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Glidden CK, Field LC, Bachhuber S, Hennessey SM, Cates R, Cohen L, Crockett E, Degnin M, Feezell MK, Fulton‐Bennett HK, Pires D, Poirson BN, Randell ZH, White E, Gravem SA. Strategies for managing marine disease. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2643. [PMID: 35470930 PMCID: PMC9786832 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) has increased in wildlife populations in recent years and is expected to continue to increase with global environmental change. Marine diseases are relatively understudied compared with terrestrial diseases but warrant parallel attention as they can disrupt ecosystems, cause economic loss, and threaten human livelihoods. Although there are many existing tools to combat the direct and indirect consequences of EIDs, these management strategies are often insufficient or ineffective in marine habitats compared with their terrestrial counterparts, often due to fundamental differences between marine and terrestrial systems. Here, we first illustrate how the marine environment and marine organism life histories present challenges and opportunities for wildlife disease management. We then assess the application of common disease management strategies to marine versus terrestrial systems to identify those that may be most effective for marine disease outbreak prevention, response, and recovery. Finally, we recommend multiple actions that will enable more successful management of marine wildlife disease emergencies in the future. These include prioritizing marine disease research and understanding its links to climate change, improving marine ecosystem health, forming better monitoring and response networks, developing marine veterinary medicine programs, and enacting policy that addresses marine and other wildlife diseases. Overall, we encourage a more proactive rather than reactive approach to marine wildlife disease management and emphasize that multidisciplinary collaborations are crucial to managing marine wildlife health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K. Glidden
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laurel C. Field
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Silke Bachhuber
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | | | - Robyn Cates
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Lesley Cohen
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Elin Crockett
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Michelle Degnin
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Maya K. Feezell
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | | | - Devyn Pires
- College of Veterinary MedicineOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | | | - Zachary H. Randell
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Erick White
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Sarah A. Gravem
- Department of Integrative BiologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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2
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Lennox RJ, Brownscombe JW, Darimont C, Horodysky A, Levi T, Raby GD, Cooke SJ. The roles of humans and apex predators in sustaining ecosystem structure and function: Contrast, complementarity and coexistence. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Lennox
- Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries at NORCE Norwegian Research Center Bergen Norway
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
| | - Jacob W. Brownscombe
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Fisheries and Oceans Canada Burlington Ontario Canada
| | | | - Andrij Horodysky
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science Hampton University Hampton Virginia USA
| | - Taal Levi
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Graham D. Raby
- Department of Biology Trent University Peterborough Ontario Canada
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa Ontario Canada
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3
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Mechanisms by which predators mediate host-parasite interactions in aquatic systems. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:890-906. [PMID: 34281798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is often assumed that predators reduce disease prevalence and transmission by lowering prey population density and/or by selectively feeding on infected individuals. However, recent studies, many of which come from aquatic systems, suggest numerous alternative mechanisms by which predators can influence disease dynamics in their prey. Here, we review the mechanisms by which predators can mediate host-parasite interactions in aquatic prey. We highlight how life histories of aquatic hosts and parasites influence transmission pathways and describe how such pathways intersect with predation to shape disease dynamics. We also provide recommendations for future studies; experiments that account for multiple effects of predators on host-parasite interactions, and that examine how predator-host-parasite interactions shift under changing environmental conditions, are particularly needed.
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Whittington RJ, Paul-Pont I, Evans O, Hick P, Dhand NK. Counting the dead to determine the source and transmission of the marine herpesvirus OsHV-1 in Crassostrea gigas. Vet Res 2018; 49:34. [PMID: 29636093 PMCID: PMC5891919 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine herpesviruses are responsible for epizootics in economically, ecologically and culturally significant taxa. The recent emergence of microvariants of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas has resulted in socioeconomic losses in Europe, New Zealand and Australia however, there is no information on their origin or mode of transmission. These factors need to be understood because they influence the way the disease may be prevented and controlled. Mortality data obtained from experimental populations of C. gigas during natural epizootics of OsHV-1 disease in Australia were analysed qualitatively. In addition we compared actual mortality data with those from a Reed–Frost model of direct transmission and analysed incubation periods using Sartwell’s method to test for the type of epizootic, point source or propagating. We concluded that outbreaks were initiated from an unknown environmental source which is unlikely to be farmed oysters in the same estuary. While direct oyster-to-oyster transmission may occur in larger oysters if they are in close proximity (< 40 cm), it did not explain the observed epizootics, point source exposure and indirect transmission being more common and important. A conceptual model is proposed for OsHV-1 index case source and transmission, leading to endemicity with recurrent seasonal outbreaks. The findings suggest that prevention and control of OsHV-1 in C. gigas will require multiple interventions. OsHV-1 in C. gigas, which is a sedentary animal once beyond the larval stage, is an informative model when considering marine host-herpesvirus relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Olivia Evans
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia.,Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Paul Hick
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
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5
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Abstract
To put marine disease impacts in context requires a broad perspective on the roles infectious agents have in the ocean. Parasites infect most marine vertebrate and invertebrate species, and parasites and predators can have comparable biomass density, suggesting they play comparable parts as consumers in marine food webs. Although some parasites might increase with disturbance, most probably decline as food webs unravel. There are several ways to adapt epidemiological theory to the marine environment. In particular, because the ocean represents a three-dimensional moving habitat for hosts and parasites, models should open up the spatial scales at which infective stages and host larvae travel. In addition to open recruitment and dimensionality, marine parasites are subject to fishing, filter feeders, dose-dependent infection, environmental forcing, and death-based transmission. Adding such considerations to marine disease models will make it easier to predict which infectious diseases will increase or decrease in a changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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6
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Groner ML, Rogers LA, Bateman AW, Connors BM, Frazer LN, Godwin SC, Krkošek M, Lewis MA, Peacock SJ, Rees EE, Revie CW, Schlägel UE. Lessons from sea louse and salmon epidemiology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0203. [PMID: 26880836 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective disease management can benefit from mathematical models that identify drivers of epidemiological change and guide decision-making. This is well illustrated in the host-parasite system of sea lice and salmon, which has been modelled extensively due to the economic costs associated with sea louse infections on salmon farms and the conservation concerns associated with sea louse infections on wild salmon. Consequently, a rich modelling literature devoted to sea louse and salmon epidemiology has been developed. We provide a synthesis of the mathematical and statistical models that have been used to study the epidemiology of sea lice and salmon. These studies span both conceptual and tactical models to quantify the effects of infections on host populations and communities, describe and predict patterns of transmission and dispersal, and guide evidence-based management of wild and farmed salmon. As aquaculture production continues to increase, advances made in modelling sea louse and salmon epidemiology should inform the sustainable management of marine resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Groner
- Department of Health Management, Centre for Veterinary and Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Luke A Rogers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Andrew W Bateman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1S0
| | - Brendan M Connors
- Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1S0 ESSA Technologies Ltd, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3H4 School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - L Neil Frazer
- Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1S0 Department of Geology and Geophysics, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Sean C Godwin
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Martin Krkošek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2 Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada V0P 1S0
| | - Mark A Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G1
| | - Stephanie J Peacock
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Erin E Rees
- Department of Health Management, Centre for Veterinary and Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Crawford W Revie
- Department of Health Management, Centre for Veterinary and Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Ulrike E Schlägel
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G1
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7
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Carnegie RB, Arzul I, Bushek D. Managing marine mollusc diseases in the context of regional and international commerce: policy issues and emerging concerns. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0215. [PMID: 26880834 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine mollusc production contributes to food and economic security worldwide and provides valuable ecological services, yet diseases threaten these industries and wild populations. Although the infrastructure for mollusc aquaculture health management is well characterized, its foundations are not without flaws. Use of notifiable pathogen lists can leave blind spots with regard to detection of unlisted and emerging pathogens. Increased reliance on molecular tools has come without similar attention to diagnostic validation, raising questions about assay performance, and has been accompanied by a reduced emphasis on microscopic diagnostic expertise that could weaken pathogen detection capabilities. Persistent questions concerning pathogen biology and ecology promote regulatory paralysis that impedes trade and which could weaken biosecurity by driving commerce to surreptitious channels. Solutions that might be pursued to improve shellfish aquaculture health management include the establishment of more broad-based surveillance programmes, wider training and use of general methods like histopathology to ensure alertness to emerging diseases, an increased focus on assay assessment and validation as fundamental to assay development, investment in basic research, and application of risk analyses to improve regulation. A continual sharpening of diagnostic tools and approaches and deepening of scientific knowledge is necessary to manage diseases and promote sustainable molluscan shellfish industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Carnegie
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Isabelle Arzul
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue de Mus de Loup, La Tremblade 17390, France
| | - David Bushek
- Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers University, 6959 Miller Avenue, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA
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8
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Pernet F, Lupo C, Bacher C, Whittington RJ. Infectious diseases in oyster aquaculture require a new integrated approach. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0213. [PMID: 26880845 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging diseases pose a recurrent threat to bivalve aquaculture. Recently, massive mortality events in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas associated with the detection of a microvariant of the ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1µVar) have been reported in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Although the spread of disease is often viewed as a governance failure, we suggest that the development of protective measures for bivalve farming is presently held back by the lack of key scientific knowledge. In this paper, we explore the case for an integrated approach to study the management of bivalve disease, using OsHV-1 as a case study. Reconsidering the key issues by incorporating multidisciplinary science could provide a holistic understanding of OsHV-1 and increase the benefit of research to policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Pernet
- UMR LEMAR 6539 (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer), Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Coralie Lupo
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer-SG2M-LGPMM, Avenue Mus de Loup, La Tremblade 17390, France
| | - Cédric Bacher
- Dyneco/BENTHOS, Ifremer, Technopôle Brest Iroise, BP 70, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
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Groner ML, Maynard J, Breyta R, Carnegie RB, Dobson A, Friedman CS, Froelich B, Garren M, Gulland FMD, Heron SF, Noble RT, Revie CW, Shields JD, Vanderstichel R, Weil E, Wyllie-Echeverria S, Harvell CD. Managing marine disease emergencies in an era of rapid change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0364. [PMID: 26880835 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious marine diseases can decimate populations and are increasing among some taxa due to global change and our increasing reliance on marine environments. Marine diseases become emergencies when significant ecological, economic or social impacts occur. We can prepare for and manage these emergencies through improved surveillance, and the development and iterative refinement of approaches to mitigate disease and its impacts. Improving surveillance requires fast, accurate diagnoses, forecasting disease risk and real-time monitoring of disease-promoting environmental conditions. Diversifying impact mitigation involves increasing host resilience to disease, reducing pathogen abundance and managing environmental factors that facilitate disease. Disease surveillance and mitigation can be adaptive if informed by research advances and catalysed by communication among observers, researchers and decision-makers using information-sharing platforms. Recent increases in the awareness of the threats posed by marine diseases may lead to policy frameworks that facilitate the responses and management that marine disease emergencies require.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Groner
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Jeffrey Maynard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Laboratoire d'Excellence 'CORAIL' USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Rachel Breyta
- School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ryan B Carnegie
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Andy Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brett Froelich
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Melissa Garren
- Division of Science and Environmental Policy, California State University Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA 93955, USA
| | | | - Scott F Heron
- NOAA Coral Reef Watch, NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, 5830 University Research Ct., E/RA3, College Park, MD 20740, USA Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - Rachel T Noble
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Crawford W Revie
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Jeffrey D Shields
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Raphaël Vanderstichel
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Ernesto Weil
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00680, USA
| | - Sandy Wyllie-Echeverria
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St Thomas, VI 00802, USA
| | - C Drew Harvell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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10
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Lafferty KD, Hofmann EE. Marine disease impacts, diagnosis, forecasting, management and policy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0200. [PMID: 26880846 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Lafferty
- Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Eileen E Hofmann
- Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
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11
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Lamb JB, Wenger AS, Devlin MJ, Ceccarelli DM, Williamson DH, Willis BL. Reserves as tools for alleviating impacts of marine disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0210. [PMID: 26880842 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine protected areas can prevent over-exploitation, but their effect on marine diseases is less clear. We examined how marine reserves can reduce diseases affecting reef-building corals following acute and chronic disturbances. One year after a severe tropical cyclone, corals inside reserves had sevenfold lower levels of disease than those in non-reserves. Similarly, disease prevalence was threefold lower on reserve reefs following chronic exposure to terrestrial run-off from a degraded river catchment, when exposure duration was below the long-term site average. Examination of 35 predictor variables indicated that lower levels of derelict fishing line and injured corals inside reserves were correlated with lower levels of coral disease in both case studies, signifying that successful disease mitigation occurs when activities that damage reefs are restricted. Conversely, reserves were ineffective in moderating disease when sites were exposed to higher than average levels of run-off, demonstrating that reductions in water quality undermine resilience afforded by reserve protection. In addition to implementing protected areas, we highlight that disease management efforts should also target improving water quality and limiting anthropogenic activities that cause injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joleah B Lamb
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Amelia S Wenger
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle J Devlin
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniela M Ceccarelli
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - David H Williamson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bette L Willis
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Schuldt JP, McComas KA, Byrne SE. Communicating about ocean health: theoretical and practical considerations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0214. [PMID: 26880833 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As anthropogenic stressors threaten the health of marine ecosystems, there is a need to better understand how the public processes and responds to information about ocean health. Recent studies of public perceptions about ocean issues report high concern but limited knowledge, prompting calls for information campaigns to mobilize public support for ocean restoration policy. Drawing on the literature from communication, psychology and related social science disciplines, we consider a set of social-cognitive challenges that researchers and advocates are likely to encounter when communicating with the public about ocean health and emerging marine diseases--namely, the psychological distance at which ocean issues are construed, the unfamiliarity of aquatic systems to many members of the public and the potential for marine health issues to be interpreted through politicized schemas that encourage motivated reasoning over the dispassionate consideration of scientific evidence. We offer theory-based strategies to help public outreach efforts address these challenges and present data from a recent experiment exploring the role of message framing (emphasizing the public health or environmental consequences of marine disease) in shaping public support for environmental policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon P Schuldt
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Katherine A McComas
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sahara E Byrne
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Mann Library Building, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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