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Ma Y, Morozova SM, Kumacheva E. From Nature-Sourced Polysaccharide Particles to Advanced Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312707. [PMID: 38391153 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides constitute over 90% of the carbohydrate mass in nature, which makes them a promising feedstock for manufacturing sustainable materials. Polysaccharide particles (PSPs) are used as effective scavengers, carriers of chemical and biological cargos, and building blocks for the fabrication of macroscopic materials. The biocompatibility and degradability of PSPs are advantageous for their uses as biomaterials with more environmental friendliness. This review highlights the progresses in PSP applications as advanced functional materials, by describing PSP extraction, preparation, and surface functionalization with a variety of functional groups, polymers, nanoparticles, and biologically active species. This review also outlines the fabrication of PSP-derived macroscopic materials, as well as their applications in soft robotics, sensing, scavenging, water harvesting, drug delivery, and bioengineering. The paper is concluded with an outlook providing perspectives in the development and applications of PSP-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sofia M Morozova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Center of Fluid Physics and Soft Matter, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 5/1 2-nd Baumanskaya street, Moscow, 105005, Russia
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
- The Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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2
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Hou J, Sampson W, Dumanli AG. Macromolecular crowding in chiral assembly of ellipsoidal nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054905. [PMID: 38341709 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Anisotropic colloidal particles have the ability to self-assemble into cholesteric structures. We used molecular dynamics to simulate the self-assembly of ellipsoidal particles with the objective to establish a general framework to reveal the primary factors driving chiral interactions. To characterize these interactions, we introduce a characteristic parameter following the crowding factor (CF) theory. Our simulations and statistical analysis showed good agreement with the CF theory; at the early stages of the assembly process, the ellipsoidal particles go through a critical aggregation point followed by further clustering toward nematic order. Furthermore, we demonstrate that under high CF conditions, small initial clusters may induce a chiral twist, which subsequently forms a cholesteric structure with no directional preference in higher organization states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hou
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - William Sampson
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ahu Gümrah Dumanli
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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3
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Babaei-Ghazvini A, Vafakish B, Patel R, Falua KJ, Dunlop MJ, Acharya B. Cellulose nanocrystals in the development of biodegradable materials: A review on CNC resources, modification, and their hybridization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128834. [PMID: 38128804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The escalating demand for sustainable materials has propelled cellulose into the spotlight as a promising alternative to petroleum-based products. As the most abundant organic polymer on Earth, cellulose is ubiquitous, found in plants, bacteria, and even a unique marine animal-the tunicate. Cellulose polymers naturally give rise to microscale semi-crystalline fibers and nanoscale crystalline regions known as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Exhibiting rod-like structures with widths spanning 3 to 50 nm and lengths ranging from 50 nm to several microns, CNC characteristics vary based on the cellulose source. The degree of crystallinity, crucial for CNC properties, fluctuates between 49 and 95 % depending on the source and synthesis method. CNCs, with their exceptional properties such as high aspect ratio, relatively low density (≈1.6 g cm-3), high axial elastic modulus (≈150 GPa), significant tensile strength, and birefringence, emerge as ideal candidates for biodegradable fillers in nanocomposites and functional materials. The percolation threshold, a mathematical concept defining long-range connectivity between filler and polymer, governs the effectiveness of reinforcement in nanocomposites. This threshold is intricately influenced by the aspect ratio and molecular interaction strength, impacting CNC performance in polymeric and pure nanocomposite materials. This comprehensive review explores diverse aspects of CNCs, encompassing their derivation from various sources, methods of modification (both physical and chemical), and hybridization with heterogeneous fillers. Special attention is devoted to the hybridization of CNCs derived from tunicates (TCNC) with those from wood (WCNC), leveraging the distinct advantages of each. The overarching objective is to demonstrate how this hybridization strategy mitigates the limitations of WCNC in composite materials, offering improved interaction and enhanced percolation. This, in turn, is anticipated to elevate the reinforcing effects and pave the way for the development of nanocomposites with tunable viscoelastic, physicochemical, and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Bahareh Vafakish
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Ravi Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Kehinde James Falua
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Matthew J Dunlop
- Tunistrong Technologies Incorporated, 7207 Route 11, Wellington, Charlottetown, PE C0B 20E, Canada.
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
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4
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Caviness C, Chen Y, Yang Z, Wang H, Wu Y, Meng Z. Improved Ballistic Impact Resistance of Nanofibrillar Cellulose Films with Discontinuous Fibrous Bouligand Architecture. JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS 2024; 91:021003. [PMID: 38449742 PMCID: PMC10913807 DOI: 10.1115/1.4063271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Natural protective materials offer unparalleled solutions for impact-resistant material designs that are simultaneously lightweight, strong, and tough. Particularly, the Bouligand structure found in the dactyl club of mantis shrimp and the staggered structure in nacre achieve excellent mechanical strength, toughness, and impact resistance. Previous studies have shown that hybrid designs by combining different bioinspired microstructures can lead to enhanced mechanical strength and energy dissipation. Nevertheless, it remains unknown whether combining Bouligand and staggered structures in nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) films, forming a discontinuous fibrous Bouligand (DFB) architecture, can achieve enhanced impact resistance against projectile penetration. Additionally, the failure mechanisms under such dynamic loading conditions have been minimally understood. In our study, we systematically investigate the dynamic failure mechanisms and quantify the impact resistance of NFC thin films with DFB architecture by leveraging previously developed coarse-grained models and ballistic impact molecular dynamics simulations. We find that when nanofibrils achieve a critical length and form DFB architecture, the impact resistance of NFC films outperforms the counterpart films with continuous fibrils by comparing their specific ballistic limit velocities and penetration energies. We also find that the underlying mechanisms contributing to this improvement include enhanced fibril sliding, intralayer and interlayer crack bridging, and crack twisting in the thickness direction enabled by the DFB architecture. Our results show that by combining Bouligand and staggered structures in NFC films, their potential for protective applications can be further improved. Our findings can provide practical guidelines for the design of protective films made of nanofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby Caviness
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 USA
| | - Yitong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 USA
| | - Zhangke Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 USA
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 USA
| | - Yongren Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 USA
| | - Zhaoxu Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 USA
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5
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Inoue T, Hara Y, Nakazato K. Mechanical Resistance of the Largest Denticle on the Movable Claw of the Mud Crab. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:602. [PMID: 38132541 PMCID: PMC10742142 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8080602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Decapod crustaceans have tooth-like white denticles that are present only on the pinching side of the claws. In the mud crab, Scylla serrata, a huge denticle exists on the movable finger of the dominant claw. This is mainly used to crush the shells of the crab's staple food. The local mechanical properties, hardness (HIT) and elastic modulus (Er), of the peak and valley areas of the largest denticle were examined via a nanoindentation test. The microstructure and elemental composition were characterized using a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The striation patterns originating from a twisted plywood structure parallel to the surface were visible over the entire denticle. Most of the largest denticle was occupied by a hard area without phosphorus, and there was a soft layer corresponding to the endocuticle with phosphorus in the innermost part. The HIT of the denticle valley was about 40% lower than that of the denticle peak, and the thickness of the soft endocuticle of the denticle valley was five times thicker than that of the denticle peak. The HIT-Er map showed that the abrasion resistance of the denticle surface was vastly superior and was in the top class among organisms. The claw denticles were designed with the necessary characteristics in the necessary places, as related to the ecology of the mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Inoue
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan; (Y.H.); (K.N.)
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6
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Inoue T, Hara Y, Nakazato K. Mechanical Resistance and Tissue Structure of Claw Denticles of Various Sizes in the Mud Crab, Scylla serrata. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114114. [PMID: 37297250 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Decapod crustaceans have tooth-like denticles on their claw fingers, which come into direct contact with predators and prey. Since the denticles are subject to more frequent and intense stress than other parts of the exoskeleton, they must be especially resistant to wear and abrasion. We clarified the mechanical resistance and tissue structure of the denticles arranged in a line on the fixed finger of the mud crab, which has huge claws. The denticles of the mud crab are small at the fingertip and become larger closer to the palm. The denticles have a twisted-plywood-pattern structure stacked parallel to the surface regardless of size, but the abrasion resistance strongly depends on the size of the denticles. Due to the dense tissue structure and calcification, the abrasion resistance increases as the denticle size increases, reaching its maximum at the denticle surface. The denticles of the mud crab have a tissue structure that prevents them from breaking when pinched. The high abrasion resistance of the large denticle surface is an essential feature for the frequent crushing of shellfish, which is the mud crab's staple food. The characteristics and tissue structure of the claw denticles on the mud crab may provide ideas for developing stronger, tougher materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Inoue
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yuka Hara
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Koji Nakazato
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
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7
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Esmaeili M, Norouzi S, George K, Rezvan G, Taheri-Qazvini N, Sadati M. 3D Printing-Assisted Self-Assembly to Bio-Inspired Bouligand Nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206847. [PMID: 36732856 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Architected materials with nano/microscale orders can provide superior mechanical properties; however, reproducing such levels of ordering in complex structures has remained challenging. Inspired by Bouligand structures in nature, here, 3D printing of complex geometries with guided long-order radially twisted chiral hierarchy, using cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)-based inks is presented. Detailed rheological measurements, in situ flow analysis, polarized optical microscopy (POM), and director field analysis are employed to evaluate the chiral assembly over the printing process. It is demonstrated that shear flow forces inside the 3D printer's nozzle orient individual CNC particles forming a pseudo-nematic phase that relaxes to uniformly aligned concentric chiral nematic structures after the flow cessation. Acrylamide, a photo-curable monomer, is incorporated to arrest the concentric chiral arrangements within the printed filaments. The time series POM snapshots show that adding the photo-curable monomer at the optimized concentrations does not interfere with chiral self-assemblies and instead increases the chiral relaxation rate. Due to the liquid-like nature of the as-printed inks, optimized Carbopol microgels are used to support printed filaments before photo-polymerization. By paving the path towards developing bio-inspired materials with nanoscale hierarchies in larger-scale printed constructs, this biomimetic approach expands 3D printing materials beyond what has been realized so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Sepideh Norouzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Kyle George
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Gelareh Rezvan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Nader Taheri-Qazvini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Monirosadat Sadati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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8
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Klockars KW, Greca LG, Majoinen J, Mihhels K, Rojas OJ, Tardy BL. Drying stresses in cellulose nanocrystal coatings: Impact of molecular and macromolecular additives. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 303:120465. [PMID: 36657848 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The industrial implementation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in films and coatings requires thorough evaluation of the internal stresses post-consolidation, as they cause fracturing and peeling. Characterizing the impact of plasticizing additives on stress is therefore critical. Herein, we use the deflection of thin glass substrates to measure drying stresses in consolidating CNC films, and benchmark the impact of five additives (glucose, glycerol, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and bovine serum albumin). Glycerol and PEG reduced drying stresses effectively, while PEG of increased molecular weight (from 0.2 to 10 kDa), PVA, and BSA were less effective. We analyzed the temporal aspects of the process, where stress relaxation of up to 30 % was observed 2 years after coating formation. Finally, we provide a framework to evaluate the impact of CNC morphology on residual stresses. The introduced approach is expected to fast-track the optimization and implementation of coatings based on biocolloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad W Klockars
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Luiz G Greca
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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9
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Babaei-Ghazvini A, Acharya B. Crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol) composite reinforced with tunicate, wood, and hybrid cellulose nanocrystals: Comparative physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:1048-1058. [PMID: 36460242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of sustainable and biodegradable composites has gained increasing attention in recent years. Effective interaction and adhesion between polymers and fillers are crucial. In this study, the effect of different aspect ratios of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and their hybrid within a crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposite has been investigated to develop biodegradable materials. The physicochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the specimens have been studied. SEM images indicate that the addition of CNC reduced the porosity of the films. The XPS results confirmed the significant formation of covalent bonds for all composites except those reinforced with wood-CNC, which showed a lower amount of crosslinking and CC formation. EDS maps reveals that the dispersity of the CNCs could be different depending on the aspect ratio of the CNCs. Results from the solubility in water (SW) tests indicated that the use of hybrid-CNC in a crosslinked system decreased the SW significantly. The crosslinking and addition of CNC to the PVA composite led to improved mechanical properties. Elongation at break (EB) decreased significantly for the crosslinked hybrid-CNC nanocomposite. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the aspect ratio of CNCs as fillers in nanocomposites may contribute to their physicochemical, mechanical, and thermal properties for the development of biodegradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Babaei-Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Bishnu Acharya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.
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10
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Nepal D, Kang S, Adstedt KM, Kanhaiya K, Bockstaller MR, Brinson LC, Buehler MJ, Coveney PV, Dayal K, El-Awady JA, Henderson LC, Kaplan DL, Keten S, Kotov NA, Schatz GC, Vignolini S, Vollrath F, Wang Y, Yakobson BI, Tsukruk VV, Heinz H. Hierarchically structured bioinspired nanocomposites. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:18-35. [PMID: 36446962 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation structural materials are expected to be lightweight, high-strength and tough composites with embedded functionalities to sense, adapt, self-repair, morph and restore. This Review highlights recent developments and concepts in bioinspired nanocomposites, emphasizing tailoring of the architecture, interphases and confinement to achieve dynamic and synergetic responses. We highlight cornerstone examples from natural materials with unique mechanical property combinations based on relatively simple building blocks produced in aqueous environments under ambient conditions. A particular focus is on structural hierarchies across multiple length scales to achieve multifunctionality and robustness. We further discuss recent advances, trends and emerging opportunities for combining biological and synthetic components, state-of-the-art characterization and modelling approaches to assess the physical principles underlying nature-inspired design and mechanical responses at multiple length scales. These multidisciplinary approaches promote the synergetic enhancement of individual materials properties and an improved predictive and prescriptive design of the next era of structural materials at multilength scales for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhriti Nepal
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA.
| | - Saewon Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katarina M Adstedt
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krishan Kanhaiya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael R Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - L Catherine Brinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter V Coveney
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kaushik Dayal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jaafar A El-Awady
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Sinan Keten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas A Kotov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Yusu Wang
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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11
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Silva RD, Carvalho LT, Moraes RM, Medeiros SDF, Lacerda TM. Biomimetic Biomaterials Based on Polysaccharides: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Duarte Silva
- Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA) Embrapa Instrumentation Rua XV de Novembro 1452 São Carlos SP 13560‐970 Brazil
| | - Layde Teixeira Carvalho
- Department of Chemical Engineering Engineering School of Lorena University of São Paulo (EEL‐USP) Lorena SP 12602‐810 Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Minto Moraes
- Department of Material Engineering Engineering School of Lorena University of São Paulo, (EEL‐USP) Lorena SP 12602‐810 Brazil
| | - Simone de Fátima Medeiros
- Department of Chemical Engineering Engineering School of Lorena University of São Paulo (EEL‐USP) Lorena SP 12602‐810 Brazil
| | - Talita Martins Lacerda
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering School of Lorena University of São Paulo (EEL‐USP) Lorena SP 12602‐810 Brazil
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12
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Vu H, Woodcock JW, Krishnamurthy A, Obrzut J, Gilman JW, Coughlin EB. Visualization of Polymer Dynamics in Cellulose Nanocrystal Matrices Using Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10793-10804. [PMID: 35179343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites containing self-assembled cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are ideal for advanced applications requiring both strength and toughness as the helicoidal structure of the CNCs deflects crack propagation and the polymer matrix dissipates impact energy. However, any adsorbed water layer surrounding the CNCs may compromise the interfacial adhesion between the polymer matrix and the CNCs, thus impacting stress transfer at that interface. Therefore, it is critical to study the role of water at the interface in connecting the polymer dynamics and the resulting mechanical performance of the nanocomposite. Here, we explore the effect of polymer confinement and water content on polymer dynamics in CNC nanocomposites by covalently attaching a fluorogenic water-sensitive dye to poly(diethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) (PMEO2MA), to provide insights into the observed mechanical performance. Utilizing fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), the lifetime of dye fluorescence decay was measured to probe the polymer chain dynamics of PMEO2MA in CNC nanocomposite films. The PMEO2MA chains experienced distinct regions of differing dynamics within Bouligand structures. A correlation was observed between the average fluorescence lifetime and the mechanical performance of CNC films, indicating that polymer chains with high mobility improved the strain and toughness. These studies demonstrated FLIM as a method to investigate polymer dynamics at the nanosecond timescale that can readily be applied to other composite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Vu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jeremiah W Woodcock
- Material Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-3460, United States
| | - Ajay Krishnamurthy
- Material Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-3460, United States
| | - Jan Obrzut
- Material Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-3460, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Gilman
- Material Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-3460, United States
| | - E Bryan Coughlin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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13
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Wang Z, Servio P, Rey A. Wrinkling pattern formation with periodic nematic orientation: From egg cartons to corrugated surfaces. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:034702. [PMID: 35428159 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.034702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Egg cartons, known as doubly sinusoidal surfaces, display a rich variety of saddles-cylinder-spherical patches organized with different spatial symmetries and connectivities. Egg carton surfaces, rich in functionalities, are observed in synthetic and biological materials, as well as across atomic and macroscopic scales. In this work we use the liquid crystal shape equation in the absence of elastic effects and normal stress jumps to predict and classify a family of uniaxial, equibiaxial, and biaxial egg cartons, according to the periodicities of the surface director field in nematic (N) and cholesteric (N*) liquid crystals under the presence of anisotropic surface tension (anchoring). Egg carton surface shape periodic solutions to the nonlinear and linearized liquid crystal shape equations predict that the mean curvature is a linear function of the orthogonal (along the surface normal) splay and bend contributions. Mixtures of egg carton surfaces (uniaxial, equibiaxial, and biaxial) emerge according to the symmetries of the nonsingular director field, and the spatial distributions of the director escape into the third dimension; pure uniaxial egg cartons emerge when the director escape has linelike geometries and mixtures of egg cartons arise under source or sink orientation lattices. Orientation symmetry and permutation analysis are incorporated into a full curvature (Casorati, shape parameter, mean curvature, and Gaussian curvature) characterization. Under a fixed anchoring parameter, conditions for maximal nanoscale curvedness and microscale maximal shape gradient diversity are identified. The present results contribute to various pathways to surface pattern formation using intrinsic anisotropic interfacial tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5
| | - Phillip Servio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5
| | - Alejandro Rey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 0C5
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14
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Gong M, Liu M, Lin X, Wang D, Hu P. Bioinspired toughening of soft elastomer via embedded three‐dimensional printing. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Min Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
- School of Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Petroleum Harbin City China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Dongrui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Penghao Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
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15
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Lee SR, Reichmanis E, Srinivasarao M. Anisotropic Responsive Microgels Based on the Cholesteric Phase of Chitin Nanocrystals. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:96-102. [PMID: 35574788 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anisotropic stimuli-responsive microgels based upon the cholesteric phase of chitin nanocrystals and N-isopropylacrylamide were designed and synthesized. The cholesteric structure was interrogated, and the texture was shown to directly influence the microgel shape and anisotropy. Changes in the microgel volume led to changes in the texture, where microgels comprising up to six bands exhibited a twisted bipolar texture, while those with greater volumes displayed a concentric-packing structure. As designed, the imprinted cholesteric phase induced an asymmetric response to temperature, leading to a change in shape and optical properties. Furthermore, the cholesteric structure is able to deform, facilitating transport into a small channel. Access to synthetic structures having a self-assembled twisted texture derived from cholesterics embedded within a polymer matrix will provide guidelines for designing biopolymer composites with programmable motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin R. Lee
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Mohan Srinivasarao
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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16
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Inoue T, Oka SI, Nakazato K, Hara T. Structural Changes and Mechanical Resistance of Claws and Denticles in Coconut Crabs of Different Sizes. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121304. [PMID: 34943219 PMCID: PMC8698411 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Understanding the diverse mechanisms by which organisms achieve exceptionally high mechanical properties may enable the development of unique, biologically inspired materials. We assessed the microstructure, composition, and mechanical resistance of the pinching side with denticles and of the outer side without denticles in robust claws of coconut crabs with body weight (BW) of 300 g to 1650 g. Surprisingly, they were independent of BW except for low hardness near the surface of the denticles of a small crab of 300 g. Although the microstructure of the denticles was clearly different from that of the exocuticle, their mechanical resistance indicated the same maximum value. The denticle can be regarded as a bulge of the cuticle without phosphorus. The design principles found in the exoskeleton provided promising opportunities for the research and development of novel structural materials. Abstract The exoskeleton of the pinching side of claws with denticles and of the outer side without them on the coconut crab, Birgus latro, which is a rare organism, were studied using a materials science approach. The mechanical resistance of three claws of different sizes was investigated along the exoskeleton thickness from the outer surface to the inner surface, and the results were compared, including the contribution of the microstructure and chemical compositions. Mechanical properties, hardness (H) and stiffness (Er), were probed through nanoindentation tests. The results showed the H, Er, microstructures, and chemical components of the exocuticle and endocuticle layers were almost the same, in a BW range of 300 g to 1650 g. At the same time, the H and Er near the surface of the denticles of a small coconut crab of 300 g were lower than those of other large coconut crabs. The microstructure of the denticles was clearly different from that of the exocuticle, but the maximum mechanical properties near their surface indicated almost the same values, Hmax = 4 GPa and Er(max) = 70 GPa, regardless of being on the pinching side or the outer side. A denticle can be regarded as a bulge of the cuticle without phosphorus and with high magnesium. The results provided novel information that expanded our knowledge about the claw microstructure of coconut crabs with different body sizes, and may be used in further studies
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Inoue
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan; (K.N.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-29-859-2148; Fax: +81-29-859-2101
| | - Shin-ichiro Oka
- Okinawa Churashima Foundation, 888 Ishikawa, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0206, Japan;
| | - Koji Nakazato
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan; (K.N.); (T.H.)
| | - Toru Hara
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan; (K.N.); (T.H.)
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17
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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18
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Li Q, Guo M, Liu D, Qiao H, Gustave W, Prempeh N, Cai Y, Peng J. Structure Color Tuners of Cholesteric Cellulose Nanocrystal. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mengna Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dagang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Huanhuan Qiao
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Williamson Gustave
- The School of Chemistry, Environmental & Life Sciences, University of The Bahamas, New Providence, Nassau 999154, The Bahamas
| | - Nana Prempeh
- Department of Geographic Science, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Yongqing Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jingnan Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science & Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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19
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Bast L, Klockars KW, Greca LG, Rojas OJ, Tardy BL, Bruns N. Infiltration of Proteins in Cholesteric Cellulose Structures. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2067-2080. [PMID: 33899466 PMCID: PMC8154265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) can spontaneously self-assemble into chiral nematic (cn) structures, similar to natural cholesteric organizations. The latter display highly dissipative fracture propagation mechanisms given their "brick" (particles) and "mortar" (soft matrix) architecture. Unfortunately, CNCs in liquid media have strong supramolecular interactions with most macromolecules, leading to aggregated suspensions. Herein, we describe a method to prepare nanocomposite materials from chiral nematic CNCs (cn-CNCs) with strongly interacting secondary components. Films of cn-CNCs were infiltrated at various loadings with strongly interacting silk proteins and bovine serum albumin. For comparison and to determine the molecular weight range of macromolecules that can infiltrate cn-CNC films, they were also infiltrated with a range of poly(ethylene glycol) polymers that do not interact strongly with CNCs. The extent and impact of infiltration were evaluated by studying the optical reflection properties of the resulting hybrid materials (UV-vis spectroscopy), while fracture dissipation mechanisms were observed via electron microscopy. We propose that infiltration of cn-CNCs enables the introduction of virtually any secondary phase for nanocomposite formation that is otherwise not possible using simple mixing or other conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia
K. Bast
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad W. Klockars
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Luiz G. Greca
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Departments
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O.
Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Nico Bruns
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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20
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Lee N, Berthelson PR, Nguyen V, Garrett M, Brinda AK, Moser RD, Horstemeyer MF, Rhee H, Prabhu RK. Microstructure and nanomechanical properties of the exoskeleton of an ironclad beetle ( Zopherus haldemani). BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2021; 16:036005. [PMID: 33530070 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/abe27b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined natural composite structures within the remarkably strong exoskeleton of the southwestern ironclad beetle (Z. haldemani). Structural and nanomechanical analyses revealed that the exoskeleton's extraordinary resistance to external forces is provided by its exceptional thickness and multi-layered structure, in which each layer performed a distinct function. In detail, the epicuticle, the outmost layer, comprised 3%-5% of the overall thickness with reduced Young's moduli of 2.2-3.2 GPa, in which polygonal-shaped walls (2-3μm in diameter) were observed on the surface. The next layer, the exocuticle, consisted of 17%-20% of the total thickness and exhibited the greatest Young's moduli (∼15 GPa) and hardness (∼800 MPa) values. As such, this layer provided the bulk of the mechanical strength for the exoskeleton. While the endocuticle spanned 70%-75% of the total thickness, it contained lower moduli (∼8-10 GPa) and hardness (∼400 MPa) values than the exocuticle. Instead, this layer may provide flexibility through its specifically organized chitin fiber layers, known as Bouligand structures. Nanoindentation testing further reiterated that the various fibrous layer orientations resulted in different elastic moduli throughout the endocuticle's cross-section. Additionally, this exoskeleton prevented delamination within the composite materials by overlapping approximately 5%-19% of each fibrous stack with neighboring layers. Finally, the innermost layer, the epidermis contributing 5%-7 % of the total thickness, contains attachment sites for muscle and soft tissue that connect the exoskeleton to the beetle. As such, it is the softest region with reduced Young's modulus of ∼2-3 GPa and hardness values of ∼290 MPa. These findings can be applied to the development of innovative, fiber-reinforced composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeon Lee
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
| | - Parker R Berthelson
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Vina Nguyen
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Me'Lanae Garrett
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - AnneMarie K Brinda
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Robert D Moser
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, United States of America
| | - M F Horstemeyer
- School of Engineering, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA 24515, United States of America
| | - Hongjoo Rhee
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - R K Prabhu
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, United States of America
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
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21
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De France KJ, Kummer N, Ren Q, Campioni S, Nyström G. Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystal–Lysozyme Composite Films with Varied Lysozyme Morphology. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5139-5147. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. De France
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nico Kummer
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Qun Ren
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9041 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Campioni
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Jiao D, Guo J, Lossada F, Hoenders D, Groeer S, Walther A. Hierarchical cross-linking for synergetic toughening in crustacean-mimetic nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12958-12969. [PMID: 32525166 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02228d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The twisted plywood structure as found in crustacean shells possesses excellent mechanical properties with high stiffness and toughness. Synthetic mimics can be produced by evaporation-induced self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with polymer components into bulk films with a cholesteric liquid crystal structure. However, these are often excessively brittle and it has remained challenging to make materials combining high stiffness and toughness. Here, we describe self-assembling cholesteric CNC/polymer nanocomposites with a crustacean-mimetic structure and tunable photonic band gap, in which we engineer combinations of thermo-activated covalent and supramolecular hydrogen-bonded crosslinks to tailor the energy dissipation properties by precise molecular design. Toughening occurs upon increasing the polymer fractions in the nanocomposites, and, critically, combinations of both molecular bonding mechanisms lead to a considerable synergetic increase of stiffness and toughness - beyond the common rule of mixtures. Our concept following careful molecular design allows one to enter previously unreached areas of mechanical property charts for cholesteric CNC-based nanocomposites. The study shows that the subtle engineering of molecular energy dissipation units using sophisticated chemical approaches enables efficient enhancing of the properties of bioinspired CNC/polymer nanocomposites, and opens the design space for future molecular enhancement using tailor-made interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejin Jiao
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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23
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Martin P, Vasilyev G, Chu G, Boas M, Arinstein A, Zussman E. pH‐Controlled network formation in a mixture of oppositely charged cellulose nanocrystals and poly(allylamine). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Martin
- Nano Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Gleb Vasilyev
- Nano Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Guang Chu
- Nano Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Mor Boas
- Nano Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Arkadii Arinstein
- Nano Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Eyal Zussman
- Nano Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 32000 Israel
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24
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Qin X, Marchi BC, Meng Z, Keten S. Impact resistance of nanocellulose films with bioinspired Bouligand microstructures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1351-1361. [PMID: 36132592 PMCID: PMC9418765 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00232k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Bouligand structure features a helicoidal (twisted plywood) layup of fibers that are uniaxially arranged in-plane and is a hallmark of biomaterials that exhibit outstanding impact resistance. Despite its performance advantage, the underlying mechanisms for its outstanding impact resistance remain poorly understood, posing challenges for optimizing the design and development of bio-inspired materials with Bouligand microstructures. Interestingly, many bio-sourced nanomaterials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), readily self-assemble into helicoidal thin films with inter-layer (pitch) angles tunable via solvent processing. Taking CNC films as a model Bouligand system, we present atomistically-informed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to measure the ballistic performance of thin films with helicoidally assembled nanocrystals by subjecting them to loading similar to laser-induced projectile impact tests. The effect of pitch angle on the impact performance of CNC films was quantified in the context of their specific ballistic limit velocity and energy absorption. Bouligand structures with low pitch angles (18-42°) were found to display the highest ballistic resistance, significantly outperforming other pitch angle and quasi-isotropic baseline structures. Improved energy dissipation through greater interfacial sliding, larger in-plane crack openings, and through-thickness twisting cracks resulted in improved impact performance of optimal pitch angle Bouligand CNC films. Intriguingly, decreasing interfacial interactions enhanced the impact performance by readily admitting dissipative inter-fibril and inter-layer sliding events without severe fibril fragmentation. This work helps reveal structural and chemical factors that govern the optimal mechanical design of Bouligand microstructures made from high aspect ratio nanocrystals, paving the way for sustainable, impact resistant, and multi-functional films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qin
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Benjamin C Marchi
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Zhaoxu Meng
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
| | - Sinan Keten
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3109 USA
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25
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Ohashi R, Michal CA, Hamad WY, Nguyen TD, Mizuno M, MacLachlan MJ. Solid-state 23Na NMR spectroscopy studies of ordered and disordered cellulose nanocrystal films. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 97:31-39. [PMID: 30597399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal films with either disordered or chiral nematic structures of varying helical pitch were investigated using 23Na solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Spin lattice relaxation of 1H correlated with 23Na analyzed by indirect observation using polarization transfer from 1H nuclei to 23Na nuclei showed that the Na+ cations are well hydrated in the cellulose nanocrystal films. Linewidth analysis in solid-state 23Na NMR showed that the Na+ cations move in confined spaces, and that the Na+ cations in the film having disordered structure are more dynamic than in the films having ordered structure. From lineshape analysis of the 23Na 2D nutation NMR spectra, we can distinguish the Na+ environments within the ordered and disordered films, and find trends in anisotropic interaction parameters between ordered samples with different pitches. These are the first detailed 23Na NMR spectroscopic studies of CNC-Na+ films, and they show that this technique may be a powerful probe for characterizing the extent of order in nanocellulose samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Ohashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Carl A Michal
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wadood Y Hamad
- FPInnovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Thanh-Dinh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Motohiro Mizuno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Martin-Martinez FJ, Jin K, López Barreiro D, Buehler MJ. The Rise of Hierarchical Nanostructured Materials from Renewable Sources: Learning from Nature. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7425-7433. [PMID: 30102024 PMCID: PMC6467252 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking Nature implies the use of bio-inspired hierarchical designs to manufacture nanostructured materials. Such materials should be produced from sustainable sources ( e.g., biomass) and through simple processes that use mild conditions, enabling sustainable solutions. The combination of different types of nanomaterials and the implementation of different features at different length scales can provide synthetic hierarchical nanostructures that mimic natural materials, outperforming the properties of their constitutive building blocks. Taking recent developments in flow-assisted assembly of nanocellulose crystals as a starting point, we review the state of the art and provide future perspectives on the manufacture of hierarchical nanostructured materials from sustainable sources, assembly techniques, and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martin-Martinez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Kai Jin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Diego López Barreiro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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Martin-Martinez FJ. Designing nanocellulose materials from the molecular scale. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7174-7175. [PMID: 29929965 PMCID: PMC6048553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809308115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martin-Martinez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Eichhorn SJ, Rahatekar SS, Vignolini S, Windle AH. New horizons for cellulose nanotechnology. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:20170200. [PMID: 29277748 PMCID: PMC5746563 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Queen's Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - S S Rahatekar
- Enhanced Composites and Structures Centre, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield MK43 0AL, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - S Vignolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - A H Windle
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
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