1
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Yang M, Cheng G, Mathur N, Singha R, Yuan F, Yao N, Schoop LM. Chemical exfoliation of 1-dimensional antiferromagnetic nanoribbons from a non-van der Waals material. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:479-486. [PMID: 38258388 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00408b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
As the demand for increasingly varied types of 1-dimensional (1D) materials grows, there is a greater need for new methods to synthesize these types of materials in a simple and scalable way. Chemical exfoliation is commonly used to make 2-dimensional (2D) materials, often in a way that is both straightforward and suitable for making larger quantities, yet this method has thus far been underutilized for synthesizing 1D materials. In the few instances when chemical exfoliation has been used to make 1D materials, the starting compound has been a van der Waals material, thus excluding any structures without these weak bonds inherently present. We demonstrate here that ionically bonded crystals can also be chemically exfoliated to 1D structures by choosing KFeS2 as an example. Using chemical exfoliation, antiferromagnetic 1D nanoribbons can be yielded in a single step. The nanoribbons are crystalline and closely resemble the parent compound both in structure and in intrinsic antiferromagnetism. The facile chemical exfoliation of an ionically bonded crystal shown in this work opens up opportunities for the synthesis of both magnetic and non-magnetic 1D nanomaterials from a greater variety of starting structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | | | - Nitish Mathur
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Ratnadwip Singha
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Nan Yao
- Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Leslie M Schoop
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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2
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Castillo-Sepúlveda S, Corona RM, Saavedra E, Laroze D, Espejo AP, Carvalho-Santos VL, Altbir D. Nucleation and Stability of Toron Chains in Non-Centrosymmetric Magnetic Nanowires. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1816. [PMID: 37368246 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This work analyzes the magnetic configurations of cylindrical nanowires with a bulk Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and easy-plane anisotropy. We show that this system allows the nucleation of a metastable toron chain even when no out-of-plane anisotropy exists in the nanowire's top and bottom surfaces, as usually required. The number of nucleated torons depends on the nanowire length and the strength of an external magnetic field applied to the system. The size of each toron depends on the fundamental magnetic interactions and can be controlled by external stimuli, allowing the use of these magnetic textures as information carriers or nano-oscillator elements. Our results evidence that the topology and structure of the torons yield a wide variety of behaviors, revealing the complex nature of these topological textures, which should present an exciting interaction dynamic, depending on the initial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Castillo-Sepúlveda
- Grupo de Investigación en Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia 7500912, Chile
| | - Rosa M Corona
- Departamento de Física, CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Víctor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Eduardo Saavedra
- Department of Physics, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - David Laroze
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Alvaro P Espejo
- Departamento de Física, CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Víctor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Vagson L Carvalho-Santos
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, Viçosa 36570-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Dora Altbir
- Departamento de Física, CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Víctor Jara 3493, Estación Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile
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3
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Corona RM, Saavedra E, Castillo-Sepulveda S, Escrig J, Altbir D, Carvalho-Santos VL. Curvature-induced stabilization and field-driven dynamics of magnetic hopfions in toroidal nanorings. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:165702. [PMID: 36689765 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Three dimensional magnetic textures are a cornerstone in magnetism research. In this work, we analyze the stabilization and dynamic response of a magnetic hopfion hosted in a toroidal nanoring with intrinsic Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction simulating FeGe. Our results evidence that unlike their planar counterparts, where perpendicular magnetic anisotropies are necessary to stabilize hopfions, the shape anisotropy originated on the torus symmetry naturally yields the nucleation of these topological textures. We also analyze the magnetization dynamical response by applying a magnetic field pulse to differentiate among several magnetic patterns. Finally, to understand the nature of spin wave modes, we analyze the spatial distributions of the resonant mode amplitudes and phases and describe the differences among bulk and surface modes. Importantly, hopfions lying in toroidal nanorings present a non-circularly symmetric poloidal resonant mode, which is not observed in other systems hosting hopfions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Corona
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - E Saavedra
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - S Castillo-Sepulveda
- Departamento de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Avda. Pedro de Valdivia 425, Providencia, Chile
| | - J Escrig
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - D Altbir
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Departamento de Física, Avda. Víctor Jara 3493, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CEDENNA, Avda. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - V L Carvalho-Santos
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Física, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs s/n, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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4
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Makarov D, Volkov OM, Kákay A, Pylypovskyi OV, Budinská B, Dobrovolskiy OV. New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101758. [PMID: 34705309 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro- and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-ready prototypes and eventual products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Barbora Budinská
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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5
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Sanz-Hernández D, Massouras M, Reyren N, Rougemaille N, Schánilec V, Bouzehouane K, Hehn M, Canals B, Querlioz D, Grollier J, Montaigne F, Lacour D. Tunable Stochasticity in an Artificial Spin Network. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008135. [PMID: 33738866 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials present the possibility of artificially generating advanced functionalities through engineering of their internal structure. Artificial spin networks, in which a large number of nanoscale magnetic elements are coupled together, are promising metamaterial candidates that enable the control of collective magnetic behavior through tuning of the local interaction between elements. In this work, the motion of magnetic domain-walls in an artificial spin network leads to a tunable stochastic response of the metamaterial, which can be tailored through an external magnetic field and local lattice modifications. This type of tunable stochastic network produces a controllable random response exploiting intrinsic stochasticity within magnetic domain-wall motion at the nanoscale. An iconic demonstration used to illustrate the control of randomness is the Galton board. In this system, multiple balls fall into an array of pegs to generate a bell-shaped curve that can be modified via the array spacing or the tilt of the board. A nanoscale recreation of this experiment using an artificial spin network is employed to demonstrate tunable stochasticity. This type of tunable stochastic network opens new paths toward post-Von Neumann computing architectures such as Bayesian sensing or random neural networks, in which stochasticity is harnessed to efficiently perform complex computational tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dédalo Sanz-Hernández
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, 91767, France
| | - Maryam Massouras
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Nicolas Reyren
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, 91767, France
| | - Nicolas Rougemaille
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP Institut NEEL, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Vojtěch Schánilec
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Karim Bouzehouane
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, 91767, France
| | - Michel Hehn
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Benjamin Canals
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP Institut NEEL, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Damien Querlioz
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau, 91120, France
| | - Julie Grollier
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, 91767, France
| | - François Montaigne
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Daniel Lacour
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy, F-54000, France
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6
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Hoang DQ, Cao XH, Nguyen HT, Dao VA. Creation and propagation of a single magnetic domain wall in 2D nanotraps with a square injection pad. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:095703. [PMID: 33147576 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc77e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycrystalline permalloy 2D nanotraps with a thickness of 20 nm were studied using a Lorentz microscope associated with micro-magnetic simulations. Each trap was designed to create a single head-to-head domain wall. The traps consist of a few nanowires with an in-plane dimension of w nm × 1000 nm (w = 150, 200 and 250 nm). Some structures with an injection pad were also designed to create a single domain wall and propagate it through the structure with the said injection pad. A few of them were patterned to study the nucleation and propagation behavior of such nucleated domain walls using both horizontal magnetic field and injection pad approaches. The case of a domain wall created at the first corner of the trap with a wire width of 200 nm was systematically studied, while single and multiple domain walls can also be created and propagated with or without an injection structure. The characteristics of such movements were exploited with an emphasis on a single head-to-head domain wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc-Quang Hoang
- Applied Computational Civil and Structural Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho Street, District 7, Ho Chi Minh City 700 000, Vietnam
| | - Xuan-Huu Cao
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550 000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Electrical-Electronic Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550 000, Vietnam
| | - Hoai-Thuong Nguyen
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 700 000, Vietnam
| | - Vinh-Ai Dao
- Faculty of Electrical-Electronic Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550 000, Vietnam
- Future Materials & Devices Laboratory, Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700 000, Vietnam
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7
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Magneto-Transport in Flexible 3D Networks Made of Interconnected Magnetic Nanowires and Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010221. [PMID: 33467036 PMCID: PMC7830720 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical deposition of interconnected nanowires and nanotubes made of ferromagnetic metals into track-etched polycarbonate templates with crossed nanochannels has been revealed suitable for the fabrication of mechanically stable three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures with large surface area. These 3D networks embedded into flexible polymer membranes are also planar and lightweight. This fabrication technique allows for the control of the geometric characteristics and material composition of interconnected magnetic nanowire or nanotube networks, which can be used to fine-tune their magnetic and magneto-transport properties. The magnetostatic contribution to the magnetic anisotropy of crossed nanowire networks can be easily controlled using the diameter, packing density, or angle distribution characteristics. Furthermore, the fabrication of Co and Co-rich NiCo alloy crossed nanowires with textured hcp phases leads to an additional significant magnetocrystalline contribution to the magnetic anisotropy that can either compete or add to the magnetostatic contribution. The fabrication of an interconnected nanotube network has also been demonstrated, where the hollow core and the control over the tube wall thickness add another degree of freedom to control the magnetic properties and magnetization reversal mechanisms. Finally, three-dimensional networks made of interconnected multilayered nanowire with a succession of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic layers have been successfully fabricated, leading to giant magnetoresistance responses measured in the current-perpendicular-to-plane configuration. These interconnected nanowire networks have high potential as integrated, reliable, and stable magnetic field sensors; magnetic devices for memory and logic operations; or neuromorphic computing.
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8
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El Hajraoui K, Robin E, Zeiner C, Lugstein A, Kodjikian S, Rouvière JL, Den Hertog M. In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis of Copper-Germanium Nanowire Solid-State Reaction. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8365-8371. [PMID: 31613639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A promising approach of making high quality contacts on semiconductors is a silicidation (for silicon) or germanidation (for germanium) annealing process, where the metal enters the semiconductor and creates a low resistance intermetallic phase. In a nanowire, this process allows one to fabricate axial heterostructures with dimensions depending only on the control and understanding of the thermally induced solid-state reaction. In this work, we present the first observation of both germanium and copper diffusion in opposite directions during the solid-state reaction of Cu contacts on Ge nanowires using in situ Joule heating in a transmission electron microscope. The in situ observations allow us to follow the reaction in real time with nanometer spatial resolution. We follow the advancement of the reaction interface over time, which gives precious information on the kinetics of this reaction. We combine the kinetic study with ex situ characterization using model-based energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) indicating that both Ge and Cu diffuse at the surface of the created Cu3Ge segment and the reaction rate is limited by Ge surface diffusion at temperatures between 360 and 600 °C. During the reaction, germanide crystals typically protrude from the reacted NW part. However, their formation can be avoided using a shell around the initial Ge NW. Ha direct Joule heating experiments show slower reaction speeds indicating that the reaction can be initiated at lower temperatures. Moreover, they allow combining electrical measurements and heating in a single contacting scheme, rendering the Cu-Ge NW system promising for applications where very abrupt contacts and a perfectly controlled size of the semiconducting region is required. Clearly, in situ TEM is a powerful technique to better understand the reaction kinetics and mechanism of metal-semiconductor phase formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil El Hajraoui
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CNRS, Institut NEEL , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Eric Robin
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CEA, INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Clemens Zeiner
- Institute of Solid State Electronics , TU-Wien - Nanocenter Campus Gußhaus , Gußhausstraße 25-25a , Gebäude-CH, A-1040 Wien , Austria
| | - Alois Lugstein
- Institute of Solid State Electronics , TU-Wien - Nanocenter Campus Gußhaus , Gußhausstraße 25-25a , Gebäude-CH, A-1040 Wien , Austria
| | - Stéphanie Kodjikian
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CNRS, Institut NEEL , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Jean-Luc Rouvière
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CEA, INAC , F-38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Martien Den Hertog
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France
- CNRS, Institut NEEL , F-38000 Grenoble , France
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9
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Functional Ferroic Domain Walls for Nanoelectronics. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12182927. [PMID: 31510049 PMCID: PMC6766344 DOI: 10.3390/ma12182927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A prominent challenge towards novel nanoelectronic technologies is to understand and control materials functionalities down to the smallest scale. Topological defects in ordered solid-state (multi-)ferroic materials, e.g., domain walls, are a promising gateway towards alternative sustainable technologies. In this article, we review advances in the field of domain walls in ferroic materials with a focus on ferroelectric and multiferroic systems and recent developments in prototype nanoelectronic devices.
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10
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El hajraoui K, Luong MA, Robin E, Brunbauer F, Zeiner C, Lugstein A, Gentile P, Rouvière JL, Den Hertog M. In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis of Aluminum-Germanium Nanowire Solid-State Reaction. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2897-2904. [PMID: 30908919 PMCID: PMC6509643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To fully exploit the potential of semiconducting nanowires for devices, high quality electrical contacts are of paramount importance. This work presents a detailed in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of a very promising type of NW contact where aluminum metal enters the germanium semiconducting nanowire to form an extremely abrupt and clean axial metal-semiconductor interface. We study this solid-state reaction between the aluminum contact and germanium nanowire in situ in the TEM using two different local heating methods. Following the reaction interface of the intrusion of Al in the Ge nanowire shows that at temperatures between 250 and 330 °C the position of the interface as a function of time is well fitted by a square root function, indicating that the reaction rate is limited by a diffusion process. Combining both chemical analysis and electron diffraction we find that the Ge of the nanowire core is completely exchanged by the entering Al atoms that form a monocrystalline nanowire with the usual face-centered cubic structure of Al, where the nanowire dimensions are inherited from the initial Ge nanowire. Model-based chemical mapping by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) characterization reveals the three-dimensional chemical cross-section of the transformed nanowire with an Al core, surrounded by a thin pure Ge (∼2 nm), Al2O3 (∼3 nm), and Ge containing Al2O3 (∼1 nm) layer, respectively. The presence of Ge containing shells around the Al core indicates that Ge diffuses back into the metal reservoir by surface diffusion, which was confirmed by the detection of Ge atoms in the Al metal line by EDX analysis. Fitting a diffusion equation to the kinetic data allows the extraction of the diffusion coefficient at two different temperatures, which shows a good agreement with diffusion coefficients from literature for self-diffusion of Al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil El hajraoui
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS,
Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Minh Anh Luong
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA,
INAC, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Robin
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA,
INAC, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Florian Brunbauer
- Institute
for Solid State Electronics, Vienna University
of Technology, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Zeiner
- Institute
for Solid State Electronics, Vienna University
of Technology, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alois Lugstein
- Institute
for Solid State Electronics, Vienna University
of Technology, Floragasse 7, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pascal Gentile
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA,
INAC, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Rouvière
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA,
INAC, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Martien Den Hertog
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS,
Institut NEEL, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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11
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de la Torre Medina J, da Câmara Santa Clara Gomes T, Velázquez Galván YG, Piraux L. Large-scale 3-D interconnected Ni nanotube networks with controlled structural and magnetic properties. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14555. [PMID: 30266959 PMCID: PMC6162309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale, electrically interconnected three-dimensional (3-D) Ni crossed nanotube networks have been fabricated using an electrochemical dealloying method within the crossed nanopores of polymer host membranes. This method paves the way for the easy and cost-effective fabrication of 3-D magnetic NT networks with precise spatial arrangement and diameter and wall thickness of 10-100 nm controlled individually. The excellent control over geometrical parameters and morphological features of the Ni crossed nanotube networks leads to tunable magnetic and magneto-transport properties. Particularly, the low field magneto-transport behavior is consistent with the expected vortex-like states formed in different segments of the nanotube scaffold, whereas nucleation of domain walls at the intersection of the nanowire segments play a dominant role in the solid crossed nanowire networks counterpart. The present 3-D networks of nanomagnets are of special interest due to their potential for memory devices, computing architectures, sensing and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín de la Torre Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales/Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico.
| | | | - Yenni G Velázquez Galván
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Luc Piraux
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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12
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Nhut-Minh Ho V, Duc-Anh Ho L, Tran MT, Cao XH, Dao VA, Tong DH, Ngo DT, Hoang DQ. Exploring characteristics of the corner sections of a domain wall trap nanostructure with the two-field direction method. RSC Adv 2018; 8:41828-41835. [PMID: 35558803 PMCID: PMC9091946 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08528e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2D polycrystalline permalloy domain wall trap nanostructure with a thickness of 20 nm was studied. The structure was alternatively designed and patterned using QCAD/L-Edit software and focused-ion beam technique. With this design, a magnetic domain wall can be created and propagated with a sequence of two-field directions in a Lorentz microscopy. The trap consists of two horizontal nanowires and three 90°-tilted ones. Each nanowire has an in-plane dimension of 200 × 1000 nm2. The trap corners were curved to allow a created domain wall that easily moves through the structure. A head-to-head domain-wall aims to create using a continuous field, this created wall can be propagated in the trap using a sequence of two-field directions. The designed trap was simulated using the Object Oriented Micro-Magnetic Framework software. Lorentz microscopy and simulation results indicate that the propagation of a domain wall is strongly affected by the precise roughness behavior of the trap elements. Domain wall pinning and transformation of wall chirality are sensitively correlated to the corner sections of the trap structure and field directions at a certain regime. Using the two-field direction method enables us to explore characteristics of the corner sections of the patterned trap nanostructure. This study is vital to fabricate an optimal nano-trap which supports a reproducible domain wall motion. This also suggests a useful method for the domain wall propagation using sequences of two-field directions. This work provides a better understanding of wall creation and propagation in polycrystalline permalloy curved nanowires which are of interest for concepts of nonvolatile data storage devices. A domain wall trap structure which supports a reproducible wall motion using the two field direction method with variations of the two field orientation angles (±θ).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Nhut-Minh Ho
- Applied Computational Civil and Structural Engineering Research Group
- Faculty of Civil Engineering
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City 700000
- Vietnam
| | - Le Duc-Anh Ho
- Faculty of Applied Sciences
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City 700000
- Vietnam
| | - Minh-Tung Tran
- Faculty of Civil Engineering
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City 700000
- Vietnam
| | - Xuan-Huu Cao
- Advanced Program in Electronics & Communication Engineering
- Da Nang University of Science and Technology
- Da Nang 550000
- Vietnam
| | - Vinh-Ai Dao
- Future Materials & Devices Laboratory
- Institute for Fundamental and Applied Sciences
- Duy Tan University
- Ho Chi Minh City 700000
- Vietnam
| | - Duy-Hien Tong
- Institute for Computational Science
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City 700000
- Vietnam
| | - Duc-The Ngo
- Electron Microscopy Centre
- School of Materials
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Duc-Quang Hoang
- Applied Computational Civil and Structural Engineering Research Group
- Faculty of Civil Engineering
- Ton Duc Thang University
- Ho Chi Minh City 700000
- Vietnam
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Patsopoulos A, Kechrakos D. Monte Carlo study of the exchange bias effect in Co/CoO core-shell nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:285701. [PMID: 28590939 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa77e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study the magnetic properties of cylindrical ferromagnetic core-antiferromagnetic shell nanowires using Monte Carlo simulations and a classical Heisenberg Hamiltonian in order to elucidate the impact of the oxidized shell on the magnetic properties and the magnetization reversal mechanism. We find that the coupling to the antiferromagnetic shell leads to suppression of the coercivity and emergence of a weak exchange bias effect. Comparison of the magnetization reversal mechanism in the bare and the surface-oxidized nanowire reveals that the domain wall propagation and annihilation remains the dominant reversal mechanism in surface oxidized nanowires as in their ferromagnetic counterparts. However, the interface exchange coupling introduces a secondary reversal mechanism activated in the central part of the wire with characteristics of coherent rotation, which acts in synergy to wall propagation leading to enhancement of the wall mobility. This effect is more pronounced in nanowires with large exchange bias values and is attributed to the uncompensated interface moments that act as nucleation centers for magnetization reversal. Our results are in good agreement with recent measurements in Co and Co/CoO nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patsopoulos
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, GR-15784, Greece
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14
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Fernández-Pacheco A, Streubel R, Fruchart O, Hertel R, Fischer P, Cowburn RP. Three-dimensional nanomagnetism. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15756. [PMID: 28598416 PMCID: PMC5494189 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanostructures are being developed for use in many aspects of our daily life, spanning areas such as data storage, sensing and biomedicine. Whereas patterned nanomagnets are traditionally two-dimensional planar structures, recent work is expanding nanomagnetism into three dimensions; a move triggered by the advance of unconventional synthesis methods and the discovery of new magnetic effects. In three-dimensional nanomagnets more complex magnetic configurations become possible, many with unprecedented properties. Here we review the creation of these structures and their implications for the emergence of new physics, the development of instrumentation and computational methods, and exploitation in numerous applications. Nanoscale magnetic devices play a key role in modern technologies but current applications involve only 2D structures like magnetic discs. Here the authors review recent progress in the fabrication and understanding of 3D magnetic nanostructures, enabling more diverse functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Streubel
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Olivier Fruchart
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble INP, INAC, SPINTEC, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Riccardo Hertel
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Department of Magnetic Objects on the Nanoscale, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter Fischer
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Physics, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Russell P Cowburn
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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15
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da Câmara Santa Clara Gomes T, De La Torre Medina J, Lemaitre M, Piraux L. Magnetic and Magnetoresistive Properties of 3D Interconnected NiCo Nanowire Networks. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:466. [PMID: 27757947 PMCID: PMC5069242 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1679-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Track-etched polymer membranes with crossed nanochannels have been revealed to be most suitable as templates to produce large surface area and mechanically stable 3D interconnected nanowire (NW) networks by electrodeposition. Geometrically controlled NW superstructures made of NiCo ferromagnetic alloys exhibit appealing magnetoresistive properties. The combination of exact alloy compositions with the spatial arrangement of NWs in the 3D network is decisive to obtain specific magnetic and magneto-transport behavior. A proposed simple model based on topological aspects of the 3D NW networks is used to accurately determine the anisotropic magnetoresistance ratios. Despite of their complex topology, the microstructure of Co-rich NiCo NW networks display mixed fcc-hcp phases with the c-axis of the hcp phase oriented perpendicular to their axis. These interconnected NW networks have high potential as reliable and stable magnetic field sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joaquín De La Torre Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales - Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701 Col. Ex Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190, Mexico.
| | - Matthieu Lemaitre
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium
| | - Luc Piraux
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium
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16
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Hayward TJ. Intrinsic Nature of Stochastic Domain Wall Pinning Phenomena in Magnetic Nanowire Devices. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13279. [PMID: 26304797 PMCID: PMC4548438 DOI: 10.1038/srep13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Finite temperature micromagnetic simulations are used to probe stochastic domain wall pinning behaviours in magnetic nanowire devices. By exploring field-induced propagation both below and above the Walker breakdown field it is shown that all experimentally observed phenomena can be comprehensively explained by the influence of thermal perturbations on the domain walls' magnetisation dynamics. Nanowires with finite edge roughness are also investigated, and these demonstrate how this additional form of disorder couples with thermal perturbations to significantly enhance stochasticity. Cumulatively, these results indicate that stochastic pinning is an intrinsic feature of DW behaviour at finite temperatures, and would not be suppressed even in hypothetical systems where initial DW states and experimental parameters were perfectly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Hayward
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK
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17
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Özkale B, Shamsudhin N, Chatzipirpiridis G, Hoop M, Gramm F, Chen X, Martí X, Sort J, Pellicer E, Pané S. Multisegmented FeCo/Cu nanowires: electrosynthesis, characterization, and magnetic control of biomolecule desorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7389-7396. [PMID: 25776274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the synthesis of FeCo/Cu multisegmented nanowires by means of pulse electrodeposition in nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide arrays supported on silicon chips. By adjustment of the electrodeposition conditions, such as the pulse scheme and the electrolyte, alternating segments of Cu and ferromagnetic FeCo alloy can be fabricated. The segments can be built with a wide range of lengths (15-150 nm) and exhibit a close-to-pure composition (Cu or FeCo alloy) as suggested by energy-dispersive X-ray mapping results. The morphology and the crystallographic structure of different nanowire configurations have been assessed thoroughly, concluding that Fe, Co, and Cu form solid solution. Magnetic characterization using vibrating sample magnetometry and magnetic force microscopy reveals that by introduction of nonmagnetic Cu segments within the nanowire architecture, the magnetic easy axis can be modified and the reduced remanence can be tuned to the desired values. The experimental results are in agreement with the provided simulations. Furthermore, the influence of nanowire magnetic architecture on the magnetically triggered protein desorption is evaluated for three types of nanowires: Cu, FeCo, and multisegmented FeCo15nm/Cu15nm. The application of an external magnetic field can be used to enhance the release of proteins on demand. For fully magnetic FeCo nanowires the applied oscillating field increased protein release by 83%, whereas this was found to be 45% for multisegmented FeCo15nm/Cu15nm nanowires. Our work suggests that a combination of arrays of nanowires with different magnetic configurations could be used to generate complex substance concentration gradients or control delivery of multiple drugs and macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fabian Gramm
- ‡Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | | | - Xavi Martí
- §Department of Spintronics and Nanoelectronics, Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i., Cukrovarnická 10, 162 53 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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19
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Proenca MP, Merazzo KJ, Vivas LG, Leitao DC, Sousa CT, Ventura J, Araujo JP, Vazquez M. Co nanostructures in ordered templates: comparative FORC analysis. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:475703. [PMID: 24176913 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/47/475703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study on the structural and magnetic properties of highly ordered hexagonal arrays of Co nanoholes, nanowires, nanopillars and nanotubes, with tuned pore/wire/tube diameters, is here presented. The magnetic interactions and their dependence on the geometric features of the arrays were studied using first-order reversal curves (FORCs). For all nanostructures we observe an increase of the magnetostatic interactions with the templates' pore diameter, with the higher (smaller) values found for the nanowire (nanohole) arrays. For the smallest diameters studied (35 nm), all types of arrays could be considered as almost isolated nanostructures, where local interactions prevail. In particular, both nanotube and nanohole arrays exhibit considerable local magnetostatic interactions coming from the stray fields within each void or empty core. On the other hand, the coercivity is found to decrease with diameter for the elongated nanostructures, while it increases with the pore diameter for the nanohole arrays. This behavior is associated with the magnetization reversal mechanisms present in each array. This work highlights a versatile route to tailor the size, geometrical arrangement and magnetostatic interactions of ordered arrays and demonstrates their importance for the tuning of the magnetic behavior of nanometric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Proenca
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, E-28049 Madrid, Spain. IFIMUP and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology and Departamento Física e Astronomia, Universidade Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Marrows CH, Hickey BJ. New directions in spintronics. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:3027-3036. [PMID: 21727112 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Conventional microelectronics exploits only the charge degree of freedom of the electron. Bringing the spin degree of freedom to bear on sensing, radio frequency, memory and logic applications opens up new possibilities for 'more than Moore' devices incorporating magnetic components that can couple to an external field, store a bit of data or represent a Boolean state. Moreover, the electron spin is an archetypal two-state quantum system that is an excellent candidate for a solid-state realization of a qubit.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Marrows
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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