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Bentz PC, Liu Z, Yang JB, Zhang L, Burrows S, Burrows J, Kanno A, Mao Z, Leebens-Mack J. Young evolutionary origins of dioecy in the genus Asparagus. Am J Bot 2024; 111:e16276. [PMID: 38297448 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Dioecy (separate sexes) has independently evolved numerous times across the angiosperm phylogeny and is recently derived in many lineages. However, our understanding is limited regarding the evolutionary mechanisms that drive the origins of dioecy in plants. The recent and repeated evolution of dioecy across angiosperms offers an opportunity to make strong inferences about the ecological, developmental, and molecular factors influencing the evolution of dioecy, and thus sex chromosomes. The genus Asparagus (Asparagaceae) is an emerging model taxon for studying dioecy and sex chromosome evolution, yet estimates for the age and origin of dioecy in the genus are lacking. METHODS We use plastome sequences and fossil time calibrations in phylogenetic analyses to investigate the age and origin of dioecy in the genus Asparagus. We also review the diversity of sexual systems present across the genus to address contradicting reports in the literature. RESULTS We estimate that dioecy evolved once or twice approximately 2.78-3.78 million years ago in Asparagus, of which roughly 27% of the species are dioecious and the remaining are hermaphroditic with monoclinous flowers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support previous work implicating a young age and the possibility of two origins of dioecy in Asparagus, which appear to be associated with rapid radiations and range expansion out of Africa. Lastly, we speculate that paleoclimatic oscillations throughout northern Africa may have helped set the stage for the origin(s) of dioecy in Asparagus approximately 2.78-3.78 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Bentz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jun-Bo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | | | | | - Akira Kanno
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Zichao Mao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
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Martins P, Ranjankumar M, Burrows J, Smith C, Khanna R. Immunotherapy: EPHRIN RECEPTOR A3–TARGETED CAR T CELL IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR GLIOBLASTOMA. Cytotherapy 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1465-3249(22)00331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Odorico D, Nicosia E, Datizua C, Langa C, Raiva R, Souane J, Nhalungo S, Banze A, Caetano B, Nhauando V, Ragú H, Jr MM, Caminho J, Mutemba L, Matusse E, Osborne J, Wursten B, Burrows J, Cianciullo S, Malatesta L, Attorre F. An updated checklist of Mozambique's vascular plants. PhytoKeys 2022; 189:61-80. [PMID: 35136361 PMCID: PMC8816833 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.189.75321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An updated checklist of Mozambique's vascular plants is presented. It was compiled referring to several information sources such as existing literature, relevant online databases and herbaria collections. The checklist includes 7,099 taxa (5,957 species, 605 subspecies, 537 varieties), belonging to 226 families and 1,746 genera. There are 6,804 angiosperms, 257 pteridophytes, and 38 gymnosperms. A total of 6,171 taxa are native to Mozambique, while 602 are introduced and the remaining 326 taxa were considered as uncertain status. The endemism level for Mozambique's flora was assessed at 9.59%, including 278 strict-endemic taxa and 403 near-endemic. 58.2% of taxa are herbaceous, while shrubs and trees account respectively for 26.5% and 9.2% of the taxa. The checklist also includes ferns (3.6%), lianas (1.7%), subshrubs (0.5%) and cycads (0.3%). Fabaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae are the three most represented families, with 891, 543 and 428 taxa, respectively. The extinction risk of 1,667 taxa is included, with 158 taxa listed as Vulnerable, 119 as Endangered and as 24 Critically Endangered. The geographical distribution, known vernacular names and plants traditional uses are also recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Délcio Odorico
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere 3534, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo Mozambique
| | - Enrico Nicosia
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italia University of Rome Roma Italy
| | - Castigo Datizua
- Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute, Av. FPLM 2698, P.O. Box 3658, Mavalane, Maputo, Mozambique Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute Maputo Mozambique
| | - Clayton Langa
- Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute, Av. FPLM 2698, P.O. Box 3658, Mavalane, Maputo, Mozambique Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute Maputo Mozambique
| | - Raquel Raiva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere 3534, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo Mozambique
| | - Joelma Souane
- Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute, Av. FPLM 2698, P.O. Box 3658, Mavalane, Maputo, Mozambique Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute Maputo Mozambique
| | - Sofia Nhalungo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere 3534, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo Mozambique
| | - Aurélio Banze
- Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute, Av. FPLM 2698, P.O. Box 3658, Mavalane, Maputo, Mozambique Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute Maputo Mozambique
| | - Belkiss Caetano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere 3534, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo Mozambique
| | - Vânia Nhauando
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere 3534, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo Mozambique
| | - Hélio Ragú
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere 3534, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo Mozambique
| | - Mário Machunguene Jr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere 3534, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo Mozambique
| | - Jónata Caminho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere 3534, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo Mozambique
| | - Leonel Mutemba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Av. Julius Nyerere 3534, P.O. Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo Mozambique
| | - Efigénio Matusse
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Rua Faustino Vanombe 61, P.O. Box 421, Maputo, Mozambique Wildlife Conservation Society Maputo Mozambique
| | - Jo Osborne
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK Royal Botanic Gardens Richmond United Kingdom
| | - Bart Wursten
- Meise Botanic Garden Herbarium, Nieuwelaan 38, Meise 1860, Belgium Meise Botanic Garden Herbarium Meise Belgium
| | - John Burrows
- Buffelskloof Nature Reserve and Herbarium, P.O. Box 710, Lyndenburg, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa Buffelskloof Nature Reserve and Herbarium Lyndenburg South Africa
| | - Silvio Cianciullo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italia University of Rome Roma Italy
| | - Luca Malatesta
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italia University of Rome Roma Italy
| | - Fabio Attorre
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza - University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italia University of Rome Roma Italy
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Fowler D, Brimblecombe P, Burrows J, Heal MR, Grennfelt P, Stevenson DS, Jowett A, Nemitz E, Coyle M, Liu X, Chang Y, Fuller GW, Sutton MA, Klimont Z, Unsworth MH, Vieno M. Correction to 'A chronology of global air quality'. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 379:20210113. [PMID: 34024135 PMCID: PMC8805597 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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Fowler D, Brimblecombe P, Burrows J, Heal MR, Grennfelt P, Stevenson DS, Jowett A, Nemitz E, Coyle M, Lui X, Chang Y, Fuller GW, Sutton MA, Klimont Z, Unsworth MH, Vieno M. A chronology of global air quality. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190314. [PMID: 32981430 PMCID: PMC7536029 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been recognized as a threat to human health since the time of Hippocrates, ca 400 BC. Successive written accounts of air pollution occur in different countries through the following two millennia until measurements, from the eighteenth century onwards, show the growing scale of poor air quality in urban centres and close to industry, and the chemical characteristics of the gases and particulate matter. The industrial revolution accelerated both the magnitude of emissions of the primary pollutants and the geographical spread of contributing countries as highly polluted cities became the defining issue, culminating with the great smog of London in 1952. Europe and North America dominated emissions and suffered the majority of adverse effects until the latter decades of the twentieth century, by which time the transboundary issues of acid rain, forest decline and ground-level ozone became the main environmental and political air quality issues. As controls on emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SO2 and NOx) began to take effect in Europe and North America, emissions in East and South Asia grew strongly and dominated global emissions by the early years of the twenty-first century. The effects of air quality on human health had also returned to the top of the priorities by 2000 as new epidemiological evidence emerged. By this time, extensive networks of surface measurements and satellite remote sensing provided global measurements of both primary and secondary pollutants. Global emissions of SO2 and NOx peaked, respectively, in ca 1990 and 2018 and have since declined to 2020 as a result of widespread emission controls. By contrast, with a lack of actions to abate ammonia, global emissions have continued to grow. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fowler
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
- e-mail:
| | - Peter Brimblecombe
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - John Burrows
- Faculty of Physics and Electrical Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mathew R. Heal
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Alan Jowett
- The Boundary, Goodley Stock Road Crockham Hill, Kent, UK
| | - Eiko Nemitz
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | | | - Xuejun Lui
- Environmental Science and Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhua Chang
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
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6
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Balsells E, Shi T, Leese C, Lyell I, Burrows J, Wiuff C, Campbell H, Kyaw MH, Nair H. Global burden of Clostridium difficile infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Health 2019; 9:010407. [PMID: 30603078 PMCID: PMC6304170 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.09.010407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in several countries. However, there are limited evidence characterizing its role as a global public health problem. We conducted a systematic review to provide a comprehensive overview of C. difficile infections (CDI) rates. Methods Seven databases were searched (January 2016) to identify studies and surveillance reports published between 2005 and 2015 reporting CDI incidence rates. CDI incidence rates for health care facility-associated (HCF), hospital onset-health care facility-associated, medical or general intensive care unit (ICU), internal medicine (IM), long-term care facility (LTCF), and community-associated (CA) were extracted and standardized. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random effects model. Results 229 publications, with data from 41 countries, were included. The overall rate of HCF-CDI was 2.24 (95% confidence interval CI = 1.66-3.03) per 1000 admissions/y and 3.54 (95%CI = 3.19-3.92) per 10 000 patient-days/y. Estimated rates for CDI with onset in ICU or IM wards were 11.08 (95%CI = 7.19-17.08) and 10.80 (95%CI = 3.15-37.06) per 1000 admission/y, respectively. Rates for CA-CDI were lower: 0.55 (95%CI = 0.13-2.37) per 1000 admissions/y. CDI rates were generally higher in North America and among the elderly but similar rates were identified in other regions and age groups. Conclusions Our review highlights the widespread burden of disease of C. difficile, evidence gaps, and the need for sustainable surveillance of CDI in the health care setting and the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Balsells
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Joint first authorship
| | - Ting Shi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Joint first authorship
| | - Callum Leese
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Iona Lyell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Burrows
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Moe H Kyaw
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, USA.,Joint last authorship
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Joint last authorship
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7
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McAllister DA, Liu L, Shi T, Chu Y, Reed C, Burrows J, Adeloye D, Rudan I, Black RE, Campbell H, Nair H. Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years between 2000 and 2015: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2019; 7:e47-e57. [PMID: 30497986 PMCID: PMC6293057 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global child mortality reduced substantially during the Millennium Development Goal period (2000-15). We aimed to estimate morbidity, mortality, and prevalence of risk factors for child pneumonia at the global, regional, and national level for developing countries for the Millennium Development Goal period. METHODS We estimated the incidence, number of hospital admissions, and in-hospital mortality due to all-cause clinical pneumonia in children younger than 5 years in developing countries at 5-year intervals during the Millennium Development Goal period (2000-15) using data from a systematic review and Poisson regression. We estimated the incidence and number of cases of clinical pneumonia, and the pneumonia burden attributable to HIV for 132 developing countries using a risk-factor-based model that used Demographic and Health Survey data on prevalence of the various risk factors for child pneumonia. We also estimated pneumonia mortality in young children using data from multicause models based on vital registration and verbal autopsy. FINDINGS Globally, the number of episodes of clinical pneumonia in young children decreased by 22% from 178 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 110-289) in 2000 to 138 million (86-226) in 2015. In 2015, India, Nigeria, Indonesia, Pakistan, and China contributed to more than 54% of all global pneumonia cases, with 32% of the global burden from India alone. Between 2000 and 2015, the burden of clinical pneumonia attributable to HIV decreased by 45%. Between 2000 and 2015, global hospital admissions for child pneumonia increased by 2·9 times with a more rapid increase observed in the WHO South-East Asia Region than the African Region. Pneumonia deaths in this age group decreased from 1·7 million (95% UI 1·7-2·0) in 2000 to 0·9 million (0·8-1·1) in 2015. In 2015, 49% of global pneumonia deaths occurred in India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia collectively. All key risk factors for child pneumonia (non-exclusive breastfeeding, crowding, malnutrition, indoor air pollution, incomplete immunisation, and paediatric HIV), with the exception of low birthweight, decreased across all regions between 2000 and 2015. INTERPRETATION Globally, the incidence of child pneumonia decreased by 30% and mortality decreased by 51% during the Millennium Development Goal period. These reductions are consistent with the decrease in the prevalence of some of the key risk factors for pneumonia, increasing socioeconomic development and preventive interventions, improved access to care, and quality of care in hospitals. However, intersectoral action is required to improve socioeconomic conditions and increase coverage of interventions targeting risk factors for child pneumonia to accelerate decline in pneumonia mortality and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals for health by 2030. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Liu
- Department of International Health, Institute for International Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ting Shi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yue Chu
- Department of International Health, Institute for International Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Craig Reed
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Burrows
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Davies Adeloye
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Global Health Research Institute, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert E Black
- Department of International Health, Institute for International Programs, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India.
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An E, Ock CY, Kim TY, Lee KH, Han SW, Im SA, Kim TY, Liao WL, Cecchi F, Blackler A, Thyparambil S, Kim WH, Burrows J, Hembrough T, Catenacci DVT, Oh DY, Bang YJ. Quantitative proteomic analysis of HER2 expression in the selection of gastric cancer patients for trastuzumab treatment. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:110-115. [PMID: 27687309 PMCID: PMC5378223 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A wide range of response rates have been reported in HER2-positive gastric cancer (GC) patients treated with trastuzumab. Other HER2-targeted therapies for GC have yet to show efficacy in clinical trials. These findings raise question about the ability of standard HER2 diagnostics to accurately distinguish between GC patients who would and would not benefit from anti-HER2 therapies. Patients and methods GC patients (n = 237), including a subset from the Trastuzumab in GC (ToGA) trial were divided into three groups based on HER2 status and history of treatment with standard chemotherapy or chemotherapy plus trastuzumab. We applied mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis to quantify HER2 protein expression in formalin-fixed tumor samples. Using HER2 expression as a continuous variable, we defined a predictive protein level cutoff to identify which patients would benefit from trastuzumab. We compared quantitated protein level with clinical outcome and HER2 status as determined by conventional HER2 diagnostics. Results Quantitative proteomics detected a 115-fold range of HER2 protein expression among patients diagnosed as HER2 positive by standard methods. A protein level of 1825 amol/µg was predicted to determine benefit from the addition of trastuzumab to chemotherapy. Trastuzumab treated patients with HER2 protein levels above this cutoff had twice the median overall survival (OS) of their counterparts below the cutoff (35.0 versus 17.5 months, P = 0.011). Conversely, trastuzumab-treated patients with HER2 levels below the cutoff had outcomes similar to HER2-positive patients treated with chemotherapy. (Progression-free survival = 7.0 versus 6.5 months: P = 0.504; OS = 17.5 versus 12.6 months: P = 0.520). HER2 levels were not prognostic for response to chemotherapy. Conclusions Proteomic analysis of HER2 expression demonstrated a quantitative cutoff that improves selection of GC patients for trastuzumab as compared with current diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E An
- NantOmics, Rockville, USA,Oncoplex Diagnostics, Rockville, USA
| | - C-Y Ock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - T-Y Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - K-H Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-W Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-A Im
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - T-Y Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - W-L Liao
- NantOmics, Rockville, USA,Oncoplex Diagnostics, Rockville, USA
| | - F Cecchi
- NantOmics, Rockville, USA,Oncoplex Diagnostics, Rockville, USA
| | - A Blackler
- NantOmics, Rockville, USA,Oncoplex Diagnostics, Rockville, USA
| | - S Thyparambil
- NantOmics, Rockville, USA,Oncoplex Diagnostics, Rockville, USA
| | - W H Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Burrows
- Oncoplex Diagnostics, Rockville, USA
| | - T Hembrough
- NantOmics, Rockville, USA,Oncoplex Diagnostics, Rockville, USA
| | - D V T Catenacci
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - D-Y Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y-J Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Seoul, Korea
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Wendisch M, Brückner M, Burrows J, Crewell S, Dethloff K, Ebell K, Lüpkes C, Macke A, Notholt J, Quaas J, Rinke A, Tegen I. Understanding Causes and Effects of Rapid Warming in the Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1029/2017eo064803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new German research consortium is investigating why near-surface air temperatures in the Artic are rising more quickly than in the rest of the world.
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Simpson S, Taylor B, Burrows J, Burrows S, Dwyer DE, Taylor J, Ponsonby AL, Blizzard L, Dwyer T, Pittas F, van der Mei I. EBV & HHV6 reactivation is infrequent and not associated with MS clinical course. Acta Neurol Scand 2014; 130:328-37. [PMID: 24893674 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the environmental factors associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) causation, some of the strongest associations are with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and to a lesser extent human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6). Associations with clinical course are less conclusive, however. METHODS We evaluated serum anti-EBV-EA-R IgG and anti-HHV6 IgM, and EBV and HHV6 viral load (VL) for their associations with relapse, disability, and progression in disability in a prospective cohort of 198 participants with clinically definite MS. RESULTS Anti-EBV-EA-R IgG was detected in 81.8% of cases at study entry, and titers remained essentially unchanged during the study. Anti-HHV6 IgM was detected in only one participant, and EBV-VL (29%) and HHV6-VL (1.8%) were detected in a minority of samples, and where detected levels were low. Our previously demonstrated association between anti-HHV6 IgG and relapse hazard was not affected by adjustment for parameters of reactivation. We found no evidence that any of the viral markers were associated with disability or progression in disability. In relation to relapse, only EBV-VL was positively associated, although this was strongly influenced by a single individual. CONCLUSION Using a prospective cohort design, we found no convincing evidence that reactivation parameters of EBV or HHV6 were associated with subsequent MS relapse hazard or progression in disability, confirming previous findings, and indicating that herpesvirus reactivation is not an important driver of relapse or disability in this established MS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Simpson
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - B. Taylor
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - J. Burrows
- Queensland Institute for Medical Research; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - S. Burrows
- Queensland Institute for Medical Research; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - D. E. Dwyer
- Westmead Hospital; Westmead Millennium Institute and ICPMR; Westmead NSW Australia
| | - J. Taylor
- Westmead Hospital; Westmead Millennium Institute and ICPMR; Westmead NSW Australia
| | - A.-L. Ponsonby
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - L. Blizzard
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - T. Dwyer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Royal Children's Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - F. Pittas
- School of Medicine; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - I. van der Mei
- Menzies Research Institute Tasmania; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tas. Australia
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An E, Liao W, Thyparambil S, Rodriguez J, Salgia R, Wistuba I, Burrows J, Hembrough T. 489 Development and clinical validation of a quantitative mass spectrometric assay for PD-L1 protein in FFPE NSCLC samples. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Im U, Daskalakis N, Markakis K, Vrekoussis M, Hjorth J, Myriokefalitakis S, Gerasopoulos E, Kouvarakis G, Richter A, Burrows J, Pozzoli L, Unal A, Kindap T, Kanakidou M. Simulated air quality and pollutant budgets over Europe in 2008. Sci Total Environ 2014; 470-471:270-281. [PMID: 24140698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Major gaseous and particulate pollutant levels over Europe in 2008 have been simulated using the offline-coupled WRFCMAQ chemistry and transport modeling system. The simulations are compared with surface observations from the EMEP stations, ozone (O3) soundings, ship-borne O3 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) observations in the western Mediterranean, tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities from the SCIAMACHY instrument, and aerosol optical depths (AOD) from the AERONET. The results show that on average, surface O3 levels are underestimated by 4 to 7% over the northern European EMEP stations while they are overestimated by 7-10% over the southern European EMEP stations and underestimated in the tropospheric column (by 10-20%). Particulate matter (PM) mass concentrations are underestimated by up to 60%, particularly in southern and eastern Europe, suggesting underestimated PM sources. Larger differences are calculated for individual aerosol components, particularly for organic and elemental carbon than for the total PM mass, indicating uncertainty in the combustion sources. Better agreement has been obtained for aerosol species over urban areas of the eastern Mediterranean, particularly for nss-SO4(2), attributed to the implementation of higher quality emission inventories for that area. Simulated AOD levels are lower than the AERONET observations by 10% on average, with average underestimations of 3% north of 40°N, attributed to the low anthropogenic emissions in the model and 22% south of 40°N, suggesting underestimated natural and resuspended dust emissions. Overall, the results reveal differences in the model performance between northern and southern Europe, suggesting significant differences in the representation of both anthropogenic and natural emissions in these regions. Budget analyses indicate that O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) are transported from the free troposphere (FT) to the planetary boundary layer over Europe, while other species follow the reverse path and are then advected away from the source region.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Im
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - N Daskalakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - K Markakis
- Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique (LMD), IPSL Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau Cedex, Paris, France
| | - M Vrekoussis
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus; Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - J Hjorth
- Air and Climate Unit, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - S Myriokefalitakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - E Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Kouvarakis
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - A Richter
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - J Burrows
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - L Pozzoli
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Unal
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - T Kindap
- Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Kanakidou
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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Donley C, McClelland K, McKeen HD, Nelson L, Yakkundi A, Jithesh PV, Burrows J, McClements L, Valentine A, Prise KM, McCarthy HO, Robson T. Identification of RBCK1 as a novel regulator of FKBPL: implications for tumor growth and response to tamoxifen. Oncogene 2013; 33:3441-50. [PMID: 23912458 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
FKBPL has been implicated in processes associated with cancer, including regulation of tumor growth and angiogenesis with high levels of FKBPL prognosticating for improved patient survival. Understanding how FKBPL levels are controlled within the cell is therefore critical. We have identified a novel role for RBCK1 as an FKBPL-interacting protein, which regulates FKBPL stability at the post-translational level via ubiquitination. Both RBCK1 and FKBPL are upregulated by 17-β-estradiol and interact within heat shock protein 90 chaperone complexes, together with estrogen receptor-α (ERα). Furthermore, FKBPL and RBCK1 associate with ERα at the promoter of the estrogen responsive gene, pS2, and regulate pS2 levels. MCF-7 clones stably overexpressing RBCK1 were shown to have reduced proliferation and increased levels of FKBPL and p21. Furthermore, these clones were resistant to tamoxifen therapy, suggesting that RBCK1 could be a predictive marker of response to endocrine therapy. RBCK1 knockdown using targeted small interfering RNA resulted in increased proliferation and increased sensitivity to tamoxifen treatment. Moreover, in support of our in vitro data, analysis of mRNA microarray data sets demonstrated that high levels of FKBPL and RBCK1 correlated with increased patient survival, whereas high RBCK1 predicted for a poor response to tamoxifen. Our findings support a role for RBCK1 in the regulation of FKBPL with important implications for estrogen receptor signaling, cell proliferation and response to endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Donley
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - K McClelland
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - H D McKeen
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - L Nelson
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - A Yakkundi
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - P V Jithesh
- Liverpool Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Burrows
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - L McClements
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - A Valentine
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - K M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - H O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - T Robson
- School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Hembrough T, Catenacci DVT, Liao W, Thyparambil S, Xu P, Henderson L, Burrows J. Development of Quantitative Gastrointestinal Carcinoma (GEC and CRC) SRM Assays for Use in FFPE Tumor Tissues. Ann Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt046.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lynch JA, Choi CM, Park YS, Lee JC, Park MJ, Kim HR, Shih NY, Chang GC, Tseng SW, Liu KJ, Hsiao KC, Lin HC, Wang JY, Tsai HL, Barak V, Chen YJ, Hsieh YL, Chien PH, Chien YF, Huang WC, Lin SR, Chung FY, Yen LC, Tsai HL, Rixe O, Salkeni AM, Furgason JM, McPherson C, Warnick R, Bahassi M, Hembrough TA, Catenacci DVT, Liao WL, Thyparambil S, Xu P, Henderson L, Burrows J, Bebb DG, Elegbede AA, Kubota E, Petersen LF, Otsuka SM, Lees-Miller SP. Poster session 4. Molecular diagnosis & biomarkers. Ann Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Hembrough TA, Scaltriti M, Serra V, Jimenez J, Perez J, Liao WL, Thyparambil S, Cortes J, Baselga J, Burrows J. Abstract P1-07-19: Mass Spectrometry Based Quantitative Analysis of the HER Family receptors in FFPE Breast Cancer Tissue. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p1-07-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The human EGF receptor family (HER's) consists of two clinically validated drug targets (EGFR and HER2), a third (HER3) currently under investigation for its possible role in the acquisition of multidrug resistance and a fourth (HER4), the role of which is still matter of debate. Drugs inhibiting EGFR or HER2 show significant antitumor activity in the clinic, however, acquisition of resistance is a hallmark of these and most targeted therapies. In the case of EGFR and HER2, one of the emerging resistance mechanisms is the co-expression of HER3. Indeed, recent reports show that inhibition of the PI3K pathway leads to upregulation of HER3, and subsequent resistance. Clinical analysis of protein levels in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues is limited to immunohistochemistry (IHC), which is semi-quantitative and requires significant amounts of tissue. Moreover, the vast majority of research groups consider specific HER3 staining by IHC particularly challenging. However, accurate measurement of these targets is critical both for properly defining treatment groups and predicting patterns of resistance.
In order to address these issues, we used trypsin digestion mapping and stable isotope labeled peptides to develop a panel of quantitative mass spectrometric (MS) assays to measure the levels of EGFR, HER2, HER3 and other clinically relevant targets in FFPE breast cancer tissue. These quantitative MS assays were then multiplexed to analyze 1μg of tumor protein.
In this study, we multiplexed HER family analysis on 31 HER2 positive breast cancers. Tumor tissue was microdissected from FFPE sections, and subjected to quantitative MS analysis of EGFR, HER2, HER3 as well as IGF1R and cMET. Quantitation of HER2 showed a broad range of HER2 expression in these tissues. The highest expresser measured 26 fmol/ug tumor tissue, representing amplification and massive protein over expression. In contrast, five tissues showed low levels of HER2 expression, below 1 fmol/ug, similar to HER2 non-amplified cell lines. This suggests that MS quantitation can identify patients with low expression of HER2 who are unlikely to respond to trastuzumab therapy. As a matter of fact, 3 of these 5 low expressing patients had outcome data and showed no response to trastuzumab treatment.
In 28 of 31 patient tissue samples, HER3 showed low levels of expression (100–300 amol/ug tumor tissue) similar to HER3 expression in cell lines, and comparable to low expressing EGFR and HER2 cell lines. The remaining 3 patients had no detectable HER3. This study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring HER3 in multiplex in FFPE breast cancer tissue. Based on the low but widespread expression of HER3 in this cohort, it may be most useful to assess HER3 expression after initial treatment as a marker of potential resistance to targeted therapies.
Taken together, these data demonstrate that a sensitive and quantitative assay to measure oncoproteins in FFPE clinical samples may help stratify patients with variable expression of these targets. Our quantitation of oncogene expression from clinical samples uses a small amount of tissue, is clinically applicable and alleviates the problem of scoring either positive or negative for the expression of a given protein.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-07-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- TA Hembrough
- OncoPlex Diagnostics, Inc., Rockville, MD; Vall d'Hebron Istitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - M Scaltriti
- OncoPlex Diagnostics, Inc., Rockville, MD; Vall d'Hebron Istitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - V Serra
- OncoPlex Diagnostics, Inc., Rockville, MD; Vall d'Hebron Istitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - J Jimenez
- OncoPlex Diagnostics, Inc., Rockville, MD; Vall d'Hebron Istitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - J Perez
- OncoPlex Diagnostics, Inc., Rockville, MD; Vall d'Hebron Istitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - W-L Liao
- OncoPlex Diagnostics, Inc., Rockville, MD; Vall d'Hebron Istitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - S Thyparambil
- OncoPlex Diagnostics, Inc., Rockville, MD; Vall d'Hebron Istitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - J Cortes
- OncoPlex Diagnostics, Inc., Rockville, MD; Vall d'Hebron Istitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - J Baselga
- OncoPlex Diagnostics, Inc., Rockville, MD; Vall d'Hebron Istitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - J Burrows
- OncoPlex Diagnostics, Inc., Rockville, MD; Vall d'Hebron Istitute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Catenacci D, Xu P, Henderson L, Liao W, Burrows J, Hembrough T. 561 Development of a Quantitative Gastroesophageal Cancer Selected Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometric Multiplex Assay for Use in FFPE Tumor Tissues. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)72358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Hembrough T, Henderson L, Xu P, Liao W, Burrows J, Catenacci D. 483 Development of a Quantitative Colorectal Cancer SRM Assay for Use in FFPE Tumor Tissues. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)72281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Catenacci D, Henderson L, Xu P, Liao W, Burrows J, Hembrough T. 820 Development of a Quantitative RON SRM Assay for Use in Formalin Fixed Tumor Tissues. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)71453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Witherick J, Kane N, Butler S, Walsh P, Blake K, Faulkner H, Burrows J, Inglis K, Cottrell D. 152 Are neurophysiological parameters an objective measure of disease status and progression in primary progressive multiple sclerosis? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301993.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Burrows J, Baxter S, Baird W, Hirst J, Goyder E. Citizens advice in primary care: A qualitative study of the views and experiences of service users and staff. Public Health 2011; 125:704-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Adams R, Hembrough TA, Thyparambil S, Krizman D, Darfler M, Jasani B, Maughan T, Kaplan RS, Burrows J. Multiplexed quantitation of growth factor receptors and pathway activation in FFPE tumor tissue from the COIN trial. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.e14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Malempati S, Hembrough TA, Thyparambil S, Cao L, Darfler M, Krizman D, Hawkins DS, Skapek S, Helman LJ, Burrows J. Quantitative analysis of IGF-1R expression in FFPE human rhabdomyosarcoma tumor tissue by mass spectrometry. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.10069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hembrough TA, Liao W, Thyparambil S, Krizman D, Darfler M, Burrows J. Quantitation of truncated HER2 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast carcinoma tissues. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.e11130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Strong M, Burrows J, Stedman E, Redgrave P. Adverse drug effects following oseltamivir mass treatment and prophylaxis in a school outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in June 2009, Sheffield, United Kingdom. Euro Surveill 2010. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.15.19.19565-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the containment phase of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, mass treatment and prophylaxis with oseltamivir was used to control an outbreak of pandemic influenza in a primary school in Sheffield, United Kingdom, where ten cases of pandemic influenza had been laboratory confirmed over a three day period in June 2009. A subsequent cross-sectional survey showed that 51 of 297 (17%) pupils and 10 of 58 (17%) reported an influenza-like illness. The most common symptoms were headache, cough, fever, tiredness, sore throat and nausea. Fifty-three staff and 273 pupils took oseltamivir for treatment or prophylaxis. Of this group, 41% (113/273) of pupils and 47% (25/53) of staff reported adverse effects. Overall, 14% (37/273) of pupils and 20% (11/53) of staff did not complete the course of oseltamivir, primarily due to adverse effects. Nausea, vomiting and rash were statistically significantly associated with failing to complete the course of oseltamivir. Given the potential for side effects from oseltamivir, particularly among those without influenza who receive the drug for prophylaxis, our findings have two important implications. Firstly, the benefits of mass treatment in an outbreak setting must clearly be greater than the benefits of targeted treatment. Secondly, any large scale regional or state level system for distribution of antiviral drugs for treatment should ideally include a robust quantification of an individual’s probability of infection with influenza virus in order to avoid unnecessary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strong
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - J Burrows
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - E Stedman
- Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - P Redgrave
- NHS Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Strong M, Burrows J, Stedman E, Redgrave P. Adverse drug effects following oseltamivir mass treatment and prophylaxis in a school outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in June 2009, Sheffield, United Kingdom. Euro Surveill 2010; 15:pii/19565. [PMID: 20483106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the containment phase of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, mass treatment and prophylaxis with oseltamivir was used to control an outbreak of pandemic influenza in a primary school in Sheffield, United Kingdom, where ten cases of pandemic influenza had been laboratory confirmed over a three day period in June 2009. A subsequent cross-sectional survey showed that 51 of 297 (17%) pupils and 10 of 58 (17%) reported an influenza-like illness. The most common symptoms were headache, cough, fever, tiredness, sore throat and nausea. Fifty-three staff and 273 pupils took oseltamivir for treatment or prophylaxis. Of this group, 41% (113/273) of pupils and 47% (25/53) of staff reported adverse effects. Overall, 14% (37/273) of pupils and 20% (11/53) of staff did not complete the course of oseltamivir, primarily due to adverse effects. Nausea, vomiting and rash were statistically significantly associated with failing to complete the course of oseltamivir. Given the potential for side effects from oseltamivir, particularly among those without influenza who receive the drug for prophylaxis, our findings have two important implications. Firstly, the benefits of mass treatment in an outbreak setting must clearly be greater than the benefits of targeted treatment. Secondly, any large scale regional or state level system for distribution of antiviral drugs for treatment should ideally include a robust quantification of an individual s probability of infection with influenza virus in order to avoid unnecessary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strong
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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Tangborn A, Stajner I, Buchwitz M, Khlystova I, Pawson S, Burrows J, Hudman R, Nedelec P. Assimilation of SCIAMACHY total column CO observations: Global and regional analysis of data impact. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Chile has achieved great success in terms of growth and development. However, growing inequalities exist in relation to income and health status. The previous Chilean government began to reform the healthcare system with the aim of reducing health inequities. What is meant by "equity" in this context? What is the extent of the equity aimed for? A normative framework is required for public policy-makers to consider ideas about fairness in their decisions about healthcare reform. This paper aims to discuss the main features of the Chilean healthcare reform and their implications for such a normative framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burrows
- Centre for Professional Ethics, Research Institute for Law, Politics and Justice, Keele University, Keele, UK.
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Burrows J, Fischer H, Künzi KF, Pfeilsticker K, Platt U, Richter A, Riese M, Stiller G, Wagner T. Atmosphärische Spurenstoffe und ihre Sondierung. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.200700426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kuttippurath J, Bremer H, Burrows J, Kleinböhl A, Küllmann H, Künzi K, Notholt J, Sinnhuber M, von Savigny C, Lautié N, Murtagh D, Urban J, Milz M, Stiller G, Petelina S, de La Noë J, Le Flochmoën E, Ricaud P. Intercomparison of ozone profile measurements from ASUR, SCIAMACHY, MIPAS, OSIRIS, and SMR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cede A, Herman J, Richter A, Krotkov N, Burrows J. Measurements of nitrogen dioxide total column amounts using a Brewer double spectrophotometer in direct Sun mode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Volkamer R, Spietz P, Burrows J, Platt U. High-resolution absorption cross-section of glyoxal in the UV–vis and IR spectral ranges. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gupta D, Lammersfeld CA, Vashi PG, Burrows J, Lis CG, Grutsch JF. Prognostic significance of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) in advanced colorectal cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:35-40. [PMID: 15252422 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prognostic significance of Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) in advanced colorectal cancer and create statistically distinct prognostic groups of colorectal cancer patients based on clinical and nutritional variables. DESIGN A retrospective clinical epidemiologic study. SETTING A private tertiary care American Cancer Center. SUBJECTS In total, 234 colorectal cancer patients aged 29-82 y treated at Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwestern Regional Medical Center between January 1995 and March 2001. INTERVENTION SGA Questionnaire. SGA A-well nourished; SGA B-moderately malnourished; and SGA C-severely malnourished. Malnutrition was defined as either SGA B or SGA C. RESULTS The prevalence of malnutrition in this patient population, as determined by SGA, was 52% (113/217). The median survival of patients with SGA A was 12.8 months (95% CI; 9.1-16.5), those with SGA B was 8.8 months (95% CI; 6.7-10.9) and those with SGA C was 6 months (95% CI; 3.9-8.1); the difference being statistically significant at P=0.0013. Regression tree analysis identified prior treatment history, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and SGA to be important predictors of survival for our patient cohort. Patients with no prior treatment history (newly diagnosed disease), low LDH scores, and SGA A had the best overall survival of 40.4 months (95% CI; 30.45-50.4), whereas patients with prior treatment history (progressive disease), high LDH scores, and SGA B/C had the worst overall survival of 4.5 months (95% CI; 2.22-6.76). CONCLUSION The SGA provides useful prognostic information in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gupta
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, IL 60099, USA.
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Abstract
As UK investment in forensic science has increased, the government has taken a fresh interest in how far this has led to dividends in terms of the detection of crime and its reduction. The Home Office funded 'Pathfinder Project' sought to monitor and document the complex relationships between the collection and use of forensic material (looking at a range of forensic science techniques) and its impact on crime detection. The project specifically targeted the 'volume' crimes of burglary and vehicle crime. Detailed data was gathered on all stages of the process between the collection and use of forensic material and crime detection. The model falls into two conceptual phases--scene attendance to suspect identification and identification to detection. From the analysis it was found that approximately one third of burglary and autocrime scenes are visited by SOCOs. While scientific identifications are only made in a minority of burglary and autocrime offences overall, it belies their importance. About one in ten of burglary and autocrime cases are cleared up by the police and it is estimated that fingerprints and SGMPlus were a contributory factor in achieving one third of these clear ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burrows
- Morgan Harris Burrows (MHB) Entrance Court, The Charterhouse, London EC1 M 6AH, United Kingdom
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Burrows J, Lammersfeld C, Dahlk S, Walker S, Vashi PG, Lis CG, Gupta D. Impact of self-reported performance status on survival in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.3761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Burrows
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL
| | | | - S. Dahlk
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL
| | - S. Walker
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL
| | - P. G. Vashi
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL
| | - C. G. Lis
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL
| | - D. Gupta
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL
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Gupta D, Lammersfeld CA, Dahlk S, Burrows J, Vashi PG, Grutsch J, Lis CG. Phase angle, determined by bioelectrical impedance, as a prognostic indicator in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Gupta
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - C. A. Lammersfeld
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - S. Dahlk
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - J. Burrows
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - P. G. Vashi
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - J. Grutsch
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - C. G. Lis
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America at Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
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Lammersfeld CA, Gupta D, Dahlk S, Burrows J, Walker S, Vashi PG, Grutsch J, Lis CG. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as a nutritional assessment tool in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.6121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Lammersfeld
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - D. Gupta
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - S. Dahlk
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - J. Burrows
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - S. Walker
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - P. G. Vashi
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - J. Grutsch
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
| | - C. G. Lis
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL; University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL
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Hearps AC, Burrows J, Connor CE, Woods GM, Lowenthal RM, Ragg SJ. Mitochondrial cytochrome c release precedes transmembrane depolarisation and caspase-3 activation during ceramide-induced apoptosis of Jurkat T cells. Apoptosis 2003. [PMID: 12207171 DOI: 10.1023/a: 1020034906200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Whilst the role of ceramide, a second messenger of the sphingolipid family, in the initiation of receptor-mediated apoptosis is controversial, a growing body of evidence is emerging for a role of ceramide in the amplification of apoptosis via mitochondrial perturbations that culminate in the activation of execution caspases. Treatment of Jurkat T cells with the cell-permeable analog, C(2)-ceramide, resulted in the rapid onset of apoptosis as evidenced by Annexin V-FITC staining of externalised phosphatidylserine residues. Cells bearing this early apoptotic marker had a reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Delta(Psi)m) that was preceded by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Subsequent activation of caspase-3 provides the link between these ceramide-induced mitochondrial changes and execution caspases that ultimately result in the physical destruction of the cell. Collectively these results demonstrate that ceramide signalling results in caspase-mediated apoptosis via mitochondrial cytochrome c release and are further supportive of the role of ceramide in the amplification of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hearps
- Division of Medicine, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-34, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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40
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Hearps AC, Burrows J, Connor CE, Woods GM, Lowenthal RM, Ragg SJ. Mitochondrial cytochrome c release precedes transmembrane depolarisation and caspase-3 activation during ceramide-induced apoptosis of Jurkat T cells. Apoptosis 2002; 7:387-94. [PMID: 12207171 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020034906200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Whilst the role of ceramide, a second messenger of the sphingolipid family, in the initiation of receptor-mediated apoptosis is controversial, a growing body of evidence is emerging for a role of ceramide in the amplification of apoptosis via mitochondrial perturbations that culminate in the activation of execution caspases. Treatment of Jurkat T cells with the cell-permeable analog, C(2)-ceramide, resulted in the rapid onset of apoptosis as evidenced by Annexin V-FITC staining of externalised phosphatidylserine residues. Cells bearing this early apoptotic marker had a reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Delta(Psi)m) that was preceded by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Subsequent activation of caspase-3 provides the link between these ceramide-induced mitochondrial changes and execution caspases that ultimately result in the physical destruction of the cell. Collectively these results demonstrate that ceramide signalling results in caspase-mediated apoptosis via mitochondrial cytochrome c release and are further supportive of the role of ceramide in the amplification of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hearps
- Division of Medicine, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-34, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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41
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Teckman JH, Burrows J, Hidvegi T, Schmidt B, Hale PD, Perlmutter DH. The proteasome participates in degradation of mutant alpha 1-antitrypsin Z in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatoma-derived hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:44865-72. [PMID: 11577074 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103703200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Because retention of mutant alpha(1)-antitrypsin (alpha(1)-AT) Z in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is associated with liver disease in alpha(1)-AT-deficient individuals, the mechanism by which this aggregated glycoprotein is degraded has received considerable attention. In previous studies using stable transfected human fibroblast cell lines and a cell-free microsomal translocation system, we found evidence for involvement of the proteasome in degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ (Qu, D., Teckman, J. H., Omura, S., and Perlmutter, D. H. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 22791-22795). In more recent studies, Cabral et al. (Cabral, C. M., Choudhury, P., Liu, Y., and Sifers, R. N. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 25015-25022) found that degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ in a stable transfected murine hepatoma cell line was inhibited by tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, but not by the proteasomal inhibitor lactacystin and concluded that the proteasome was only involved in ER degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ in nonhepatocytic cell types or in cell types with levels of alpha(1)-AT expression that are substantial lower than that which occurs in hepatocytes. To examine this important issue in further detail, in this study we established rat and murine hepatoma cell lines with constitutive and inducible expression of alpha(1)-ATZ. In each of these cell lines degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ was inhibited by lactacystin, MG132, epoxomicin, and clasto-lactacystin beta-lactone. Using the inducible expression system to regulate the relative level of alpha(1)-ATZ expression, we found that lactacystin had a similar inhibitory effect on degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ at high and low levels of alpha(1)-AT expression. Although there is substantial evidence that other mechanisms contribute to ER degradation of alpha(1)-ATZ, the data reported here indicate that the proteasome plays an important role in many cell types including hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Teckman
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Warr T, Ward S, Burrows J, Harding B, Wilkins P, Harkness W, Hayward R, Darling J, Thomas D. Identification of extensive genomic loss and gain by comparative genomic hybridisation in malignant astrocytoma in children and young adults. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2001; 31:15-22. [PMID: 11284031 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although astrocytomas are the most common central nervous system tumours in all age groups, there is substantial evidence that tumours arising in young patients (< 25 years of age) do not have the same genetic abnormalities that are characteristic of tumours in older patients. Furthermore, novel, consistent changes have not been identified in astrocytomas in children and young adults. We analysed 13 malignant astrocytomas from young patients using comparative genomic hybridisation. Regions of genomic imbalance were identified in 10 cases. The most common recurrent copy number aberrations were loss of 16p (54% of cases), 17p (38%), 19p (38%), and 22 (38%) and gain on 2q (38%), 12q (38%), 13 (38%), 4q (31%), 5q (31%), and 8q (31%). Seven regions of high copy number amplification were observed at 8q21-22 (three cases), 7q22-23 (two cases), and 1p21-22, 2q22, 12q13-pter, 12q15-21, and 13q11-14 (one case each). This study provides evidence of new characteristic chromosomal imbalances from which potential candidate genes involved in the development of malignant astrocytoma in children and young adults may be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Warr
- University Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurology, University College London, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, England.
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Connor CE, Burrows J, Hearps AC, Woods GM, Lowenthal RM, Ragg SJ. Cell cycle arrest of hematopoietic cell lines after treatment with ceramide is commonly associated with retinoblastoma activation. Cytometry 2001; 43:164-9. [PMID: 11170101 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20010301)43:3<164::aid-cyto1044>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukaemia cells differ from their normal counterparts in that their ability to properly regulate survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis is aberrant. Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling cell proliferation and developing therapeutic strategies to correct nonfunctional regulatory mechanisms are emerging areas of medical research. Ceramide, a metabolite of membrane sphingomyelin hydrolysis, has recently emerged as a key regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in leukaemia cells. METHODS Leukaemia cell lines were treated with a biologically active analogue of ceramide, C(2)-ceramide. Cell cycle status was assessed flow cytometrically using propidium iodide. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by annexin V staining of externalised phosphatidylserine and retinoblastoma activation was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS C(2)-ceramide induced activation of retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein, G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest, or apoptosis in leukaemia cell lines. In addition, these effects differed depending upon cell type, thus confirming the pleiotropic nature of the ceramide signalling pathway. Most cells studied responded to exogenous C(2)-ceramide by entering growth arrest, evidently resulting from activation of retinoblastoma protein, and by displaying some degree of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings suggest that signalling via ceramide has novel therapeutic applications for treatment of leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Connor
- Division of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Abstract
AIMS OF THE PAPER The aim of the paper is to raise awareness around the legal and ethical issues involved in the enforcement of caesarean sections on non-consenting women. The paper considers the competing rights of mother and foetus in situations where a mother's wishes may result in harm or death to the foetus. BACKGROUND/RATIONALE In this light of various court decisions about enforcing caesarean sections, the paper examines the pertinent legal and ethical issues, recognising that health professionals need to operate within an explicit legal and ethical framework. Content. The arguments about a woman's right to autonomous decision-making and a foetus' absolute right to life are examined with the focus throughout being on the legal framework. The need for health professionals to work within this as well as to avoid the temptation to base individual clinical decisions or professional behaviour on subjective moral judgements is emphasized. The attitudes of the judiciary are considered along with recent legal developments. There is an analysis of the way in which established legal principle is sometimes circumvented to override a woman's right to autonomy. The part played by lawyers and health professionals in denying a woman's competence to consent in order to achieve an outcome of which they approve is critically appraised. The basis for the decisions in these cases is deconstructed, along with a discussion of the role of health professionals in contributing to the dilemmas highlighted. CONCLUSION It is essential that nurses or midwives caring for pregnant women have a full understanding of the legal and ethical issues surrounding this complicated and emotive area and where they, as health professionals, fit within this. The subject matter is also a useful arena for debating such ethical and legal issues as capacity and competence to consent as well as the extent of the right of any patient to full autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burrows
- Community Health Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Burrows J. Telling tales and saving lives: whistleblowing--the role of professional colleagues in protecting patients from dangerous doctors. Med Law Rev 2001; 9:110-129. [PMID: 14982078 DOI: 10.1093/medlaw/9.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Bert AG, Burrows J, Hawwari A, Vadas MA, Cockerill PN. Reconstitution of T cell-specific transcription directed by composite NFAT/Oct elements. J Immunol 2000; 165:5646-55. [PMID: 11067921 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.10.5646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complex nature of most promoters and enhancers makes it difficult to identify key determinants of tissue-specific gene expression. Furthermore, most tissue-specific genes are regulated by transcription factors that have expression profiles more widespread than the genes they control. NFAT is an example of a widely expressed transcription factor that contributes to several distinct patterns of cytokine gene expression within the immune system and where its role in directing specificity remains undefined. To investigate distinct combinatorial mechanisms employed by NFAT to regulate tissue-specific transcription, we examined a composite NFAT/AP-1 element from the widely active GM-CSF enhancer and a composite NFAT/Oct element from the T cell-specific IL-3 enhancer. The NFAT/AP-1 element was active in the numerous cell types that express NFAT, but NFAT/Oct enhancer activity was T cell specific even though Oct-1 is ubiquitous. Conversion of the single Oct site in the IL-3 enhancer to an AP-1 enabled activation outside of the T cell lineage. By reconstituting the activities of both the IL-3 enhancer and its NFAT/Oct element in a variety of cell types, we demonstrated that their T cell-specific activation required the lymphoid cofactors NIP45 and OCA-B in addition to NFAT and Oct family proteins. Furthermore, the Oct family protein Brn-2, which cannot recruit OCA-B, repressed NFAT/Oct enhancer activity. Significantly, the two patterns of combinatorial regulation identified in this study mirror the cell-type specificities of the cytokine genes that they govern. We have thus established that simple composite transcription factor binding sites can indeed establish highly specific patterns of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Bert
- Division of Human Immunology, Hanson Centre For Cancer Research, Institute for Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
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Bert AG, Burrows J, Osborne CS, Cockerill PN. Generation of an improved luciferase reporter gene plasmid that employs a novel mechanism for high-copy replication. Plasmid 2000; 44:173-82. [PMID: 10964627 DOI: 10.1006/plas.2000.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have engineered the reporter gene plasmid pXPG by incorporating a novel high-copy origin of replication and a modified luciferase gene into a pXP1-derived vector that efficiently blocks read-through transcription in eukaryotic cells. pXPG contains the Luc+ luciferase gene derived from pGL3 that lacks a peroxisomal targeting sequence, thereby allowing accumulation of luciferase protein in the cytoplasm rather than subcellular organelles of transfected eukaryotic cells. pXPG has distinct advantages over pGL3, because it contains SV40 polyadenylation signals that appear to be more efficient at blocking read-through transcription than the synthetic polyadenylation signal present in pGL3. pXPG contains a novel mutation near the origin of replication that increases plasmid copy number in Escherichia coli. This mutation alters the -10 sequence in the RNA II promoter of the ColE1 origin of replication from TAATCT to TAATAT. As this sequence is a closer match to the consensus -10 element, we suggest that the mutation increases copy number by increasing the rate of transcription of the RNA II replication primer. This novel mechanism for increasing copy number may have more widespread applications than the commonly used pUC high-copy origin of replication mutation. Unlike pUC, which reverts to low copy number at 30 degrees C, the pXPG mutation supports a higher copy number at both 37 and 30 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Bert
- Division of Human Immunology, Hanson Centre For Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Road, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
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Bagust A, Burrows J, Oakley J. Quality or quantity. Health Serv J 1992; 102:23-5. [PMID: 10122499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bagust
- Health Economics Consortium, York University
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Hawcroft D, Ball M, Burrows J. A pre-embedding reaction method for localizing NADH reductase and succinic dehydrogenase in skeletal muscle. Biotech Histochem 1992; 67:136-9. [PMID: 1617003 DOI: 10.3109/10520299209110023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraffin wax embedding methods suitable for demonstrating the distribution of enzyme activity in tissues sections are uncommon; most procedures rely on the use of frozen section techniques. This paper describes a system for demonstrating certain enzymes which involves incubation of the tissue with appropriate substrates before a Paramat wax embedding procedure. While it has distinct merits of its own, the procedure is eminently suitable for use where a cryostat is not available; it can also be readily applied to other enzymes and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hawcroft
- Department of Pharmacy, Leicester Polytechnic, United Kingdom
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