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Martinez Q, Amson E, Ruf I, Smith TD, Pirot N, Broyon M, Lebrun R, Captier G, Gascó Martín C, Ferreira G, Fabre PH. Turbinal bones are still one of the last frontiers of the tetrapod skull: hypotheses, challenges and perspectives. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 39092480 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Turbinals are bony or cartilaginous structures that are present in the nasal cavity of most tetrapods. They are involved in key functions such as olfaction, heat, and moisture conservation, as well as protection of the respiratory tract. Despite recent studies that challenged long-standing hypotheses about their physiological and genomic correlation, turbinals remain largely unexplored, particularly for non-mammalian species. Herein, we review and synthesise the current knowledge of turbinals using an integrative approach that includes comparative anatomy, physiology, histology and genomics. In addition, we provide synonyms and correspondences of tetrapod turbinals from about 80 publications. This work represents a first step towards drawing hypotheses of homology for the whole clade, and provides a strong basis to develop new research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Martinez
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution (ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS-IRD-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon-CC 064 - 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, DE-70191, Germany
| | - Eli Amson
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, DE-70191, Germany
| | - Irina Ruf
- Abteilung Messelforschung und Mammalogie, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
- Research Center of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Jilin University, Changchun, 130026, China
| | - Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA, 16057, USA
| | - Nelly Pirot
- BioCampus Montpellier (BCM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, 34090, France
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Université de Montpellier, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), INSERM, Montpellier, 34298, France
| | - Morgane Broyon
- BioCampus Montpellier (BCM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, 34090, France
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Université de Montpellier, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), INSERM, Montpellier, 34298, France
| | - Renaud Lebrun
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution (ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS-IRD-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon-CC 064 - 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Guillaume Captier
- Laboratoire d'anatomie, UFR médecine, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, 34060, France
- Département chirurgie pédiatrique, CHU Montpellier, université Montpellier, Montpellier, 34295, France
| | | | - Gabriel Ferreira
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 727074, Germany
- Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 727074, Germany
| | - Pierre-Henri Fabre
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution (ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS-IRD-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon-CC 064 - 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Mammal Section, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5DB, UK
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, 75231, France
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy), American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, 79th St, New York, NY, 10024-5192, USA
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Martinez Q, Amson E, Laska M. Does the number of functional olfactory receptor genes predict olfactory sensitivity and discrimination performance in mammals? J Evol Biol 2024; 37:238-247. [PMID: 38297391 DOI: 10.1093/jeb/voae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The number of functional genes coding for olfactory receptors differs markedly between species and has repeatedly been suggested to be predictive of a species' olfactory capabilities. To test this assumption, we compiled a database of all published olfactory detection threshold values in mammals and used three sets of data on olfactory discrimination performance that employed the same structurally related monomolecular odour pairs with different mammal species. We extracted the number of functional olfactory receptor genes of the 20 mammal species for which we found data on olfactory sensitivity and/or olfactory discrimination performance from the Chordata Olfactory Receptor Database. We found that the overall olfactory detection thresholds significantly correlate with the number of functional olfactory receptor genes. Similarly, the overall proportion of successfully discriminated monomolecular odour pairs significantly correlates with the number of functional olfactory receptor genes. These results provide the first statistically robust evidence for the relationship between olfactory capabilities and their genomics correlates. However, when analysed individually, of the 44 monomolecular odourants for which data on olfactory sensitivity from at least five mammal species are available, only five yielded a significant correlation between olfactory detection thresholds and the number of functional olfactory receptors genes. Also, for the olfactory discrimination performance, no significant correlation was found for any of the 74 relationships between the proportion of successfully discriminated monomolecular odour pairs and the number of functional olfactory receptor genes. While only a rather limited amount of data on olfactory detection thresholds and olfactory discrimination scores in a rather limited number of mammal species is available so far, we conclude that the number of functional olfactory receptor genes may be a predictor of olfactory sensitivity and discrimination performance in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli Amson
- Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Smith TD, Santana SE, Eiting TP. Ecomorphology and sensory biology of bats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2660-2669. [PMID: 37656052 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This special issue of The Anatomical Record is inspired by and dedicated to Professor Kunwar P. Bhatnagar, whose lifelong interests in biology, and long career studying bats, inspired many and advanced our knowledge of the world's only flying mammals. The 15 articles included here represent a broad range of investigators, treading topics familiar to Prof. Bhatnagar, who was interested in seemingly every aspect of bat biology. Key topics include broad themes of bat development, sensory systems, and specializations related to flight and diet. These articles paint a complex picture of the fascinating adaptations of bats, such as rapid fore limb development, ear morphologies relating to echolocation, and other enhanced senses that allow bats to exploit niches in virtually every part of the world. In this introduction, we integrate and contextualize these articles within the broader story of bat ecomorphology, providing an overview of each of the key themes noted above. This special issue will serve as a springboard for future studies both in bat biology and in the broader world of mammalian comparative anatomy and ecomorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas P Eiting
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
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Yohe LR, Krell NT. An updated synthesis of and outstanding questions in the olfactory and vomeronasal systems in bats: Genetics asks questions only anatomy can answer. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:2765-2780. [PMID: 37523493 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The extensive diversity observed in bat nasal chemosensory systems has been well-documented at the histological level. Understanding how this diversity evolved and developing hypotheses as to why particular patterns exist require a phylogenetic perspective, which was first outlined in the work of anatomist Kunwar Bhatnagar. With the onset of genetics and genomics, it might be assumed that the puzzling patterns observed in the morphological data have been clarified. However, there is still a widespread mismatch of genetic and morphological correlations among bat chemosensory systems. Novel genomic evidence has set up new avenues to explore that demand more evidence from anatomical structures. Here, we outline the progress that has been made in both morphological and molecular studies on the olfactory and vomeronasal systems in bats since the work of Bhatnagar. Genomic data of olfactory and vomeronasal receptors demonstrate the strong need for further morphological sampling, with a particular focus on receiving brain regions, glands, and ducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
- North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas T Krell
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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Zamora-Perarnau C, Malvè M, Fernández-Parra R. Computational fluid dynamics comparison of the upper airway velocity, pressure, and resistance in cats using an endotracheal tube or a supraglottic airway device. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1183223. [PMID: 37818391 PMCID: PMC10561303 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1183223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intoduction In veterinary medicine, airway management of cats under general anesthesia is performed with an endotracheal tube (ETT) or supraglottic airway device (SGAD). This study aims to describe the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to assess the velocities, pressures, and resistances of cats with ETT or SGAD. Methods A geometrical reconstruction model of the device, trachea, and lobar bronchi was carried out from computed tomography (CT) scans that include the head, neck, and thorax. Twenty CT scans of cats under general anesthesia using ETT (n = 10) and SGAD (n = 10) were modeled and analyzed. An inspiratory flow of 2.4 L/min was imposed in each model and velocity (m/s), general and regional pressures (cmH2O) were computed. General resistance (cmH2O/L/min) was calculated using differential pressure differences between the device inlet and lobar bronchi. Additionally, regional resistances were calculated at the device's connection with the breathing circuit (region A), at the glottis area for the SGAD, and the area of the ETT exit (bevel) (region B) and the device itself (region C). Results Recirculatory flow and high velocities were found at the ETT's bevel and at the glottis level in the SGAD group. The pressure gradient (Δp) was more enhanced in the ETT cases compared with the SGAD cases, where the pressure change was drastic. In region A, the Δp was higher in the ETT group, while in regions B and C, it was higher in the SGAD group. The general resistance was not statistically significant between groups (p = 0.48). Higher resistances were found at the region A (p = <0.001) in the ETT group. In contrast, the resistance was higher in the SGAD cases at the region B (p = 0.001). Discussion Overall, the provided CT-based CFD analysis demonstrated regional changes in airway pressure and resistance between ETT and SGAD during anesthetic flow conditions. Correct selection of the airway device size is recommended to avoid upper airway obstruction or changes in flow parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zamora-Perarnau
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
- Veterinary Referral Hospital UCV, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mauro Malvè
- Department of Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Fernández-Parra
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
- Veterinary Referral Hospital UCV, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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Bourke JM, Witmer LM. Soft tissues influence nasal airflow in diapsids: Implications for dinosaurs. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21619. [PMID: 37585224 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The nasal passage performs multiple functions in amniotes, including olfaction and thermoregulation. These functions would have been present in extinct animals as well. However, fossils preserve only low-resolution versions of the nasal passage due to loss of soft-tissue structures after death. To test the effects of these lower resolution models on interpretations of nasal physiology, we performed a broadly comparative analysis of the nasal passages in extant diapsid representatives, e.g., alligator, turkey, ostrich, iguana, and a monitor lizard. Using computational fluid dynamics, we simulated airflow through 3D reconstructed models of the different nasal passages and compared these soft-tissue-bounded results to similar analyses of the same airways under the lower-resolution limits imposed by fossilization. Airflow patterns in these bony-bounded airways were more homogeneous and slower flowing than those of their soft-tissue counterparts. These data indicate that bony-bounded airway reconstructions of extinct animal nasal passages are far too conservative and place overly restrictive physiological limitations on extinct species. In spite of the diverse array of nasal passage shapes, distinct similarities in airflow were observed, including consistent areas of nasal passage constriction such as the junction of the olfactory region and main airway. These nasal constrictions can reasonably be inferred to have been present in extinct taxa such as dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Bourke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Lawrence M Witmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Wu Z, Jiang J, Lischka FW, McGrane SJ, Porat-Mesenco Y, Zhao K. Domestic cat nose functions as a highly efficient coiled parallel gas chromatograph. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011119. [PMID: 37384594 PMCID: PMC10309622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The peripheral structures of mammalian sensory organs often serve to support their functionality, such as alignment of hair cells to the mechanical properties of the inner ear. Here, we examined the structure-function relationship for mammalian olfaction by creating an anatomically accurate computational nasal model for the domestic cat (Felis catus) based on high resolution microCT and sequential histological sections. Our results showed a distinct separation of respiratory and olfactory flow regimes, featuring a high-speed dorsal medial stream that increases odor delivery speed and efficiency to the ethmoid olfactory region without compromising the filtration and conditioning purpose of the nose. These results corroborated previous findings in other mammalian species, which implicates a common theme to deal with the physical size limitation of the head that confines the nasal airway from increasing in length infinitely as a straight tube. We thus hypothesized that these ethmoid olfactory channels function as parallel coiled chromatograph channels, and further showed that the theoretical plate number, a widely-used indicator of gas chromatograph efficiency, is more than 100 times higher in the cat nose than an "amphibian-like" straight channel fitting the similar skull space, at restful breathing state. The parallel feature also reduces airflow speed within each coil, which is critical to achieve the high plate number, while feeding collectively from the high-speed dorsal medial stream so that total odor sampling speed is not sacrificed. The occurrence of ethmoid turbinates is an important step in the evolution of mammalian species that correlates to their expansive olfactory function and brain development. Our findings reveal novel mechanisms on how such structure may facilitate better olfactory performance, furthering our understanding of the successful adaptation of mammalian species, including F. catus, a popular pet, to diverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jianbo Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fritz W. Lischka
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Scott J. McGrane
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Yael Porat-Mesenco
- MJ Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Kim K, Zhao K. A Nasal Aerodynamics Perspective of Retronasal Olfaction: Rodents vs. Humans. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2022; 15:124-134. [PMID: 37192933 PMCID: PMC10168102 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-022-09300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Odor perception can be achieved through ortho or retronasal routes, with the latter being an important component of flavor perception. There are significant olfactory differences that exist between rats and humans and by understanding the role of structural differences, further insight can be gained into the mechanism of odorant perception via ortho or retronasal routes. Methods 3D human and rat (Sprague Dawley) computational models were used to investigate nasal anatomy impact on ortho vs. retronasal odorant transport to the olfactory epithelium. The nasal pharynx region was modified for human and rat models to probe nasal structure impact on ortho vs retro olfaction. 65 odorant absorption rates to the olfactory epithelium were extracted from each model. Results For human, the retronasal route provided higher peak odorant absorption compared to orthonasal route (left: 90% higher, right: 45% higher), but substantially lowered peak absorption for rat (medial: 97% lower, lateral: 75% lower). For both models, anatomical modification had minimal impact to orthonasal routes, but substantially modulated the retronasal route: decrease (left: -41.4%, right: -44.2%) for human, and increase to the medial (29.5%) but not to lateral (-14.3%) for rat. Conclusions There exist key differences between humans and rats regarding retro/orthonasal odorant transport routes, which matched well with experimental olfactory bulb activity data in literature. Implications While humans have equivalent odorant delivery between routes, the difference in retro and orthonasal routes in rodents is substantial and changes to the transverse lamina above the nasopharynx can substantially modulate the retronasal route, but not enough to bridge the gap between the two routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghyun Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Brokaw AF, Smotherman M. Olfactory tracking strategies in a neotropical fruit bat. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb231829. [PMID: 33536298 PMCID: PMC7904095 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.231829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have characterized olfactory-tracking behaviors in animals, and it has been proposed that search strategies may be generalizable across a wide range of species. Olfaction is important for fruit- and nectar-feeding bats, but it is uncertain whether existing olfactory search models can predict the strategies of flying mammals that emit echolocation pulses through their nose. Quantitative assessments of how well echolocating bats track and localize odor sources are lacking, so we developed a behavioral assay to characterize the olfactory detection and tracking behavior of crawling northern yellow-shouldered bats (Sturnira parvidens), a common neotropical frugivore. Trained bats were presented with a choice between control and banana-odor-infused solutions in a series of experiments that confirmed that bats are able to locate a reward based on odor cues alone and examined the effect of odor concentration on olfactory search behaviors. Decision distance (the distance from which bats made their change in direction before directly approaching the target) was distinctly bimodal, with an observed peak that coincided with an inflection point in the odor concentration gradient. We observed two main search patterns that are consistent with both serial sampling and learned route-following strategies. These results support the hypothesis that bats can combine klinotaxis with spatial awareness of experimental conditions to locate odor sources, similar to terrestrial mammals. Contrary to existing models, bats did not display prominent head-scanning behaviors during their final approach, which may be due to constraints of nasal-emitted biosonar for orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson F Brokaw
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Michael Smotherman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Sicard RM, Frank-Ito DO. Role of nasal vestibule morphological variations on olfactory airflow dynamics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 82:105282. [PMID: 33548767 PMCID: PMC8294407 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conductive mechanisms of olfaction are typically given little priority in the evaluation of olfactory function. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of nasal vestibule morphological variations on airflow volume at the olfactory recess in healthy subjects. METHODS Anatomically realistic three-dimensional nasal airway models were constructed from computed tomography scans in five subjects. Each individual's unilateral nasal cavity (10 total) was classified according to the shape of their nasal vestibule: Standard, Notched, or Elongated. Nasal airflow simulations were performed using computational fluid dynamics modeling at two inspiratory flow rates (15 L/min and 30 L/min) to reflect resting and moderate breathing rates. Olfactory airflow volume and cross-sectional flow resistance were computed. FINDINGS Average olfactory airflow volumes (and percent airflow in olfactory) were: 0.25 L/min to 0.64 L/min (3.0%-7.7%; 15 L/min simulations) and 0.53 L/min to 1.30 L/min (3.2%-7.8%; 30 L/min simulations) for Standard; 0.13 L/min - 0.47 L/min (2.0%-6.8%; 15 L/min simulations) and 0.06 L/min - 0.82 L/min (1.7%-6.1%; 30 L/min simulations) for Notched; and 0.07 L/min - 0.39 L/min (1.2%-5.4%; 15 L/min simulations) and 0.30 L/min - 0.99 L/min (2.1%-6.7%; 30 L/min simulations) for Elongated. On average, relative difference in olfactory resistance between left and right sides was 141.5% for patients with different unilateral phenotypes and 82.2% for patients with identical unilateral phenotype. INTERPRETATION Olfactory cleft airflow volume was highest in the Standard nasal vestibule phenotype, followed by Notched phenotype for 15 L/min simulations and Elongated phenotype for 30 L/min simulations. Further, intra-patient variation in olfactory cleft airflow resistance differs greatly for patients with different unilateral phenotypes compared to patients with identical unilateral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Sicard
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dennis O Frank-Ito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Computational Biology & Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Pellón JJ, Rivero J, Williams M, Flores M. Trophic relationships within the genus Carollia (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) in a premontane forest of central Peru. J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Assemblages of Neotropical frugivorous bats are structured as a function of the fruit diets of species; however, ecological relationships among closely related species largely remain unknown. This study evaluated the trophic relations among three species of Carollia in a premontane forest of central Peru. To accomplish this, we first determined the diet composition of frugivorous bats to build a bat–fruit interaction network. We then assessed the trophic structure of the bat assemblage using a modularity analysis in the network. Carollia brevicauda and Carollia perspicillata were grouped apart from Carollia benkeithi. This partition occurred because the diet of C. benkeithi was more specialized, characterized by two Piper species, a Cyclanthaceae species, and Banara guianensis. Moreover, C. benkeithi, in contrast to its congeners, did not consume fruits of Ficus or Cecropia (canopy resources). This result and available information on the ecology of Carollia species suggest that small species of Carollia are more likely to carry out most of their feeding activities in the understory than are large species of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Pellón
- Departamento de Mastozoología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal y Biorremediación Luis Basto Acosta, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
| | - Jorge Rivero
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal y Biorremediación Luis Basto Acosta, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
| | - Marta Williams
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal y Biorremediación Luis Basto Acosta, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
| | - Mercedes Flores
- Herbario MOL-Weberbauer, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú
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Smith TD, Curtis A, Bhatnagar KP, Santana SE. Fissures, folds, and scrolls: The ontogenetic basis for complexity of the nasal cavity in a fruit bat (Rousettus leschenaultii). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:883-900. [PMID: 32602652 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian nasal capsule development has been described in only a few cross-sectional age series, rendering it difficult to infer developmental mechanisms that influence adult morphology. Here we examined a sample of Leschenault's rousette fruit bats (Rousettus leschenaultii) ranging in age from embryonic to adult (n = 13). We examined serially sectioned coronal histological specimens and used micro-computed tomography scans to visualize morphology in two older specimens. We found that the development of the nasal capsule in Rousettus proceeds similarly to many previously described mammals, following a general theme in which the central (i.e., septal) region matures into capsular cartilage before peripheral regions, and rostral parts of the septum and paries nasi mature before caudal parts. The ossification of turbinals also generally follows a rostral to the caudal pattern. Our results suggest discrete mechanisms for increasing complexity of the nasal capsule, some of which are restricted to the late embryonic and early fetal timeframe, including fissuration and mesenchymal proliferation. During fetal and early postnatal ontogeny, appositional and interstitial chondral growth of cartilage modifies the capsular template. Postnatally, appositional bone growth and pneumatization render greater complexity to individual structures and spaces. Future studies that focus on the relative contribution of each mechanism during development may draw critical inferences how nasal morphology is reflective of, or deviates from the original fetal template. A comparison of other chiropterans to nasal development in Rousettus could reveal phylogenetic patterns (whether ancestral or derived) or the developmental basis for specializations relating to respiration, olfaction, or laryngeal echolocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail Curtis
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kunwar P Bhatnagar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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13
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Brokaw AF, Smotherman M. Role of ecology in shaping external nasal morphology in bats and implications for olfactory tracking. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226689. [PMID: 31914127 PMCID: PMC6948747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animals display morphological adaptations of the nose that improve their ability to detect and track odors. Bilateral odor sampling improves an animals' ability to navigate using olfaction and increased separation of the nostrils facilitates olfactory source localization. Many bats use odors to find food and mates and bats display an elaborate diversity of facial features. Prior studies have quantified how variations in facial features correlate with echolocation and feeding ecology, but surprisingly none have asked whether bat noses might be adapted for olfactory tracking in flight. We predicted that bat species that rely upon odor cues while foraging would have greater nostril separation in support of olfactory tropotaxis. Using museum specimens, we measured the external nose and cranial morphology of 40 New World bat species. Diet had a significant effect on external nose morphology, but contrary to our predictions, insectivorous bats had the largest relative separation of nostrils, while nectar feeding species had the narrowest nostril widths. Furthermore, nasal echolocating bats had significantly narrower nostrils than oral emitting bats, reflecting a potential trade-off between sonar pulse emission and stereo-olfaction in those species. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the evolutionary interactions between olfaction and echolocation in shaping the external morphology of a facial feature using modern phylogenetic comparative methods. Future work pairing olfactory morphology with tracking behavior will provide more insight into how animals such as bats integrate olfactory information while foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson F. Brokaw
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Smotherman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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14
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Yohe LR, Hoffmann S, Curtis A. Vomeronasal and Olfactory Structures in Bats Revealed by DiceCT Clarify Genetic Evidence of Function. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:32. [PMID: 29867373 PMCID: PMC5953337 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The degree to which molecular and morphological loss of function occurs synchronously during the vestigialization of traits is not well understood. The mammalian vomeronasal system, a sense critical for mediating many social and reproductive behaviors, is highly conserved across mammals. New World Leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are under strong selection to maintain a functional vomeronasal system such that most phyllostomids possess a distinct vomeronasal organ and an intact TRPC2, a gene encoding a protein primarily involved in vomeronasal sensory neuron signal transduction. Recent genetic evidence, however, shows that TRPC2 is a pseudogene in some Caribbean nectarivorous phyllostomids. The loss-of-function mutations suggest the sensory neural tissue of the vomeronasal organ is absent in these species despite strong selection on this gene in its mainland relatives, but the anatomy was unknown in most Caribbean nectarivorous phyllostomids until this study. We used diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) to test whether the vomeronasal and main olfactory anatomy of several phyllostomid species matched genetic evidence of function, providing insight into whether loss of a structure is linked to pseudogenization of a molecular component of the system. The vomeronasal organ is indeed rudimentary or absent in species with a disrupted TRPC2 gene. Caribbean nectar-feeders also exhibit derived olfactory turbinal morphology and a large olfactory recess that differs from closely related bats that have an intact vomeronasal organ, which may hint that the main olfactory system may compensate for loss. We emphasize non-invasive diceCT is capable of detecting the vomeronasal organ, providing a feasible approach for quantifying mammalian chemosensory anatomy across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Simone Hoffmann
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Abigail Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Curtis AA, Simmons NB. Unique Turbinal Morphology in Horseshoe Bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 300:309-325. [PMID: 27863117 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian nasal fossa contains a set of delicate and often structurally complex bones called turbinals. Turbinals and associated mucosae function in regulating respiratory heat and water loss, increasing surface area for olfactory tissue, and directing airflow within the nasal fossa. We used high-resolution micro-CT scanning to investigate a unique maxilloturbinal morphology in 37 species from the bat family Rhinolophidae, which we compared with those of families Hipposideridae, Megadermatidae, and Pteropodidae. Rhinolophids exhibit numerous structural modifications along the nasopharyngeal tract associated with emission of high duty cycle echolocation calls via the nostrils. In rhinolophids, we found that the maxilloturbinals and a portion of ethmoturbinal I form a pair of strand-like bony structures on each side of the nasal chamber. These structures project anteriorly from the transverse lamina and complete a hairpin turn to project posteriorly down the nasopharyngeal duct, and vary in length among species. The strand-like maxilloturbinals in Rhinolophidae were not observed in our outgroups and represent a synapomorphy for this family, and are unique in form among mammals. Within Rhinolophidae, maxilloturbinal size and cross-sectional shape were correlated with phylogeny. We hypothesize that strand-shaped maxilloturbinals may function to reduce respiratory heat and water loss without greatly impacting echolocation call transmission since they provide increased mucosal surface area for heat and moisture exchange but occupy minimal space. Alternatively, they may play a role in transmission of echolocation calls since they are located directly along the path sound travels between the larynx and nostrils during call emission. Anat Rec, 300:309-325, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Curtis
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024
| | - Nancy B Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024
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16
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Rowe TB, Shepherd GM. Role of ortho-retronasal olfaction in mammalian cortical evolution. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:471-95. [PMID: 25975561 PMCID: PMC4898483 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Fossils of mammals and their extinct relatives among cynodonts give evidence of correlated transformations affecting olfaction as well as mastication, head movement, and ventilation, and suggest evolutionary coupling of these seemingly separate anatomical regions into a larger integrated system of ortho-retronasal olfaction. Evidence from paleontology and physiology suggests that ortho-retronasal olfaction played a critical role at three stages of mammalian cortical evolution: early mammalian brain development was driven in part by ortho-retronasal olfaction; the bauplan for neocortex had higher-level association functions derived from olfactory cortex; and human cortical evolution was enhanced by ortho-retronasal smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B. Rowe
- Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712 USA
| | - Gordon M. Shepherd
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510 USA
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