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Cyriac VP, Mohan AV, Dinesh KP, Torsekar V, Jayarajan A, Swamy P, Vijayakumar SP, Shanker K. Diversifying in the mountains: spatiotemporal diversification of frogs in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. Evolution 2024; 78:701-715. [PMID: 38252792 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Mountain ranges are hotspots of biodiversity. However, the mechanisms that generate biodiversity patterns in different mountainous regions and taxa are not apparent. The Western Ghats (WG) escarpment in India is a globally recognized biodiversity hotspot with high species richness and endemism. Most studies have either invoked paleoclimatic conditions or climatic stability in the southern WG refugium to explain this high diversity and endemism. However, the factors driving macroevolutionary change remain unexplored for most taxa. Here, we generated the most comprehensive dated phylogeny to date for ranoid frogs in the WG and tested the role of paleoclimatic events or climatic stability in influencing frog diversification. We found that the diversity of different ranoid frog clades in the WG either accumulated at a constant rate through time or underwent a decrease in speciation rates around 3-2.5 Ma during the Pleistocene glaciation cycles. We also find no significant difference in diversification rate estimates across elevational gradients and the three broad biogeographic zones in the WG (northern, central, and southern WG). However, time-for-speciation explained regional species richness within clades, wherein older lineages have more extant species diversity. Overall, we find that global paleoclimatic events have had little impact on WG frog diversification throughout most of its early history until the Quaternary and that the WG may have been climatically stable allowing lineages to accumulate and persist over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Philip Cyriac
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - K P Dinesh
- Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Varun Torsekar
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Aditi Jayarajan
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Biology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Priyanka Swamy
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - S P Vijayakumar
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kartik Shanker
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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2
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Saha A, Bellucci A, Fratini S, Cannicci S, Ciofi C, Iannucci A. Ecological factors and parity mode correlate with genome size variation in squamate reptiles. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:69. [PMID: 38053023 PMCID: PMC10696768 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of correlation between genome size, the nuclear haploid DNA content of a cell, environmental factors and life-history traits have been reported in many animal species. Genome size, however, spans over three orders of magnitude across taxa and such a correlation does not seem to follow a universal pattern. In squamate reptiles, the second most species-rich order of vertebrates, there are currently no studies investigating drivers of genome size variability. We run a series of phylogenetic generalized least-squares models on 227 species of squamates to test for possible relationships between genome size and ecological factors including latitudinal distribution, bioclimatic variables and microhabitat use. We also tested whether genome size variation can be associated with parity mode, a highly variable life history trait in this order of reptiles. RESULTS The best-fitting model showed that the interaction between microhabitat use and parity mode mainly accounted for genome size variation. Larger genome sizes were found in live-bearing species that live in rock/sand ecosystems and in egg-laying arboreal taxa. On the other hand, smaller genomes were found in fossorial live-bearing species. CONCLUSIONS Environmental factors and species parity mode appear to be among the main parameters explaining genome size variation in squamates. Our results suggest that genome size may favour adaptation of some species to certain environments or could otherwise result from the interaction between environmental factors and parity mode. Integration of genome size and genome sequencing data could help understand the role of differential genome content in the evolutionary process of genome size variation in squamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Saha
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sara Fratini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Cannicci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Ciofi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Alessio Iannucci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
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Climatic variation along the distributional range in Cuban Anolis lizards: species and ecomorphs under future scenarios of climate change. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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4
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Wu H, Gao S, Xia L, Li P. Evolutionary rates of body-size-related genes and ecological factors involved in driving body size evolution of squamates. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1007409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size is one of the most important traits of an organism. Among reptiles, both lizards and snakes show body size differences that span a similar six orders of magnitude variation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying body size variation in squamates remain obscure. Here, we performed comparative genomic analyses of 101 body-size-related genes from 28 reptilian genomes. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood (PAML) revealed that snakes showed higher evolutionary rates in body-size-related genes, and had an almost two-fold increase in the number of positively selected genes (∼20.3%) compared with lizards (∼8.9%). The high similarities in dN/dS values were obtained between the branches of large-bodied lizards and large-bodied snakes by Spearman correlation analysis. Combining the results from site model, branch-site model and clade model analyses, we found some key genes regulating the evolution of body size in squamates, such as COL10A1, GHR, NPC1, GALNS, CDKN2C, FBN1, and LCORL. Phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) indicated that AKT1, BMP1, IGF1, SOX5, SOX7 in lizards and BMP5, BMP7, GPC6, SH2B3, SOX17 in snakes were significantly correlated with body length and body mass. Furthermore, ecological factors had varying degrees of impact on body size and the evolutionary rate of body-size-related genes in squamates. Intriguingly, climate had little effect on body size of lizards and snakes, but the contribution of climate-related factors to the variation in evolutionary rate of body-size-related genes were relatively higher. Our study lays a foundation for a comprehensive understanding of genetic mechanisms of body size evolution in squamates during the process of adapting to terrestrial life.
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Camurugi F, Oliveira EF, Lima GS, Marques R, Magalhães FM, Colli GR, Mesquita DO, Garda AA. Isolation by distance and past climate resistance shaped the distribution of genealogical lineages of a neotropical lizard. SYST BIODIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2022.2084470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Camurugi
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliana F. Oliveira
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S. Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Felipe M. Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ecology and Evolution, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Guarino R. Colli
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Daniel O. Mesquita
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Adrian A. Garda
- Departamento Botânica e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Casadei‐Ferreira A, Feitosa RM, Pie MR. Size and shape in the evolution of the worker head in
Pheidole
ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Casadei‐Ferreira
- Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná Brazil
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Onna Okinawa Japan
| | - R. M. Feitosa
- Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - M. R. Pie
- Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Centro Politécnico Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Paraná Brazil
- Biology Department Edge Hill University Ormskirk Lancashire UK
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The role of climate and islands in species diversification and reproductive-mode evolution of Old World tree frogs. Commun Biol 2022; 5:347. [PMID: 35411020 PMCID: PMC9001633 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Large diversifications of species are known to occur unevenly across space and evolutionary lineages, but the relative importance of their driving mechanisms, such as climate, ecological opportunity and key evolutionary innovations (KEI), remains poorly understood. Here, we explore the remarkable diversification of rhacophorid frogs, which represent six percent of global amphibian diversity, utilize four distinct reproductive modes, and span a climatically variable area across mainland Asia, associated continental islands, and Africa. Using a complete species-level phylogeny, we find near-constant diversification rates but a highly uneven distribution of species richness. Montane regions on islands and some mainland regions have higher phylogenetic diversity and unique assemblages of taxa; we identify these as cool-wet refugia. Starting from a centre of origin, rhacophorids reached these distant refugia by adapting to new climatic conditions (‘niche evolution’-dominant), especially following the origin of KEIs such as terrestrial reproduction (in the Late Eocene) or by dispersal during periods of favourable climate (‘niche conservatism’-dominant). By examining climate, geographical and phylogenetic data, the diversification and evolution of rhacophorid frogs is explored
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Mejía O, Martínez-Méndez N, Pérez-Miranda F, Matamoros WA. Climatic niche evolution of a widely distributed Neotropical freshwater fish clade. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of climate in the speciation process has been documented widely in ectotherms but poorly in freshwater fishes, which represent the richest clade among vertebrates. In this study, we have evaluated the occurrence of phylogenetic niche evolution as a promoter of diversification in the herichthyines (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) clade. We used distributional and bioclimatic data, niche modelling algorithms and phylogenetic comparative methods to study patterns of climatic niche evolution in the herichthyines clade. Our results suggested that herichthyines display signals of phylogenetic niche conservatism, but also signals of niche evolution in the last 14 Myr associated with the availability of new habitats promoting ecological opportunity within the clade. We also concluded that niche conservatism is equally strong in the fundamental and realized niches, which indicates a need to evaluate the potential role of biotic interactions in the evolution of the niche in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mejía
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norberto Martínez-Méndez
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fabian Pérez-Miranda
- Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Chiapas, México
| | - Wilfredo A Matamoros
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Chiapas, México
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10
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11
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Barreto E, Rangel TF, Coelho MTP, Cassemiro FAS, Zimmermann NE, Graham CH. Spatial variation in direct and indirect effects of climate and productivity on species richness of terrestrial tetrapods. GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY : A JOURNAL OF MACROECOLOGY 2021; 30:1899-1908. [PMID: 34588924 PMCID: PMC8457120 DOI: 10.1111/geb.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to dissect the spatial variation of the direct and indirect effects of climate and productivity on global species richness of terrestrial tetrapods. LOCATION Global. TIME PERIOD Present. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED Terrestrial tetrapods. METHODS We used a geographically weighted path analysis to estimate and map the direct and indirect effects of temperature, precipitation and primary productivity on species richness of terrestrial tetrapods across the globe. RESULTS We found that all relationships shift in magnitude, and even in direction, among taxonomic groups, geographical regions and connecting paths. Direct effects of temperature and precipitation are generally stronger than both indirect effects mediated by productivity and direct effects of productivity. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Richness gradients seem to be driven primarily by effects of climate on organismal physiological limits and metabolic rates rather than by the amount of productive energy. Reptiles have the most distinct relationships across tetrapods, with a clear latitudinal pattern in the importance of temperature versus water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barreto
- Programa de pós‐graduação em Ecologia e EvoluçãoUniversidade Federal de GoiásGoiâniaBrazil
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and LandscapeBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Thiago F. Rangel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and LandscapeBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Departamento de EcologiaUniversidade Federal de GoiásGoiâniaBrazil
| | - Marco Túlio P. Coelho
- Programa de pós‐graduação em Ecologia e EvoluçãoUniversidade Federal de GoiásGoiâniaBrazil
| | - Fernanda A. S. Cassemiro
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and LandscapeBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Departamento de EcologiaUniversidade Federal de GoiásGoiâniaBrazil
| | | | - Catherine H. Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and LandscapeBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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12
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Pie MR, Divieso R, Caron FS. The evolution of climatic niche breadth in terrestrial vertebrates. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcio R. Pie
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | - Raquel Divieso
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | - Fernanda S. Caron
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
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13
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Folk RA, Siniscalchi CM. Biodiversity at the global scale: the synthesis continues. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:912-924. [PMID: 34181762 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the generation and use of biodiversity data and their associated specimen objects have been primarily the purview of individuals and small research groups. While deposition of data and specimens in herbaria and other repositories has long been the norm, throughout most of their history, these resources have been accessible only to a small community of specialists. Through recent concerted efforts, primarily at the level of national and international governmental agencies over the last two decades, the pace of biodiversity data accumulation has accelerated, and a wider array of biodiversity scientists has gained access to this massive accumulation of resources, applying them to an ever-widening compass of research pursuits. We review how these new resources and increasing access to them are affecting the landscape of biodiversity research in plants today, focusing on new applications across evolution, ecology, and other fields that have been enabled specifically by the availability of these data and the global scope that was previously beyond the reach of individual investigators. We give an overview of recent advances organized along three lines: broad-scale analyses of distributional data and spatial information, phylogenetic research circumscribing large clades with comprehensive taxon sampling, and data sets derived from improved accessibility of biodiversity literature. We also review synergies between large data resources and more traditional data collection paradigms, describe shortfalls and how to overcome them, and reflect on the future of plant biodiversity analyses in light of increasing linkages between data types and scientists in our field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Folk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Carolina M Siniscalchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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14
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Araya-Donoso R, San Juan E, Tamburrino Í, Lamborot M, Veloso C, Véliz D. Integrating genetics, physiology and morphology to study desert adaptation in a lizard species. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:1148-1162. [PMID: 34048024 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Integration of multiple approaches is key to understand the evolutionary processes of local adaptation and speciation. Reptiles have successfully colonized desert environments, that is, extreme and arid conditions that constitute a strong selective pressure on organisms. Here, we studied genomic, physiological and morphological variations of the lizard Liolaemus fuscus to detect adaptations to the Atacama Desert. By comparing populations of L. fuscus inhabiting the Atacama Desert with populations from the Mediterranean forests from central Chile, we aimed at characterizing features related to desert adaptation. We combined ddRAD sequencing with physiological (evaporative water loss, metabolic rate and selected temperature) and morphological (linear and geometric morphometrics) measurements. We integrated the genomic and phenotypic data using redundancy analyses. Results showed strong genetic divergence, along with a high number of fixed loci between desert and forest populations. Analyses detected 110 fixed and 30 outlier loci located within genes, from which 43 were in coding regions, and 12 presented non-synonymous mutations. The candidate genes were associated with cellular membrane and development. Desert lizards presented lower evaporative water loss than those from the forest. Morphological data showed that desert lizards had smaller body size, different allometry, larger eyeballs and more dorsoventrally compressed heads. Our results suggest incipient speciation between desert and forest populations. The adaptive signal must be cautiously interpreted since genetic drift could also contribute to the divergence pattern. Nonetheless, we propose water and resource availability, and changes in habitat structure, as the most relevant challenges for desert reptiles. This study provides insights of the mechanisms that allow speciation as well as desert adaptation in reptiles at multiple levels, and highlights the benefit of integrating independent evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Araya-Donoso
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio de Ecología y Manejo Sustentable de Islas Oceánicas (ESMOI), Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Esteban San Juan
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ítalo Tamburrino
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Madeleine Lamborot
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Veloso
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Véliz
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio de Ecología y Manejo Sustentable de Islas Oceánicas (ESMOI), Departamento de Biología Marina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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15
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Do Geographic Range Sizes Evolve Faster in Endotherms? Evol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-021-09537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Calatayud J, Neuman M, Rojas A, Eriksson A, Rosvall M. Regularities in species' niches reveal the world's climate regions. eLife 2021; 10:58397. [PMID: 33554863 PMCID: PMC7963475 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate regions form the basis of many ecological, evolutionary, and conservation studies. However, our understanding of climate regions is limited to how they shape vegetation: they do not account for the distribution of animals. Here, we develop a network-based framework to identify important climates worldwide based on regularities in realized niches of about 26,000 tetrapods. We show that high-energy climates, including deserts, tropical savannas, and steppes, are consistent across animal- and plant-derived classifications, indicating similar underlying climatic determinants. Conversely, temperate climates differ across all groups, suggesting that these climates allow for idiosyncratic adaptations. Finally, we show how the integration of niche classifications with geographical information enables the detection of climatic transition zones and the signal of geographic and historical processes. Our results identify the climates shaping the distribution of tetrapods and call for caution when using general climate classifications to study the ecology, evolution, or conservation of specific taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Calatayud
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Departamento de Biología, Geología, Física y Química inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magnus Neuman
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alexis Rojas
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anton Eriksson
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Martin Rosvall
- Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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S Meseguer A, Condamine FL. Ancient tropical extinctions at high latitudes contributed to the latitudinal diversity gradient. Evolution 2020; 74:1966-1987. [PMID: 32246727 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Global biodiversity currently peaks at the equator and decreases toward the poles. Growing fossil evidence suggest this hump-shaped latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) has not been persistent through time, with similar diversity across latitudes flattening out the LDG during past greenhouse periods. However, when and how diversity declined at high latitudes to generate the modern LDG remains an open question. Although diversity-loss scenarios have been proposed, they remain mostly undemonstrated. We outline the "asymmetric gradient of extinction and dispersal" framework that contextualizes previous ideas behind the LDG under a time-variable scenario. Using phylogenies and fossils of Testudines, Crocodilia, and Lepidosauria, we find that the hump-shaped LDG could be explained by (1) disproportionate extinctions of high-latitude tropical-adapted clades when climate transitioned from greenhouse to icehouse, and (2) equator-ward biotic dispersals tracking their climatic preferences when tropical biomes became restricted to the equator. Conversely, equivalent diversification rates across latitudes can account for the formation of an ancient flat LDG. The inclusion of fossils in macroevolutionary studies allows revealing time-dependent extinction rates hardly detectable from phylogenies only. This study underscores that the prevailing evolutionary processes generating the LDG during greenhouses differed from those operating during icehouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Meseguer
- INRA, UMR 1062 Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (INRA | IRD | CIRAD | Montpellier SupAgro), Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
- CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier | CNRS | IRD | EPHE), Montpellier, France
- Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid (RJB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier | CNRS | IRD | EPHE), Montpellier, France
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18
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Qu YF, Wiens JJ. Higher temperatures lower rates of physiological and niche evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200823. [PMID: 32673554 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding rates and patterns of change in physiological and climatic-niche variables is of urgent importance as many species are increasingly threatened by rising global temperatures. Here, we broadly test several fundamental hypotheses about physiological and niche evolution for the first time (with appropriate phylogenetic methods), using published data from 2059 vertebrate species. Our main results show that: (i) physiological tolerances to heat evolve more slowly than those to cold, (ii) the hottest climatic-niche temperatures change more slowly than the coldest climatic-niche temperatures, and (iii) physiological tolerances to heat and cold evolve more slowly than the corresponding climatic-niche variables. Physiological tolerances are significantly and positively related to the corresponding climatic-niche variables, but species often occur in climates outside the range of these tolerances. However, mismatches between climate and physiology do not necessarily mean that the climatic-niche data are misleading. Instead, some standard physiological variables used in vertebrates (i.e. critical thermal maxima and minima) may reflect when species are active (daily, seasonally) and their local-scale microhabitats (sun versus shade), rather than their large-scale climatic distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fu Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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19
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Weaver S, Shepard DB, Kozak KH. Developmental life history is associated with variation in rates of climatic niche evolution in a salamander adaptive radiation. Evolution 2020; 74:1804-1814. [PMID: 32323308 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rates of climatic niche evolution vary widely across the tree of life and are strongly associated with rates of diversification among clades. However, why the climatic niche evolves more rapidly in some clades than others remains unclear. Variation in life history traits often plays a key role in determining the environmental conditions under which species can survive, and therefore, could impact the rate at which lineages can expand in available climatic niche space. Here, we explore the relationships among life-history variation, climatic niche breadth, and rates of climatic niche evolution. We reconstruct a phylogeny for the genus Desmognathus, an adaptive radiation of salamanders distributed across eastern North America, based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Using this phylogeny, we estimate rates of climatic niche evolution for species with long, short, and no aquatic larval stage. Rates of climatic niche evolution are unrelated to the mean climatic niche breadth of species with different life histories. Instead, we find that the evolution of a short larval period promotes greater exploration of climatic space, leading to increased rates of climatic niche evolution across species having this trait. We propose that morphological and physiological differences associated with variation in larval stage length underlie the heterogeneous ability of lineages to explore climatic niche space. Rapid rates of climatic niche evolution among species with short larval periods were an important dimension of the clade's adaptive radiation and likely contributed to the rapid rate of lineage accumulation following the evolution of an aquatic life history in this clade. Our results show how variation in a key life-history trait can constrain or promote divergence of the climatic niche, leading to variation in rates of climatic niche evolution among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Weaver
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Graduate Program, 140 Gortner Lab, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108
| | - Donald B Shepard
- School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, 71272
| | - Kenneth H Kozak
- Bell Museum and Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108
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20
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Adams DC, Collyer ML. Phylogenetic Comparative Methods and the Evolution of Multivariate Phenotypes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary biology is multivariate, and advances in phylogenetic comparative methods for multivariate phenotypes have surged to accommodate this fact. Evolutionary trends in multivariate phenotypes are derived from distances and directions between species in a multivariate phenotype space. For these patterns to be interpretable, phenotypes should be characterized by traits in commensurate units and scale. Visualizing such trends, as is achieved with phylomorphospaces, should continue to play a prominent role in macroevolutionary analyses. Evaluating phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) models (e.g., phylogenetic analysis of variance and regression) is valuable, but using parametric procedures is limited to only a few phenotypic variables. In contrast, nonparametric, permutation-based PGLS methods provide a flexible alternative and are thus preferred for high-dimensional multivariate phenotypes. Permutation-based methods for evaluating covariation within multivariate phenotypes are also well established and can test evolutionary trends in phenotypic integration. However, comparing evolutionary rates and modes in multivariate phenotypes remains an important area of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C. Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Michael L. Collyer
- Department of Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
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21
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Varzinczak LH, Moura MO, Passos FC. Shifts to multiple optima underlie climatic niche evolution in New World phyllostomid bats. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Climate underlies species distribution patterns, especially in species where climate limits distributions, such as the phyllostomid bats, which are mostly restricted to the New World tropics. The evolutionary dynamics that shaped phyllostomid climatic niches remain unclear, and a broad phylogenetic perspective is required to uncover their patterns. We used geographical distributions and evolutionary relationships of 130 species, climate data and phylogenetic comparative methods to uncover dynamics of phyllostomid climatic niche evolution. Diversification of climatic niches began early in phyllostomid evolution (~34 Mya), with most changes taking place ~20 Mya. Although most of these bats were found in tropical regions, shifts towards different evolutionary optima were common. Shifts were mostly towards temperate climates, reflecting complexities in phyllostomid evolution highlighted by the probable role of species-specific adaptations to cope with these climates, the influence of palaeoclimatic events, and biogeographical effects related to the evolution and dispersal of clades in the New World. Our results broaden our understanding of the relationships between phyllostomid bats and climate, filling an important gap in knowledge and suggesting a complex evolution in their occupation of the climatic niche space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H Varzinczak
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mauricio O Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Passos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Department of Zoology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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22
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Martínez-Méndez N, Mejía O, Ortega J, Méndez-de la Cruz F. Climatic niche evolution in the viviparous Sceloporus torquatus group (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). PeerJ 2019; 6:e6192. [PMID: 30643683 PMCID: PMC6330044 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cold-climate hypothesis maintains that viviparity arose as a means to prevent increased egg mortality in nests owing to low temperatures, and this hypothesis represents the primary and most strongly supported explanation for the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. In this regard, certain authors have stated that viviparous species will exhibit speciation via climatic niche conservatism, with similar climatic niches being observed in allopatric sister species. However, this prediction remains to be tested with bioclimatic variables relevant to each viviparous group. In the present study, we examined climatic niche evolution in a group of North American viviparous lizards to determine whether their diversification is linked to phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC). We evaluated the phylogenetic signal and trait evolution of individual bioclimatic variables and principal component (PC) scores of a PC analysis, along with reconstructions of ancestral climate tolerances. The results suggest that diversification of the Sceloporus torquatus group species is associated with both niche differentiation and PNC. Furthermore, we did not observe PNC across nearly all bioclimatic variables and in PC2 and PC3. However, in Precipitation Seasonality (Bio15), in Precipitation of Coldest Quarter (Bio19) and in PC1 (weakly associated with variability of temperature), we did observe PNC. Additionally, variation of the scores along the phylogeny and Pagel's delta (δ) >1 of PC3 suggests a fast, recent evolution to dry conditions in the clade that sustains S. serrifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Martínez-Méndez
- Departamento de Zoología, Laboratorio de Bioconservación y Manejo, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Omar Mejía
- Departamento de Zoología, Laboratorio de Variación y Evolución, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jorge Ortega
- Departamento de Zoología, Laboratorio de Bioconservación y Manejo, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fausto Méndez-de la Cruz
- Departamento de Zoología, Laboratorio de Herpetología, Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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23
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Rodrigues JFM, Villalobos F, Iverson JB, Diniz-Filho JAF. Climatic niche evolution in turtles is characterized by phylogenetic conservatism for both aquatic and terrestrial species. J Evol Biol 2018; 32:66-75. [PMID: 30387214 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how the climatic niche of species evolved has been a topic of high interest in current theoretical and applied macroecological studies. However, little is known regarding how species traits might influence climatic niche evolution. Here, we evaluated patterns of climatic niche evolution in turtles (tortoises and freshwater turtles) and whether species habitat (terrestrial or aquatic) influences these patterns. We used phylogenetic, climatic and distribution data for 261 species to estimate their climatic niches. Then, we compared whether niche overlap between sister species was higher than between random species pairs and evaluated whether niche optima and rates varied between aquatic and terrestrial species. Sister species had higher values of niche overlap than random species pairs, suggesting phylogenetic climatic niche conservatism in turtles. The climatic niche evolution of the group followed an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model with different optimum values for aquatic and terrestrial species, but we did not find consistent evidence of differences in their rates of climatic niche evolution. We conclude that phylogenetic climatic niche conservatism occurs among turtle species. Furthermore, terrestrial and aquatic species occupy different climatic niches but these seem to have evolved at similar evolutionary rates, reinforcing the importance of habitat in understanding species climatic niches and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Fabrício M Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - John B Iverson
- Department of Biology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana
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24
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Jezkova T, Wiens JJ. Testing the role of climate in speciation: New methods and applications to squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2754-2769. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Jezkova
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona
- Department of Biology Miami University Oxford Ohio
| | - John J. Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona Tucson Arizona
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25
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García-Navas V, Rodríguez-Rey M. The Evolution of Climatic Niches and its Role in Shaping Diversity Patterns in Diprotodontid Marsupials. J MAMM EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-018-9435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Roth-Monzón AJ, Mendoza-Hernández AA, Flores-Villela O. Amphibian and reptile biodiversity in the semi-arid region of the municipality of Nopala de Villagrán, Hidalgo, Mexico. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4202. [PMID: 29312825 PMCID: PMC5756618 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current global changes are putting both biodiversity and the processes that depend on it at risk. This is especially true for semi-arid regions and the flagship groups that inhabit them, such as amphibians and reptiles. Semi-arid regions are often thought to have lower biodiversity and thus have been overlooked, resulting in the underestimation of their biological richness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct an inventory of amphibians and reptiles in the semi-arid municipality of Nopala de Villagrán, Mexico, and analyze its biodiversity in relation to the seasons, vegetation and microhabitat. During a year of fieldwork, we found 24 species in the area, most of them of low abundance, and one of which was recorded for the first time for the state of Hidalgo. We documented five amphibian species and 19 reptile species. We also found that observed species richness was higher in the rainy season and in xeric scrub vegetation, although only the season differences were significant according to rarefaction curves. Our findings highlight the importance of seasonality and vegetation type for the species that inhabit this semi-arid region. This study broadens our understanding of the importance of semi-arid regions and, by extension, that of other areas with similar characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Roth-Monzón
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Current affiliation: Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | | | - Oscar Flores-Villela
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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