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Naeeni Davarani M, Arian Darestani A, Guillen Cañas V, Azimi H, Havadaragh SH, Hashemi H, Harirchian MH. Efficient segmentation of active and inactive plaques in FLAIR-images using DeepLabV3Plus SE with efficientnetb0 backbone in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16304. [PMID: 39009636 PMCID: PMC11251059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This research paper introduces an efficient approach for the segmentation of active and inactive plaques within Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, employing a convolutional neural network (CNN) model known as DeepLabV3Plus SE with the EfficientNetB0 backbone in Multiple sclerosis (MS), and demonstrates its superior performance compared to other CNN architectures. The study encompasses various critical components, including dataset pre-processing techniques, the utilization of the Squeeze and Excitation Network (SE-Block), and the atrous spatial separable pyramid Block to enhance segmentation capabilities. Detailed descriptions of pre-processing procedures, such as removing the cranial bone segment, image resizing, and normalization, are provided. This study analyzed a cross-sectional cohort of 100 MS patients with active brain plaques, examining 5000 MRI slices. After filtering, 1500 slices were utilized for labeling and deep learning. The training process adopts the dice coefficient as the loss function and utilizes Adam optimization. The study evaluated the model's performance using multiple metrics, including intersection over union (IOU), Dice Score, Precision, Recall, and F1-Score, and offers a comparative analysis with other CNN architectures. Results demonstrate the superior segmentation ability of the proposed model, as evidenced by an IOU of 69.87, Dice Score of 76.24, Precision of 88.89, Recall of 73.52, and F1-Score of 80.47 for the DeepLabV3+SE_EfficientNetB0 model. This research contributes to the advancement of plaque segmentation in FLAIR images and offers a compelling approach with substantial potential for medical image analysis and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hossein Azimi
- Faculty of Mathematical Sciences and Computer, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Heydari Havadaragh
- Neurology Department, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Hashemi
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammd Hossein Harirchian
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Buch S, Subramanian K, Chen T, Chen Y, Larvie M, Bernitsas E, Haacke EM. Characterization of white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis using proton density and T1-relaxation measures. Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 106:110-118. [PMID: 38145698 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although lesion dissemination in time is a defining characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a limited understanding of lesion heterogeneity. Currently, conventional sequences such as fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted (T1W) data are used to assess MS lesions qualitatively. Estimating water content could provide a measure of local tissue rarefaction, or reduced tissue density, resulting from chronic inflammation. Our goal was to utilize the proton spin density (PD), derived from a rapid, multi-contrast STAGE (strategically acquired gradient echo) protocol to characterize white matter (WM) lesions seen on T2W, FLAIR and T1W data. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty (20) subjects with relapsing-remitting MS were scanned at 3 T using T1W, T2-weighted, FLAIR and strategically acquired gradient echo (STAGE) sequences. PD and T1 maps were derived from the STAGE data. Disease severity scores, including Extended Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), were correlated with total, high PD and high T1 lesion volumes. A probability map of high PD regions and all lesions across all subjects was generated. Five perilesional normal appearing WM (NAWM) bands surrounding the lesions were generated to compare the median PD and T1 values in each band with the lesional values and the global WM. RESULTS T1W intensity was negatively correlated with PD as expected (R = -0.87, p < 0.01, R2 = 0.756) and the FLAIR signal was suppressed for high PD volumes within the lesions, roughly for PD ≥ 0.85. The threshold for high PD and T1 regions was set to 0.909 and 1953.6 ms, respectively. High PD regions showed a high probability of occurrence near the boundary of the lateral ventricles. EDSS score and nine-hole peg test (dominant and non-dominant hand) were significantly correlated with the total lesion volume and the volumes of high PD and T1 regions (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in PD/T1 values between the high PD/T1 regions within the lesions and the remaining lesional tissue (p < 0.001). In addition, the PD values of the first NAWM perilesional band directly adjacent to the lesional boundary displayed a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the global WM. CONCLUSION Lesions with high PD and T1s had the highest probability of occurrence at the boundary of the lateral ventricles and likely represent chronic lesions with significant local tissue rarefaction. Moreover, the perilesional NAWM exhibited subtly increasing PD and T1 values from the NAWM up to the lesion boundary. Unlike on the T1 maps, the perilesional band adjacent to the lesion boundary possessed a significantly higher PD value than the global WM PD values. This shows that PD maps were sensitive to the subtle changes in NAWM surrounding the lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Buch
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Teresa Chen
- College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mykol Larvie
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - E Mark Haacke
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Lam L, Koopowitz S, Thompson A, Smith G, Tan S, Gupta A, Kovoor J, Harroud A, Bacchi S, Slee M. A systematic review of the symptomatic management of Lhermitte's phenomenon. J Clin Neurosci 2023; 116:32-36. [PMID: 37603922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lhermitte's phenomenon (LP) is a transient shock-like sensation that radiates down the spine into the extremities, usually with neck flexion. The potential efficacy and tolerability of various symptomatic therapies in the management of LP have not been systematically reviewed previously. METHOD A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from inception to August 2022 for peer-reviewed articles describing the treatment of patients with Lhermitte's phenomenon. The review adheres to the PRISMA guidelines and was registered on PROSPERO. RESULTS This systematic review included sixty-six articles, which included 450 patients with LP. Treatment of the underlying cause varied by aetiology. Whilst LP is most commonly considered in the context of structural pathology of the cervical cord, medication-induced LP was a common theme in the literature. The most common cause of medication-induced LP was platinum-based chemotherapy agents such as cisplatin and oxaliplatin. In medication-induced LP, symptoms typically resolved with cessation of the causative agent. Non-pharmacological treatment options were associated with mild-moderate symptomatic improvement. The most commonly used agents to treat patients with LP were carbamazepine and gabapentin, which resulted in variable degrees of symptomatic benefit. CONCLUSIONS No randomised studies currently exist to support the use of symptomatic therapies to treat LP. Observational data suggest that some therapies may yield a symptomatic benefit in the management of LP. However, this systematic review identified a significant paucity of evidence in the literature, which suggests that further controlled studies are needed to investigate the optimal management of this common neurologic phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Lam
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | | | | | - Georgia Smith
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Sheryn Tan
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Aashray Gupta
- University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Joshua Kovoor
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Adil Harroud
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Stephen Bacchi
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Mark Slee
- Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
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4
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Prajjwal P, Inban P, Natarajan B, Gadam S, Marsool MD, Tariq H, Paras P, Vora N, Al-Aish ST, Marsool AD, Amir Hussin O. Remyelination in multiple sclerosis, along with its immunology and association with gut dysbiosis, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:4417-4424. [PMID: 37663721 PMCID: PMC10473370 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that damages the myelin sheath around the axons of the central nervous system. While there are periods of inflammation and remyelination in MS, the latter can sometimes be insufficient and lead to the formation of lesions in the brain and spinal cord. Environmental factors such as vitamin D deficiency, viral or bacterial infections, tobacco smoking, and anxiety have been shown to play a role in the development of MS. Dysbiosis, where the composition of the microbiome changes, may also be involved in the pathogenesis of MS by affecting the gut's microbial population and negatively impacting the integrity of the epithelia. While the cause of MS remains unknown, genetic susceptibility, and immunological dysregulation are believed to play a key role in the development of the disease. Further research is needed to fully understand the complex interplay between genetic, environmental, and microbial factors in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Balaganesh Natarajan
- St. George’s University School of Medicine, University Centre Grenada, West Indies, Grenada
| | | | | | | | | | - Neel Vora
- BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
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Tahmasbi F, Hosseini S, Hajebrahimi S, Mosaddeghi Heris R, Salehi-Pourmehr H. Efficacy of Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. UROLOGY RESEARCH & PRACTICE 2023; 49:100-111. [PMID: 37877856 PMCID: PMC10192727 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2023.22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to systematically review the current literature on the effects of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation on multiple sclerosis-induced neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched from inception to September 2022. Metaanalysis was carried out using the comprehensive meta-analysis tool. RESULTS Our inclusion criteria were met by 12 studies evaluating the effects of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation/transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation on multiple sclerosis-induced neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction. Comparing the postintervention results to the baseline showed that the rate of frequency was decreased in both percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation and transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation groups after intervention. The overall mean change of tibial nerve stimulation on frequency was -2.623 (95% CI: -3.58, -1.66; P < .001, I 2 : 87.04) among 6 eligible studies. The post-void residual was decreased after treatment in both methods of tibial nerve stimulation, with an overall mean difference of -31.13 mL (95% CI: -50.62, -11.63; P=.002, I 2 : 71.81). The other urinary parameters, including urgency (mean difference: -4.69; 95% CI: -7.64, -1.74; P < .001, I 2 : 92.16), maximum cystometric capacity (mean difference: 70.95; 95% CI: 44.69, 97.21; P < .001, I 2 : 89.04), and nocturia (mean difference: -1.41; 95% CI: -2.22, 0.60; P < .001, I 2 : 95.15), were improved after intervention, too. However, the results of subgroup analysis showed no effect of transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation on urinary incontinence (mean difference: -2.00; 95% CI: -4.06, 0.06; P=.057, I 2 : 95.22) and nocturia (mean difference: -0.39; 95% CI: -1.15, 0.37; P=.315, I 2 : 84.01). In terms of mean voided volume, the evidence was related to only percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation with a mean change of 75.01 mL (95% CI: -39.40, 110.61; P < .001, I 2 : 85.04). CONCLUSION Although the current literature suggests that tibial nerve electrostimulation might be an effective method for treating neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction, the evidence base is poor and derived from small, mostly nonrandomized trials with a high risk of bias and confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Tahmasbi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sakineh Hajebrahimi
- Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hanieh Salehi-Pourmehr
- Research Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center of Excellence, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Catalpol Regulates Oligodendrocyte Regeneration and Remyelination by Activating the GEF-Cdc42/Rac1 Signaling Pathway in EAE Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7074157. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7074157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The main obstacle to remyelination in demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, is the inability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the demyelinating region. Consequently, promoting OL differentiation and myelin remodeling is a key goal in the search for treatments. Rho GTPases play diverse and important roles throughout the development of neuronal axons and the formation of the myelin sheath. The current study aimed to investigate the direct protective effects of catalpol on demyelination damage induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) immunization and to explore whether the GEF-Cdc42/Rac1 signaling pathway contributes to the regeneration effect induced by catalpol. In the MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of demyelination, we observed that catalpol significantly promoted OL development by enhancing the expression of glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-pi) in the affected brain. By Luxol fast blue staining and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression assessment, catalpol was found to increase MBP expression and promote myelin repair. Furthermore, catalpol promoted OL differentiation associated with the upregulation of Cdc42/Rac1 expression and activation in vivo. In addition, PAK1/MRCKα, proteins downstream of Cdc42/Rac1, was positively regulated by catalpol. We also found that catalpol alleviated clinical neurological dysfunction, inhibited inflammatory infiltration, increased the proportion of Treg cells, and suppressed demyelination. Overall, our study is the first to reveal that catalpol can promote OL generation and myelination and contributes to the crucial regulatory process of GEF-Cdc42/Rac1 signaling expression and activation. Therefore, catalpol is a promising drug candidate for the potential treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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Melamed E, Palmer JL, Fonken C. Advantages and limitations of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in breaking down the role of the gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1019877. [PMID: 36407764 PMCID: PMC9672668 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1019877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was introduced almost a century ago, there has been an ongoing scientific debate about the risks and benefits of using EAE as a model of multiple sclerosis (MS). While there are notable limitations of translating EAE studies directly to human patients, EAE continues to be the most widely used model of MS, and EAE studies have contributed to multiple key breakthroughs in our understanding of MS pathogenesis and discovery of MS therapeutics. In addition, insights from EAE have led to a better understanding of modifiable environmental factors that can influence MS initiation and progression. In this review, we discuss how MS patient and EAE studies compare in our learning about the role of gut microbiome, diet, alcohol, probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiome transplant in neuroinflammation. Ultimately, the combination of rigorous EAE animal studies, novel bioinformatic approaches, use of human cell lines, and implementation of well-powered, age- and sex-matched randomized controlled MS patient trials will be essential for improving MS patient outcomes and developing novel MS therapeutics to prevent and revert MS disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Melamed
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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8
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Reaction-diffusion models in weighted and directed connectomes. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010507. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Connectomes represent comprehensive descriptions of neural connections in a nervous system to better understand and model central brain function and peripheral processing of afferent and efferent neural signals. Connectomes can be considered as a distinctive and necessary structural component alongside glial, vascular, neurochemical, and metabolic networks of the nervous systems of higher organisms that are required for the control of body functions and interaction with the environment. They are carriers of functional epiphenomena such as planning behavior and cognition, which are based on the processing of highly dynamic neural signaling patterns. In this study, we examine more detailed connectomes with edge weighting and orientation properties, in which reciprocal neuronal connections are also considered. Diffusion processes are a further necessary condition for generating dynamic bioelectric patterns in connectomes. Based on our high-precision connectome data, we investigate different diffusion-reaction models to study the propagation of dynamic concentration patterns in control and lesioned connectomes. Therefore, differential equations for modeling diffusion were combined with well-known reaction terms to allow the use of connection weights, connectivity orientation and spatial distances.
Three reaction-diffusion systems Gray-Scott, Gierer-Meinhardt and Mimura-Murray were investigated. For this purpose, implicit solvers were implemented in a numerically stable reaction-diffusion system within the framework of neuroVIISAS. The implemented reaction-diffusion systems were applied to a subconnectome which shapes the mechanosensitive pathway that is strongly affected in the multiple sclerosis demyelination disease. It was found that demyelination modeling by connectivity weight modulation changes the oscillations of the target region, i.e. the primary somatosensory cortex, of the mechanosensitive pathway.
In conclusion, a new application of reaction-diffusion systems to weighted and directed connectomes has been realized. Because the implementation were performed in the neuroVIISAS framework many possibilities for the study of dynamic reaction-diffusion processes in empirical connectomes as well as specific randomized network models are available now.
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9
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Jacobs M, Geiger M, Summers S, Janes T, Boyea R, Zinn K, Aburashed R, Spence D. Interferon-β Decreases the Hypermetabolic State of Red Blood Cells from Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2658-2665. [PMID: 35946788 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease characterized by damage to the myelin sheath surrounding axons in the central nervous system. While the exact mechanism of this destruction is unknown, excess nitric oxide (NO) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have been measured in tissues and fluids obtained from people with MS. Here, incubation of interferon-beta (IFN-β), an MS drug with an unknown mechanism of action, with red blood cells (RBCs) obtained from people with MS provide evidence of a potential hypermetabolic state in the MS RBC that is decreased with IFN-β intervention. Specifically, binding of all three components of an albumin/C-peptide/Zn2+ complex to MS RBCs was significantly increased in comparison to control RBCs. For example, the binding of C-peptide to MS RBCs was significantly increased (3.4 ± 0.1 nM) compared to control RBCs (1.6 ± 0.2 nM). However, C-peptide binding to MS RBCs was reduced to a value (1.6 ± 0.3 nM) statistically equal to that of control RBCs in the presence of 2 nM IFN-β. Similar trends were measured for albumin and Zn2+ binding to RBCs when in the presence of IFN-β. RBC function was also affected by incubation of cells with IFN-β. Specifically, RBC-derived ATP and measurable membrane GLUT1 were both significantly decreased (56 and 24%, respectively) in the presence of IFN-β. Collectively, our results suggest that IFN-β inhibits albumin binding to the RBC, thereby reducing its ability to deliver ligands such as C-peptide and Zn2+ to the cell and normalizing the basal hypermetabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jacobs
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - S Summers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - T Janes
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - R Boyea
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - K Zinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - R Aburashed
- Memorial Healthcare Institute for Neuroscience, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - D Spence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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10
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Rey S, Ohm H, Klämbt C. Axonal ion homeostasis and glial differentiation. FEBS J 2022. [PMID: 35943294 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the ultimate control unit of the body. It conducts accurate, fast and reproducible calculations to control motor actions affecting mating, foraging and flight or fight decisions. Therefore, during evolution, better and more efficient brains have emerged. However, even simple brains are complex organs. They are formed by glial cells and neurons that establish highly intricate networks to enable information collection, processing and eventually, a precise motor control. Here, we review and connect some well-established and some hidden pieces of information to set the focus on ion homeostasis as a driving force in glial differentiation promoting signalling speed and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rey
- Institut für Neuro‐ und Verhaltensbiologie Münster Germany
| | - Henrike Ohm
- Institut für Neuro‐ und Verhaltensbiologie Münster Germany
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11
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Darazam IA, Rabiei MM, Moradi O, Gharehbagh FJ, Roozbeh M, Nourinia R, Hatami F, Shojaei M, Lotfollahi L. A Case of Fingolimod-associated Cryptococcal Meningitis. Curr HIV Res 2022; 20:337-342. [PMID: 35770404 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x20666220629124225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukopenia, a rare adverse effect of Fingolimod therapy, paves the way for opportunistic infections. In this study, we reported rare fingolimod associated cryptococcal meningitis. CASE PRESENTATION A 39-year-old woman with RRMS was referred to the emergency department. The patient's major complaints were headache, fever, weakness, and progressive loss of consciousness within the last two days prior to the referral. The patient had a history of hospitalization due to RRMS [two times]. In the second hospitalization, interferon Beta-1a was replaced with Fingolimod. Using polymerase chain reaction, Cryptococcus neoformans was detected in CSF. Liposomal amphotericin B and fluconazole [800 mg per day] were started. Six weeks later, the patient was discharged without any major complaints. CONCLUSION Albeit fingolimod associated cryptococcal meningitis is a rare event, Fingolimod therapy in patients with MS should be performed cautiously. Regular follow-ups may give rise to a timely diagnosis of probable fingolimod associated cryptococcal meningitis. Fingolimod therapy can lead to lymphocytopenia and various infections. We, therefore, suggest that intermittent blood lymphocyte counts as well as monitoring of clinical manifestations among MS patients treated with Fingolimod to avoid additional neurological and physical disabilities in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilad Alavi Darazam
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Rabiei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Moradi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Javandoust Gharehbagh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roozbeh
- Brain Mapping Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nourinia
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firouze Hatami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Shojaei
- Department of Neurology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Kamali, Iran
| | - Legha Lotfollahi
- Department of Nephrology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Honore PM, Redant S, Djimafo P, Preseau T, Cismas BV, Kaefer K, Barreto Gutierrez L, Anane S, Attou R, Gallerani A, De Bels D. Letter to the editor: The burden of sepsis in critically ill patients with multiple sclerosis: A population-based cohort study. J Crit Care 2022; 70:154026. [PMID: 35561560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2022.154026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Honore
- ICU Dept, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sebastien Redant
- ICU Dept, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pharan Djimafo
- ICU Dept, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Preseau
- ED Dept, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Keitiane Kaefer
- ICU Dept, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sami Anane
- ICU Dept, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Rachid Attou
- ICU Dept, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Andrea Gallerani
- ICU Dept, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - David De Bels
- ICU Dept, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium.
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13
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Makkawi S, Aljabri A, Bin Lajdam G, Albakistani A, Aljohani A, Labban S, Felemban R. Effect of Seasonal Variation on Relapse Rate in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis in Saudi Arabia. Front Neurol 2022; 13:862120. [PMID: 35359633 PMCID: PMC8964008 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.862120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is becoming a global subject of study in which some demographic variations are thought to be correlated with its activity. Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the most common demyelinating disorder, characterized by periods of exacerbating attacks, followed by partial or complete remission. Several factors might play a role in disease progression and relapse frequency, such as vitamin D, ultraviolet B radiation, estrogen levels, smoking, obesity, and unhealthy lifestyles. In this study, we identified the relationship between seasonal variation and relapse rate and correlated the latter with sex, age, and vitamin D levels in patients with RRMS in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. We retrospectively collected data from 182 RRMS patients between 2016 and 2021. A total of 219 relapses were documented in 106 patients (58.2 %). The relapse per patient ratio showed a sinusoidal pattern, peaking in January at a rate of 0.49 and troughed in June at a rate of 0.18. There was no difference in relapse rates between men and women (p =0.280). There was a significant negative correlation between vitamin D levels and relapse rate (r = −0.312, p =0.024). Therefore, the relapse rate was higher during the winter and was correlated with low vitamin D levels. However, relapses are likely multifactorial, and more population-based studies are needed to understand the role of environmental variables in MS exacerbation. A better understanding of this relationship will allow for improved treatment and possibly better prevention of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraj Makkawi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medicine, Ministry of the National Guard-Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Aljabri
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghassan Bin Lajdam
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Albakistani
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Aljohani
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Labban
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razaz Felemban
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Prognostic biomarkers in primary progressive multiple sclerosis: validating and scrutinizing multimodal evoked potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 137:152-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Edwards EM, Wu W, Fritz NE. Using Myelin Water Imaging to Link Underlying Pathology to Clinical Function in Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 59:103646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Razi O, Tartibian B, Teixeira AM, Zamani N, Govindasamy K, Suzuki K, Laher I, Zouhal H. Thermal dysregulation in patients with multiple sclerosis during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potential therapeutic role of exercise. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 59:103557. [PMID: 35092946 PMCID: PMC8785368 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism that is disrupted in some neurological diseases. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are susceptible to increases in body temperature, especially with more severe neurological signs. This condition can become intolerable when these patients suffer febrile infections such as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We review the mechanisms of hyperthermia in patients with MS, and they may encounter when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Finally, the thermoregulatory role and relevant adaptation to regular physical exercise are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Razi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bakhtyar Tartibian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- University of Coimbra, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nastaran Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karuppasamy Govindasamy
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes F-35000, France; Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), Irodouer 35850, France.
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17
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Kister I, Bacon T, Cutter GR. How Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Vary by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity. Neurol Clin Pract 2021; 11:335-341. [PMID: 34476125 PMCID: PMC8382423 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Little is known about how symptom severity in the various neurologic domains commonly affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) varies by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients with MS attending 2 tertiary centers in the New York City metropolitan area, who self-identified as White, African American (AA), or Hispanic American (HA). Disability was rated with Patient-Determined Disability Steps (PDDS) and symptom severity, with SymptoMScreen (SyMS), a validated battery for assessing symptoms in 12 domains. Analyses comparing race, sex, and age groups were performed using analysis of variance models and Tukey honestly significant difference tests to control the overall type I error. A multivariable model was constructed to predict good self-rated health (SRH) that included demographic variables, PDDS, and SyMS domain scores. Results The sample consisted of 2,622 patients with MS (age 46.4 years; 73.6% female; 66.4% White, 21.7% AA, and 11.9% HA). Men had higher adjusted PDDS than women (p = 0.012), but similar total SyMS scores. Women reported higher fatigue and anxiety scores, whereas men had higher walking and dexterity scores. AAs and HAs had higher symptom domain scores than Whites in each of the 12 domains and worse SRH. In a multivariable logistic model, only pain, walking, depression, fatigue, and global disability (PDDS), but not sex or race/ethnicity, predicted good SRH. Conclusions AA and HA race/ethnicity was associated with higher overall disability, higher symptom severity in each of the 12 domains commonly affected by MS, and worse SRH relative to Whites. However, only symptom severity and disability, and not demographic variables, predicted good SRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Kister
- NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (IK, TB), NYU Langone Medical Center, NY; and Department of Biostatistics (GRC), UAB School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL
| | - Tamar Bacon
- NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (IK, TB), NYU Langone Medical Center, NY; and Department of Biostatistics (GRC), UAB School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL
| | - Gary R Cutter
- NYU Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center (IK, TB), NYU Langone Medical Center, NY; and Department of Biostatistics (GRC), UAB School of Public Health, Birmingham, AL
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Subahari Raviskanthan
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Fellow, Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter W Mortensen
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Fellow, Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, Texas A and M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
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19
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Sun Y, Ji J, Zha Z, Zhao H, Xue B, Jin L, Wang L. Effect and Mechanism of Catalpol on Remyelination via Regulation of the NOTCH1 Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:628209. [PMID: 33708131 PMCID: PMC7940842 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.628209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) is important for fostering remyelination in multiple sclerosis. Catalpol has the potential to promote remyelination and exert neuroprotective effects, but its specific mechanism is still unclear. Recent studies have shown that the NOTCH1 signaling pathway is involved in mediating OPC proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we elucidated that catalpol promoted OPC differentiation in vivo and vitro and explored the regulatory role of catalpol in specific biomolecular processes. Following catalpol administration, better and faster recovery of body weight and motor balance was observed in mice with cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination. Luxol fast blue staining (LFB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that catalpol increased the myelinated area and improved myelin ultrastructure in the corpus callosum in demyelinated mice. In addition, catalpol enhanced the expression of CNPase and MBP, indicating that it increased OPC differentiation. Additionally, catalpol downregulated the expression of NOTCH1 signaling pathway-related molecules, such as JAGGED1, NOTCH1, NICD1, RBPJ, HES5, and HES1. We further demonstrated that in vitro, catalpol enhanced the differentiation of OPCs into OLs and inhibited NOTCH1 signaling pathway activity. Our data suggested that catalpol may promote OPC differentiation and remyelination through modulation of the NOTCH1 pathway. This study provides new insight into the mechanism of action of catalpol in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zha
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xue
- Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyun Jin
- Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Bagnato F, Gauthier SA, Laule C, Moore GRW, Bove R, Cai Z, Cohen-Adad J, Harrison DM, Klawiter EC, Morrow SA, Öz G, Rooney WD, Smith SA, Calabresi PA, Henry RG, Oh J, Ontaneda D, Pelletier D, Reich DS, Shinohara RT, Sicotte NL. Imaging Mechanisms of Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis: Beyond Brain Atrophy. J Neuroimaging 2021; 30:251-266. [PMID: 32418324 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinicians involved with different aspects of the care of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and scientists with expertise on clinical and imaging techniques convened in Dallas, TX, USA on February 27, 2019 at a North American Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis Cooperative workshop meeting. The aim of the workshop was to discuss cardinal pathobiological mechanisms implicated in the progression of MS and novel imaging techniques, beyond brain atrophy, to unravel these pathologies. Indeed, although brain volume assessment demonstrates changes linked to disease progression, identifying the biological mechanisms leading up to that volume loss are key for understanding disease mechanisms. To this end, the workshop focused on the application of advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging techniques to assess and measure disease progression in both the brain and the spinal cord. Clinical translation of quantitative MRI was recognized as of vital importance, although the need to maintain a relatively short acquisition time mandated by most radiology departments remains the major obstacle toward this effort. Regarding PET, the panel agreed upon its utility to identify ongoing pathological processes. However, due to costs, required expertise, and the use of ionizing radiation, PET was not considered to be a viable option for ongoing care of persons with MS. Collaborative efforts fostering robust study designs and imaging technique standardization across scanners and centers are needed to unravel disease mechanisms leading to progression and discovering medications halting neurodegeneration and/or promoting repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bagnato
- Neuroimaging Unit, Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Susan A Gauthier
- Judith Jaffe Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Feil Family Brain and Mind Institute, and Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Cornelia Laule
- Department of Radiology, Pathology, and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - George R Wayne Moore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Riley Bove
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Zhengxin Cai
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Julien Cohen-Adad
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal and Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel M Harrison
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric C Klawiter
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah A Morrow
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gülin Öz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - William D Rooney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology, and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Seth A Smith
- Radiology and Radiological Sciences and Vanderbilt University Imaging Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Roland G Henry
- Departments of Neurology, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, and the UC San Francisco & Berkeley Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jiwon Oh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Division of Neurology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Ontaneda
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Daniel Pelletier
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Daniel S Reich
- Translational Neuroradiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD
| | - Russell T Shinohara
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Penn Statistics in Imaging and Visualization Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nancy L Sicotte
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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- Neuroimaging Unit, Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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21
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Cunniffe N, Coles A. Promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2021; 268:30-44. [PMID: 31190170 PMCID: PMC7815564 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The greatest unmet need in multiple sclerosis (MS) are treatments that delay, prevent or reverse progression. One of the most tractable strategies to achieve this is to therapeutically enhance endogenous remyelination; doing so restores nerve conduction and prevents neurodegeneration. The biology of remyelination-centred on the activation, migration, proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors-has been increasingly clearly defined and druggable targets have now been identified in preclinical work leading to early phase clinical trials. With some phase 2 studies reporting efficacy, the prospect of licensed remyelinating treatments in MS looks increasingly likely. However, there remain many unanswered questions and recent research has revealed a further dimension of complexity to this process that has refined our view of the barriers to remyelination in humans. In this review, we describe the process of remyelination, why this fails in MS, and the latest research that has given new insights into this process. We also discuss the translation of this research into clinical trials, highlighting the treatments that have been tested to date, and the different methods of detecting remyelination in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Cunniffe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Alasdair Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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22
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Yoo YJ, Hwang JM, Yang HK. Pupillary light reflex in ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21601. [PMID: 33303779 PMCID: PMC7730149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated changes in the pupillary light reflex (PLR) of ethambutol (EMB)-induced optic neuropathy and analyzed the correlations between PLR parameters and other structural changes in EMB-induced optic neuropathy. This retrospective, observational, case–control study involved thirty-two eyes of 17 patients with EMB-induced optic neuropathy (EON group), sixty eyes of 60 patients without EMB-induced optic neuropathy (non-EON group) while taking ethambutol, and forty-five eyes of 45 normal controls. PLR was measured by digital pupillometry. The clinical characteristics, optical coherence tomography measurements and PLR parameters including pupil diameter, constriction latency, constriction ratio/velocity, and dilation velocity were noted. The differences in PLR measurements were compared among the three groups. Correlations between PLR parameters and other structural parameters in EMB-induced optic neuropathy were evaluated. The pupillary constriction ratio, constriction and dilation velocities were significantly reduced in the EON group compared to the non-EON group and controls (all P < 0.05). In EMB-induced optic neuropathy, average outer macular ganglion cell layer (mGCL) thickness showed a significant correlation with the pupillary constriction ratio (ß = 4.14, P = 0.003) and maximal constriction velocity (ß = 1.08, P < 0.001). This study confirmed that pupillary constriction and dilation velocities were significantly decreased in patients with EMB-induced optic neuropathy, compared to normal controls. Digital pupillometry may be a useful tool in the evaluation of EMB-induced optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ju Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82, 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Gumi-ro, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82, 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Gumi-ro, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, Korea.
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23
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Beisse F, Beisse C. Current Recommendations on Optic Neuritis. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2020; 237:1286-1289. [PMID: 33202461 DOI: 10.1055/a-1276-1728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optic neuritis is a special challenge to the ophthalmologist. It is a relatively frequent condition but difficult to seize morphologically. It has neurological implications and is subject matter of recent trials. METHODS Selective literature search including the authors' professional experience. RESULTS Practical aids for the ophthalmological management of optic neuritis are derived from the best available evidence and the recent literature is discussed. CONCLUSIONS The present paper provides evidence-based recommendations for a safe handling of optic neuritis as well as information on current issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Beisse
- Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Deutschland
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24
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Potential anti-neuroinflammatory compounds from Australian plants - A review. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104897. [PMID: 33186611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex response to brain injury involving the activation of glia, release of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, and generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Even though it is considered an event secondary to neuronal death or dysfunction, neuro-inflammation comprises a majority of the non-neuronal contributors to the cause and progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) and others. As a result of the lack of effectiveness of current treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation has become a legitimate therapeutic target for drug discovery, leading to the study of various in vivo and in vitro models of neuroinflammation. Several molecules sourced from plants have displayed anti-inflammatory properties in the study of neurodegenerative diseases. A group of these anti-inflammatory compounds has been classified as cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs), which target the pro-inflammatory AP1 and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways and inhibit the expression of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, or nitric oxide. Australian plants, thriving amid the driest inhabited continent of the world, are an untapped source of chemical diversity in the form of secondary metabolites. These compounds are produced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses that the plants are exposed to in the highly biodiverse environment. This review is an attempt to highlight anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from Australian plants.
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25
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Ghaderian S, Shomali N, Behravesh S, Danbaran GR, Hemmatzadeh M, Aslani S, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Hosseinzadeh R, Torkamandi S, Mohammadi H. The emerging role of lncRNAs in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577347. [PMID: 32745803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with various clinical manifestations. The characteristic of MS is that myelin is attacked by the body's immune system and increases the electrical capacity of axons, and is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of the transmission block. Studies have shown that epigenetic factors participate in the development of MS. LncRNAs are highly abundant and heterogeneous linear RNA transcripts with lengths exceeding 200 nucleotides and no protein-coding potential. Currently, pieces of evidence have demonstrated that lncRNAs have fundamental actions in multiple cellular pathways, including immune system regulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer cell growth and metastasis, cellular homeostasis, and embryo development. It has been demonstrated that epigenetic mechanisms have an abundant role in the pathogenesis of MS in which the role of lncRNAs as epigenetic regulatory molecules in molecular processes has been proven. In this paper, we have focused on the correlation between MS and lncRNAs, the role of lncRNA in the pathogenesis of the disease, and the diagnostic and prognostic potential of lncRNA in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Ghaderian
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheil Behravesh
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Torkamandi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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26
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Abstract
Pain is a major matter for patients with multiple sclerosis; treatment response is frequently inadequate, with a significant impact on quality of life. The estimated prevalence of pain in multiple sclerosis ranges widely (26-86%), and different subtypes of pain, mediated by specific pathophysiological mechanisms, are described. The aim of this narrative review, performed using a systematic search methodology, was to provide current, evidence-based, knowledge about the pharmacological treatment of the different kinds of pain in multiple sclerosis. We searched for relevant papers within PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Clinical Trials database (ClinicalTrials.gov), considering publications up to November 2019. Two authors independently selected studies for inclusion, data extraction, and bias assessment. A total of 27 randomized controlled trials were identified, but in only a few cases, patients with different pain qualities were stratified. Following a mechanism-based approach, treatment of paroxysmal pain and painful tonic spasms should be based on sodium-channel blockers, whereas treatment of ongoing extremity pain should be based on gabapentinoids and antidepressants.
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27
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Safa A, Arsang-Jang S, Taheri M, Omrani MD, Ghafouri-Fard S. Dysregulation of NF-κB-Associated lncRNAs in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:80-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yamasaki DS, Nickerson DS, Anderson JC. Acute Improvement in Intraoperative EMG During Common Fibular Nerve Decompression in Patients with Symptomatic Diabetic Sensorimotor Peripheral Neuropathy: EMG and Clinical Attribute Interrelations. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2020; 81:484-494. [PMID: 32455446 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY AIMS Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the fibularis longus and tibialis anterior muscles were performed intraoperatively during nerve decompression (ND) of the common fibular nerve (CFN) in patients with symptomatic diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy. Patient demographics and clinical attributes were compared against changes in EMG after ND and analyzed for possible correlations. METHODS Intraoperative changes in CFN EMG were analyzed for correlations against sex, age, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (A1c), and type and duration of diabetes. RESULTS Statistically significant changes were found between EMG changes and patient attributes, but no individual correlations were established. Significant EMG improvement was observed for both men and women (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05, respectively), age groups (4th decade: p < 0.05; 5th decade: p < 0.05; 6th decade: p < 0.01; 7th decade: p < 0.005), diabetes duration (0-9 years: p = 0.002; 10-19 years: p = 0.002; 20-29 years: p = 0.03), and for type 1 and 2 diabetes (type 1: p < 0.005; type 2: p < 0.001). EMG improvement was greater in patients with the highest BMI levels (30-34.9: p = 0.014; 35-39.9: p = 0.013; > 39.9: p = 0.043), and highest A1c levels (> 6.4%; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Although long-term clinical studies are needed, these results provide insight into which patients might benefit most from this surgery. These results also suggest that surgical ND can produce an acute improvement in nerve function for both men and women, for people with type 1 and 2 diabetes, and across a wide range of ages, BMI, A1c levels, and disease duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne S Yamasaki
- Department of Research & Development, Enso Medical Technologies, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida, United States
| | | | - James C Anderson
- Anderson Center for Nerve Pain, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
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Wellman SM, Guzman K, Stieger KC, Brink LE, Sridhar S, Dubaniewicz MT, Li L, Cambi F, Kozai TDY. Cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination impairs recording performance of chronically implanted neural interfaces. Biomaterials 2020; 239:119842. [PMID: 32065972 PMCID: PMC7540937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biological inflammation induced during penetrating cortical injury can disrupt functional neuronal and glial activity within the cortex, resulting in potential recording failure of chronically implanted neural interfaces. Oligodendrocytes provide critical support for neuronal health and function through direct contact with neuronal soma and axons within the cortex. Given their fundamental role to regulate neuronal activity via myelin, coupled with their heightened vulnerability to metabolic brain injury due to high energetic demands, oligodendrocytes are hypothesized as a possible source of biological failure in declining recording performances of intracortical microelectrode devices. To determine the extent of their contribution to neuronal activity and function, a cuprizone-inducible model of oligodendrocyte depletion and demyelination in mice was performed prior to microelectrode implantation. At 5 weeks of cuprizone exposure, mice demonstrated significantly reduced cortical oligodendrocyte density and myelin expression. Mice were then implanted with functional recording microelectrodes in the visual cortex and neuronal activity was evaluated up to 7 weeks alongside continued cuprizone administration. Cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination was associated with significantly reduced recording performances at the onset of implantation, which remained relatively stable over time. In contast, recording performances for mice on a normal diet were intially elevated before decreasing over time to the recording level of tcuprizone-treated mice. Further electrophysiological analysis revealed deficits in multi-unit firing rates, frequency-dependent disruptions in neuronal oscillations, and altered laminar communication within the cortex of cuprizone-treated mice. Post-mortem immunohistochemistry revealed robust depletion of oligodendrocytes around implanted microelectrode arrays alongside comparable neuronal densities to control mice, suggesting that oligodendrocyte loss was a possible contributor to chronically impaired device performances. This study highlights potentially significant contributions from the oligodendrocyte lineage population concerning the biological integration and long-term functional performance of neural interfacing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kelly Guzman
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin C Stieger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Sadhana Sridhar
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Lehong Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Franca Cambi
- Veterans Administration Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Takashi D Y Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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30
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Rey S, Zalc B, Klämbt C. Evolution of glial wrapping: A new hypothesis. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:453-463. [PMID: 32133794 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animals are able to move and react in numerous ways to external stimuli. Thus, environmental stimuli need to be detected, information must be processed and finally an output decision must be transmitted to the musculature to get the animal moving. All these processes depend on the nervous system which comprises an intricate neuronal network and many glial cells. In the last decades, a neurono-centric view on nervous system function channeled most of the scientific interest toward the analysis of neurons and neuronal functions. Neurons appeared early in animal evolution and the main principles of neuronal function from synaptic transmission to propagation of action potentials are conserved during evolution. In contrast, not much is known on the evolution of glial cells that were initially considered merely as static support cells. Although it is now accepted that glial cells have an equally important contribution as their neuronal counterpart to nervous system function, their evolutionary origin is unknown. Did glial cells appear several times during evolution? What were the first roles glial cells had to fulfil in the nervous system? What triggered the formation of the amazing diversity of glial morphologies and functions? Is there a possible mechanism that might explain the appearance of complex structures such as myelin in vertebrates? Here, we postulate a common evolutionary origin of glia and depict a number of selective forces that might have paved the way from a simple supporting cell to a wrapping and myelin forming glial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rey
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernard Zalc
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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31
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Ackaouy A, Courty N, Vallée E, Commowick O, Barillot C, Galassi F. Unsupervised Domain Adaptation With Optimal Transport in Multi-Site Segmentation of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions From MRI Data. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 14:19. [PMID: 32210780 PMCID: PMC7075308 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Automatic segmentation of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesions from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images is essential for clinical assessment and treatment planning of MS. Recent years have seen an increasing use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for this task. Although these methods provide accurate segmentation, their applicability in clinical settings remains limited due to a reproducibility issue across different image domains. MS images can have highly variable characteristics across patients, MRI scanners and imaging protocols; retraining a supervised model with data from each new domain is not a feasible solution because it requires manual annotation from expert radiologists. In this work, we explore an unsupervised solution to the problem of domain shift. We present a framework, Seg-JDOT, which adapts a deep model so that samples from a source domain and samples from a target domain sharing similar representations will be similarly segmented. We evaluated the framework on a multi-site dataset, MICCAI 2016, and showed that the adaptation toward a target site can bring remarkable improvements in a model performance over standard training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Courty
- Panama/Obélix, INRIA, IRISA, Université de Bretagne Sud, Vannes, France
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32
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Albert C, Mikolajczak J, Liekfeld A, Piper SK, Scheel M, Zimmermann HG, Nowak C, Dörr J, Bellmann-Strobl J, Chien C, Brandt AU, Paul F, Hoffmann O. Fingolimod after a first unilateral episode of acute optic neuritis (MOVING) - preliminary results from a randomized, rater-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:75. [PMID: 32126977 PMCID: PMC7052969 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroprotection and promotion of remyelination represent important therapeutic gaps in multiple sclerosis (MS). Acute optic neuritis (ON) is a frequent MS manifestation. Based on the presence and properties of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PR) on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, we hypothesized that remyelination can be enhanced by treatment with fingolimod, a S1PR modulator currently licensed for relapsing-remitting MS. Methods MOVING was an investigator-driven, rater-blind, randomized clinical trial. Patients with acute unilateral ON, occurring as a clinically isolated syndrome or MS relapse, were randomized to 6 months of treatment with 0.5 mg oral fingolimod or subcutaneous IFN-β 1b 250 μg every other day. The change in multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) latency of the qualifying eye was examined as the primary (month 6 vs. baseline) and secondary (months 3, 6 and 12 vs. baseline) outcome. In addition, full field visual evoked potentials, visual acuity, optical coherence tomography as well as clinical relapses and measures of disability, cerebral MRI, and self-reported visual quality of life were obtained for follow-up. The study was halted due to insufficient recruitment (n = 15), and available results are reported. Results Per protocol analysis of the primary endpoint revealed a significantly larger reduction of mfVEP latency at 6 months compared to baseline with fingolimod treatment (n = 5; median decrease, 15.7 ms) than with IFN-β 1b treatment (n = 4; median increase, 8.15 ms) (p < 0.001 for interaction). Statistical significance was maintained in the secondary endpoint analysis. Descriptive results are reported for other endpoints. Conclusion Preliminary results of the MOVING trial argue in support of a beneficial effect of fingolimod on optic nerve remyelination when compared to IFN-β treatment. Interpretation is limited by the small number of complete observations, an unexpected deterioration of the control group and a difference in baseline mfVEP latencies. The findings need to be confirmed in larger studies. Trial registration The trial was registered as EUDRA-CT 2011–004787-30 on October 26, 2012 and as NCT01647880 on July 24, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Albert
- Department of Neurology, Alexianer St. Josefs-Krankenhaus Potsdam, Allee nach Sanssouci 7, 14471, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Janine Mikolajczak
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Liekfeld
- Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sophie K Piper
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Scheel
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna G Zimmermann
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jan Dörr
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Oberhavel-Kliniken Hennigsdorf, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Chien
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology, Alexianer St. Josefs-Krankenhaus Potsdam, Allee nach Sanssouci 7, 14471, Potsdam, Germany. .,Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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33
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Typolt O, Filingeri D. Evidence for the involvement of peripheral cold-sensitive TRPM8 channels in human cutaneous hygrosensation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R579-R589. [PMID: 31967850 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00332.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to other species, humans are believed to lack hygroreceptors for sensing skin wetness. Yet, the molecular basis of human hygrosensation is currently unknown, and it remains unclear whether we possess a receptor-mediated sensing mechanism for skin wetness. The aim of this study was to assess the role of the cutaneous cold-sensitive transient receptor potential melastatin-8 (TRPM8) channel as a molecular mediator of human hygrosensation. To this end, we exploited both the thermal and chemical activation of TRPM8-expressing cutaneous Aδ cold thermoreceptors, and we assessed wetness sensing in healthy young men in response to 1) dry skin cooling in the TRPM8 range of thermosensitivity and 2) application of the TRPM8 agonist menthol. Our results indicate that 1) independently of contact with moisture, a cold-dry stimulus in the TRPM8 range of activation induced wetness perceptions across 12 different body regions and those wetness perceptions varied across the body following regional differences in cold sensitivity; and 2) independently of skin cooling, menthol-induced stimulation of TRPM8 triggered wetness perceptions that were greater than those induced by physical dry cooling and by contact with an aqueous cream containing actual moisture. For the first time, we show that the cutaneous cold-sensing TRPM8 channel plays the dual role of cold and wetness sensor in human skin and that this ion channel is a peripheral mediator of human skin wetness perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Typolt
- THERMOSENSELAB, Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Filingeri
- THERMOSENSELAB, Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an overview of the clinical and pathologic features of multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses and reviews evidence-based approaches to their treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Despite the increasing number and potency of MS treatments, relapses remain one of the more unpredictable and disconcerting disease aspects for many patients with MS, making their accurate recognition and treatment an essential component of good clinical care. The expanding range of relapse treatments now includes oral corticosteroids, comparable in efficacy to IV methylprednisolone at a fraction of the cost. While this development improves access to prompt treatment, it also underscores the importance of recognizing mimics of MS relapses to reduce corticosteroid overuse and its attendant risks. SUMMARY Like MS itself, MS relapse remains primarily a clinical diagnosis. The treatment options for MS relapse include corticosteroids, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), plasma exchange, and rehabilitation, used singly or sequentially, with the goal of limiting the duration and impact of associated disability. Even when treated promptly and effectively, clinical or subclinical sequelae of MS relapses frequently remain.
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35
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Allen DR, Huang MU, Morris NB, Chaseling GK, Frohman EM, Jay O, Davis SL. Impaired Thermoregulatory Function during Dynamic Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:395-404. [PMID: 30779715 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impairments in sudomotor function during passive whole-body heating have been reported in multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the CNS that disrupts autonomic function. However, the capability of the thermoregulatory system to control body temperature during exercise has never been assessed in MS. Thus, the aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that thermoregulatory function is impaired in MS patients compared with healthy controls (CON) exercising at similar rates of metabolic heat production. METHODS Sweating and skin blood flow responses were compared between 12 individuals diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS (9 females, 3 males) and 12 sex-, age-, mass-, and BSA-matched CON during a single bout of cycling exercise (rate of metabolic heat production: ∼4.5 W·kg) for 60 min in a climate-controlled room (25°C, 30% RH). RESULTS Individuals with MS exhibited an attenuated increase in cumulative whole-body sweat loss after 30 min (MS, 72 ± 51 g; CON, 104 ± 37 g; P = 0.04) and 60 min (MS, 209 ± 94 g; CON, 285 ± 62 g; P = 0.02), as well as lower sweating thermosensitivity (MS, 0.49 ± 0.26 mg·cm·min·°C; CON, 0.86 ± 0.30 mg·cm·min·°C; P = 0.049). Despite evidence for thermoregulatory dysfunction, there were no differences between MS and CON in esophageal or rectal temperatures at 30- or 60-min time points (P > 0.05). Cutaneous vasculature responses were also not different in MS compared with CON (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Taken together, MS blunts sweating responses during exercise while cutaneous vasculature responses are preserved. Altered mechanisms of body temperature regulation in persons with MS may lead to temporary worsening of disease symptoms and limit exercise tolerance under more thermally challenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Allen
- Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX.,Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - M U Huang
- Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
| | - Nathan B Morris
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, AUSTRALIA
| | - Georgia K Chaseling
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, AUSTRALIA
| | - Elliot M Frohman
- Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ollie Jay
- Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, AUSTRALIA.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, AUSTRALIA
| | - Scott L Davis
- Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX.,Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Abstract
Wilhelm Uhthoff, known for his contributions to both neurology and neuro-ophthalmology, was a German ophthalmologist who specialized in neurologic disorders. The eponym "Uhthoff's phenomenon" was first used to describe the reversible, transient blurring of vision in patients with multiple sclerosis during exercise. Subsequently, it was discovered that this neurologic sign not only was triggered by physical exertion but also by other homeostatic disruptions such as hot baths, menstruation, and high external temperatures. Here, we take a look at the life and career of Wilhelm Uhthoff and discuss the basis behind this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mattia Rosso
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Santoro
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA/Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kostadinova I, Danchev N. 4-aminopyridine – the new old drug for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. PHARMACIA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.66.e35976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review are described the preclinical and clinical pharmacological data as well as new therapeutic indications for the use of 4-aminopyridine. 4-aminopyridine is a potassium (K+) channel blocker that has a long history and various application areas. It is a chemical agent developed in 1963 as a bird poison. The first approval for clinical application of 4-aminopyridine was in 70’s in Bulgaria, since anesthetists in that country have confirmed its effect as reversal agent for nondepolarizing myorelaxants. The Bulgarian pharmaceutical company Sopharma commersialized 4-aminopyridine under the trade name Pymadin. Since then 4-aminopyridine was extensively studied and in 2010 is approved in the USA for the treatment of walking disabilities in patients with multiple sclerosis. In recent years, data from clinical trials indicated that K-channel blockade may prove to be an appropriate strategy to overcome disturbances in nerve impulses conduction associated with demyelination of the central nervous system.
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Chieffo R. Changes in cortical motor outputs after a motor relapse of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2019; 5:2055217319866480. [PMID: 31598329 PMCID: PMC6764060 DOI: 10.1177/2055217319866480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor recovery following a multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse depends on mechanisms of tissue repair but also on the capacity of the central nervous system for compensating of permanent damage. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate changes in corticospinal plasticity and interhemispheric connections after a relapse of MS using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). METHODS Twenty healthy and 13 relapsing-remitting MS subjects with a first motor relapse were included. TMS mapping and ipsilateral silent period (iSP) were performed after relapse and at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Strength and dexterity of the paretic hand were impaired at baseline and improved over time. After relapse, mapamplitude and mapdensity were decreased for the ipsilesional-corticospinal tract (IL-CST) while expanded for the contralesional-CST (CL-CST). At follow-up, map parameters normalized for the CL-CST independently from recovery while the increase of outputs from the IL-CST was associated with straight and dexterity improvement. iSP measurements were impaired in MS irrespective of the phase of the disease. Prolonged iSPduration at baseline was associated with less dexterity recovery. CONCLUSIONS After a motor relapse, TMS mapping shows acute changes in corticospinal excitability and rearrangements of motor outputs. iSP is less influenced by the phase of disease but may better predict recovery, possibly reflecting the integrity of interhemispheric motor networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Chieffo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation and Department of Clinical
Neurophysiology, Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology
(INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Nam SM, Seo JS, Nahm SS, Chang BJ. Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Osteopontin Expression and Axonal Myelination in the Developing Cerebellum of Lead-Exposed Rat Pups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16060983. [PMID: 30893812 PMCID: PMC6466450 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multi-functional protein that binds to integrin and calcium-binding phosphoprotein. OPN is required for normal neuronal development and its axonal myelination. We studied the combined effect of lead (Pb) and ascorbic acid treatment on OPN expression in the developing cerebellum. We randomly divided pregnant female rats into three groups: control, Pb (lead acetate, 0.3%, drinking water), and Pb plus ascorbic acid (PA; ascorbic acid, 100 mg/kg, oral intubation) groups. The blood level of Pb was significantly increased, while ascorbic acid reduced Pb levels in the dams and pups. At postnatal day (PND) 21, results from Nissl staining and OPN immunohistochemistry demonstrated that OPN was detected in the Purkinje cell layer in the cerebellum. Ascorbic acid treatment mitigated Pb exposure-induced reduction in the number of intact Purkinje cells and OPN immunoreactive Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of pups. In addition, Pb-induced reduction in the number of oligodendrocytes and myelin-associated glycoprotein is associated with the malformation of the myelin sheath. Ascorbic acid provided protection from Pb-induced impairments. Pb-induced structural deficits in the cerebellum resulted in functional deterioration observed during locomotive tests (bar holding test and wire mesh ascending test), while ascorbic acid ameliorated these harmful effects. Present results suggest that the change of OPN is associated with myelination in the developing cerebellum. The results also demonstrated that exposure to Pb is harmful, while ascorbic acid treatment is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea.
| | - Jin Seok Seo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea.
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea.
| | - Byung-Joon Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea.
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40
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Han KS, Guo C, Chen CH, Witter L, Osorno T, Regehr WG. Ephaptic Coupling Promotes Synchronous Firing of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. Neuron 2018; 100:564-578.e3. [PMID: 30293822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Correlated neuronal activity at various timescales plays an important role in information transfer and processing. We find that in awake-behaving mice, an unexpectedly large fraction of neighboring Purkinje cells (PCs) exhibit sub-millisecond synchrony. Correlated firing usually arises from chemical or electrical synapses, but, surprisingly, neither is required to generate PC synchrony. We therefore assessed ephaptic coupling, a mechanism in which neurons communicate via extracellular electrical signals. In the neocortex, ephaptic signals from many neurons summate to entrain spiking on slow timescales, but extracellular signals from individual cells are thought to be too small to synchronize firing. Here we find that a single PC generates sufficiently large extracellular potentials to open sodium channels in nearby PC axons. Rapid synchronization is made possible because ephaptic signals generated by PCs peak during the rising phase of action potentials. These findings show that ephaptic coupling contributes to the prevalent synchronization of nearby PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Seok Han
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chong Guo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher H Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laurens Witter
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tomas Osorno
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Laule C, Moore GW. Myelin water imaging to detect demyelination and remyelination and its validation in pathology. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:750-764. [PMID: 30375119 PMCID: PMC8028667 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to myelin is a key feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized our ability to detect and monitor MS pathology in vivo. Proton density, T1 and T2 can provide qualitative contrast weightings that yield superb in vivo visualization of central nervous system tissue and have proved invaluable as diagnostic and patient management tools in MS. However, standard clinical MR methods are not specific to the types of tissue damage they visualize, and they cannot detect subtle abnormalities in tissue that appears otherwise normal on conventional MRIs. Myelin water imaging is an MR method that provides in vivo measurement of myelin. Histological validation work in both human brain and spinal cord tissue demonstrates a strong correlation between myelin water and staining for myelin, validating myelin water as a marker for myelin. Myelin water varies throughout the brain and spinal cord in healthy controls, and shows good intra- and inter-site reproducibility. MS plaques show variably decreased myelin water fraction, with older lesions demonstrating the greatest myelin loss. Longitudinal study of myelin water can provide insights into the dynamics of demyelination and remyelination in plaques. Normal appearing brain and spinal cord tissues show reduced myelin water, an abnormality which becomes progressively more evident over a timescale of years. Diffusely abnormal white matter, which is evident in 20%-25% of MS patients, also shows reduced myelin water both in vivo and postmortem, and appears to originate from a primary lipid abnormality with relative preservation of myelin proteins. Active research is ongoing in the quest to refine our ability to image myelin and its perturbations in MS and other disorders of the myelin sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Laule
- RadiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Physics & AstronomyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - G.R. Wayne Moore
- Pathology & Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD)University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Medicine (Neurology)University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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Barron T, Saifetiarova J, Bhat MA, Kim JH. Myelination of Purkinje axons is critical for resilient synaptic transmission in the deep cerebellar nucleus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1022. [PMID: 29348594 PMCID: PMC5773691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of myelin in maintaining axonal integrity and action potential (AP) propagation are well established, but its role in synapse maintenance and neurotransmission remains largely understudied. Here, we investigated how Purkinje axon myelination regulates synaptic transmission in the Purkinje to deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) synapses using the Long Evans Shaker (LES) rat, which lacks compact myelin and thus displays severe locomotion deficits. DCN neurons fired spontaneous action potentials (APs), whose frequencies were dependent on the extent of myelin. In the LES cerebellum with severe myelin deficiency, DCN neurons were hyper-excitable, exhibiting spontaneous AP firing at a much higher frequency compared to those from wild type (LE) and heterozygote (LEHet) rats. The hyper-excitability in LES DCN neurons resulted from reduced inhibitory GABAergic inputs from Purkinje cells to DCN neurons. Corresponding with functional alterations including failures of AP propagation, electron microscopic analysis revealed anatomically fewer active zones at the presynaptic terminals of Purkinje cells in both LEHet and LES rats. Taken together, these studies suggest that proper axonal myelination critically regulates presynaptic terminal structure and function and directly impacts synaptic transmission in the Purkinje cell-DCN cell synapse in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Barron
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Julia Saifetiarova
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Manzoor A Bhat
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA
| | - Jun Hee Kim
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229, USA.
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43
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Davis SL, Jay O, Wilson TE. Thermoregulatory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 157:701-714. [PMID: 30459034 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64074-1.00042-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurologic disorder that disrupts axonal myelin in the central nervous system. Demyelination produces alterations in saltatory conduction, slowed conduction velocity, and a predisposition to conduction block. An estimated 60-80% of MS patients experience temporary worsening of clinical signs and neurologic symptoms with heat exposure (Uhthoff's phenomenon). This heat intolerance in MS is related to the detrimental effects of increased temperature on action potential propagation in demyelinated axons, resulting in conduction slowing and/or block. Additionally, MS may produce impaired neural control of autonomic and endocrine functions. Isolating and interpreting mechanisms responsible for autonomic dysfunction due to MS can be difficult as it may involve sensory impairments, altered neural integration within the central nervous system, impaired effector responses, or combinations of all of these factors. MS lesions occur in areas of the brain responsible for the control and regulation of body temperature and thermoregulatory effector responses, resulting in impaired neural control of sudomotor pathways or neural-induced changes in eccrine sweat glands, as evidenced by observations of reduced sweating responses in MS patients. Although not comprehensive, some evidence exists concerning treatments (cooling, precooling, and pharmacologic) for the MS patient to preserve function and decrease symptom worsening during heat stress. This review focuses on four main themes influencing current understanding of thermoregulatory dysfunction in MS: (1) heat intolerance; (2) central regulation of body temperature; (3) thermoregulatory effector responses; and (4) countermeasures to improve or maintain function during thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Davis
- Department of Applied Physiology and Wellness, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Ollie Jay
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thad E Wilson
- Biomedical Sciences, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Longitudinal study of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness changes in a multiple sclerosis patients cohort: A long term 5 year follow-up. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 19:124-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Yoo YJ, Hwang JM, Yang HK. Differences in pupillary light reflex between optic neuritis and ischemic optic neuropathy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186741. [PMID: 29049405 PMCID: PMC5648212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the differences in pupillary light reflex (PLR) between the acute and chronic phases of optic neuritis (ON) and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Methods The study included 30 patients with ON and 22 patients with NAION whose PLR were measured by a dynamic pupillometer (PLR-200; NeurOptics Inc., Irvine, USA). Age-matched controls included 58 healthy individuals with normal vision and optic nerve function. Pupil diameters, latency, constriction ratio, constriction velocity and dilation velocity were noted. The differences in PLR measurements were compared among the acute and chronic phases of ON and NAION, and in age-matched controls. Regression analysis determined factors associated with PLR measurements, including visual acuity, color vision defect, visual field defects and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements on optical coherence tomography. Results Pupillary constriction velocity, constriction ratio and latency were all significantly decreased in the acute phase of ON and NAION. ON showed significantly delayed constriction latency compared to NAION (P = 0.047). Pupillary constriction velocity, constriction ratio and latency were recovered in the chronic phase of ON (P = 0.038, 0.018, and 0.045), however, these parameters were not recovered in NAION (P = 0.693, 0.173 and 0.994). Conclusions Pupillary constriction velocity, constriction ratio, and latency were significantly decreased in the acute phase of ON and NAION compared to normal controls. ON showed delayed constriction latency compared to NAION. Decreased PLR were recovered in the chronic phase of ON, but not in NAION.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Ju Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Plemel JR, Liu WQ, Yong VW. Remyelination therapies: a new direction and challenge in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:617-634. [PMID: 28685761 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is characterized by inflammatory activity that results in destruction of the myelin sheaths that enwrap axons. The currently available medications for multiple sclerosis are predominantly immune-modulating and do not directly promote repair. White matter regeneration, or remyelination, is a new and exciting potential approach to treating multiple sclerosis, as remyelination repairs the damaged regions of the central nervous system. A wealth of new strategies in animal models that promote remyelination, including the repopulation of oligodendrocytes that produce myelin, has led to several clinical trials to test new reparative therapies. In this Review, we highlight the biology of, and obstacles to, remyelination. We address new strategies to improve remyelination in preclinical models, highlight the therapies that are currently undergoing clinical trials and discuss the challenges of objectively measuring remyelination in trials of repair in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Plemel
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wei-Qiao Liu
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Yoo YJ, Yang HK, Hwang JM. Efficacy of digital pupillometry for diagnosis of Horner syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178361. [PMID: 28575101 PMCID: PMC5456040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of digital pupillometry in the diagnosis of anisocoria related to Horner syndrome in adult patients. Design Retrospective, observational, case control study. Methods Nineteen patients with unilateral Horner syndrome (Horner group) and age-matched controls of 30 healthy individuals with normal vision and neither optic nerve dysfunction nor pupillary abnormalities were included. Pupillary light reflex (PLR) of the Horner group and controls were measured by a dynamic pupillometer (PLR-200; NeurOptics Inc., Irvine, USA). Minimal and maximal (min/max) pupil diameters, latency, constriction ratio, constriction velocity, dilation velocity, and total time taken by the pupil to recover 75% of maximal pupil diameter (T75) were noted. PLR were measured at baseline in both groups and at 30–45 minutes later after 0.5% apraclonidine (Iopidine®; Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX, USA) instillation in the Horner group. Main outcome measures The PLR parameters in the affected eye and inter-eye difference before and after 0.5% apraclonidine instillation. Results In the Horner group, pupil diameters and T75 showed significant difference between the affected eye and unaffected contralateral eye at baseline (all P<0.00625). Compared to controls, inter-eye difference values of pupil diameters and T75 were significantly larger in the Horner group (all P<0.001). After 0.5% apraclonidine instillation, changes in pupil diameter and constriction ratio were significantly larger in the affected eye compared to the unaffected contralateral eye (all P<0.00625). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for diagnosing Horner syndrome were largest for baseline inter-eye difference in min/max pupil sizes (AUC = 0.975, 0.994), T75 (AUC = 0.838), and change in min/max pupil sizes after apraclonidine instillation (AUC = 0.923, 0.929, respectively). The diagnostic criteria for Horner syndrome relying on baseline pupillary measurements was defined as one of the two major findings; 1) smaller maximal pupil diameter in the affected eye with an inter-eye difference of > 0.5 mm, or 2) T75 > 2.61 seconds in the affected eye, which showed a sensitivity of 94.7% and specificity of 93.3%. The diagnostic accuracy of apraclonidine testing showed a sensitivity of 84.6% and specificity of 92.3%. Conclusions Digital pupillometry is an objective method for quantifying PLR. Baseline inter-eye difference in maximal pupil sizes and dilation lag measured by T75 was equally effective in the diagnosis of Horner syndrome compared to the reversal of anisocoria after apraclonidine instillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Ju Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Cysteinyl Leukotrienes as Potential Pharmacological Targets for Cerebral Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3454212. [PMID: 28607533 PMCID: PMC5451784 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3454212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent lipid mediators widely known for their actions in asthma and in allergic rhinitis. Accumulating data highlights their involvement in a broader range of inflammation-associated diseases such as cancer, atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases. The reported elevated levels of CysLTs in acute and chronic brain lesions, the association between the genetic polymorphisms in the LTs biosynthesis pathways and the risk of cerebral pathological events, and the evidence from animal models link also CysLTs and brain diseases. This review will give an overview of how far research has gone into the evaluation of the role of CysLTs in the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders (ischemia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, multiple sclerosis/experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and epilepsy) in order to understand the underlying mechanism by which they might be central in the disease progression.
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Meltzer E, Sguigna PV, Subei A, Beh S, Kildebeck E, Conger D, Conger A, Lucero M, Frohman BS, Frohman AN, Saidha S, Galetta S, Calabresi PA, Rennaker R, Frohman TC, Kardon RH, Balcer LJ, Frohman EM. Retinal Architecture and Melanopsin-Mediated Pupillary Response Characteristics: A Putative Pathophysiologic Signature for the Retino-Hypothalamic Tract in Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:574-582. [PMID: 28135360 PMCID: PMC5822208 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.5131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance A neurophysiologic signature of the melanopsin-mediated persistent constriction phase of the pupillary light reflex may represent a surrogate biomarker for the integrity of the retinohypothalamic tract, with potential utility for investigating alterations in homeostatic mechanisms associated with brain disorders and implications for identifying new treatments. Objective To characterize abnormalities of retinal architecture in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and corresponding alterations in the melanopsin-mediated sustained pupillary constriction response. Design, Setting, and Participants The case-control study was an experimental assessment of various stimulus-induced pupillary response characteristics and was conducted at a university clinical center for MS from September 6, 2012, to February 2015. Twenty-four patients with MS (48 eyes) and 15 individuals serving as controls (30 eyes) participated. The melanopsin-mediated, sustained pupillary constriction phase response following cessation of a blue light stimulus was compared with the photoreceptor-mediated pupillary constriction phase response following cessation of a red light stimulus. Optical coherence tomography was used to characterize the association between pupillary response characteristics and alterations in retinal architecture, specifically, the thickness of the retinal ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL). Main Outcomes and Measures Association of pupillary response characteristics with alterations in retinal architecture. Results Of 24 patients with MS included in the analysis, 17 were women (71%); mean (SD) age was 47 (11) years. Compared with eyes from individuals with MS who had normal optical coherence tomography-derived measures of retinal GCL + IPL thickness, eyes of patients who had GCL + IPL thickness reductions to less than the first percentile exhibited a correspondingly significant attenuation of the melanopsin-mediated sustained pupillary response (mean [SD] pupillary diameter ratios at a point in time, 0.18 [0.1] vs 0.33 [0.09]; P < .001, generalized estimating equation models accounting for age and within-patient intereye correlations). Conclusions and Relevance In this case-control study, attenuation of the melanopsin-mediated sustained pupillary constriction response was significantly associated with thinning of the GCL + IPL sector of the retina in the eyes of patients with MS, particularly those with a history of acute optic neuritis. Melanopsin-containing ganglion cells in the retina represent, at least in part, the composition of the retinohypothalamic tract. As such, our findings may signify the ability to elucidate a putative surrogate neurophysiologic signature that correlates with a constellation of homeostatic mechanisms in both health and illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Meltzer
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
| | - Peter V. Sguigna
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
| | - Adnan Subei
- Department of Neurology, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | - Shin Beh
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
| | - Eric Kildebeck
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
- Center for Engineering Innovation, University of Texas at Dallas
| | - Darrel Conger
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
| | - Amy Conger
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
| | - Marlen Lucero
- Student, Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
| | - Benjamin S. Frohman
- Student, Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
| | - Ashley N. Frohman
- Student, Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
| | - Shiv Saidha
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven Galetta
- Department of Neurology, Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | | | | | - Teresa C. Frohman
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
| | - Randy H. Kardon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa, Iowa City
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City
| | - Laura J. Balcer
- Department of Neurology, Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York
| | - Elliot M. Frohman
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
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50
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Do evoked potentials contribute to the functional follow-up and clinical prognosis of multiple sclerosis? Acta Neurol Belg 2017; 117:53-59. [PMID: 27194163 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-016-0650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical variability and complexity of multiple sclerosis (MS) challenges the individual clinical course prognostication. This study aimed to find out whether multimodal evoked potentials (EP) correlate with the motor components of multiple sclerosis functional composite (MSFCm) and predict clinically relevant motor functional deterioration. One hundred MS patients were assessed at baseline (T 0) and about 7.5 years later (T 1), with visual, somatosensory and motor EP and rated on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the MSFCm, including the 9 Hole Peg Test and the Timed 25 Foot Walk (T25FW). The Spearman correlation coefficient (r S) was used to evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between EP Z scores and clinical findings. The predictive value of baseline electrophysiological data for clinical worsening (EDSS, 9-HPT, T25FW, MSFCm) during follow-up was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Unlike longitudinal correlations, cross-sectional correlations between EP Z scores and clinical outcomes were all significant and ranged between 0.22 and 0.67 (p < 0.05). The global EP Z score was systematically predictive of EDSS and MSFCm worsening over time (all p < 0.05). EP latency was a better predictor than amplitude, although weaker than latency and amplitude aggregation in the global EP Z score. The study demonstrates that EP numerical scores can be used for motor function monitoring and outcome prediction in patients with MS.
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