionary history and symbiotic specialization play in shaping patterns of biodiversity. PSS is available as an R package at https://github.com/cjpardodelahoz/pss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean P. Gibert
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Pierre‐Luc Chagnon
- Département des Sciences BiologiquesUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Nicolas Magain
- Biologie de l’évolution et de la ConservationUniversité de LiègeLiègeBelgium
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5
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Giacomuzzo E, Jordán F. Food web aggregation: effects on key positions. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Giacomuzzo
- Centre for Ecological Research Budapest Hungary
- Univ. of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Ferenc Jordán
- Democracy Inst., Central European Univ. Budapest Hungary
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn Napoli Italy
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6
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Exploring trophic role similarity and phylogenetic relatedness between species in food webs. COMMUNITY ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42974-021-00067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Martins LS, Costa-Schmidt LE, Garcia AM, Bastos RF, Rebelato MM, Tozetti AM. The Contribution of Aquatic Plants to the Trophic Ecology of a Sand Dune Lizard in Southern Brazil. SOUTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.2994/sajh-d-18-00045.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laís S. Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália, Km 8, CEP 96201-900, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz E. Costa-Schmidt
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Avenida Unisinos, 950, CEP 93022-000, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M. Garcia
- Laboratório de Ictiologia, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Avenida Itália, Km 8, Caixa Postal 474, CEP 96203-900, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F. Bastos
- Laboratório de Nécton, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Arquitetura, s/n, Cidade Universitária, CEP 50740-550, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marluci M. Rebelato
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alexandro M. Tozetti
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Vertebrados Terrestres. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Avenida Unisinos, 950, CEP 93022-000, São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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8
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Kotula HJ, Peralta G, Frost CM, Todd JH, Tylianakis JM. Predicting direct and indirect non-target impacts of biocontrol agents using machine-learning approaches. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252448. [PMID: 34061885 PMCID: PMC8168882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological pest control (i.e. ‘biocontrol’) agents can have direct and indirect non-target impacts, and predicting these effects (especially indirect impacts) remains a central challenge in biocontrol risk assessment. The analysis of ecological networks offers a promising approach to understanding the community-wide impacts of biocontrol agents (via direct and indirect interactions). Independently, species traits and phylogenies have been shown to successfully predict species interactions and network structure (alleviating the need to collect quantitative interaction data), but whether these approaches can be combined to predict indirect impacts of natural enemies remains untested. Whether predictions of interactions (i.e. direct effects) can be made equally well for generalists vs. specialists, abundant vs. less abundant species, and across different habitat types is also untested for consumer-prey interactions. Here, we used two machine-learning techniques (random forest and k-nearest neighbour; KNN) to test whether we could accurately predict empirically-observed quantitative host-parasitoid networks using trait and phylogenetic information. Then, we tested whether the accuracy of machine-learning-predicted interactions depended on the generality or abundance of the interacting partners, or on the source (habitat type) of the training data. Finally, we used these predicted networks to generate predictions of indirect effects via shared natural enemies (i.e. apparent competition), and tested these predictions against empirically observed indirect effects between hosts. We found that random-forest models predicted host-parasitoid pairwise interactions (which could be used to predict attack of non-target host species) more successfully than KNN. This predictive ability depended on the generality of the interacting partners for KNN models, and depended on species’ abundances for both random-forest and KNN models, but did not depend on the source (habitat type) of data used to train the models. Further, although our machine-learning informed methods could significantly predict indirect effects, the explanatory power of our machine-learning models for indirect interactions was reasonably low. Combining machine-learning and network approaches provides a starting point for reducing risk in biocontrol introductions, and could be applied more generally to predicting species interactions such as impacts of invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Kotula
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Guadalupe Peralta
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Carol M. Frost
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jacqui H. Todd
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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9
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Farage C, Edler D, Eklöf A, Rosvall M, Pilosof S. Identifying flow modules in ecological networks using Infomap. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Farage
- Department of Life Sciences Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Daniel Edler
- Integrated Science Lab Department of Physics Umeå University Umeå Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anna Eklöf
- Division of Theoretical Biology Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Martin Rosvall
- Integrated Science Lab Department of Physics Umeå University Umeå Sweden
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Department of Life Sciences Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva Israel
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10
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Davies TJ. Ecophylogenetics redux. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1073-1088. [PMID: 33565697 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Species' evolutionary histories shape their present-day ecologies, but the integration of phylogenetic approaches in ecology has had a contentious history. The field of ecophylogenetics promised to reveal the process of community assembly from simple indices of phylogenetic pairwise distances - communities shaped by environmental filtering were composed of closely related species, whereas communities shaped by competition were composed of less closely related species. However, the mapping of ecology onto phylogeny proved to be not so straightforward, and the field remains mired in controversy. Nonetheless, ecophylogenetic methods provided important advances across ecology. For example the phylogenetic distances between species is a strong predictor of pest and pathogen sharing, and can thus inform models of species invasion, coexistence and the disease dilution/amplification effect of biodiversity. The phylogenetic structure of communities may also provide information on niche space occupancy, helping interpret patterns of facilitation, succession and ecosystem functioning - with relevance for conservation and restoration - and the dynamics among species within foodwebs and metacommunities. I suggest leveraging advances in our understanding of the process of evolution on phylogenetic trees would allow the field to progress further, while maintaining the essence of the original vision that proved so seductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany, Forest & Conservation Sciences, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2092, South Africa
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11
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Guimarães PR. The Structure of Ecological Networks Across Levels of Organization. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012220-120819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions connect the units of ecological systems, forming networks. Individual-based networks characterize variation in niches among individuals within populations. These individual-based networks merge with each other, forming species-based networks and food webs that describe the architecture of ecological communities. Networks at broader spatiotemporal scales portray the structure of ecological interactions across landscapes and over macroevolutionary time. Here, I review the patterns observed in ecological networks across multiple levels of biological organization. A fundamental challenge is to understand the amount of interdependence as we move from individual-based networks to species-based networks and beyond. Despite the uneven distribution of studies, regularities in network structure emerge across scales due to the fundamental architectural patterns shared by complex networks and the interplay between traits and numerical effects. I illustrate the integration of these organizational scales by exploring the consequences of the emergence of highly connected species for network structures across scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R. Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
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12
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Chudzinska M, Dupont YL, Nabe-Nielsen J, Maia KP, Henriksen MV, Rasmussen C, Kissling WD, Hagen M, Trøjelsgaard K. Combining the strengths of agent-based modelling and network statistics to understand animal movement and interactions with resources: example from within-patch foraging decisions of bumblebees. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Ohlsson M, Eklöf A. Spatial resolution and location impact group structure in a marine food web. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1451-1459. [PMID: 32656918 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ecological processes in food webs depend on species interactions. By identifying broad-scaled interaction patterns, important information on species' ecological roles may be revealed. Here, we use the group model to examine how spatial resolution and proximity influence group structure. We examine a data set from the Barents Sea, with food webs described for both the whole region and 25 subregions. We test how the group structure in the networks differ comparing (1) the regional metaweb to subregions and (2) subregion to subregion. We find that more than half the species in the metaweb change groups when compared to subregions. Between subregions, networks with similar group structure are spatially related. Interestingly, although species overlap is important for similarity in group structure, there are notable exceptions. Our results highlight that species ecological roles vary depending on fine-scaled differences in the patterns of interactions, and that local network characteristics are important to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Ohlsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Anna Eklöf
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
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14
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Gazzola A, Balestrieri A. Nutritional ecology provides insights into competitive interactions between closely related
Martes
species. Mamm Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gazzola
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Via Ferrata 927100Pavia Italy
| | - Alessandro Balestrieri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Via Ferrata 927100Pavia Italy
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15
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Moser CF, Oliveira MD, Avila FRD, Dutra-Araújo D, Farina RK, Tozetti AM. Diet and trophic niche overlap of Boana bischoffi and Boana marginata (Anura: Hylidae) in southern Brazil. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2018-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: The species Boana bischoffi and Boana marginata are endemic to the Atlantic Forest, where they often occur in sympatry. There is a large gap in the knowledge of natural history of both species. In this study, we aimed to describe and compare the diet composition of B. bischoffi and B. marginata in the southern domain of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We analyzed the gastrointestinal contents of 43 individuals of B. bischoffi and 30 individuals of B. marginata. Both showed a high trophic niche overlap (0.90 Ojk). The most important prey categories for both species belonged to the orders Araneae and Coleoptera. The species niche breadth (Bsta) varied from 0.35 to 0.42, suggesting a generalist feeding behavior for both species. Our data provide unprecedented information on these species' food composition, contributing to a better knowledge of the natural history of neotropical anurans.
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Zotarelli HGS, Molina JMP, Ribeiro JELS, Sofia SH. A commensal network of epiphytic orchids and host trees in an Atlantic Forest remnant: A case study revealing the important role of large trees in the network structure. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique G. S. Zotarelli
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecologia Animal; Departamento de Biologia Geral; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid; km 380, 10011, 86057-
970 Londrina Brazil
| | - José M. P. Molina
- Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina Brazil
| | - José E. L. S. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina Brazil
| | - Silvia H. Sofia
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecologia Animal; Departamento de Biologia Geral; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid; km 380, 10011, 86057-
970 Londrina Brazil
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17
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Identifying a common backbone of interactions underlying food webs from different ecosystems. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2603. [PMID: 29973596 PMCID: PMC6031633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the structure of empirical food webs can differ between ecosystems, there is growing evidence of multiple ways in which they also exhibit common topological properties. To reconcile these contrasting observations, we postulate the existence of a backbone of interactions underlying all ecological networks—a common substructure within every network comprised of species playing similar ecological roles—and a periphery of species whose idiosyncrasies help explain the differences between networks. To test this conjecture, we introduce a new approach to investigate the structural similarity of 411 food webs from multiple environments and biomes. We first find significant differences in the way species in different ecosystems interact with each other. Despite these differences, we then show that there is compelling evidence of a common backbone of interactions underpinning all food webs. We expect that identifying a backbone of interactions will shed light on the rules driving assembly of different ecological communities. The structure of ecological networks can vary dramatically, yet there may be common features across networks from different ecosystem types. Here, Bramon Mora et al. use network alignment to demonstrate that there is a common backbone of interactions underlying empirical food webs.
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18
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Dobashi T, Iida M, Takemoto K. Decomposing the effects of ocean environments on predator-prey body-size relationships in food webs. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180707. [PMID: 30109114 PMCID: PMC6083727 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Body-size relationships between predators and their prey are important in ecological studies because they reflect the structure and function of food webs. Inspired by studies on the impact of global warming on food webs, the effects of temperature on body-size relationships have been widely investigated; however, the impact of environmental factors on body-size relationships has not been fully evaluated because climate warming affects various ocean environments. Thus, here, we comprehensively investigated the effects of ocean environments and predator-prey body-size relationships by integrating a large-scale dataset of predator-prey body-size relationships in marine food webs with global oceanographic data. We showed that various oceanographic parameters influence prey size selection. In particular, oxygen concentration, primary production and salinity, in addition to temperature, significantly alter body-size relationships. Furthermore, we demonstrated that variability (seasonality) of ocean environments significantly affects body-size relationships. The effects of ocean environments on body-size relationships were generally remarkable for small body sizes, but were also significant for large body sizes and were relatively weak for intermediate body sizes, in the cases of temperature seasonality, oxygen concentration and salinity variability. These findings break down the complex effects of ocean environments on body-size relationships, advancing our understanding of how ocean environments influence the structure and functioning of food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Dobashi
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
| | - Midori Iida
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takemoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
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19
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Cirtwill AR, Eklöf A. Feeding environment and other traits shape species’ roles in marine food webs. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:875-884. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R. Cirtwill
- Department of Physics; Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University; Linköping SE-581 83 Sweden
| | - Anna Eklöf
- Department of Physics; Chemistry and Biology (IFM) Linköping University; Linköping SE-581 83 Sweden
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20
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Michalska‐Smith MJ, Sander EL, Pascual M, Allesina S. Understanding the role of parasites in food webs using the group model. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:790-800. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mercedes Pascual
- Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Stefano Allesina
- Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
- Computation Institute University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems Northwestern University Evanston IL USA
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21
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Robson BJ, Lester RE, Baldwin DS, Bond NR, Drouart R, Rolls RJ, Ryder DS, Thompson RM. Modelling food-web mediated effects of hydrological variability and environmental flows. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 124:108-128. [PMID: 28750285 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental flows are designed to enhance aquatic ecosystems through a variety of mechanisms; however, to date most attention has been paid to the effects on habitat quality and life-history triggers, especially for fish and vegetation. The effects of environmental flows on food webs have so far received little attention, despite food-web thinking being fundamental to understanding of river ecosystems. Understanding environmental flows in a food-web context can help scientists and policy-makers better understand and manage outcomes of flow alteration and restoration. In this paper, we consider mechanisms by which flow variability can influence and alter food webs, and place these within a conceptual and numerical modelling framework. We also review the strengths and weaknesses of various approaches to modelling the effects of hydrological management on food webs. Although classic bioenergetic models such as Ecopath with Ecosim capture many of the key features required, other approaches, such as biogeochemical ecosystem modelling, end-to-end modelling, population dynamic models, individual-based models, graph theory models, and stock assessment models are also relevant. In many cases, a combination of approaches will be useful. We identify current challenges and new directions in modelling food-web responses to hydrological variability and environmental flow management. These include better integration of food-web and hydraulic models, taking physiologically-based approaches to food quality effects, and better representation of variations in space and time that may create ecosystem control points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Robson
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Rebecca E Lester
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Vic, 3220, Australia.
| | - Darren S Baldwin
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; The Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre, La Trobe University, PO Box 821, Wodonga, Vic, 3689, Australia; Charles Sturt University, Thurgoona, NSW, 2640, Australia
| | - Nicholas R Bond
- The Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre, La Trobe University, PO Box 821, Wodonga, Vic, 3689, Australia
| | - Romain Drouart
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia; Ecole des Mines d'Alès, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès Cedex, France
| | - Robert J Rolls
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Darren S Ryder
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Ross M Thompson
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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22
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Laigle I, Aubin I, Digel C, Brose U, Boulangeat I, Gravel D. Species traits as drivers of food web structure. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Idaline Laigle
- Dépt de biologie; Univ. de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard l'Université; Sherbrooke QC, J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubin
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science. - I. Aubin, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste.; Marie ON Canada
| | - Christoph Digel
- Inst. für Zoologie und Anthropologie. Georg-August-Univ. Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Isabelle Boulangeat
- Dept of Bioscience - Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity; Aarhus Univ.; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Dépt de biologie; Univ. de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard l'Université; Sherbrooke QC, J1K 2R1 Canada
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23
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Poisot T, Stouffer DB. Interactions retain the co-phylogenetic matching that communities lost. OIKOS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Poisot
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- Dépt de Sciences Biologiques; Univ. de Montréal; Montréal Canada
| | - Daniel B. Stouffer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
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24
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Lau MK, Borrett SR, Baiser B, Gotelli NJ, Ellison AM. Ecological network metrics: opportunities for synthesis. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K. Lau
- Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - Stuart R. Borrett
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology University of North Carolina Wilmington North Carolina 28403 USA
- Duke Network Analysis Center Social Science Research Institute Duke University Durham North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Benjamin Baiser
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | | | - Aaron M. Ellison
- Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham Massachusetts 02138 USA
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25
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Peralta-Maraver I, Robertson AL, Rezende EL, Lemes da Silva AL, Tonetta D, Lopes M, Schmitt R, Leite NK, Nuñer A, Petrucio MM. Winter is coming: Food web structure and seasonality in a subtropical freshwater coastal lake. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4534-4542. [PMID: 28690784 PMCID: PMC5496567 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Food web studies provide a useful tool to assess the organization and complexity of natural communities. Nevertheless, the seasonal dynamics of food web properties, their environmental correlates, and potential association with community diversity and stability remain poorly studied. Here, we condensed an incomplete 6-year community dataset of a subtropical coastal lake to examine how monthly variation in diversity impacts food web structure over an idealized time series for an averaged year. Phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and fish were mostly resolved to species level (n = 120 trophospecies). Our results showed that the seasonal organization of the food web could be aggregated into two clusters of months grouped here as 'summer' and 'winter'. During 'winter', the food web decreases in size and complexity, with the number of trophospecies dropping from 106 to 82 (a 22.6% decrease in the number of nodes) and the trophic interactions from 1,049 to 637 between month extremes (a 39.3% drop in the number of links). The observed simplification in food web structure during 'winter' suggests that community stability is more vulnerable to the impact of any change during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Universidad Andres Bello Santiago Chile
| | | | - Denise Tonetta
- Department of Ecology and Zoology Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Michelle Lopes
- Department of Ecology and Zoology Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Rafael Schmitt
- Department of Ecology and Zoology Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Nei K Leite
- Department of Ecology and Zoology Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Alex Nuñer
- Department Aquaculture Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Mauricio M Petrucio
- Department of Ecology and Zoology Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Brazil
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26
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Kamenova S, Bartley T, Bohan D, Boutain J, Colautti R, Domaizon I, Fontaine C, Lemainque A, Le Viol I, Mollot G, Perga ME, Ravigné V, Massol F. Invasions Toolkit. ADV ECOL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Poisot T, Stouffer DB, Kéfi S. Describe, understand and predict: why do we need networks in ecology? Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Poisot
- Université de Montréal Département de Sciences Biologiques Montréal QC Canada
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences Montréal QC Canada
| | - Daniel B. Stouffer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Sonia Kéfi
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD Montpellier France
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28
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Schneider FD, Brose U, Rall BC, Guill C. Animal diversity and ecosystem functioning in dynamic food webs. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12718. [PMID: 27703157 PMCID: PMC5059466 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Species diversity is changing globally and locally, but the complexity of ecological communities hampers a general understanding of the consequences of animal species loss on ecosystem functioning. High animal diversity increases complementarity of herbivores but also increases feeding rates within the consumer guild. Depending on the balance of these counteracting mechanisms, species-rich animal communities may put plants under top-down control or may release them from grazing pressure. Using a dynamic food-web model with body-mass constraints, we simulate ecosystem functions of 20,000 communities of varying animal diversity. We show that diverse animal communities accumulate more biomass and are more exploitative on plants, despite their higher rates of intra-guild predation. However, they do not reduce plant biomass because the communities are composed of larger, and thus energetically more efficient, plant and animal species. This plasticity of community body-size structure reconciles the debate on the consequences of animal species loss for primary productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian D Schneider
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (ISEM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, UMR 5554, C.C.065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher, Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller Universtiy Jena, Dornburger-Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Björn C Rall
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher, Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller Universtiy Jena, Dornburger-Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Guill
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box, 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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29
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Turney S, Buddle CM. Pyramids of species richness: the determinants and distribution of species diversity across trophic levels. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Turney
- Dept of Natural Resource Sciences; McGill Univ. Macdonald Campus; 21 111 Lakeshore Road, St. Anne de Bellevue QC H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Christopher M. Buddle
- Dept of Natural Resource Sciences; McGill Univ. Macdonald Campus; 21 111 Lakeshore Road, St. Anne de Bellevue QC H9X 3V9 Canada
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30
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Ibanez S, Arène F, Lavergne S. How phylogeny shapes the taxonomic and functional structure of plant-insect networks. Oecologia 2016; 180:989-1000. [PMID: 26787076 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetically related species share a common evolutionary history and may therefore have similar traits. In terms of interaction networks, where traits are a major determinant, related species should therefore interact with other species which are also related. However, this prediction is challenged by current evidence that there is a weak, albeit significant, phylogenetic signal in species' taxonomic niche, i.e., the identity of interacting species. We studied mutualistic and antagonistic plant-insect interaction networks in species-rich alpine meadows and show that there is instead a very strong phylogenetic signal in species' functional niches-i.e., the mean functional traits of their interactors. This pattern emerges because related species tend to interact with species bearing certain traits that allow biotic interactions (pollination, herbivory) but not necessarily with species from all the same evolutionary lineages. Those traits define a set of potential interactors and show clear patterns of phylogenetic clustering on several portions of plants and insect phylogenies. Thus, this emerging pattern of low phylogenetic signal in taxonomic niches but high phylogenetic signal in functional niches may be driven by the interplay between functional trait convergence across plants' and insects' phylogenies and random sampling of the potential interactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Ibanez
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553, CNRS/Université de Savoie, 73000, Chambéry, France.
| | - Fabien Arène
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553, CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), UMR 5553, CNRS/Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
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31
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Brose U, Blanchard JL, Eklöf A, Galiana N, Hartvig M, R Hirt M, Kalinkat G, Nordström MC, O'Gorman EJ, Rall BC, Schneider FD, Thébault E, Jacob U. Predicting the consequences of species loss using size-structured biodiversity approaches. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:684-697. [PMID: 26756137 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the consequences of species loss in complex ecological communities is one of the great challenges in current biodiversity research. For a long time, this topic has been addressed by traditional biodiversity experiments. Most of these approaches treat species as trait-free, taxonomic units characterizing communities only by species number without accounting for species traits. However, extinctions do not occur at random as there is a clear correlation between extinction risk and species traits. In this review, we assume that large species will be most threatened by extinction and use novel allometric and size-spectrum concepts that include body mass as a primary species trait at the levels of populations and individuals, respectively, to re-assess three classic debates on the relationships between biodiversity and (i) food-web structural complexity, (ii) community dynamic stability, and (iii) ecosystem functioning. Contrasting current expectations, size-structured approaches suggest that the loss of large species, that typically exploit most resource species, may lead to future food webs that are less interwoven and more structured by chains of interactions and compartments. The disruption of natural body-mass distributions maintaining food-web stability may trigger avalanches of secondary extinctions and strong trophic cascades with expected knock-on effects on the functionality of the ecosystems. Therefore, we argue that it is crucial to take into account body size as a species trait when analysing the consequences of biodiversity loss for natural ecosystems. Applying size-structured approaches provides an integrative ecological concept that enables a better understanding of each species' unique role across communities and the causes and consequences of biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia L Blanchard
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point TAS 7004, Australia
| | - Anna Eklöf
- Theoretical Biology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nuria Galiana
- Ecological Networks and Global Change Group, Experimental Ecology Station, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Martin Hartvig
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark.,Systemic Conservation Biology Group, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Myriam R Hirt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gregor Kalinkat
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, 6047, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Marie C Nordström
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Åbo, Finland
| | - Eoin J O'Gorman
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Björn C Rall
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian D Schneider
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, CC065, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Elisa Thébault
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris, UMR 7618 (UPMC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, UPEC, Paris Diderot), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ute Jacob
- Department of Biology, Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), KlimaCampus, University of Hamburg, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
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32
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Joining the dots: An automated method for constructing food webs from compendia of published interactions. FOOD WEBS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
The group model is a useful tool to understand broad-scale patterns of interaction in a network, but it has previously been limited in use to food webs, which contain only predator-prey interactions. Natural populations interact with each other in a variety of ways and, although most published ecological networks only include information about a single interaction type (e.g., feeding, pollination), ecologists are beginning to consider networks which combine multiple interaction types. Here we extend the group model to signed directed networks such as ecological interaction webs. As a specific application of this method, we examine the effects of including or excluding specific interaction types on our understanding of species roles in ecological networks. We consider all three currently available interaction webs, two of which are extended plant-mutualist networks with herbivores and parasitoids added, and one of which is an extended intertidal food web with interactions of all possible sign structures (+/+, -/0, etc.). Species in the extended food web grouped similarly with all interactions, only trophic links, and only nontrophic links. However, removing mutualism or herbivory had a much larger effect in the extended plant-pollinator webs. Species removal even affected groups that were not directly connected to those that were removed, as we found by excluding a small number of parasitoids. These results suggest that including additional species in the network provides far more information than additional interactions for this aspect of network structure. Our methods provide a useful framework for simplifying networks to their essential structure, allowing us to identify generalities in network structure and better understand the roles species play in their communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Sander
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - J. Timothy Wootton
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stefano Allesina
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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35
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Selection on stability across ecological scales. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:417-25. [PMID: 26067808 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Much of the focus in evolutionary biology has been on the adaptive differentiation among organisms. It is equally important to understand the processes that result in similarities of structure among systems. Here, we discuss examples of similarities occurring at different ecological scales, from predator-prey relations (attack rates and handling times) through communities (food-web structures) to ecosystem properties. Selection among systemic configurations or patterns that differ in their intrinsic stability should lead generally to increased representation of relatively stable structures. Such nonadaptive, but selective processes that shape ecological communities offer an enticing mechanism for generating widely observed similarities, and have sparked new interest in stability properties. This nonadaptive systemic selection operates not in opposition to, but in parallel with, adaptive evolution.
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36
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Gauzens B, Thébault E, Lacroix G, Legendre S. Trophic groups and modules: two levels of group detection in food webs. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:20141176. [PMID: 25878127 PMCID: PMC4424665 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within food webs, species can be partitioned into groups according to various criteria. Two notions have received particular attention: trophic groups (TGs), which have been used for decades in the ecological literature, and more recently, modules. The relationship between these two group concepts remains unknown in empirical food webs. While recent developments in network theory have led to efficient methods for detecting modules in food webs, the determination of TGs (groups of species that are functionally similar) is largely based on subjective expert knowledge. We develop a novel algorithm for TG detection. We apply this method to empirical food webs and show that aggregation into TGs allows for the simplification of food webs while preserving their information content. Furthermore, we reveal a two-level hierarchical structure where modules partition food webs into large bottom-top trophic pathways, whereas TGs further partition these pathways into groups of species with similar trophic connections. This provides new perspectives for the study of dynamical and functional consequences of food-web structure, bridging topological and dynamical analysis. TGs have a clear ecological meaning and are found to provide a trade-off between network complexity and information loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Gauzens
- UMR 7618-iEES Paris (CNRS, UPMC, UPEC, Paris Diderot, IRD, INRA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Bâtiment A, 7 quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France UMR 6553 Ecobio, Université de Rennes 1, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex, France
| | - Elisa Thébault
- UMR 7618-iEES Paris (CNRS, UPMC, UPEC, Paris Diderot, IRD, INRA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Bâtiment A, 7 quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Gérard Lacroix
- UMR 7618-iEES Paris (CNRS, UPMC, UPEC, Paris Diderot, IRD, INRA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Bâtiment A, 7 quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France UMS 3194 (CNRS, ENS), CEREEP - Ecotron Ile De France, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 78 rue du Château, 77140 St-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Stéphane Legendre
- UMR 8197 IBENS (CNRS, ENS), École Normale Supérieure, 46, rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France
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37
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Comparing the conservatism of ecological interactions in plant–pollinator and plant–herbivore networks. POPUL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-014-0473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Poisot T, Stouffer DB, Gravel D. Beyond species: why ecological interaction networks vary through space and time. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Poisot
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences; Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Daniel B. Stouffer
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Sciences; Montréal, QC Canada
- Dept of Biology; Univ. du Québec à Rimouski; Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1 Canada
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Rohr RP, Bascompte J. Components of Phylogenetic Signal in Antagonistic and Mutualistic Networks. Am Nat 2014; 184:556-64. [DOI: 10.1086/678234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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40
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Staniczenko PPA, Smith MJ, Allesina S. Selecting food web models using normalized maximum likelihood. Methods Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip P. A. Staniczenko
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Chicago; 1101 E 57th Street Chicago IL 60637 USA
| | - Matthew J. Smith
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Stefano Allesina
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
- Computation Institute; University of Chicago; 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago IL 60637 USA
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41
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Gravel D, Poisot T, Albouy C, Velez L, Mouillot D. Inferring food web structure from predator-prey body size relationships. Methods Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie; Université du Québec à Rimouski; 300 Allée des Ursulines G5L 3A1 Québec Canada
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science
| | - Timothée Poisot
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie; Université du Québec à Rimouski; 300 Allée des Ursulines G5L 3A1 Québec Canada
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science
| | - Camille Albouy
- UMR CNRS-UM2-IRD-IFREMER 5119 ECOSYM; Université Montpellier 2, CC 093 34095 Montpellier Cedex5 France
- Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Marins Exploités UMR 212; IRD, IFREMER, UMII, UMI; avenue Jean Monnet BP171 34203 Sete Cedex France
| | - Laure Velez
- UMR CNRS-UM2-IRD-IFREMER 5119 ECOSYM; Université Montpellier 2, CC 093 34095 Montpellier Cedex5 France
| | - David Mouillot
- UMR CNRS-UM2-IRD-IFREMER 5119 ECOSYM; Université Montpellier 2, CC 093 34095 Montpellier Cedex5 France
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies; James Cook University; Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
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42
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Lin Y, Sutherland WJ. Color and degree of interspecific synchrony of environmental noise affect the variability of complex ecological networks. Ecol Modell 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Subsidies to predators, apparent competition and the phylogenetic structure of prey communities. Oecologia 2013; 173:997-1007. [PMID: 23649751 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystems are fragmented by natural and anthropogenic processes that affect organism movement and ecosystem dynamics. When a fragmentation restricts predator but not prey movement, then the prey produced on one side of an ecosystem edge can subsidize predators on the other side. When prey flux is high, predator density on the receiving side increases above that possible by in situ prey productivity, and when low, the formerly subsidized predators can impose strong top-down control of in situ prey--in situ prey experience apparent competition from the subsidy. If predators feed on some evolutionary clades of in situ prey over others, then subsidy-derived apparent competition will induce phylogenetic structure in prey composition. Dams fragment the serial nature of river ecosystems by prohibiting movement of organisms and restricting flowing water. In the river tailwater just below a large central Mexican dam, fish density was high and fish gorged on reservoir-derived zooplankton. When the dam was closed, water flow and the zooplankton subsidy ceased, densely packed pools of fish formed, fish switched to feed on in situ prey, and the tailwater macroinvertebrate community was phylogenetic structured. We derived expectations of structure from trait-based community assembly models based on macroinvertebrate body size, tolerance to anthropogenic disturbance, and fish-diet selectivity. The diet-selectivity model best fit the observed tailwater phylogenetic structure. Thus, apparent competition from subsidies phylogenetically structures prey communities, and serial variation in phylogenetic community structure can be indicative of fragmentation in formerly continuous ecosystems.
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45
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Solow AR, Solow AR. A Bayesian approach to finding groups in a food web. Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2013.820391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A food web describes the feeding links between species in a community. The species in many food webs are organized into groups of highly linked species that are weakly linked to species in other groups. A Bayesian approach to identifying such groups in an observed food web is described. This approach extends a previous non-Bayesian one that does not exploit information about the relatively high density of links within groups and relatively low density between groups. Under the new approach, this information is encoded through prior distributions for within- and between-group link densities. The approach is shown to work well on simulated food webs. Results are presented of the application of the method to the Coachella Valley desert food web.
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46
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Sáyago R, Lopezaraiza-Mikel M, Quesada M, Álvarez-Añorve MY, Cascante-Marín A, Bastida JM. Evaluating factors that predict the structure of a commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte network. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20122821. [PMID: 23407832 PMCID: PMC3574374 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A central issue in ecology is the understanding of the establishment of biotic interactions. We studied the factors that affect the assembly of the commensalistic interactions between vascular epiphytes and their host plants. We used an analytical approach that considers all individuals and species of epiphytic bromeliads and woody hosts and non-hosts at study plots. We built models of interaction probabilities among species to assess if host traits and abundance and spatial overlap of species predict the quantitative epiphyte-host network. Species abundance, species spatial overlap and host size largely predicted pairwise interactions and several network metrics. Wood density and bark texture of hosts also contributed to explain network structure. Epiphytes were more common on large hosts, on abundant woody species, with denser wood and/or rougher bark. The network had a low level of specialization, although several interactions were more frequent than expected by the models. We did not detect a phylogenetic signal on the network structure. The effect of host size on the establishment of epiphytes indicates that mature forests are necessary to preserve diverse bromeliad communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sáyago
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México
- Unidad Académica en Desarrollo Sustentable, Campus Costa Grande, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Carretera Nacional Acapulco Zihuatanejo Km 106+900, Colonia Las Tunas, Tecpan de Galeana, Guerrero 40900, México
| | - Martha Lopezaraiza-Mikel
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México
| | - Mariana Yolotl Álvarez-Añorve
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México
| | | | - Jesus Ma. Bastida
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la Huerta, Morelia, Michoacán 58190, México
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Eklöf A, Jacob U, Kopp J, Bosch J, Castro-Urgal R, Chacoff NP, Dalsgaard B, de Sassi C, Galetti M, Guimarães PR, Lomáscolo SB, Martín González AM, Pizo MA, Rader R, Rodrigo A, Tylianakis JM, Vázquez DP, Allesina S. The dimensionality of ecological networks. Ecol Lett 2013; 16:577-83. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eklöf
- Department of Ecology & Evolution; University of Chicago; Chicago; IL; USA
| | - Ute Jacob
- Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science; Hamburg; Germany
| | - Jason Kopp
- Department of Ecology & Evolution; University of Chicago; Chicago; IL; USA
| | - Jordi Bosch
- CREAF - Ecology Unit; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Rocío Castro-Urgal
- Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avanc¸ats (CSIC-UIB); Mallorca, Balearic Islands; Spain
| | - Natacha P. Chacoff
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas, CONICET; Mendoza; Argentina
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Center for Macroecology; Evolution and Climate; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Claudio de Sassi
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury; Canterbury; New Zealand
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Departamento de Ecologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista; Rio Claro; Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia; I.B; Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo; Brazil
| | | | | | - Marco Aurelio Pizo
- Departamento de Zoologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Romina Rader
- Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology; Stockholm University; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Anselm Rodrigo
- CREAF - Ecology Unit; Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Jason M. Tylianakis
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury; Canterbury; New Zealand
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Naisbit RE, Rohr RP, Rossberg AG, Kehrli P, Bersier LF. Phylogeny versus body size as determinants of food web structure. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3291-7. [PMID: 22628467 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Food webs are the complex networks of trophic interactions that stoke the metabolic fires of life. To understand what structures these interactions in natural communities, ecologists have developed simple models to capture their main architectural features. However, apparently realistic food webs can be generated by models invoking either predator-prey body-size hierarchies or evolutionary constraints as structuring mechanisms. As a result, this approach has not conclusively revealed which factors are the most important. Here we cut to the heart of this debate by directly comparing the influence of phylogeny and body size on food web architecture. Using data from 13 food webs compiled by direct observation, we confirm the importance of both factors. Nevertheless, phylogeny dominates in most networks. Moreover, path analysis reveals that the size-independent direct effect of phylogeny on trophic structure typically outweighs the indirect effect that could be captured by considering body size alone. Furthermore, the phylogenetic signal is asymmetric: closely related species overlap in their set of consumers far more than in their set of resources. This is at odds with several food web models, which take only the view-point of consumers when assigning interactions. The echo of evolutionary history clearly resonates through current food webs, with implications for our theoretical models and conservation priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell E Naisbit
- Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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49
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Stouffer DB, Sales-Pardo M, Sirer MI, Bascompte J. Evolutionary Conservation of Species' Roles in Food Webs. Science 2012; 335:1489-92. [PMID: 22442483 DOI: 10.1126/science.1216556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Stouffer
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
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