1
|
Lee M, Stock CA, Shevliakova E, Malyshev S, Beaudor M, Vuichard N. Uneven consequences of global climate mitigation pathways on regional water quality in the 21st century. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5464. [PMID: 38937467 PMCID: PMC11211422 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Future socioeconomic climate pathways have regional water-quality consequences whose severity and equity have not yet been fully understood across geographic and economic spectra. We use a process-based, terrestrial-freshwater ecosystem model to project 21st-century river nitrogen loads under these pathways. We find that fertilizer usage is the primary determinant of future river nitrogen loads, changing precipitation and warming have limited impacts, and CO2 fertilization-induced vegetation growth enhancement leads to modest load reductions. Fertilizer applications to produce bioenergy in climate mitigation scenarios cause larger load increases than in the highest emission scenario. Loads generally increase in low-income regions, yet remain stable or decrease in high-income regions where agricultural advances, low food and feed production and waste, and/or well-enforced air pollution policies balance biofuel-associated fertilizer burdens. Consideration of biofuel production options with low fertilizer demand and rapid transfer of agricultural advances from high- to low-income regions may help avoid inequitable water-quality outcomes from climate mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjin Lee
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University; Princeton, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Charles A Stock
- NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; Princeton, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Elena Shevliakova
- NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; Princeton, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sergey Malyshev
- NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory; Princeton, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Maureen Beaudor
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marais EA, Kelly JM, Vohra K, Li Y, Lu G, Hina N, Rowe EC. Impact of Legislated and Best Available Emission Control Measures on UK Particulate Matter Pollution, Premature Mortality, and Nitrogen-Sensitive Habitats. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2023GH000910. [PMID: 37885915 PMCID: PMC10599219 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Past emission controls in the UK have substantially reduced precursor emissions of health-hazardous fine particles (PM2.5) and nitrogen pollution detrimental to ecosystems. Still, 79% of the UK exceeds the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for annual mean PM2.5 of 5 μg m-3 and there is no enforcement of controls on agricultural sources of ammonia (NH3). NH3 is a phytotoxin and an increasingly large contributor to PM2.5 and nitrogen deposited to sensitive habitats. Here we use emissions projections, the GEOS-Chem model, high-resolution data sets, and contemporary exposure-risk relationships to assess potential human and ecosystem health co-benefits in 2030 relative to the present day of adopting legislated or best available emission control measures. We estimate that present-day annual adult premature mortality attributable to exposure to PM2.5 is 48,625 (95% confidence interval: 45,188-52,595), that harmful amounts of reactive nitrogen deposit to almost all (95%) sensitive habitat areas, and that 75% of ambient NH3 exceeds levels safe for bryophytes and lichens. Legal measures decrease the extent of the UK above the WHO guideline to 58% and avoid 6,800 premature deaths by 2030. This improves with best available measures to 36% of the UK and 13,300 avoided deaths. Both legal and best available measures are insufficient at reducing the extent of damage of nitrogen pollution to sensitive habitats. Far more ambitious reductions in nitrogen emissions (>80%) than is achievable with best available measures (34%) are required to halve the amount of excess nitrogen deposited to sensitive habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie M. Kelly
- Department of GeographyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Now at Centre for Research and Clean AirHelsinkiFinland
| | - Karn Vohra
- Department of GeographyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Yifan Li
- Reading AcademyNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Gongda Lu
- Department of GeographyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Naila Hina
- UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorUK
| | - Ed C. Rowe
- UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorUK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kang J, Wang J, Heal MR, Goulding K, de Vries W, Zhao Y, Feng S, Zhang X, Gu B, Niu X, Zhang H, Liu X, Cui Z, Zhang F, Xu W. Ammonia mitigation campaign with smallholder farmers improves air quality while ensuring high cereal production. NATURE FOOD 2023; 4:751-761. [PMID: 37653045 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Reducing cropland ammonia (NH3) emissions while improving air quality and food supply is a challenge, particularly in China where there are millions of smallholder farmers. We tested the effectiveness of a tailored nitrogen (N) management strategy applied to wheat-maize cropping systems in 'demonstration squares' across Quzhou County in the North China Plain. The N-management techniques included optimal N rates, deep fertilizer placement and application of urease inhibitors, implemented through cooperation between government, researchers, businesses and smallholders. Compared with conventional local smallholder practice, our NH3 mitigation campaign reduced NH3 volatilization from wheat and maize by 49% and 39%, and increased N-use efficiency by 28% and 40% and farmers' profitability by 25% and 19%, respectively, with no detriment to crop yields. County-wide atmospheric NH3 and fine particulate matter (with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) concentrations decreased by 40% and 8%, respectively. County-wide net benefits were estimated at US$7.0 million. Our demonstration-square approach shows that cropland NH3 mitigation and improved air quality and farm profitability can be achieved simultaneously by coordinated actions at the county level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mathew R Heal
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith Goulding
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Wim de Vries
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuanhong Zhao
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Sijie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuming Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baojing Gu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenling Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Nutrient Use and Management, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, National Observation and Research Station of Agriculture Green Development (Quzhou, Hebei), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu Y, Jia C, Dou Y, Yang X, Yi Y. Flux of NH 3 release from dew evaporation in downtown and suburban Changchun, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:85305-85317. [PMID: 37386220 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia, as the only high-concentration alkaline gas in the atmosphere, plays an extremely important role in the initial nucleation process of aerosols. A rise in the concentration of NH3 after sunrise has been observed in many areas, known as the "morning peak phenomenon", which is likely related to the dew evaporation process because of the considerable amount of NH4+ present in dew. To investigate and compare the flux and rate of NH3 release from dew evaporation in downtown (WH) and suburban areas (SL), the dew amount and chemical makeup were measured and analyzed in Changchun, in northeastern China, from April to October 2021. The differences in the fraction of NH4+ released as NH3 gas and the NH3 emission flux and rate during the process of dew evaporation between SL and WH were identified. The results showed that the daily dew amount in WH (0.038 ± 0.017 mm) was lower than that in SL (0.065 ± 0.032 mm) (P < 0.01), and the pH in SL (6.58 ± 0.18) was approximately 1 pH unit higher than that in WH (5.60 ± 0.25). SO42-, NO3-, Ca2+ and NH4+ were the main ions in WH and SL. The ion concentration in WH was significantly higher than that in SL (P < 0.05), which was influenced by human activities and pollution sources. A total of 24%-48% NH4+ was released as NH3 gas during dew evaporation in WH, which was lower than the conversion fraction of SL dew (44%-57%). The evaporation rate of NH3 was 3.9-20.6 ng/m2·s (9.9 ± 5.7 ng/m2·s) in WH and 3.3-15.9 ng/m2·s (8.6 ± 4.2 ng/m2·s) in SL. The dew evaporation process makes an important contribution to the NH3 morning peak phenomenon, but it is not the only contributor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, No.5088 Xincheng Road, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Chenzhuo Jia
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, No.5088 Xincheng Road, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yingbo Dou
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, No.5088 Xincheng Road, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, No.5088 Xincheng Road, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, No.5088 Xincheng Road, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Ma X, Tang A, Fang Y, Misselbrook T, Liu X. Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia at 16 Sites in China Using a Bayesian Isotope Mixing Model Based on δ 15N-NH x Signatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6599-6608. [PMID: 37039455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Reducing atmospheric ammonia (NH3) emissions is critical to mitigating poor air quality. However, the contributions of major agricultural and non-agricultural source emissions to NH3 at receptor sites remain uncertain in many regions, hindering the assessment and implementation of effective NH3 reduction strategies. This study conducted simultaneous measurements of the monthly concentrations and stable nitrogen isotopes of NHx (gaseous NH3 plus particulate NH4+) at 16 sites across China. Ambient NHx concentrations averaged 21.7 ± 19.6 μg m-3 at rural sites, slightly higher than those at urban (19.2 ± 6.0 μg m-3) and three times of those at background (7.0 ± 6.9 μg m-3) sites. Based on revised δ15N values of the initial NH3, source apportionment results indicated that non-agricultural sources (traffic and waste) and agricultural sources (fertilizer and livestock) contributed 54 and 46% to NH3 at urban sites, 51 and 49% at rural sites, and 61 and 39% at background sites, respectively. Non-agricultural sources contributed more to NH3 at rural and background sites in cold than warm seasons, arising from traffic and waste, but were similar across seasons at urban sites. We concluded that non-agricultural sources need to be addressed when reducing ambient NH3 across China, even in rural regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Aohan Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China
| | | | - Xuejun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Akhlaq S, Ara SA, Ahmad B, Fazil M, Akram U, Haque M, Khan AA. Interventions of Unani medicine for maintenance of health with special reference to air quality: an evidence-based review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:85-96. [PMID: 34883008 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article aims to discuss the impact of air quality on human health, measures to achieve the goal of good indoor air quality and proposed benefits of interventions of Unani Medicine with an evidence-based approach. CONTENT The significance of air quality on the health of the community cannot be denied. Recent evidences from WHO illustrated data on severe air pollutants and their impacts on human health ranges from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory ailments including lung carcinoma and heart disease associated with premature mortality and reduced life expectancy. In Unani Medicine, air has been included in the list of factors, which are six in number and play the central role in prevention of diseases and maintenance of health. Air is considered as the medium of most of the extrinsic factors such as chemical and biological pollutants affecting health and their exposure results in short and long-term health issues. The literature of Unani Medicine proposes many simple and effective measures, which help to improve indoor and outdoor air quality. The goal of outdoor clean air is achieved through implementation of measures to tackle the source of pollution, while indoor clean air is attained through various means e.g., fumigation with herbal drugs. Hence, an extensive literature survey on Unani reserve was conducted to collect information about the concept of air discussed under the heading of six essential factors and its implication in prevention of diseases and maintenance of health. Further, research databases such as Pub Med, Google Scholar, and Science-Direct were broadly searched for evidence on the efficacy of herbals mentioned in Unani literature for the indoor air purification and subsequent air quality improvement. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK Recent studies showed good air quality leads to decrease in mortality, particularly of respiratory and cardiovascular deaths whereas poor air quality results in a variety of diseases. Unani scholars prescribed several regimens such as Bukhoor (Fumigation), Sa'oot (Nasal instillation) and use of Abeer (Perfumes) and Nadd (Incense) for the improvement of air quality. Likewise various herbal fumigants and sprays containing drugs like mī'a sā'ila (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.), mastagi (Pistacia lentiscus L.), mushk (Moschus moschiferus L.), loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), ābnoos (Diospyros ebenum J. Koenig ex Retz), zā'fran (Crocus sativus L.) and sirka (vinegar) etc. has been well explained and used exclusively for air purification and improvement of AQI. Therefore, in the present scenario of altered air quality, we forward certain measures described in Unani system of medicine for health promotion and protection. Scientific evidence on several drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new approach into the purification of air.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kawashima H, Yoshida O, Suto N. Long-Term Source Apportionment of Ammonium in PM 2.5 at a Suburban and a Rural Site Using Stable Nitrogen Isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 57:1268-1277. [PMID: 36475665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia gas (NH3) is an important alkaline air pollutant and a precursor to particulate matter, and its source has been thought to be agricultural, but in recent years, nonagricultural sources have been suspected. In this study, stable nitrogen isotope ratios of ammonium (δ15N-NH4+) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured at a suburban site and a rural site in Japan. Then, the long-term sources of NH4+ were identified using the δ15N-NH3 and an isotopic mixing model. The results showed that the averaged contribution from nonagricultural sources was 67% at the suburban site and 78% at the rural site. We also reanalyzed NH3 data collected at the same location. The result showed that the averaged contribution of nonagricultural sources to NH3 was 39%. This result is reasonable because bottom-up estimates are close to the contribution, and the NH3 emissions are affected by warm season activities in the rural site. It was first found that the sources vary greatly, depending on the gas and particles. Back-trajectory results suggested that PM2.5 measured at the rural site was derived from the Asian continent. We inferred that the NH4+ had been formed on the continent and that these particles thus represent transboundary pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Kawashima
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science & Technology, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4, Ebinokuchi, Tsuchiya, Yurihonjo, Akita015-0055, Japan
| | - Otoha Yoshida
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science & Technology, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4, Ebinokuchi, Tsuchiya, Yurihonjo, Akita015-0055, Japan
| | - Nana Suto
- Environment Research Division, Japan Automobile Research Institute, 2530 Karima, Tsukuba, Ibaraki305-0822, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Begho T, Eory V, Glenk K. Demystifying risk attitudes and fertilizer use: A review focusing on the behavioral factors associated with agricultural nitrogen emissions in South Asia. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.991185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilizer use is environmentally unsustainable in South Asia. Ideally, farmers would follow optimal fertilization rates for crops based on scientific recommendations. However, there is ample evidence on why farmers under-fertilize or over-fertilize their crops. Important amongst them is that farmers' attitude to risk influences decisions on fertilizer use. This paper reviews studies on the effects of risk attitude on fertilizer use, the timing of application, and application intensity. We observe that the use of fertilizer is affected by perceptions of fertilizer as a risk-enhancing or risk-reducing input. In order to influence the future fertilizer decisions of farmers, several policy measures are suggested. Among these, gradual withdrawal of fertilizer subsidies, repurposing subsides toward improved technologies that increase productivity, improves nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reduce emission, providing enhanced-efficiency fertilizers and eliminating the fraudulent practice of fertilizer adulteration may be the most appropriate in a South Asian context.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cao H, Henze DK, Zhu L, Shephard MW, Cady‐Pereira K, Dammers E, Sitwell M, Heath N, Lonsdale C, Bash JO, Miyazaki K, Flechard C, Fauvel Y, Kruit RW, Feigenspan S, Brümmer C, Schrader F, Twigg MM, Leeson S, Tang YS, Stephens ACM, Braban C, Vincent K, Meier M, Seitler E, Geels C, Ellermann T, Sanocka A, Capps SL. 4D-Var Inversion of European NH 3 Emissions Using CrIS NH 3 Measurements and GEOS-Chem Adjoint With Bi-Directional and Uni-Directional Flux Schemes. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD035687. [PMID: 35865809 PMCID: PMC9286853 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We conduct the first 4D-Var inversion of NH3 accounting for NH3 bi-directional flux, using CrIS satellite NH3 observations over Europe in 2016. We find posterior NH3 emissions peak more in springtime than prior emissions at continental to national scales, and annually they are generally smaller than the prior emissions over central Europe, but larger over most of the rest of Europe. Annual posterior anthropogenic NH3 emissions for 25 European Union members (EU25) are 25% higher than the prior emissions and very close (<2% difference) to other inventories. Our posterior annual anthropogenic emissions for EU25, the UK, the Netherlands, and Switzerland are generally 10%-20% smaller than when treating NH3 fluxes as uni-directional emissions, while the monthly regional difference can be up to 34% (Switzerland in July). Compared to monthly mean in-situ observations, our posterior NH3 emissions from both schemes generally improve the magnitude and seasonality of simulated surface NH3 and bulk NH x wet deposition throughout most of Europe, whereas evaluation against hourly measurements at a background site shows the bi-directional scheme better captures observed diurnal variability of surface NH3. This contrast highlights the need for accurately simulating diurnal variability of NH3 in assimilation of sun-synchronous observations and also the potential value of future geostationary satellite observations. Overall, our top-down ammonia emissions can help to examine the effectiveness of air pollution control policies to facilitate future air pollution management, as well as helping us understand the uncertainty in top-down NH3 emissions estimates associated with treatment of NH3 surface exchange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liye Zhu
- Sun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhaiChina
| | | | | | - Enrico Dammers
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)Climate Air and Sustainability (CAS)UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Nicholas Heath
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research Inc.LexingtonMAUSA
| | - Chantelle Lonsdale
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental EngineeringUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
| | | | - Kazuyuki Miyazaki
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Christophe Flechard
- INRAE (National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment)UMR SASAgrocampus OuestRennesFrance
| | - Yannick Fauvel
- INRAE (National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment)UMR SASAgrocampus OuestRennesFrance
| | - Roy Wichink Kruit
- National Institute for Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthovenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mario Meier
- Forschungsstelle für UmweltbeobachtungSankt GallenSwitzerland
| | - Eva Seitler
- Forschungsstelle für UmweltbeobachtungSankt GallenSwitzerland
| | - Camilla Geels
- Department of Environmental ScienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Thomas Ellermann
- Department of Environmental ScienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Shannon L. Capps
- Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering DepartmentDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSAmailto:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Munzi S, Giovanetti M. Wanted: virtual or live! How lichens are becoming part of mass internet culture. Symbiosis 2021; 84:285-293. [PMID: 34035559 PMCID: PMC8137448 DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic have strongly limited and affected the work of scientists and communicators, the pandemic has also encouraged the development of new ways of networking and public engagement. People have had to resort to virtual events, with a subsequent proliferation of webinars, online meetings, and digital resources. In this situation we have had to find new ways of measuring the impact of these activities. Using the activities of the Italian Lichen Society (Società Lichenologica Italiana, SLI), Google Trends and colleagues’ contributions, we evaluated the performances and impacts of virtual tools on lichenological literacy. We compared the relative success of virtual and in-person events and the effort required; we evaluated followers’ appreciation of various categories of posts on SLI Facebook page; and designed a questionnaire to collate information on individual experiences of in-person and virtual events linked to lichens. As expected, online events generally required less effort to put together and deploy than in-person events and engaged more people, especially when recorded and made available online for a long time. Using online searches for the word “lichens” we found an association with national events, and there was a notable increase in membership of SLI over the last 10 years, demonstrating an increasing interest by people in lichens. Without excluding the positive effects of in-person experiences, we believe that online events offer a powerful tool to help increase interest in, and knowledge about lichens. This interest may help to mitigate the impact of anthropogenic activities on this sensitive component of the ecosystem and help human-lichen relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Munzi
- Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fowler D, Pyle JA, Sutton MA, Williams ML. Global Air Quality, past present and future: an introduction. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190323. [PMID: 32981444 PMCID: PMC7536034 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Fowler
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush Estate, Penicuik Midlothian EHH26 0QB, UK
| | - John A. Pyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 2EW, UK
| | - Mark A. Sutton
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bush Estate, Penicuik Midlothian EHH26 0QB, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stevens CJ, Bell JNB, Brimblecombe P, Clark CM, Dise NB, Fowler D, Lovett GM, Wolseley PA. The impact of air pollution on terrestrial managed and natural vegetation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190317. [PMID: 32981433 PMCID: PMC9584617 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although awareness that air pollution can damage vegetation dates back at least to the 1600s, the processes and mechanisms of damage were not rigorously studied until the late twentieth century. In the UK following the Industrial Revolution, urban air quality became very poor, with highly phytotoxic SO2 and NO2 concentrations, and remained that way until the mid-twentieth century. Since then both air quality, and our understanding of pollutants and their impacts, have greatly improved. Air pollutants remain a threat to natural and managed ecosystems. Air pollution imparts impacts through four major threats to vegetation are discussed through in a series of case studies. Gas-phase effects by the primary emissions of SO2 and NO2 are discussed in the context of impacts on lichens in urban areas. The effects of wet and dry deposited acidity from sulfur and nitrogen compounds are considered with a particular focus on forest decline. Ecosystem eutrophication by nitrogen deposition focuses on heathland decline in the Netherlands, and ground-level ozone at phytotoxic concentrations is discussed by considering impacts on semi-natural vegetation. We find that, although air is getting cleaner, there is much room for additional improvement, especially for the effects of eutrophication on managed and natural ecosystems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - J N B Bell
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - P Brimblecombe
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - C M Clark
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460, USA
| | - N B Dise
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - D Fowler
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - G M Lovett
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
| | - P A Wolseley
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fowler D, Brimblecombe P, Burrows J, Heal MR, Grennfelt P, Stevenson DS, Jowett A, Nemitz E, Coyle M, Lui X, Chang Y, Fuller GW, Sutton MA, Klimont Z, Unsworth MH, Vieno M. A chronology of global air quality. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190314. [PMID: 32981430 PMCID: PMC7536029 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been recognized as a threat to human health since the time of Hippocrates, ca 400 BC. Successive written accounts of air pollution occur in different countries through the following two millennia until measurements, from the eighteenth century onwards, show the growing scale of poor air quality in urban centres and close to industry, and the chemical characteristics of the gases and particulate matter. The industrial revolution accelerated both the magnitude of emissions of the primary pollutants and the geographical spread of contributing countries as highly polluted cities became the defining issue, culminating with the great smog of London in 1952. Europe and North America dominated emissions and suffered the majority of adverse effects until the latter decades of the twentieth century, by which time the transboundary issues of acid rain, forest decline and ground-level ozone became the main environmental and political air quality issues. As controls on emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SO2 and NOx) began to take effect in Europe and North America, emissions in East and South Asia grew strongly and dominated global emissions by the early years of the twenty-first century. The effects of air quality on human health had also returned to the top of the priorities by 2000 as new epidemiological evidence emerged. By this time, extensive networks of surface measurements and satellite remote sensing provided global measurements of both primary and secondary pollutants. Global emissions of SO2 and NOx peaked, respectively, in ca 1990 and 2018 and have since declined to 2020 as a result of widespread emission controls. By contrast, with a lack of actions to abate ammonia, global emissions have continued to grow. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Fowler
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
- e-mail:
| | - Peter Brimblecombe
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - John Burrows
- Faculty of Physics and Electrical Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mathew R. Heal
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Alan Jowett
- The Boundary, Goodley Stock Road Crockham Hill, Kent, UK
| | - Eiko Nemitz
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | | | - Xuejun Lui
- Environmental Science and Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhua Chang
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|