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Guinot G, Condamine FL. Global impact and selectivity of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction among sharks, skates, and rays. Science 2023; 379:802-806. [PMID: 36821692 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The Cretaceous-Paleogene event was the last mass extinction event, yet its impact and long-term effects on species-level marine vertebrate diversity remain largely uncharacterized. We quantified elasmobranch (sharks, skates, and rays) speciation, extinction, and ecological change resulting from the end-Cretaceous event using >3200 fossil occurrences and 675 species spanning the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene interval at global scale. Elasmobranchs declined by >62% at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and did not fully recover in the Paleocene. The end-Cretaceous event triggered a heterogeneous pattern of extinction, with rays and durophagous species reaching the highest levels of extinction (>72%) and sharks and nondurophagous species being less affected. Taxa with large geographic ranges and/or those restricted to high-latitude settings show higher survival. The Cretaceous-Paleogene event drastically altered the evolutionary history of marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Guinot
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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2
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Flannery-Sutherland JT, Silvestro D, Benton MJ. Global diversity dynamics in the fossil record are regionally heterogeneous. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2751. [PMID: 35585069 PMCID: PMC9117201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Global diversity patterns in the fossil record comprise a mosaic of regional trends, underpinned by spatially non-random drivers and distorted by variation in sampling intensity through time and across space. Sampling-corrected diversity estimates from spatially-standardised fossil datasets retain their regional biogeographic nuances and avoid these biases, yet diversity-through-time arises from the interplay of origination and extinction, the processes that shape macroevolutionary history. Here we present a subsampling algorithm to eliminate spatial sampling bias, coupled with advanced probabilistic methods for estimating origination and extinction rates and a Bayesian method for estimating sampling-corrected diversity. We then re-examine the Late Permian to Early Jurassic marine fossil record, an interval spanning several global biotic upheavals that shaped the origins of the modern marine biosphere. We find that origination and extinction rates are regionally heterogenous even during events that manifested globally, highlighting the need for spatially explicit views of macroevolutionary processes through geological time. Global diversity trends in the fossil record vary regionally through time and space, affecting our ability to interpret macroevolutionary history. Here, the authors propose a method to eliminate spatial sampling bias, estimate origination and extinction rates, and generate diversity estimates, applying this method to the Late Permian to Early Jurassic marine fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Global Gothenburg Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Kocsis ÁT, Reddin CJ, Scotese CR, Valdes PJ, Kiessling W. Increase in marine provinciality over the last 250 million years governed more by climate change than plate tectonics. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211342. [PMID: 34403638 PMCID: PMC8370804 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amidst long-term fluctuations of the abiotic environment, the degree to which life organizes into distinct biogeographic provinces (provinciality) can reveal the fundamental drivers of global biodiversity. Our understanding of present-day biogeography implies that changes in the distribution of continents across climatic zones have predictable effects on habitat distribution, dispersal barriers and the evolution of provinciality. To assess marine provinciality through the Phanerozoic, here we (a) simulate provinces based on palaeogeographic reconstructions and global climate models and (b) contrast them with empirically derived provinces that we define using network analysis of fossil occurrences. Simulated and empirical patterns match reasonably well and consistently suggest a greater than 15% increase in provinciality since the Mesozoic era. Although both factors played a role, the simulations imply that the effect of the latitudinal temperature gradient has been twice as important in determining marine provinciality as continental configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám T Kocsis
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstraße 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- MTA-MTM-ELTE Research Group for Paleontology, PO box 137, 1431 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carl J Reddin
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstraße 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Museum für Naturkunde, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher R Scotese
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3130, USA
| | - Paul J Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Wolfgang Kiessling
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstraße 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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4
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A multiscale view of the Phanerozoic fossil record reveals the three major biotic transitions. Commun Biol 2021; 4:309. [PMID: 33686149 PMCID: PMC7977041 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of the Great Evolutionary Faunas is a foundational concept of macroevolutionary research postulating that three global mega-assemblages have dominated Phanerozoic oceans following abrupt biotic transitions. Empirical estimates of this large-scale pattern depend on several methodological decisions and are based on approaches unable to capture multiscale dynamics of the underlying Earth-Life System. Combining a multilayer network representation of fossil data with a multilevel clustering that eliminates the subjectivity inherent to distance-based approaches, we demonstrate that Phanerozoic oceans sequentially harbored four global benthic mega-assemblages. Shifts in dominance patterns among these global marine mega-assemblages were abrupt (end-Cambrian 494 Ma; end-Permian 252 Ma) or protracted (mid-Cretaceous 129 Ma), and represent the three major biotic transitions in Earth’s history. Our findings suggest that gradual ecological changes associated with the Mesozoic Marine Revolution triggered a protracted biotic transition comparable in magnitude to the end-Permian transition initiated by the most severe biotic crisis of the past 500 million years. Overall, our study supports the notion that both long-term ecological changes and major geological events have played crucial roles in shaping the mega-assemblages that dominated Phanerozoic oceans. Rojas et al. present a new multi-scale model that reveals the three major biotic transitions of the Phanerozoic fossil record. This new model supports the hypothesis that both long-term ecological changes and major geological events played crucial roles in shaping ocean mega-assemblages through the Phanerozoic.
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Darroch SAF, Fraser D, Casey MM. The preservation potential of terrestrial biogeographic patterns. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202927. [PMID: 33622123 PMCID: PMC7935024 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction events in the geological past are similar to the present-day biodiversity crisis in that they have a pronounced biogeography, producing dramatic changes in the spatial distributions of species. Reconstructing palaeobiogeographic patterns from fossils therefore allows us to examine the long-term processes governing the formation of regional biotas, and potentially helps build spatially explicit models for future biodiversity loss. However, the extent to which biogeographic patterns can be preserved in the fossil record is not well understood. Here, we perform a suite of simulations based on the present-day distribution of North American mammals, aimed at quantifying the preservation potential of beta diversity and spatial richness patterns over extinction events of varying intensities, and after applying a stepped series of taphonomic filters. We show that taphonomic biases related to body size are the biggest barrier to reconstructing biogeographic patterns over extinction events, but that these may be compensated for by both the small mammal record preserved in bird castings, as well as range expansion in surviving species. Overall, our results suggest that the preservation potential of biogeographic patterns is surprisingly high, and thus that the fossil record represents an invaluable dataset recording the changing spatial distribution of biota over key intervals in Earth History.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A F Darroch
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 5726 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Senckenberg Museum of Natural History, Frankfurt 60325, Germany
| | - Danielle Fraser
- Department of Palaeobiology, Canadian Museum of Nature, 240 McLeod Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2P 2R1.,Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.,Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.,Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution NW, Washington, DC 20560-0121, USA
| | - Michelle M Casey
- Department of Physics, Astronomy and Geosciences, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252, USA
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Darroch SAF, Casey MM, Antell GS, Sweeney A, Saupe EE. High Preservation Potential of Paleogeographic Range Size Distributions in Deep Time. Am Nat 2020; 196:454-471. [PMID: 32970459 DOI: 10.1086/710176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractReconstructing geographic range sizes from fossil data is a crucial tool in paleoecology, elucidating macroecological and macroevolutionary processes. Studies examining links between range size and extinction risk may also offer a predictive tool for identifying species most vulnerable in the "sixth mass extinction." However, the extent to which paleogeographic ranges can be recorded reliably in the fossil record is unknown. We perform simulation-based extinction experiments to examine (1) the fidelity of paleogeographic range size preservation in deep time, (2) the relative performance of different methods for reconstructing range size, and (3) the reliability of detecting patterns of extinction "selectivity" on range size. Our results suggest both that relative paleogeographic range size can be consistently reconstructed and that selectivity patterns on range size can be preserved under many extinction intensities, even when sedimentary rocks are scarce. By identifying patterns of selectivity across Earth's history, paleontologists can thus augment neontological work that aims to predict and prevent extinctions of living species. Last, we find that introducing "false extinctions" in the fossil record can produce spurious range-selectivity signals. Errors in the temporal ranges of species may pose a larger barrier to reconstructing range size-extinction risk signals than the spatial distribution of fossiliferous sediments.
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Muscente AD, Bykova N, Boag TH, Buatois LA, Mángano MG, Eleish A, Prabhu A, Pan F, Meyer MB, Schiffbauer JD, Fox P, Hazen RM, Knoll AH. Ediacaran biozones identified with network analysis provide evidence for pulsed extinctions of early complex life. Nat Commun 2019; 10:911. [PMID: 30796215 PMCID: PMC6384941 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rocks of Ediacaran age (~635–541 Ma) contain the oldest fossils of large, complex organisms and their behaviors. These fossils document developmental and ecological innovations, and suggest that extinctions helped to shape the trajectory of early animal evolution. Conventional methods divide Ediacaran macrofossil localities into taxonomically distinct clusters, which may represent evolutionary, environmental, or preservational variation. Here, we investigate these possibilities with network analysis of body and trace fossil occurrences. By partitioning multipartite networks of taxa, paleoenvironments, and geologic formations into community units, we distinguish between biostratigraphic zones and paleoenvironmentally restricted biotopes, and provide empirically robust and statistically significant evidence for a global, cosmopolitan assemblage unique to terminal Ediacaran strata. The assemblage is taxonomically depauperate but includes fossils of recognizable eumetazoans, which lived between two episodes of biotic turnover. These turnover events were the first major extinctions of complex life and paved the way for the Cambrian radiation of animals. The Ediacara biota—the first large, complex organisms to evolve on Earth—disappeared prior to the radiation of animals during the Cambrian Period. Here, Muscente et al. perform network analysis of Ediacaran fossils and show that there were two global extinction events before the Cambrian radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Muscente
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. .,Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geoscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Natalia Bykova
- Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Thomas H Boag
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Luis A Buatois
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7n 5E2, Canada
| | - M Gabriela Mángano
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7n 5E2, Canada
| | - Ahmed Eleish
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Jonsson-Rowland Science Center, 1W19, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Anirudh Prabhu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Jonsson-Rowland Science Center, 1W19, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Feifei Pan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Jonsson-Rowland Science Center, 1W19, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Michael B Meyer
- Earth and Environmental Science Program, Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, PA, 17101, USA
| | - James D Schiffbauer
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,X-ray Microanalysis Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Peter Fox
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Jonsson-Rowland Science Center, 1W19, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert M Hazen
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, 5251 Broad Branch Road, Washington, D.C, 20015, USA
| | - Andrew H Knoll
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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