1
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Long X, Deng B, Shen R, Yang L, Chen L, Ran Q, Du X, Zhang SJ. Border cells without theta rhythmicity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321614121. [PMID: 38857401 PMCID: PMC11194599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321614121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a key brain structure for higher cognitive functions such as decision-making and goal-directed behavior, many of which require awareness of spatial variables including one's current position within the surrounding environment. Although previous studies have reported spatially tuned activities in mPFC during memory-related trajectory, the spatial tuning of mPFC network during freely foraging behavior remains elusive. Here, we reveal geometric border or border-proximal representations from the neural activity of mPFC ensembles during naturally exploring behavior, with both allocentric and egocentric boundary responses. Unlike most of classical border cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) discharging along a single wall, a large majority of border cells in mPFC fire particularly along four walls. mPFC border cells generate new firing fields to external insert, and remain stable under darkness, across distinct shapes, and in novel environments. In contrast to hippocampal theta entrainment during spatial working memory tasks, mPFC border cells rarely exhibited theta rhythmicity during spontaneous locomotion behavior. These findings reveal spatially modulated activity in mPFC, supporting local computation for cognitive functions involving spatial context and contributing to a broad spatial tuning property of cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Long
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Rui Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Liping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Qingxia Ran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
| | - Sheng-Jia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing400037, China
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2
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Yang X, Cacucci F, Burgess N, Wills TJ, Chen G. Visual boundary cues suffice to anchor place and grid cells in virtual reality. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2256-2264.e3. [PMID: 38701787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation contains neurons responsive to an animal's current location and orientation, which together provide the organism with a neural map of space.1,2,3 Spatially tuned neurons rely on external landmark cues and internally generated movement information to estimate position.4,5 An important class of landmark cue are the boundaries delimiting an environment, which can define place cell field position6,7 and stabilize grid cell firing.8 However, the precise nature of the sensory information used to detect boundaries remains unknown. We used 2-dimensional virtual reality (VR)9 to show that visual cues from elevated walls surrounding the environment are both sufficient and necessary to stabilize place and grid cell responses in VR, when only visual and self-motion cues are available. By contrast, flat boundaries formed by the edges of a textured floor did not stabilize place and grid cells, indicating only specific forms of visual boundary stabilize hippocampal spatial firing. Unstable grid cells retain internally coherent, hexagonally arranged firing fields, but these fields "drift" with respect to the virtual environment over periods >5 s. Optic flow from a virtual floor does not slow drift dynamics, emphasizing the importance of boundary-related visual information. Surprisingly, place fields are more stable close to boundaries even with floor and wall cues removed, suggesting invisible boundaries are inferred using the motion of a discrete, separate cue (a beacon signaling reward location). Subsets of place cells show allocentric directional tuning toward the beacon, with strength of tuning correlating with place field stability when boundaries are removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Yang
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Francesca Cacucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Neil Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Joseph Wills
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Guifen Chen
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, 327 Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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3
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Reinshagen A. Grid cells: the missing link in understanding Parkinson's disease? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1276714. [PMID: 38389787 PMCID: PMC10881698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1276714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) are complex and not fully understood, and the box-and-arrow model among other current models present significant challenges. This paper explores the potential role of the allocentric brain and especially its grid cells in several PD motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, kinesia paradoxa, freezing of gait, the bottleneck phenomenon, and their dependency on cueing. It is argued that central hubs, like the locus coeruleus and the pedunculopontine nucleus, often narrowly interpreted in the context of PD, play an equally important role in governing the allocentric brain as the basal ganglia. Consequently, the motor and secondary motor (e.g., spatially related) symptoms of PD linked with dopamine depletion may be more closely tied to erroneous computation by grid cells than to the basal ganglia alone. Because grid cells and their associated central hubs introduce both spatial and temporal information to the brain influencing velocity perception they may cause bradykinesia or hyperkinesia as well. In summary, PD motor symptoms may primarily be an allocentric disturbance resulting from virtual faulty computation by grid cells revealed by dopamine depletion in PD.
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4
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Muessig L, Ribeiro Rodrigues F, Bjerknes TL, Towse BW, Barry C, Burgess N, Moser EI, Moser MB, Cacucci F, Wills TJ. Environment geometry alters subiculum boundary vector cell receptive fields in adulthood and early development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:982. [PMID: 38302455 PMCID: PMC10834499 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Boundaries to movement form a specific class of landmark information used for navigation: Boundary Vector Cells (BVCs) are neurons which encode an animal's location as a vector displacement from boundaries. Here we characterise the prevalence and spatial tuning of subiculum BVCs in adult and developing male rats, and investigate the relationship between BVC spatial firing and boundary geometry. BVC directional tunings align with environment walls in squares, but are uniformly distributed in circles, demonstrating that environmental geometry alters BVC receptive fields. Inserted barriers uncover both excitatory and inhibitory components to BVC receptive fields, demonstrating that inhibitory inputs contribute to BVC field formation. During post-natal development, subiculum BVCs mature slowly, contrasting with the earlier maturation of boundary-responsive cells in upstream Entorhinal Cortex. However, Subiculum and Entorhinal BVC receptive fields are altered by boundary geometry as early as tested, suggesting this is an inherent feature of the hippocampal representation of space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenz Muessig
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Tale L Bjerknes
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Benjamin W Towse
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Caswell Barry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Neil Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AZ, UK
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Edvard I Moser
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - May-Britt Moser
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Francesca Cacucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology; University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas J Wills
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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5
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Kazanina N, Poeppel D. The neural ingredients for a language of thought are available. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:996-1007. [PMID: 37625973 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The classical notion of a 'language of thought' (LoT), advanced prominently by the philosopher Jerry Fodor, is an influential position in cognitive science whereby the mental representations underpinning thought are considered to be compositional and productive, enabling the construction of new complex thoughts from more primitive symbolic concepts. LoT theory has been challenged because a neural implementation has been deemed implausible. We disagree. Examples of critical computational ingredients needed for a neural implementation of a LoT have in fact been demonstrated, in particular in the hippocampal spatial navigation system of rodents. Here, we show that cell types found in spatial navigation (border cells, object cells, head-direction cells, etc.) provide key types of representation and computation required for the LoT, underscoring its neurobiological viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kazanina
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David Poeppel
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience, Frankfurt, Germany; New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Alexander AS, Robinson JC, Stern CE, Hasselmo ME. Gated transformations from egocentric to allocentric reference frames involving retrosplenial cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus. Hippocampus 2023; 33:465-487. [PMID: 36861201 PMCID: PMC10403145 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the recent experimental finding that neurons in behaving rodents show egocentric coding of the environment in a number of structures associated with the hippocampus. Many animals generating behavior on the basis of sensory input must deal with the transformation of coordinates from the egocentric position of sensory input relative to the animal, into an allocentric framework concerning the position of multiple goals and objects relative to each other in the environment. Neurons in retrosplenial cortex show egocentric coding of the position of boundaries in relation to an animal. These neuronal responses are discussed in relation to existing models of the transformation from egocentric to allocentric coordinates using gain fields and a new model proposing transformations of phase coding that differ from current models. The same type of transformations could allow hierarchical representations of complex scenes. The responses in rodents are also discussed in comparison to work on coordinate transformations in humans and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Alexander
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer C Robinson
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chantal E Stern
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael E Hasselmo
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Lee SA. Navigational roots of spatial and temporal memory structure. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:87-95. [PMID: 36480071 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our minds are constantly in transit, from the present to the past to the future, across places we have and have not directly experienced. Nevertheless, memories of our mental time travel are not organized continuously and are adaptively chunked into contexts and episodes. In this paper, I will review evidence that suggests that spatial boundary representations play a critical role in providing structure to both our spatial and temporal memories. I will illustrate the intimate connection between hippocampal spatial mapping and temporal sequencing of episodic memory to propose that high-level cognitive processes like mental time travel and conceptual mapping are rooted in basic navigational mechanisms that we humans and nonhuman animals share. Our neuroscientific understanding of hippocampal function across species may provide new insight into the origins of even the most uniquely human cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Ro 1, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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8
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Sarel A, Palgi S, Blum D, Aljadeff J, Las L, Ulanovsky N. Natural switches in behaviour rapidly modulate hippocampal coding. Nature 2022; 609:119-127. [PMID: 36002570 PMCID: PMC9433324 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Throughout their daily lives, animals and humans often switch between different behaviours. However, neuroscience research typically studies the brain while the animal is performing one behavioural task at a time, and little is known about how brain circuits represent switches between different behaviours. Here we tested this question using an ethological setting: two bats flew together in a long 135 m tunnel, and switched between navigation when flying alone (solo) and collision avoidance as they flew past each other (cross-over). Bats increased their echolocation click rate before each cross-over, indicating attention to the other bat1–9. Hippocampal CA1 neurons represented the bat’s own position when flying alone (place coding10–14). Notably, during cross-overs, neurons switched rapidly to jointly represent the interbat distance by self-position. This neuronal switch was very fast—as fast as 100 ms—which could be revealed owing to the very rapid natural behavioural switch. The neuronal switch correlated with the attention signal, as indexed by echolocation. Interestingly, the different place fields of the same neuron often exhibited very different tuning to interbat distance, creating a complex non-separable coding of position by distance. Theoretical analysis showed that this complex representation yields more efficient coding. Overall, our results suggest that during dynamic natural behaviour, hippocampal neurons can rapidly switch their core computation to represent the relevant behavioural variables, supporting behavioural flexibility. During rapid behavioural switches in flying bats, hippocampal neurons can rapidly switch their core computation to represent the relevant behavioural variables, supporting behavioural flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Sarel
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shaked Palgi
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan Blum
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Johnatan Aljadeff
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Liora Las
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Nachum Ulanovsky
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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9
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Melleu FF, de Oliveira AR, Grego KF, Blanchard DC, Canteras NS. Dissecting the brain's fear systems responding to snake threats. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4788-4802. [PMID: 35971965 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We examined the behavioral responses and Fos expression pattern of rats that were exposed to snake threats from shed snakeskin and a live snake. We differentiated the behavioral responses and the pattern of Fos expression in response to the odor cues and mild threat from a live snake. Animals exposed to the snake odor alone or to the confined snake showed a great deal of risk assessment. Conversely, the intensification of odor during exposure to the live snake decreased the threat ambiguity, and the animals froze for a significantly longer period. Our Fos analysis showed that a pathway formed by the posteroventral part of the medial amygdalar nucleus to the central part of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus appeared to be solely responsive to odor cues. In addition, we showed increased Fos expression in a parallel circuit comprising the lateral amygdalar nucleus, ventral subiculum, lateral septum and juxtadorsomedial region of the lateral hypothalamic area that is responsive to both the odor and mild threat from a live snake. This path is likely to process the environmental boundaries of the threat to be avoided. Both paths merge into the dorsal premammillary nucleus and periaqueductal gray sites, which all increase Fos expression in response to the snake threats and are likely to organize the defensive responses. Moreover, we found that the snake threat mobilized the Edinger-Westphal and supraoculomotor nuclei, which are involved in stress adaptation and attentional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando F Melleu
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Kathleen F Grego
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - D Caroline Blanchard
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Pacific Biosciences Research Centre, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Newton S Canteras
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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10
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Ottink L, Buimer H, van Raalte B, Doeller CF, van der Geest TM, van Wezel RJA. Cognitive map formation supported by auditory, haptic, and multimodal information in persons with blindness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104797. [PMID: 35902045 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
For efficient navigation, the brain needs to adequately represent the environment in a cognitive map. In this review, we sought to give an overview of literature about cognitive map formation based on non-visual modalities in persons with blindness (PWBs) and sighted persons. The review is focused on the auditory and haptic modalities, including research that combines multiple modalities and real-world navigation. Furthermore, we addressed implications of route and survey representations. Taking together, PWBs as well as sighted persons can build up cognitive maps based on non-visual modalities, although the accuracy sometime somewhat differs between PWBs and sighted persons. We provide some speculations on how to deploy information from different modalities to support cognitive map formation. Furthermore, PWBs and sighted persons seem to be able to construct route as well as survey representations. PWBs can experience difficulties building up a survey representation, but this is not always the case, and research suggests that they can acquire this ability with sufficient spatial information or training. We discuss possible explanations of these inconsistencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes Ottink
- Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hendrik Buimer
- Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bram van Raalte
- Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christian F Doeller
- Psychology Department, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Kavli Insitute for Systems Neuroscience, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thea M van der Geest
- Lectorate Media Design, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | - Richard J A van Wezel
- Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Techmed Centre, Biomedical Signals and System, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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11
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Different behavioral and learning effects between using boundary and landmark cues during spatial navigation. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Zeng T, Si B, Feng J. A theory of geometry representations for spatial navigation. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 211:102228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Brennan EKW, Jedrasiak-Cape I, Kailasa S, Rice SP, Sudhakar SK, Ahmed OJ. Thalamus and claustrum control parallel layer 1 circuits in retrosplenial cortex. eLife 2021; 10:e62207. [PMID: 34170817 PMCID: PMC8233040 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The granular retrosplenial cortex (RSG) is critical for both spatial and non-spatial behaviors, but the underlying neural codes remain poorly understood. Here, we use optogenetic circuit mapping in mice to reveal a double dissociation that allows parallel circuits in superficial RSG to process disparate inputs. The anterior thalamus and dorsal subiculum, sources of spatial information, strongly and selectively recruit small low-rheobase (LR) pyramidal cells in RSG. In contrast, neighboring regular-spiking (RS) cells are preferentially controlled by claustral and anterior cingulate inputs, sources of mostly non-spatial information. Precise sublaminar axonal and dendritic arborization within RSG layer 1, in particular, permits this parallel processing. Observed thalamocortical synaptic dynamics enable computational models of LR neurons to compute the speed of head rotation, despite receiving head direction inputs that do not explicitly encode speed. Thus, parallel input streams identify a distinct principal neuronal subtype ideally positioned to support spatial orientation computations in the RSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen KW Brennan
- Department of Psychology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | | | - Sameer Kailasa
- Department of Mathematics, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Sharena P Rice
- Department of Psychology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | | | - Omar J Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
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14
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Long X, Zhang SJ. A novel somatosensory spatial navigation system outside the hippocampal formation. Cell Res 2021; 31:649-663. [PMID: 33462427 PMCID: PMC8169756 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-00448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatially selective firing of place cells, grid cells, boundary vector/border cells and head direction cells constitutes the basic building blocks of a canonical spatial navigation system centered on the hippocampal-entorhinal complex. While head direction cells can be found throughout the brain, spatial tuning outside the hippocampal formation is often non-specific or conjunctive to other representations such as a reward. Although the precise mechanism of spatially selective firing activity is not understood, various studies show sensory inputs, particularly vision, heavily modulate spatial representation in the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit. To better understand the contribution of other sensory inputs in shaping spatial representation in the brain, we performed recording from the primary somatosensory cortex in foraging rats. To our surprise, we were able to detect the full complement of spatially selective firing patterns similar to that reported in the hippocampal-entorhinal network, namely, place cells, head direction cells, boundary vector/border cells, grid cells and conjunctive cells, in the somatosensory cortex. These newly identified somatosensory spatial cells form a spatial map outside the hippocampal formation and support the hypothesis that location information modulates body representation in the somatosensory cortex. Our findings provide transformative insights into our understanding of how spatial information is processed and integrated in the brain, as well as functional operations of the somatosensory cortex in the context of rehabilitation with brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Long
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037 China
| | - Sheng-Jia Zhang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037 China
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15
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Ledergerber D, Battistin C, Blackstad JS, Gardner RJ, Witter MP, Moser MB, Roudi Y, Moser EI. Task-dependent mixed selectivity in the subiculum. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109175. [PMID: 34038726 PMCID: PMC8170370 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CA1 and subiculum (SUB) connect the hippocampus to numerous output regions. Cells in both areas have place-specific firing fields, although they are more dispersed in SUB. Weak responses to head direction and running speed have been reported in both regions. However, how such information is encoded in CA1 and SUB and the resulting impact on downstream targets are poorly understood. Here, we estimate the tuning of simultaneously recorded CA1 and SUB cells to position, head direction, and speed. Individual neurons respond conjunctively to these covariates in both regions, but the degree of mixed representation is stronger in SUB, and more so during goal-directed spatial navigation than free foraging. Each navigational variable could be decoded with higher precision, from a similar number of neurons, in SUB than CA1. The findings point to a possible contribution of mixed-selective coding in SUB to efficient transmission of hippocampal representations to widespread brain regions. CA1 and subiculum neurons respond conjunctively to position, head direction, and speed The degree of conjunctive coding (“mixed selectivity”) is stronger in the subiculum Mixed selectivity is stronger during goal-directed navigation than in free foraging Decoding of each navigational covariate is more accurate with mixed selectivity
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Ledergerber
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrre s gate 9, MTFS, 7489 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Claudia Battistin
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrre s gate 9, MTFS, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Sigurd Blackstad
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrre s gate 9, MTFS, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Richard J Gardner
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrre s gate 9, MTFS, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrre s gate 9, MTFS, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - May-Britt Moser
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrre s gate 9, MTFS, 7489 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yasser Roudi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrre s gate 9, MTFS, 7489 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Edvard I Moser
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrre s gate 9, MTFS, 7489 Trondheim, Norway.
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16
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Smith AE, Wood ER, Dudchenko PA. The stimulus control of local enclosures and barriers over head direction and place cell spatial firing. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02070. [PMID: 33606361 PMCID: PMC8119864 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Head direction cell and place cell spatially tuned firing is often anchored to salient visual landmarks on the periphery of a recording environment. What is less well understood is whether structural features of an environment, such as orientation of a maze sub-compartment or a polarizing barrier, can likewise control spatial firing. METHOD We recorded from 54 head direction cells in the medial entorhinal cortex and subicular region of male Lister Hooded rats while they explored an apparatus with four parallel or four radially arranged compartments (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, we recorded from 130 place cells (in Lister- and Long-Evans Hooded rats) and 30 head direction cells with 90° rotations of a cue card and a barrier in a single environment (Experiment 2). RESULTS We found that head direction cells maintained a similar preferred firing direction across four separate maze compartments even when these faced different directions (Experiment 1). However, in an environment with a single compartment, we observed that both a barrier and a cue card exerted comparable amounts of stimulus control over head direction cells and place cells (Experiment 2). CONCLUSION The maintenance of a stable directional orientation across maze compartments suggests that the head direction cell system has the capacity to provide a global directional reference that allows the animal to distinguish otherwise similar maze compartments based on the compartment's orientation. A barrier is, however, capable of controlling spatially tuned firing in an environment in which it is the sole polarizing feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Smith
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.,University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Emma R Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Brennan EKW, Sudhakar SK, Jedrasiak-Cape I, John TT, Ahmed OJ. Hyperexcitable Neurons Enable Precise and Persistent Information Encoding in the Superficial Retrosplenial Cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1598-1612.e8. [PMID: 32023472 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is essential for memory and navigation, but the neural codes underlying these functions remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the most prominent cell type in layers 2/3 (L2/3) of the mouse granular RSC is a hyperexcitable, small pyramidal cell. These cells have a low rheobase (LR), high input resistance, lack of spike frequency adaptation, and spike widths intermediate to those of neighboring fast-spiking (FS) inhibitory neurons and regular-spiking (RS) excitatory neurons. LR cells are excitatory but rarely synapse onto neighboring neurons. Instead, L2/3 is a feedforward, not feedback, inhibition-dominated network with dense connectivity between FS cells and from FS to LR neurons. Biophysical models of LR but not RS cells precisely and continuously encode sustained input from afferent postsubicular head-direction cells. Thus, the distinct intrinsic properties of LR neurons can support both the precision and persistence necessary to encode information over multiple timescales in the RSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K W Brennan
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Tibin T John
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Omar J Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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18
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van Wijngaarden JBG, Babl SS, Ito HT. Entorhinal-retrosplenial circuits for allocentric-egocentric transformation of boundary coding. eLife 2020; 9:e59816. [PMID: 33138915 PMCID: PMC7609058 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial navigation requires landmark coding from two perspectives, relying on viewpoint-invariant and self-referenced representations. The brain encodes information within each reference frame but their interactions and functional dependency remains unclear. Here we investigate the relationship between neurons in the rat's retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and entorhinal cortex (MEC) that increase firing near boundaries of space. Border cells in RSC specifically encode walls, but not objects, and are sensitive to the animal's direction to nearby borders. These egocentric representations are generated independent of visual or whisker sensation but are affected by inputs from MEC that contains allocentric spatial cells. Pharmaco- and optogenetic inhibition of MEC led to a disruption of border coding in RSC, but not vice versa, indicating allocentric-to-egocentric transformation. Finally, RSC border cells fire prospective to the animal's next motion, unlike those in MEC, revealing the MEC-RSC pathway as an extended border coding circuit that implements coordinate transformation to guide navigation behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne S Babl
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Hiroshi T Ito
- Max Planck Institute for Brain ResearchFrankfurtGermany
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19
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Abstract
Several types of neurons involved in spatial navigation and memory encode the distance and direction (that is, the vector) between an agent and items in its environment. Such vectorial information provides a powerful basis for spatial cognition by representing the geometric relationships between the self and the external world. Here, we review the explicit encoding of vectorial information by neurons in and around the hippocampal formation, far from the sensory periphery. The parahippocampal, retrosplenial and parietal cortices, as well as the hippocampal formation and striatum, provide a plethora of examples of vector coding at the single neuron level. We provide a functional taxonomy of cells with vectorial receptive fields as reported in experiments and proposed in theoretical work. The responses of these neurons may provide the fundamental neural basis for the (bottom-up) representation of environmental layout and (top-down) memory-guided generation of visuospatial imagery and navigational planning.
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20
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Olson JM, Li JK, Montgomery SE, Nitz DA. Secondary Motor Cortex Transforms Spatial Information into Planned Action during Navigation. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1845-1854.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Kinkhabwala AA, Gu Y, Aronov D, Tank DW. Visual cue-related activity of cells in the medial entorhinal cortex during navigation in virtual reality. eLife 2020; 9:43140. [PMID: 32149601 PMCID: PMC7089758 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During spatial navigation, animals use self-motion to estimate positions through path integration. However, estimation errors accumulate over time and it is unclear how they are corrected. Here we report a new cell class (‘cue cell’) encoding visual cues that could be used to correct errors in path integration in mouse medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). During virtual navigation, individual cue cells exhibited firing fields only near visual cues and their population response formed sequences repeated at each cue. These cells consistently responded to cues across multiple environments. On a track with cues on left and right sides, most cue cells only responded to cues on one side. During navigation in a real arena, they showed spatially stable activity and accounted for 32% of unidentified, spatially stable MEC cells. These cue cell properties demonstrate that the MEC contains a code representing spatial landmarks, which could be important for error correction during path integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina A Kinkhabwala
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Yi Gu
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Dmitriy Aronov
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - David W Tank
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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22
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Mendes-Gomes J, Motta SC, Passoni Bindi R, de Oliveira AR, Ullah F, Baldo MVC, Coimbra NC, Canteras NS, Blanchard DC. Defensive behaviors and brain regional activation changes in rats confronting a snake. Behav Brain Res 2020; 381:112469. [PMID: 31917239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined behavioral and brain regional activation changes of rats). To a nonmammalian predator, a wild rattler snake (Crotalus durissus terrificus). Accordingly, during snake threat, rat subjects showed a striking and highly significant behavioral response of freezing, stretch attend, and, especially, spatial avoidance of this threat. The brain regional activation patterns for these rats were in broad outline similar to those of rats encountering other predator threats, showing Fos activation of sites in the amygdala, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray matter. In the amygdala, only the lateral nucleus showed significant activation, although the medial nucleus, highly responsive to olfaction, also showed higher activation. Importantly, the hypothalamus, in particular, was somewhat different, with significant Fos increases in the anterior and central parts of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), in contrast to patterns of enhanced Fos expression in the dorsomedial VMH to cat predators, and in the ventrolateral VMH to an attacking conspecific. In addition, the juxtodorsalmedial region of the lateral hypothalamus showed enhanced Fos activation, where inputs from the septo-hippocampal system may suggest the potential involvement of hippocampal boundary cells in the very strong spatial avoidance of the snake and the area it occupied. Notably, these two hypothalamic paths appear to merge into the dorsomedial part of the dorsal premammillary nucleus and dorsomedial and lateral parts of the periaqueductal gray, all of which present significant increases in Fos expression and are likely to be critical for the expression of defensive behaviors in responses to the snake threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Mendes-Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Ophidiarium LNN-FMRP-USP/INeC, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil; NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristina Motta
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Passoni Bindi
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Amanda Ribeiro de Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Farhad Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Grand Trunk Rd, Rahat Abad, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Marcus Vinicius C Baldo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Norberto Cysne Coimbra
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil; Ophidiarium LNN-FMRP-USP/INeC, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil; NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto (SP), 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Newton Sabino Canteras
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - D Caroline Blanchard
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; Pacific Biosciences Research Centre, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States of America
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23
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The representation selection problem: Why we should favor the geometric-module framework of spatial reorientation over the view-matching framework. Cognition 2019; 192:103985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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24
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Abstract
Mammals have evolved specialized brain systems to support efficient navigation within diverse habitats and over varied distances, but while navigational strategies and sensory mechanisms vary across species, core spatial components appear to be widely shared. This review presents common elements found in mammalian spatial mapping systems, focusing on the cells in the hippocampal formation representing orientational and locational spatial information, and 'core' mammalian hippocampal circuitry. Mammalian spatial mapping systems make use of both allothetic cues (space-defining cues in the external environment) and idiothetic cues (cues derived from self-motion). As examples of each cue type, we discuss: environmental boundaries, which control both orientational and locational neuronal activity and behaviour; and 'path integration', a process that allows the estimation of linear translation from velocity signals, thought to depend upon grid cells in the entorhinal cortex. Building cognitive maps entails sampling environments: we consider how the mapping system controls exploration to acquire spatial information, and how exploratory strategies may integrate idiothetic with allothetic information. We discuss how 'replay' may act to consolidate spatial maps, and simulate trajectories to aid navigational planning. Finally, we discuss grid cell models of vector navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Hartley
- Department of Psychology, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Colin Lever
- Psychology Department, Durham University, DH1 3LE, UK.
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25
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Oishi Y, Yamakawa T, Nagasawa H, Suzuki K. Pure topographical disorientation in novel environments without anterograde amnesia: a case study. Neurocase 2019; 25:177-186. [PMID: 31298073 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2019.1642359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Topographical disorientation (TD) in novel environments is considered to be a part of anterograde amnesia. A 56-year-old woman presented with pure TD only in novel environments following limbic encephalitis. She could not remember directions inside the hospital on weekly outpatient visits; however, her verbal and visual anterograde memories were normal. In the test of learning photographs of scenes, faces, and objects, only her scores for landscapes were worse than those in healthy controls. These findings suggested that her TD specific to landscapes and directions in novel environments was caused by category-specific memory impairment related to bilateral hippocampal and parahippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Oishi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan.,Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare , Niigata , Japan
| | - Tatsushi Yamakawa
- Department of Neurology, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Hikaru Nagasawa
- Department of Neurology, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital , Yamagata , Japan
| | - Kyoko Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan.,Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan
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26
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Poulter S, Austen JM, Kosaki Y, Dachtler J, Lever C, McGregor A. En route to delineating hippocampal roles in spatial learning. Behav Brain Res 2019; 369:111936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Matulewicz P, Ulrich K, Islam MN, Mathiasen ML, Aggleton JP, O'Mara SM. Proximal perimeter encoding in the rat rostral thalamus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2865. [PMID: 30814651 PMCID: PMC6393499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Perimeters are an important part of the environment, delimiting its geometry. Here, we investigated how perimeters (vertical walls; vertical drops) affect neuronal responses in the rostral thalamus (the anteromedial and parataenial nuclei in particular). We found neurons whose firing patterns reflected the presence of walls and drops, irrespective of arena shape. Their firing patterns were stable across multiple sleep-wake cycles and were independent of ambient lighting conditions. Thus, rostral thalamic nuclei may participate in spatial representation by encoding the perimeters of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Matulewicz
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katharina Ulrich
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Md Nurul Islam
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - John P Aggleton
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Shane M O'Mara
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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28
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Canteras NS. Hypothalamic survival circuits related to social and predatory defenses and their interactions with metabolic control, reproductive behaviors and memory systems. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Keinath AT, Epstein RA, Balasubramanian V. Environmental deformations dynamically shift the grid cell spatial metric. eLife 2018; 7:38169. [PMID: 30346272 PMCID: PMC6203432 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In familiar environments, the firing fields of entorhinal grid cells form regular triangular lattices. However, when the geometric shape of the environment is deformed, these time-averaged grid patterns are distorted in a grid scale-dependent and local manner. We hypothesized that this distortion in part reflects dynamic anchoring of the grid code to displaced boundaries, possibly through border cell-grid cell interactions. To test this hypothesis, we first reanalyzed two existing rodent grid rescaling datasets to identify previously unrecognized boundary-tethered shifts in grid phase that contribute to the appearance of rescaling. We then demonstrated in a computational model that boundary-tethered phase shifts, as well as scale-dependent and local distortions of the time-averaged grid pattern, could emerge from border-grid interactions without altering inherent grid scale. Together, these results demonstrate that environmental deformations induce history-dependent shifts in grid phase, and implicate border-grid interactions as a potential mechanism underlying these dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T Keinath
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Russell A Epstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, United States
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30
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Brunec IK, Moscovitch M, Barense MD. Boundaries Shape Cognitive Representations of Spaces and Events. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:637-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Gianni E, De Zorzi L, Lee SA. The developing role of transparent surfaces in children's spatial representation. Cogn Psychol 2018; 105:39-52. [PMID: 29920399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Children adeptly use environmental boundaries to navigate. But how do they represent surfaces as boundaries, and how does this change over development? To investigate the effects of boundaries as visual and physical barriers, we tested spatial reorientation in 160 children (2-7 year-olds) in a transparent rectangular arena (Condition 1). In contrast with their consistent success using opaque surfaces (Condition 2), children only succeeded at using transparent surfaces at 5-7 years of age. These results suggest a critical role of visually opaque surfaces in early spatial coding and a developmental change around the age of five in representing locations with respect to transparent surfaces. In application, these findings may inform our usage of windows and glass surfaces in designing and building environments occupied by young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Gianni
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Corso Bettini 31, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Laura De Zorzi
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Corso Bettini 84, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Sang Ah Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daehak-ro 291, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Corso Bettini 31, Rovereto, Italy.
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32
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Grieves RM, Duvelle É, Dudchenko PA. A boundary vector cell model of place field repetition. SPATIAL COGNITION AND COMPUTATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2018.1437621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roddy M Grieves
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Éléonore Duvelle
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul A Dudchenko
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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33
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Electrophysiological Signatures of Spatial Boundaries in the Human Subiculum. J Neurosci 2018; 38:3265-3272. [PMID: 29467145 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3216-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental boundaries play a crucial role in spatial navigation and memory across a wide range of distantly related species. In rodents, boundary representations have been identified at the single-cell level in the subiculum and entorhinal cortex of the hippocampal formation. Although studies of hippocampal function and spatial behavior suggest that similar representations might exist in humans, boundary-related neural activity has not been identified electrophysiologically in humans until now. To address this gap in the literature, we analyzed intracranial recordings from the hippocampal formation of surgical epilepsy patients (of both sexes) while they performed a virtual spatial navigation task and compared the power in three frequency bands (1-4, 4-10, and 30-90 Hz) for target locations near and far from the environmental boundaries. Our results suggest that encoding locations near boundaries elicited stronger theta oscillations than for target locations near the center of the environment and that this difference cannot be explained by variables such as trial length, speed, movement, or performance. These findings provide direct evidence of boundary-dependent neural activity localized in humans to the subiculum, the homolog of the hippocampal subregion in which most boundary cells are found in rodents, and indicate that this system can represent attended locations that rather than the position of one's own body.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spatial computations using environmental boundaries are an integral part of the brain's spatial mapping system. In rodents, border/boundary cells in the subiculum and entorhinal cortex reveal boundary coding at the single-neuron level. Although there is good reason to believe that such representations also exist in humans, the evidence has thus far been limited to functional neuroimaging studies that broadly implicate the hippocampus in boundary-based navigation. By combining intracranial recordings with high-resolution imaging of hippocampal subregions, we identified a neural marker of boundary representation in the human subiculum.
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34
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Opposing and Complementary Topographic Connectivity Gradients Revealed by Quantitative Analysis of Canonical and Noncanonical Hippocampal CA1 Inputs. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0322-17. [PMID: 29387780 PMCID: PMC5790753 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0322-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological studies suggest spatial representation gradients along the CA1 proximodistal axis. To determine the underlying anatomical basis, we quantitatively mapped canonical and noncanonical inputs to excitatory neurons in dorsal hippocampal CA1 along the proximal-distal axis in mice of both sexes using monosynaptic rabies tracing. Our quantitative analyses show comparable strength of subiculum complex and entorhinal cortex (EC) inputs to CA1, significant inputs from presubiculum and parasubiculum to CA1, and a threefold stronger input to proximal versus distal CA1 from CA3. Noncanonical subicular complex inputs exhibit opposing topographic connectivity gradients whereby the subiculum-CA1 input strength systematically increases but the presubiculum-CA1 input strength decreases along the proximal-distal axis. The subiculum input strength cotracks that of the lateral EC, known to be less spatially selective than the medial EC. The functional significance of this organization is verified physiologically for subiculum-to-CA1 inputs. These results reveal a novel anatomical framework by which to determine the circuit bases for CA1 representations.
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Julian JB, Ryan J, Hamilton RH, Epstein RA. The Occipital Place Area Is Causally Involved in Representing Environmental Boundaries during Navigation. Curr Biol 2018; 26:1104-9. [PMID: 27020742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years of research suggests that environmental boundaries-e.g., the walls of an experimental chamber or room-exert powerful influence on navigational behavior, often to the exclusion of other cues [1-9]. Consistent with this behavioral work, neurons in brain structures that instantiate spatial memory often exhibit firing fields that are strongly controlled by environmental boundaries [10-15]. Despite the clear importance of environmental boundaries for spatial coding, however, a brain region that mediates the perception of boundary information has not yet been identified. We hypothesized that the occipital place area (OPA), a scene-selective region located near the transverse occipital sulcus [16], might provide this perceptual source by extracting boundary information from visual scenes during navigation. To test this idea, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to interrupt processing in the OPA while subjects performed a virtual-reality memory task that required them to learn the spatial locations of test objects that were either fixed in place relative to the boundary of the environment or moved in tandem with a landmark object. Consistent with our prediction, we found that TMS to the right OPA impaired spatial memory for boundary-tethered, but not landmark-tethered, objects. Moreover, this effect was found when the boundary was defined by a wall, but not when it was defined by a marking on the ground. These results show that the OPA is causally involved in boundary-based spatial navigation and suggest that the OPA is the perceptual source of the boundary information that controls navigational behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Julian
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jack Ryan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roy H Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Russell A Epstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Unfolding the cognitive map: The role of hippocampal and extra-hippocampal substrates based on a systems analysis of spatial processing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 147:90-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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37
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Representation of environmental shape in the hippocampus of domestic chicks (Gallus gallus). Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:941-953. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Abstract
We consider internal representations of the world in the form of scenes. The anterior medial hippocampus is implicated in scene-based cognition. This region contains the pre/parasubiculum. The pre/parasubiculum is a primary target of a major visuospatial processing system. The pre/parasubiculum may be the hippocampal hub of the scene processing network.
Internal representations of the world in the form of spatially coherent scenes have been linked with cognitive functions including episodic memory, navigation and imagining the future. In human neuroimaging studies, a specific hippocampal subregion, the pre/parasubiculum, is consistently engaged during scene-based cognition. Here we review recent evidence to consider why this might be the case. We note that the pre/parasubiculum is a primary target of the parieto-medial temporal processing pathway, it receives integrated information from foveal and peripheral visual inputs and it is contiguous with the retrosplenial cortex. We discuss why these factors might indicate that the pre/parasubiculum has privileged access to holistic representations of the environment and could be neuroanatomically determined to preferentially process scenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall A Dalton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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39
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Grieves RM, Duvelle É, Wood ER, Dudchenko PA. Field repetition and local mapping in the hippocampus and the medial entorhinal cortex. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:2378-2388. [PMID: 28814638 PMCID: PMC5646201 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00933.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal place cells support spatial cognition and are thought to form the neural substrate of a global "cognitive map." A widely held view is that parts of the hippocampus also underlie the ability to separate patterns or to provide different neural codes for distinct environments. However, a number of studies have shown that in environments composed of multiple, repeating compartments, place cells and other spatially modulated neurons show the same activity in each local area. This repetition of firing fields may reflect pattern completion and may make it difficult for animals to distinguish similar local environments. In this review we 1) highlight some of the navigation difficulties encountered by humans in repetitive environments, 2) summarize literature demonstrating that place and grid cells represent local and not global space, and 3) attempt to explain the origin of these phenomena. We argue that the repetition of firing fields can be a useful tool for understanding the relationship between grid cells in the entorhinal cortex and place cells in the hippocampus, the spatial inputs shared by these cells, and the propagation of spatially related signals through these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roddy M Grieves
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Éléonore Duvelle
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma R Wood
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul A Dudchenko
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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40
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41
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Grieves RM, Jeffery KJ. The representation of space in the brain. Behav Processes 2017; 135:113-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Olson JM, Tongprasearth K, Nitz DA. Subiculum neurons map the current axis of travel. Nat Neurosci 2016; 20:170-172. [PMID: 27991899 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flexible navigation demands knowledge of boundaries, routes and their relationships. Within a multi-path environment, a subpopulation of subiculum neurons robustly encoded the axis of travel. The firing of axis-tuned neurons peaked bimodally, at head orientations 180° apart. Environmental manipulations showed these neurons to be anchored to environmental boundaries but to lack axis tuning in an open arena. Axis-tuned neurons thus provide a powerful mechanism for mapping relationships between routes and the larger environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Olson
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kanyanat Tongprasearth
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Douglas A Nitz
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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43
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Rangel MJ, Baldo MVC, Canteras NS, Hahn JD. Evidence of a Role for the Lateral Hypothalamic Area Juxtadorsomedial Region (LHAjd) in Defensive Behaviors Associated with Social Defeat. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:92. [PMID: 27895561 PMCID: PMC5107582 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the extrinsic connections of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) has deepened in recent years. In particular, a series of studies using neural pathway-tracing methods to investigate the macroconnections of histologically differentiated LHA regions, have revealed that the neural connections of these regions are substantially distinct, and have robust connections with neural circuits controlling survival behaviors. To begin testing functional associations suggested by the distinct LHA region neural connections, the present study has investigated the role of the LHA juxtadorsomedial region (LHAjd) in the control of social defeat (a socially-relevant defensive behavior). Male rats received bilateral cytotoxic lesions targeted to the LHAjd. A resident-intruder paradigm was then employed to investigate the effect of these lesions on defensive behavioral responses. Behavioral data were collected during three phases of testing: (1) pre-encounter habituation to testing context; (2) encounter with a dominant conspecific in the testing context; and (3) post-encounter context. Statistical analysis of behavioral measures revealed a significant decrease in risk assessment behaviors during post-encounter context testing in lesioned intruders compared to sham-lesioned and intact rats. However, changes in defensive behavioral measures during the habituation, or during resident-intruder encounters, did not reach significance. We discuss these data in relation to LHAjd (and neighboring LHA region) neural connections, and in relation to current advances in understanding of the neural control of defensive behaviors. A refined model for the neural circuits that are central to the control of socially-relevant defensive behaviors is outlined. We also consider possible broader implications of these data for disorders of behavioral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J Rangel
- Department of Anatomy, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus V C Baldo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Joel D Hahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ferrara K, Park S. Neural representation of scene boundaries. Neuropsychologia 2016; 89:180-190. [PMID: 27181883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional environmental boundaries fundamentally define the limits of a given space. A body of research employing a variety of methods points to their importance as cues in navigation. However, little is known about the nature of the representation of scene boundaries by high-level scene cortices in the human brain (namely, the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and retrosplenial complex (RSC)). Here we use univariate and multivoxel pattern analysis to study classification performance for artificial scene images that vary in degree of vertical boundary structure (a flat 2D boundary, a very slight addition of 3D boundary, or full walls). Our findings present evidence that there are distinct neural components for representing two different aspects of boundaries: 1) acute sensitivity to the presence of grounded 3D vertical structure, represented by the PPA, and 2) whether a boundary introduces a significant impediment to the viewer's potential navigation within a space, represented by RSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Ferrara
- Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, United States
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, United States.
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45
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Motta SC, Canteras NS. Restraint stress and social defeat: What they have in common. Physiol Behav 2016; 146:105-110. [PMID: 26066716 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bob Blanchard was a great inspiration for our studies on the neural basis of social defense. In the present study, we compared the hypothalamic pattern of activation between social defeat and restraint stress. As important stress situations, both defeated and immobilized animals displayed a substantial increase in Fos in the parvicellular part of the paraventricular nucleus,mostly in the region that contains the CRH neurons. In addition, socially defeated animals, but not restrained animals, recruited elements of the medial hypothalamic conspecific-responsive circuit, a region also engaged in other forms of social behavior. Of particular interest, both defeated and immobilized animals presented a robust increase in Fos expression in specific regions of the lateral hypothalamic area (i.e., juxtaparaventricular and juxtadorsomedial regions) likely to convey septo-hippocampal information encoding the environmental boundary restriction observed in both forms of stress, and in the dorsomedial part of the dorsal premammillary nucleus which seems to work as a key player for the expression of, at least, part of the behavioral responses during both restraint and social defeat. These results indicate interesting commonalities between social defeat and restraint stress, suggesting, for the first time, a septo-hippocampal–hypothalamic path likely to respond to the environmental boundary restriction that may act as common stressor component for both types of stress. Moreover, the comparison of the neural circuits mediating physical restraint and social defense revealed a possible path for encoding the entrapment component during social confrontation.
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46
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Cheron G, Petit G, Cheron J, Leroy A, Cebolla A, Cevallos C, Petieau M, Hoellinger T, Zarka D, Clarinval AM, Dan B. Brain Oscillations in Sport: Toward EEG Biomarkers of Performance. Front Psychol 2016; 7:246. [PMID: 26955362 PMCID: PMC4768321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain dynamics is at the basis of top performance accomplishment in sports. The search for neural biomarkers of performance remains a challenge in movement science and sport psychology. The non-invasive nature of high-density electroencephalography (EEG) recording has made it a most promising avenue for providing quantitative feedback to practitioners and coaches. Here, we review the current relevance of the main types of EEG oscillations in order to trace a perspective for future practical applications of EEG and event-related potentials (ERP) in sport. In this context, the hypotheses of unified brain rhythms and continuity between wake and sleep states should provide a functional template for EEG biomarkers in sport. The oscillations in the thalamo-cortical and hippocampal circuitry including the physiology of the place cells and the grid cells provide a frame of reference for the analysis of delta, theta, beta, alpha (incl.mu), and gamma oscillations recorded in the space field of human performance. Based on recent neuronal models facilitating the distinction between the different dynamic regimes (selective gating and binding) in these different oscillations we suggest an integrated approach articulating together the classical biomechanical factors (3D movements and EMG) and the high-density EEG and ERP signals to allow finer mathematical analysis to optimize sport performance, such as microstates, coherency/directionality analysis and neural generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Université de Mons-HainautMons, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Petit
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julian Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Leroy
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Haute Ecole CondorcetCharleroi, Belgium
| | - Anita Cebolla
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlos Cevallos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Petieau
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hoellinger
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Zarka
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Clarinval
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Dan
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles Neuroscience Institut, Université Libre de BruxellesBrussels, Belgium; Inkendaal Rehabilitation HospitalVlezembeek, Belgium
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48
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Muessig L, Hauser J, Wills TJ, Cacucci F. A Developmental Switch in Place Cell Accuracy Coincides with Grid Cell Maturation. Neuron 2015; 86:1167-73. [PMID: 26050036 PMCID: PMC4460188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Place cell firing relies on information about self-motion and the external environment, which may be conveyed by grid and border cells, respectively. Here, we investigate the possible contributions of these cell types to place cell firing, taking advantage of a developmental time window during which stable border cell, but not grid cell, inputs are available. We find that before weaning, the place cell representation of space is denser, more stable, and more accurate close to environmental boundaries. Boundary-responsive neurons such as border cells may, therefore, contribute to stable and accurate place fields in pre-weanling rats. By contrast, place cells become equally stable and accurate throughout the environment after weaning and in adulthood. This developmental switch in place cell accuracy coincides with the emergence of the grid cell network in the entorhinal cortex, raising the possibility that grid cells contribute to stable place fields when an organism is far from environmental boundaries. During early development, place cell maps are maximally stable near boundaries At weaning age, place cell maps switch to become equally accurate throughout space This developmental switch coincides with the emergence of the grid cell network Boundary cells may support place maps at edges, and grid cells in the environment center
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurenz Muessig
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jonas Hauser
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Thomas Joseph Wills
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Francesca Cacucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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A model of grid cell development through spatial exploration and spike time-dependent plasticity. Neuron 2014; 83:481-495. [PMID: 25033187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Grid cell responses develop gradually after eye opening, but little is known about the rules that govern this process. We present a biologically plausible model for the formation of a grid cell network. An asymmetric spike time-dependent plasticity rule acts upon an initially unstructured network of spiking neurons that receive inputs encoding animal velocity and location. Neurons develop an organized recurrent architecture based on the similarity of their inputs, interacting through inhibitory interneurons. The mature network can convert velocity inputs into estimates of animal location, showing that spatially periodic responses and the capacity of path integration can arise through synaptic plasticity, acting on inputs that display neither. The model provides numerous predictions about the necessity of spatial exploration for grid cell development, network topography, the maturation of velocity tuning and neural correlations, the abrupt transition to stable patterned responses, and possible mechanisms to set grid period across grid modules.
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50
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Hartley T, Lever C, Burgess N, O'Keefe J. Space in the brain: how the hippocampal formation supports spatial cognition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20120510. [PMID: 24366125 PMCID: PMC3866435 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past four decades, research has revealed that cells in the hippocampal formation provide an exquisitely detailed representation of an animal's current location and heading. These findings have provided the foundations for a growing understanding of the mechanisms of spatial cognition in mammals, including humans. We describe the key properties of the major categories of spatial cells: place cells, head direction cells, grid cells and boundary cells, each of which has a characteristic firing pattern that encodes spatial parameters relating to the animal's current position and orientation. These properties also include the theta oscillation, which appears to play a functional role in the representation and processing of spatial information. Reviewing recent work, we identify some themes of current research and introduce approaches to computational modelling that have helped to bridge the different levels of description at which these mechanisms have been investigated. These range from the level of molecular biology and genetics to the behaviour and brain activity of entire organisms. We argue that the neuroscience of spatial cognition is emerging as an exceptionally integrative field which provides an ideal test-bed for theories linking neural coding, learning, memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Hartley
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Colin Lever
- Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Neil Burgess
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - John O'Keefe
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
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