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Calancie OG, Parr AC, Brien DC, Coe BC, Booij L, Khalid-Khan S, Munoz DP. Impairment of Visual Fixation and Preparatory Saccade Control in Borderline Personality Disorder with and without co-morbid Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024:S2451-9022(24)00191-5. [PMID: 39032694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is associated with heightened impulsivity, evidenced by increased substance abuse, self-harm and suicide attempts. Addressing impulsivity in individuals with BPD is a therapeutic objective; but its underlying neural basis in this clinical population remains unclear, partly due to its frequent co-morbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS We employed a response inhibition paradigm - the interleaved pro-/anti-saccade task (IPAST) - among adolescents diagnosed with BPD with and without comorbid ADHD (N=25 and N=24, respectively) during concomitant video-based eye-tracking. We quantified various eye movement response parameters reflective of impulsive action during the task, including delay to fixation acquisition, fixation breaks, anticipatory saccades, and direction errors with express saccade (Saccade Reaction Time [SRT]: 90-140 ms) and regular saccade latencies (SRT > 140 ms). RESULTS Individuals with BPD exhibited deficient response preparation, exampled by reduced visual fixation on task cues and greater variability of saccade responses (i.e., SRT and peak velocity). The ADHD/BPD group shared these traits, as well as produced an increased frequency of anticipatory responses and direction errors with express saccade latencies and reduced error correction. CONCLUSIONS Saccadic deficits in BPD and ADHD/BPD stem not from an inability to execute anti-saccades, but rather from an inadequate preparation for the upcoming task set. These distinctions may arise due to abnormal signaling in cortical areas like the frontal eye fields, posterior parietal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Understanding these mechanisms could provide insights into targeted interventions focusing on task set preparation to manage response inhibition deficits in BPD and ADHD/BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G Calancie
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada;; School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada;.
| | - Ashley C Parr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Don C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada;; Research Centre and Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarosh Khalid-Khan
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada;; Division of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Doug P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Lu L, Ni W, Liu Y, Sun L, Li F. Anti-saccade as a tool to evaluate cognitive impairment in vestibular migraine. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1419372. [PMID: 38948136 PMCID: PMC11211558 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1419372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vestibular migraine (VM), an intricate subtype of migraine, amalgamates the dual attributes of migraine and vestibular disorders. In clinical settings, individuals with VM frequently articulate concerns regarding the manifestation of subjective cognitive impairment. This cognitive dysfunction is intricately linked with diminished mobility, heightened susceptibility to falls, and increased absenteeism in afflicted patients. Consequently, comprehending the features of cognitive impairment in VM patients holds potential clinical significance. The pursuit of rapid and objective methods for detection and assessment is foundational and prerequisite for efficacious cognitive management of VM patients. Methods The study encompassed 50 patients diagnosed with vestibular migraine and recruited 50 age-sex matched healthy controls. All participants underwent anti-saccade tasks, and cognitive evaluation was performed using the MMSE and MoCA to assess overall cognitive function. Additionally, RBANS scales were employed to measure specific cognitive domains. Results The VM patients and normal controls demonstrated statistical parity in terms of age, gender, education, weight, and BMI, with no significant differences observed. Analysis of cognitive scores divulged a marked increase in the incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in VM patients compared to Healthy Controls (HCs). Both MMSE and MoCA scores were notably lower in VM patients compared to their healthy counterparts. The RBANS cognitive test indicated significant impairment in immediate memory, visuospatial construction, language, attention, and delayed memory among VM patients. Notably, the Trail Making Test and Stroop Color-Word Test revealed compromised processing speed and executive function cognitive domains. The anti-saccadic task highlighted significantly elevated anti-saccadic latency and frequency of direction errors in vestibular migraine patients. Symptom severity, illness duration, and episode frequency in VM patients positively correlated with counter-scanning errors and negatively correlated with cognitive performance across diverse cognitive domains. Conclusion VM patients exhibit cognitive decline across multiple cognitive domains during the interictal period. This cognitive impairment may not be fully reversible, underscoring its potential clinical significance for cognitive management in VM patients. The sensitivity of anti-saccade tasks to the cognitive status of VM patients positions them as promising objective indicators for diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation of cognitive impairment effects in VM in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Qidong People’s Hospital/Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenyu Ni
- Department of Endocrinology, Qidong People’s Hospital/Affiliated Qidong Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Dizziness Clinic, Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Dizziness Clinic, Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Luo J, Li F, Wu Y, Liu X, Zheng Q, Qi Y, Huang H, Xu G, Liu Z, He F, Zheng Y. A mobile device-based game prototype for ADHD: development and preliminary feasibility testing. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:251. [PMID: 38858375 PMCID: PMC11164876 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to devise and assess a mobile game therapy software for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as well as evaluating its suitability and effectiveness in improving the cognitive ability of typically developing children. The study encompassed 55 children diagnosed with ADHD and 55 neurotypical children. Initial assessments involved ADHD-related scales, computerized tests for information processing, and physiological-psychological evaluations. After a 4-week home-based game intervention, participants underwent re-evaluation using baseline measures and provided feedback on treatment satisfaction. Considering the small proportion of study participants who dropped out, data was analyzed using both the Intention-to-Treat (ITT) analysis and the Per-protocol (PP) analysis. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06181747). In ITT analysis, post-intervention analysis using linear mixed models indicated that the ADHD group improved significantly more than the neurotypical group particularly in Continuous Performance Test (CPT) accuracy (B = -23.92, p < 0.001) and reaction time (B = 86.08, p < 0.01), along with enhancements in anti-saccade (B = -10.65, p < 0.05) and delayed-saccade tasks (B = 0.34, p < 0.05). A reduction in parent-rated SNAP-IV scores was also observed (B = 0.43, p < 0.01). In PP analysis, paired-sample t-tests suggested that the ADHD group had significant changes pre- and post-intervention, in terms of CPT Accuracy (t = -7.62, p < 0.01), Anti-saccade task Correct Rate (t = -3.90, p < 0.01) and SNAP-IV scores (t = -4,64, p < 0.01). However, no significant changes post-intervention were observed in the neurotypical group. Survey feedback highlighted a strong interest in the games across both groups, though ADHD participants found the game more challenging. Parents of ADHD children reported perceived benefits and a willingness to continue the game therapy, unlike the neurotypical group's parents. The findings advocated for the integration of serious video games as a complementary tool in ADHD treatment strategies, demonstrating the potential to augment attentional abilities and alleviate clinical symptoms. However, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is needed to further verify its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzhen Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanang Liu
- Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyi Zheng
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yanjie Qi
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoyang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengkui Liu
- Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan He
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Carbone F, Djamshidian A. Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: An Overview of Risk Factors, Pathogenesis and Pharmacological Management. CNS Drugs 2024; 38:443-457. [PMID: 38613665 PMCID: PMC11098885 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-024-01087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease are relatively common drug-induced addictive behaviours that are usually triggered by the dopamine agonists pramipexole, ropinirole and rotigotine. This narrative review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. We summarised the prevalence, clinical features, risk factors and potential underlying mechanisms of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. Moreover, recent advances in behavioural and imaging characteristics and management strategies are discussed. Early detection as well as a tailored multidisciplinary approach, which typically includes careful adjustment of the dopaminergic therapy and the treatment of associated neuropsychiatric symptoms, are necessary. In some cases, a continuous delivery of levodopa via a pump or the dopamine D1 receptor agonist, apomorphine, can be considered. In selected patients without cognitive or speech impairment, deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus can also improve addictions. Finding the right balance of tapering dopaminergic dose (usually dopamine agonists) without worsening motor symptoms is essential for a beneficial long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Tapia JL, Aras LM, Duñabeitia JA. Enhancing Executive Functions in Pediatric Epilepsy: Feasibility and Efficacy of a Computerized Cognitive Training Program. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:484. [PMID: 38671701 PMCID: PMC11049550 DOI: 10.3390/children11040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy, a prevalent neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, significantly impacts individuals' neurobiological, cognitive, and social lives. This report presents a feasibility study investigating the effects of a computerized cognitive training program on enhancing executive functions, particularly inhibitory control, in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Employing a pre-test-intervention-post-test design, the study involved 26 participants with diverse epileptic syndromes, focusing on those without severe intellectual disabilities. The intervention, based on the CogniFit Inc. platform, consisted of personalized tasks aiming to improve participants' inhibitory skills over 16 weeks, with an average of 40 sessions completed per participant. Results indicated significant improvements in reaction times and error rates in an anti-saccade task, demonstrating enhanced inhibitory control and general performance post-intervention. These findings suggest that targeted cognitive training is a feasible approach to bolster executive functions in young individuals with epilepsy, potentially improving their academic performance, employability, and social interactions. The study underscores the importance of early cognitive interventions in epilepsy management, highlighting the potential for computerized programs to aid in mitigating cognitive deficits associated with the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Tapia
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, 28043 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, 28043 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Languages and Culture, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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Qiu T, An Q, Wang J, Wang J, Qiu CW, Li S, Lv H, Cai M, Wang J, Cong L, Qu S. Vision-driven metasurfaces for perception enhancement. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1631. [PMID: 38388545 PMCID: PMC10883922 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces have exhibited unprecedented degree of freedom in manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves and thus provide fantastic front-end interfaces for smart systems. Here we show a framework for perception enhancement based on vision-driven metasurface. Human's eye movements are matched with microwave radiations to extend the humans' perception spectrum. By this means, our eyes can "sense" visual information and invisible microwave information. Several experimental demonstrations are given for specific implementations, including a physiological-signal-monitoring system, an "X-ray-glasses" system, a "glimpse-and-forget" tracking system and a speech reception system for deaf people. Both the simulation and experiment results verify evident advantages in perception enhancement effects and improving information acquisition efficiency. This framework can be readily integrated into healthcare systems to monitor physiological signals and to offer assistance for people with disabilities. This work provides an alternative framework for perception enhancement and may find wide applications in healthcare, wearable devices, search-and-rescue and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshuo Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Fundamentals Department, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang An
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianqi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jiafu Wang
- Aerospace metamaterials laboratory of SuZhou National Laboratory, Suzhou, China.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Shiyong Li
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Lv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ming Cai
- Fundamentals Department, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaobo Qu
- Aerospace metamaterials laboratory of SuZhou National Laboratory, Suzhou, China.
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Yoo JH, Kang C, Lim JS, Wang B, Choi CH, Hwang H, Han DH, Kim H, Cheon H, Kim JW. Development of an innovative approach using portable eye tracking to assist ADHD screening: a machine learning study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1337595. [PMID: 38426003 PMCID: PMC10902460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects a significant proportion of the pediatric population, making early detection crucial for effective intervention. Eye movements are controlled by brain regions associated with neuropsychological functions, such as selective attention, response inhibition, and working memory, and their deficits are related to the core characteristics of ADHD. Herein, we aimed to develop a screening model for ADHD using machine learning (ML) and eye-tracking features from tasks that reflect neuropsychological deficits in ADHD. Methods Fifty-six children (mean age 8.38 ± 1.58, 45 males) diagnosed with ADHD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition were recruited along with seventy-nine typically developing children (TDC) (mean age 8.80 ± 1.82, 33 males). Eye-tracking data were collected using a digital device during the performance of five behavioral tasks measuring selective attention, working memory, and response inhibition (pro-saccade task, anti-saccade task, memory-guided saccade task, change detection task, and Stroop task). ML was employed to select relevant eye-tracking features for ADHD, and to subsequently construct an optimal model classifying ADHD from TDC. Results We identified 33 eye-tracking features in the five tasks with the potential to distinguish children with ADHD from TDC. Participants with ADHD showed increased saccade latency and degree, and shorter fixation time in eye-tracking tasks. A soft voting model integrating extra tree and random forest classifiers demonstrated high accuracy (76.3%) at identifying ADHD using eye-tracking features alone. A comparison of the model using only eye-tracking features with models using the Advanced Test of Attention or Stroop test showed no significant difference in the area under the curve (AUC) (p = 0.419 and p=0.235, respectively). Combining demographic, behavioral, and clinical data with eye-tracking features improved accuracy, but did not significantly alter the AUC (p=0.208). Discussion Our study suggests that eye-tracking features hold promise as ADHD screening tools, even when obtained using a simple digital device. The current findings emphasize that eye-tracking features could be reliable indicators of impaired neurobiological functioning in individuals with ADHD. To enhance utility as a screening tool, future research should be conducted with a larger sample of participants with a more balanced gender ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangSu Kang
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Shik Lim
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyun Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hyun Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University (SMG-SNU) Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchan Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jae-Won Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Suzuki M, Pennartz CMA, Aru J. How deep is the brain? The shallow brain hypothesis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:778-791. [PMID: 37891398 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Deep learning and predictive coding architectures commonly assume that inference in neural networks is hierarchical. However, largely neglected in deep learning and predictive coding architectures is the neurobiological evidence that all hierarchical cortical areas, higher or lower, project to and receive signals directly from subcortical areas. Given these neuroanatomical facts, today's dominance of cortico-centric, hierarchical architectures in deep learning and predictive coding networks is highly questionable; such architectures are likely to be missing essential computational principles the brain uses. In this Perspective, we present the shallow brain hypothesis: hierarchical cortical processing is integrated with a massively parallel process to which subcortical areas substantially contribute. This shallow architecture exploits the computational capacity of cortical microcircuits and thalamo-cortical loops that are not included in typical hierarchical deep learning and predictive coding networks. We argue that the shallow brain architecture provides several critical benefits over deep hierarchical structures and a more complete depiction of how mammalian brains achieve fast and flexible computational capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mototaka Suzuki
- Department of Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cyriel M A Pennartz
- Department of Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaan Aru
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Demian D, Petrak M, Zielinski G, Massingale S, Alexander A, Fuemmeler L, Lin CC. Clinical Saccadometry: Establishing Evaluative Standards Using a Simplified Video Oculography Protocol in the Adult Population. J Am Acad Audiol 2023. [PMID: 37989200 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saccadometry is an advanced ocular motor test battery that allows for the functional evaluation of the varied brain regions and circuits involved in the generation of fast, purposeful, and accurate saccadic eye movements. The test battery is composed of prosaccade (PS) and antisaccade (AS) tests that progressively increase cognitive demand. Existing saccadometry protocols qualitatively describe trends across the lifespan, but have not been widely adopted by clinicians. PURPOSE The aims of this study are to design an efficient and simplified clinical saccadometry protocol using video oculography (VOG) equipment and establish associated evaluative standards across the lifespan. STUDY SAMPLE Data were reported on 273 adults ages 18 to 69 years. RESULTS Evaluative data on four measures: directional error rate (DE), latency (Lat), peak velocity (Vel), and accuracy (Acc) during PS and AS measurements were provided. Age-group differences were found in Lat (p < 0.01) and Vel (p = 0.04) during PS and age-group differences were found in DE (p = 0.04), Lat (p < 0.01) and Vel (p < 0.01) during AS. Gender differences were found in DE (p = 0.01) and Lat (p < 0.01) during AS. CONCLUSIONS This study established a standardized and time-efficient protocol with evaluative standards for individuals ages 18 to 69 years old to enable the use of saccadometry as an objective measure in the clinic. Saccadometry allows clinicians to look beyond the traditional saccade test and evaluate complex oculomotor and cognitive functions that will better help clinicians differentiate between peripheral and central diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Demian
- Venn Med, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
| | - Michelle Petrak
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Northwest Speech and Hearing, Arlington Heights, Illinois
| | - Glen Zielinski
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Northwest Functional Neurology, Lake Oswego, Oregon
| | - Shelly Massingale
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Banner Sports Medicine and Concussion Specialists, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Amy Alexander
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Banner Sports Medicine and Concussion Specialists, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Liz Fuemmeler
- Interacoustics, Middelfart, Denmark
- Hearing and Balance Specialists of Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Chia-Cheng Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Huang J, Brien D, Coe BC, Longoni G, Mabbott DJ, Munoz DP, Yeh EA. Delayed oculomotor response associates with optic neuritis in youth with demyelinating disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 79:104969. [PMID: 37660456 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impairment in visual and cognitive functions occur in youth with demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Quantitative behavioral assessment using eye-tracking and pupillometry can provide functional metrics for important prognostic and clinically relevant information at the bedside. METHODS Children and adolescents diagnosed with demyelinating disorders and healthy, age-matched controls completed an interleaved pro- and anti-saccade task using video-based eye-tracking and underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography examination for evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer thickness. Low-contrast visual acuity and Symbol Digit Modalities Test were performed for visual and cognitive functional assessments. We assessed saccade and pupil parameters including saccade reaction time, direction error rate, pupil response latency, peak constriction time, and peak constriction and dilation velocities. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to examine the association of eye-tracking parameters with optic neuritis history, structural metrics, and visual and cognitive scores. RESULTS The study included 36 demyelinating disorders patients, aged 8-18 yrs. (75% F; median = 15.22 yrs., SD = 2.8) and 34 age-matched controls (65% F; median = 15.26 yrs., SD = 2.3). Surprisingly, pro- and anti-saccade performance was comparable between patients and controls, whereas pupil control was altered in patients. Oculomotor latency measures were strongly associated with the number of optic neuritis episodes, including saccade reaction time, pupil response latency, and peak constriction time. Peak constriction time was associated with both retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer thickness. Pupil response latency and peak constriction time were associated with visual acuity. Pupil velocity for both constriction and dilation was associated with Symbol Digit Modalities Test scores. CONCLUSION The strong associations between oculomotor measures with history of optic neuritis, structural, visual, and cognitive assessments in these cohorts demonstrates that quantitative eye-tracking can be useful for probing demyelinating injury of the brain and optic nerve. Future studies should evaluate their utility in discriminating between demyelinating disorders and tracking disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Huang
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Longoni
- Department of Pediatrics (Neurology), The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald J Mabbott
- Department of Psychology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Ann Yeh
- Department of Pediatrics (Neurology), The Hospital for Sick Children, Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Krasovskaya S, Kristjánsson Á, MacInnes WJ. Microsaccade rate activity during the preparation of pro- and antisaccades. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:2257-2276. [PMID: 37258896 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microsaccades belong to the category of fixational micromovements and may be crucial for image stability on the retina. Eye movement paradigms typically require fixational control, but this does not eliminate all oculomotor activity. The antisaccade task requires a planned eye movement in the direction opposite of an onset, allowing separation of planning and execution. We build on previous studies of microsaccades in the antisaccade task using a combination of fixed and mixed pro- and antisaccade blocks. We hypothesized that microsaccade rates may be reduced prior to the execution of antisaccades as compared with regular saccades (prosaccades). In two experiments, we measured microsaccades in four conditions across three trial blocks: one block each of fixed prosaccade and antisaccade trials, and a mixed block where both saccade types were randomized. We anticipated that microsaccade rates would be higher prior to antisaccades than prosaccades due to the need to preemptively suppress reflexive saccades during antisaccade generation. In Experiment 1, with monocular eye tracking, there was an interaction between the effects of saccade and block type on microsaccade rates, suggesting lower rates on antisaccade trials, but only within mixed blocks. In Experiment 2, eye tracking was binocular, revealing suppressed microsaccade rates on antisaccade trials. A cluster permutation analysis of the microsaccade rate over the course of a trial did not reveal any particular critical time for this difference in microsaccade rates. Our findings suggest that microsaccade rates reflect the degree of suppression of the oculomotor system during the antisaccade task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Krasovskaya
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Nýi Garður, Sæmundargata 12, 102, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Vision Modelling Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Árni Kristjánsson
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Nýi Garður, Sæmundargata 12, 102, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - W Joseph MacInnes
- Vision Modelling Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Computer Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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12
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Ouerfelli-Ethier J, Fournet R, Khan AZ, Pisella L. Spatial bias in anti-saccade endpoints following bilateral dorsal posterior parietal lesions. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3488-3502. [PMID: 37501610 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Anti-saccades are eye movements in which the saccade is executed in the opposite direction of a visual target and are often hypometric. Because the visual target and saccade goal are decoupled, it has been suggested that competition between the two locations occurs and needs to be resolved. It has been hypothesized that the hypometria of anti-saccades reflects this spatial competition by revealing a bias towards the visual target. To confirm that this hypometria is not simply due to reduced gain, we tested 10 healthy subjects on three different anti-saccade spatial configuration tasks: 90° away across hemifields, 90° away within the same hemifield and 180° away (classic, diagonally opposite). Specifically, we examined whether saccade endpoints showed evidence for the visual target location's interference with anti-saccade programming and execution processes. Among other neural substrates involved in anti-saccades production, the dorsal posterior parietal cortex (PPC) has been implicated in the spatial inhibition of contralateral visual target. To gain insight into the neural processes involved in spatial competition during anti-saccades, we also tested one patient with a bilateral dorsal PPC lesion. In all spatial configurations, we observed that anti-saccade endpoints demonstrated a spatial bias towards the visual target for all participants, likely due to an incomplete inhibition of the visual target location. This spatial bias was exacerbated in our patient, which suggests that the dorsal PPC contributes to the amalgamation of the two competing spatial representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ouerfelli-Ethier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL, Trajectoires, France
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Fournet
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aarlenne Z Khan
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laure Pisella
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL, Trajectoires, France
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13
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Zou L, Herold F, Ludyga S, Kamijo K, Müller NG, Pontifex MB, Heath M, Kuwamizu R, Soya H, Hillman CH, Ando S, Alderman BL, Cheval B, Kramer AF. Look into my eyes: What can eye-based measures tell us about the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance? JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:568-591. [PMID: 37148971 PMCID: PMC10466196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that drive the positive associations of physical activity and fitness with measures of cognitive performance. To better understand those mechanisms, several studies have employed eye-based measures (e.g., eye movement measures such as saccades, pupillary measures such as pupil dilation, and vascular measures such as retinal vessel diameter) deemed to be proxies for specific neurobiological mechanisms. However, there is currently no systematic review providing a comprehensive overview of these studies in the field of exercise-cognition science. Thus, this review aimed to address that gap in the literature. METHODS To identify eligible studies, we searched 5 electronic databases on October 23, 2022. Two researchers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using a modified version of the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise (TESTEX scale, for interventional studies) and the critical appraisal tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute (for cross-sectional studies). RESULTS Our systematic review (n = 35 studies) offers the following main findings: (a) there is insufficient evidence available to draw solid conclusions concerning gaze-fixation-based measures; (b) the evidence that pupillometric measures, which are a proxy for the noradrenergic system, can explain the positive effect of acute exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness on cognitive performance is mixed; (c) physical training- or fitness-related changes of the cerebrovascular system (operationalized via changes in retinal vasculature) are, in general, positively associated with cognitive performance improvements; (d) acute and chronic physical exercises show a positive effect based on an oculomotor-based measure of executive function (operationalized via antisaccade tasks); and (e) the positive association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive performance is partly mediated by the dopaminergic system (operationalized via spontaneous eye-blink rate). CONCLUSION This systematic review offers confirmation that eye-based measures can provide valuable insight into the neurobiological mechanisms that may drive positive associations between physical activity and fitness and measures of cognitive performance. However, due to the limited number of studies utilizing specific methods for obtaining eye-based measures (e.g., pupillometry, retinal vessel analysis, spontaneous eye blink rate) or investigating a possible dose-response relationship, further research is necessary before more nuanced conclusions can be drawn. Given that eye-based measures are economical and non-invasive, we hope this review will foster the future application of eye-based measures in the field of exercise-cognition science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Zou
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany.
| | - Fabian Herold
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Basel 4052, Switzerland
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya 466-8666, Japan
| | - Notger G Müller
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Matthew B Pontifex
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, London ON, N6A 3K7, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ryuta Kuwamizu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Brandon L Alderman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Boris Cheval
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland; Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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14
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Greene HH, Diwadkar VA, Brown JM. Regularities in vertical saccadic metrics: new insights, and future perspectives. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1157686. [PMID: 37251031 PMCID: PMC10213562 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1157686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Asymmetries in processing by the healthy brain demonstrate regularities that facilitate the modeling of brain operations. The goal of the present study was to determine asymmetries in saccadic metrics during visual exploration, devoid of confounding clutter in the visual field. Methods Twenty healthy adults searched for a small, low-contrast gaze-contingent target on a blank computer screen. The target was visible, only if eye fixation was within a 5 deg. by 5 deg. area of the target's location. Results Replicating previously-reported asymmetries, repeated measures contrast analyses indicated that up-directed saccades were executed earlier, were smaller in amplitude, and had greater probability than down-directed saccades. Given that saccade velocities are confounded by saccade amplitudes, it was also useful to investigate saccade kinematics of visual exploration, as a function of vertical saccade direction. Saccade kinematics were modeled for each participant, as a square root relationship between average saccade velocity (i.e., average velocity between launching and landing of a saccade) and corresponding saccade amplitude (Velocity = S*[Saccade Amplitude]0.5). A comparison of the vertical scaling parameter (S) for up- and down-directed saccades showed that up-directed saccades tended to be slower than down-directed ones. Discussion To motivate future research, an ecological theory of asymmetric pre-saccadic inhibition was presented to explain the collection of vertical saccadic regularities. For example, given that the theory proposes strong inhibition for the releasing of reflexive down-directed prosaccades (cued by an attracting peripheral target below eye fixation), and weak inhibition for the releasing of up-directed prosaccades (cued by an attracting peripheral target above eye fixation), a prediction for future studies is longer reaction times for vertical anti-saccade cues above eye fixation. Finally, the present study with healthy individuals demonstrates a rationale for further study of vertical saccades in psychiatric disorders, as bio-markers for brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold H. Greene
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Vaibhav A. Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Brain Imaging Research Division, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - James M. Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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15
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Oor EE, Stanford TR, Salinas E. Stimulus salience conflicts and colludes with endogenous goals during urgent choices. iScience 2023; 26:106253. [PMID: 36922998 PMCID: PMC10009283 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Selecting where to look next depends on both the salience of objects and current goals (what we are looking for), but discerning their relative contributions over the time frame of typical visuomotor decisions (200-250 ms) has been difficult. Here we investigate this problem using an urgent choice task with which the two contributions can be dissociated and tracked moment by moment. Behavioral data from three monkeys corresponded with model-based predictions: when salience favored the target, perceptual performance evolved rapidly and steadily toward an asymptotic level; when salience favored the distracter, many rapid errors were produced and the rise in performance took more time-effects analogous to oculomotor and attentional capture. The results show that salience has a brief (∼50 ms) but inexorable impact that leads to exogenous, involuntary capture, and this can either help or hinder performance, depending on the alignment between salience and ongoing internal goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Oor
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Terrence R. Stanford
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Emilio Salinas
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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16
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Brien DC, Riek HC, Yep R, Huang J, Coe B, Areshenkoff C, Grimes D, Jog M, Lang A, Marras C, Masellis M, McLaughlin P, Peltsch A, Roberts A, Tan B, Beaton D, Lou W, Swartz R, Munoz DP. Classification and staging of Parkinson's disease using video-based eye tracking. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 110:105316. [PMID: 36822878 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 83% of those diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease (PD) eventually progress to PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) followed by dementia (PDD) - suggesting a complex spectrum of pathology concomitant with aging. Biomarkers sensitive and specific to this spectrum are required if useful diagnostics are to be developed that may supplement current clinical testing procedures. We used video-based eye tracking and machine learning to develop a simple, non-invasive test sensitive to PD and the stages of cognitive dysfunction. METHODS From 121 PD (45 Cognitively Normal/45 MCI/20 Dementia/11 Other) and 106 healthy controls, we collected video-based eye tracking data on an interleaved pro/anti-saccade task. Features of saccade, pupil, and blink behavior were used to train a classifier to predict confidence scores for PD/PD-MCI/PDD diagnosis. RESULTS The Receiver Operator Characteristic Area Under the Curve (ROC-AUC) of the classifier was 0.88, with the cognitive-dysfunction subgroups showing progressively increased AUC, and the AUC of PDD being 0.95. The classifier reached a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 78%. The confidence scores predicted PD motor and cognitive performance scores. CONCLUSION Biomarkers of saccade, pupil, and blink were extracted from video-based eye tracking to create a classifier with high sensitivity to the landscape of PD cognitive and motor dysfunction. A complex landscape of PD is revealed through a quick, non-invasive eye tracking task and our model provides a framework for such a task to be used as a supplementary screening tool in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Heidi C Riek
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Jeff Huang
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Brian Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Corson Areshenkoff
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - David Grimes
- Ottawa Hospital, uOttawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Mandar Jog
- PF Centre of Excellence, London Movement Disorders Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Anthony Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University Health Network and the Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Connie Marras
- Toronto Western Hospital Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Medicine (Neurology), Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Paula McLaughlin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Alicia Peltsch
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Angela Roberts
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Brian Tan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Derek Beaton
- Data Science & Advanced Analytics (DSAA), St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Wendy Lou
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Richard Swartz
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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17
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Sunderland KM, Beaton D, Arnott SR, Kleinstiver P, Kwan D, Lawrence-Dewar JM, Ramirez J, Tan B, Bartha R, Black SE, Borrie M, Brien D, Casaubon LK, Coe BC, Cornish B, Dilliott AA, Dowlatshahi D, Finger E, Fischer C, Frank A, Fraser J, Freedman M, Greenberg B, Grimes DA, Hassan A, Hatch W, Hegele RA, Hudson C, Jog M, Kumar S, Lang A, Levine B, Lou W, Mandzia J, Marras C, McIlroy W, Montero-Odasso M, Munoz DG, Munoz DP, Orange JB, Park DS, Pasternak SH, Pieruccini-Faria F, Rajji TK, Roberts AC, Robinson JF, Rogaeva E, Sahlas DJ, Saposnik G, Scott CJM, Seitz D, Shoesmith C, Steeves TDL, Strong MJ, Strother SC, Swartz RH, Symons S, Tang-Wai DF, Tartaglia MC, Troyer AK, Turnbull J, Zinman L, McLaughlin PM, Masellis M, Binns MA, Adamo S, Berezuk C, Black A, Breen DP, Bulman D, Chen Y, El‐Defrawy S, Farhan S, Ghani M, Gonder J, Haddad SMH, Holmes M, Huang J, Leontieva E, Mandelcorn E, Margolin E, Nanayakkara N, Ozzoude M, Peltsch AJ, Pollock B, Raamana P, Rashkovan N, Yanina, Southwell A, Sujanthan S, Tayyari F, Van Ooteghem K, Woulfe J, Zamyadi M, Zou G. Characteristics of the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative cohort. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:226-243. [PMID: 36318754 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding synergies between neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathologies that modify dementia presentation represents an important knowledge gap. METHODS This multi-site, longitudinal, observational cohort study recruited participants across prevalent neurodegenerative diseases and cerebrovascular disease and assessed participants comprehensively across modalities. We describe univariate and multivariate baseline features of the cohort and summarize recruitment, data collection, and curation processes. RESULTS We enrolled 520 participants across five neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. Median age was 69 years, median Montreal Cognitive Assessment score was 25, median independence in activities of daily living was 100% for basic and 93% for instrumental activities. Spousal study partners predominated; participants were often male, White, and more educated. Milder disease stages predominated, yet cohorts reflect clinical presentation. DISCUSSION Data will be shared with the global scientific community. Within-disease and disease-agnostic approaches are expected to identify markers of severity, progression, and therapy targets. Sampling characteristics also provide guidance for future study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Sunderland
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek Beaton
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen R Arnott
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Kleinstiver
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna Kwan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Joel Ramirez
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Tan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Borrie
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,St. Joseph's Healthcare Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leanne K Casaubon
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Cornish
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison A Dilliott
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dar Dowlatshahi
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinne Fischer
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Fraser
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morris Freedman
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barry Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David A Grimes
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayman Hassan
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Hatch
- Kensington Eye Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Hudson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mandar Jog
- London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Levine
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wendy Lou
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Mandzia
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Connie Marras
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William McIlroy
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manuel Montero-Odasso
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Gait and Brain Lab, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David G Munoz
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph B Orange
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Elborn College, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S Park
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen H Pasternak
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.,Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederico Pieruccini-Faria
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Gait and Brain Lab, Parkwood Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela C Roberts
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Elborn College, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - John F Robinson
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gustavo Saposnik
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J M Scott
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dallas Seitz
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael J Strong
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen C Strother
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard H Swartz
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Symons
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David F Tang-Wai
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela K Troyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Turnbull
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula M McLaughlin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malcolm A Binns
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Ma W, Zhang M. Multiple step saccades are generated by internal real-time saccadic error correction. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1112655. [PMID: 36925737 PMCID: PMC10013687 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Multiple step saccades (MSSs) are an atypical form of saccade that consists of a series of small-amplitude saccades. It has been argued that the mechanism for generating MSS is due to the automatic saccadic plan. This argument was based on the observation that trials with MSS had shorter saccadic latency than trials without MSS in the reactive saccades. However, the validity of this argument has never been verified by other saccadic tasks. Alternatively, we and other researchers have speculated that the function of MSS is the same as that of the corrective saccade (CS), i.e., to correct saccadic errors. Thus, we propose that the function of the MSS is also to rectify saccadic errors and generated by forward internal models. The objective of the present study is to examine whether the automatic theory is universally applicable for the generation of MSSs in various saccadic tasks and to seek other possible mechanisms, such as error correction by forward internal models. Methods Fifty young healthy subjects (YHSs) and fifty elderly healthy subjects (EHSs) were recruited in the present study. The task paradigms were prosaccade (PS), anti-saccade (AS) and memory-guided saccade (MGS) tasks. Results Saccadic latency in trials with MSS was shorter than without MSS in the PS task but similar in the AS and MGS tasks. The intersaccadic intervals (ISI) were similar among the three tasks in both YHSs and EHSs. Conclusion Our results indicate that the automatic theory is not a universal mechanism. Instead, the forward internal model for saccadic error correction might be an important mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingsha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Division of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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19
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Blohm G, Cheyne DO, Crawford JD. Parietofrontal oscillations show hand-specific interactions with top-down movement plans. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:1518-1533. [PMID: 36321728 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00240.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To generate a hand-specific reach plan, the brain must integrate hand-specific signals with the desired movement strategy. Although various neurophysiology/imaging studies have investigated hand-target interactions in simple reach-to-target tasks, the whole brain timing and distribution of this process remain unclear, especially for more complex, instruction-dependent motor strategies. Previously, we showed that a pro/anti pointing instruction influences magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals in frontal cortex that then propagate recurrently through parietal cortex (Blohm G, Alikhanian H, Gaetz W, Goltz HC, DeSouza JF, Cheyne DO, Crawford JD. NeuroImage 197: 306-319, 2019). Here, we contrasted left versus right hand pointing in the same task to investigate 1) which cortical regions of interest show hand specificity and 2) which of those areas interact with the instructed motor plan. Eight bilateral areas, the parietooccipital junction (POJ), superior parietooccipital cortex (SPOC), supramarginal gyrus (SMG), medial/anterior interparietal sulcus (mIPS/aIPS), primary somatosensory/motor cortex (S1/M1), and dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), showed hand-specific changes in beta band power, with four of these (M1, S1, SMG, aIPS) showing robust activation before movement onset. M1, SMG, SPOC, and aIPS showed significant interactions between contralateral hand specificity and the instructed motor plan but not with bottom-up target signals. Separate hand/motor signals emerged relatively early and lasted through execution, whereas hand-motor interactions only occurred close to movement onset. Taken together with our previous results, these findings show that instruction-dependent motor plans emerge in frontal cortex and interact recurrently with hand-specific parietofrontal signals before movement onset to produce hand-specific motor behaviors.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The brain must generate different motor signals depending on which hand is used. The distribution and timing of hand use/instructed motor plan integration are not understood at the whole brain level. Using MEG we show that different action planning subnetworks code for hand usage and integrating hand use into a hand-specific motor plan. The timing indicates that frontal cortex first creates a general motor plan and then integrates hand specificity to produce a hand-specific motor plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Blohm
- Centre of Neuroscience Studies, Departments of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Mathematics & Statistics, and Psychology and School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) program, Departments of Psychology, Biology, and Kinesiology and Health Sciences and Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas O Cheyne
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Douglas Crawford
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Vision: Science to Applications (VISTA) program, Departments of Psychology, Biology, and Kinesiology and Health Sciences and Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Imaoka Y, Flury A, Hauri L, de Bruin ED. Effects of different virtual reality technology driven dual-tasking paradigms on posture and saccadic eye movements in healthy older adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18059. [PMID: 36302813 PMCID: PMC9613688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Postural sway and eye movements are potential biomarkers for dementia screening. Assessing the two movements comprehensively could improve the understanding of complicated syndrome for more accurate screening. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of comprehensive assessment in healthy older adults (OA), using a novel concurrent comprehensive assessment system consisting of stabilometer and virtual reality headset. 20 healthy OA (70.4 ± 4.9 years) were recruited. Using a cross-sectional study design, this study investigated the effects of various dual-tasking paradigms with integrated tasks of visuospatial memory (VM), spatial orientation (SO), and visual challenge on posture and saccades. Dual-task paradigms with VM and SO affected the saccadic eye movements significantly. Two highly intensive tests of anti-saccade with VM task and pro-saccade with SO task also influenced postural sway significantly. Strong associations were seen between postural sway and eye movements for the conditions where the two movements theoretically shared common neural pathways in the brain, and vice versa. This study suggests that assessing posture and saccades with the integrated tasks comprehensively and simultaneously could be useful to explain different functions of the brain. The results warrant a cross-sectional study in OA with and without dementia to explore differences between these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Imaoka
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andri Flury
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Hauri
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D. de Bruin
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Motor Control and Learning Laboratory, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.510272.3School of Health Professions, Eastern Switzerland University of Applied Sciences, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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21
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Carbone F, Zamarian L, Rass V, Bair S, Ritter M, Beer R, Mahlknecht P, Heim B, Limmert V, Peball M, Ellmerer P, Schiefecker AJ, Kofler M, Lindner A, Pfausler B, Putnina L, Kindl P, Löffler-Ragg J, Kiechl S, Seppi K, Djamshidian A, Helbok R. Cognitive dysfunction 1 year after COVID-19: evidence from eye tracking. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1826-1831. [PMID: 36264758 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests persistent cognitive dysfunction after COVID-19. In this cross-sectional study, frontal lobe function was assessed 12 months after the acute phase of the disease, using tailored eye tracking assessments. Individuals who recovered from COVID-19 made significantly more errors in all eye tracking tasks compared to age/sex-matched healthy controls. Furthermore, patients who were treated as inpatients performed worse compared to outpatients and controls. Our results show impaired inhibitory cortical control in individuals who recovered from COVID-19. The association between disease severity and its sequelae may contribute to a better understanding of post-COVID-19 cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Laura Zamarian
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Rass
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefanie Bair
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marcel Ritter
- Interactive Graphics and Simulation Group, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronny Beer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Mahlknecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Beatrice Heim
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Victoria Limmert
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marina Peball
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Ellmerer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Mario Kofler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Lindner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Pfausler
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lauma Putnina
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Kindl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Löffler-Ragg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefan Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raimund Helbok
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Huang LY, Jackson BS, Rodrigue AL, Tamminga CA, Gershon ES, Pearlson GD, Keshavan MS, Keedy SS, Hill SK, Sweeney JA, Clementz BA, McDowell JE. Antisaccade error rates and gap effects in psychosis syndromes from bipolar-schizophrenia network for intermediate phenotypes 2 (B-SNIP2). Psychol Med 2022; 52:2692-2701. [PMID: 33622437 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000478x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antisaccade tasks can be used to index cognitive control processes, e.g. attention, behavioral inhibition, working memory, and goal maintenance in people with brain disorders. Though diagnoses of schizophrenia (SZ), schizoaffective (SAD), and bipolar I with psychosis (BDP) are typically considered to be distinct entities, previous work shows patterns of cognitive deficits differing in degree, rather than in kind, across these syndromes. METHODS Large samples of individuals with psychotic disorders were recruited through the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes 2 (B-SNIP2) study. Anti- and pro-saccade task performances were evaluated in 189 people with SZ, 185 people with SAD, 96 people with BDP, and 279 healthy comparison participants. Logistic functions were fitted to each group's antisaccade speed-performance tradeoff patterns. RESULTS Psychosis groups had higher antisaccade error rates than the healthy group, with SZ and SAD participants committing 2 times as many errors, and BDP participants committing 1.5 times as many errors. Latencies on correctly performed antisaccade trials in SZ and SAD were longer than in healthy participants, although error trial latencies were preserved. Parameters of speed-performance tradeoff functions indicated that compared to the healthy group, SZ and SAD groups had optimal performance characterized by more errors, as well as less benefit from prolonged response latencies. Prosaccade metrics did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS With basic prosaccade mechanisms intact, the higher speed-performance tradeoff cost for antisaccade performance in psychosis cases indicates a deficit that is specific to the higher-order cognitive aspects of saccade generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Huang
- Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brooke S Jackson
- Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Amanda L Rodrigue
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah S Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Kristian Hill
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Departments of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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23
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McDonald MA, Stevenson CH, Kersten HM, Danesh-Meyer HV. Eye Movement Abnormalities in Glaucoma Patients: A Review. Eye Brain 2022; 14:83-114. [PMID: 36105571 PMCID: PMC9467299 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s361946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common condition that relies on careful clinical assessment to diagnose and determine disease progression. There is growing evidence that glaucoma is associated not only with loss of retinal ganglion cells but also with degeneration of cortical and subcortical brain structures associated with vision and eye movements. The effect of glaucoma pathophysiology on eye movements is not well understood. In this review, we examine the evidence surrounding altered eye movements in glaucoma patients compared to healthy controls, with a focus on quantitative eye tracking studies measuring saccades, fixation, and optokinetic nystagmus in a range of visual tasks. The evidence suggests that glaucoma patients have alterations in several eye movement domains. Patients exhibit longer saccade latencies, which worsen with increasing glaucoma severity. Other saccadic abnormalities include lower saccade amplitude and velocity, and difficulty inhibiting reflexive saccades. Fixation is pathologically altered in glaucoma with reduced stability. Optokinetic nystagmus measures have also been shown to be abnormal. Complex visual tasks (eg reading, driving, and navigating obstacles), integrate these eye movements and result in behavioral adaptations. The review concludes with a summary of the evidence and recommendations for future research in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A McDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clark H Stevenson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah M Kersten
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Eye Institute, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Zhang S, Liu D, Tian E, Wang J, Guo Z, Kong W. Central vestibular dysfunction: don't forget vestibular rehabilitation. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:669-680. [PMID: 35912850 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2106129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vestibular rehabilitation (VR) is now a subject of active studies and has been shown to be effective for multiple vestibular disorders, peripheral or central. VR is a physical therapy that helps train the central nervous system to compensate for vestibular dysfunction. There is moderate to strong evidence that VR is safe and effective for the management of peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Nonetheless, the studies on how VR works on central vestibular dysfunction remains scanty. AREAS COVERED This article addressed the rehabilitation strategies and possible mechanisms, including how central vestibular function might improve upon rehabilitation. In addition, it provides some examples concerning the effect of VR on central vestibular dysfunction. EXPERT OPINION VR works on the vestibular system through repetition of specific physical exercises that activate central neuroplastic mechanisms to achieve adaptive compensation of the impaired functions. VR has become a mainstay in the management of patients with dizziness and balance dysfunction. Individualized VR programs are a safe and effective treatment option for a large percentage of patients with central vestibular disease reporting imbalance and dizziness. Exploration of various treatment strategies and possible mechanisms will help develop the best and personalized VR treatment for patients with central vestibular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China.,Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - E Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Weijia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China.,Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorders of Education Ministry, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei, China
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25
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Chen JT, Kuo YC, Hsu TY, Wang CA. Fatigue and Arousal Modulations Revealed by Saccade and Pupil Dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159234. [PMID: 35954585 PMCID: PMC9367726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements are directed to the objects of interests and enable high-resolution visual images in the exploration of the visual world. There is a trial-to-trial variation in saccade dynamics even in a simple task, possibly attributed to arousal fluctuations. Previous studies have showed that an increase of fatigue level over time, also known as time-on-task, can be revealed by saccade peak velocity. In addition, pupil size, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, has long been used as an arousal index. However, limited research has been done with regards to the relation between pupil size and saccade behavior in the context of trial-to-trial variation. To investigate fatigue and arousal effects on saccadic and pupillary responses, we used bright and emotional stimuli to evoke pupillary responses in tasks requiring reactive and voluntary saccade generation. Decreased voluntary saccade peak velocities, reduced tonic pupil size and phasic pupillary responses were observed as time-on-task increased. Moreover, tonic pupil size affected saccade latency and dynamics, with steeper saccade main sequence slope as tonic pupil size increased. In summary, saccade dynamics and tonic pupil size were sensitive to fatigue and arousal level, together providing valuable information for the understanding of human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chun Kuo
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan;
- Cognitive Intelligence and Precision Healthcare Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness (GIMBC), Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Brain and Consciousness Research Center (BCRC), TMU-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
| | - Chin-An Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan;
- Cognitive Intelligence and Precision Healthcare Research Center, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness (GIMBC), Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Brain and Consciousness Research Center (BCRC), TMU-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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26
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Goldstein AT, Stanford TR, Salinas E. Exogenous capture accounts for fundamental differences between pro- and antisaccade performance. eLife 2022; 11:76964. [PMID: 35894379 PMCID: PMC9328762 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To generate the next eye movement, oculomotor circuits take into consideration the physical salience of objects in view and current behavioral goals, exogenous and endogenous influences, respectively. However, the interactions between exogenous and endogenous mechanisms and their dynamic contributions to target selection have been difficult to resolve because they evolve extremely rapidly. In a recent study (Salinas et al., 2019), we achieved the necessary temporal precision using an urgent variant of the antisaccade task wherein motor plans are initiated early and choice accuracy depends sharply on when exactly the visual cue information becomes available. Empirical and modeling results indicated that the exogenous signal arrives ∼80 ms after cue onset and rapidly accelerates the (incorrect) plan toward the cue, whereas the informed endogenous signal arrives ∼25 ms later to favor the (correct) plan away from the cue. Here, we scrutinize a key mechanistic hypothesis about this dynamic, that the exogenous and endogenous signals act at different times and independently of each other. We test quantitative model predictions by comparing the performance of human participants instructed to look toward a visual cue or away from it under high urgency. We find that, indeed, the exogenous response is largely impervious to task instructions; it simply flips its sign relative to the correct choice, and this largely explains the drastic differences in psychometric performance between the two tasks. Thus, saccadic choices are strongly dictated by the alignment between salience and behavioral goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison T Goldstein
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Terrence R Stanford
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Emilio Salinas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
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27
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Noyes BK, Munoz DP, Khalid-Khan S, Brietzke E, Booij L. Is subthreshold depression in adolescence clinically relevant? J Affect Disord 2022; 309:123-130. [PMID: 35429521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subthreshold depression is highly prevalent in adolescence, but compared to major depressive disorder, the clinical impact is under-researched. The aim of this review was to compare subthreshold depression and major depressive disorder in adolescents by reviewing available literature on epidemiology, risk factors, illness trajectories, brain anatomy and function, genetics, and treatment response. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of papers on subthreshold depression and major depressive disorder in adolescence published in English. Studies in adults were included when research in adolescence was not available. RESULTS We found that individuals with subthreshold depression were similar to individuals with major depressive disorder in several regards, including female/male ratio, onset, functional impairment, comorbidity, health care utilization, suicidal ideation, genetic predisposition, brain alterations, and treatment response. Further, subthreshold depression was about two times more common than major depressive disorder. LIMITATIONS The definition of subthreshold depression is highly variable across studies. Adolescent-specific data are limited in the areas of neurobiology and treatment. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current review support the idea that subthreshold depression is of clinical importance and provide evidence for a spectrum, versus categorical model, for depressive symptomatology. Given the frequency of subthreshold depression escalating to major depressive disorder, a greater recognition and awareness of the significance of subthreshold depression in research, clinical practice and policy-making may facilitate the development and application of early prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake K Noyes
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Sarosh Khalid-Khan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada; Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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Abstract
For over 100 years, eye movements have been studied and used as indicators of human sensory and cognitive functions. This review evaluates how eye movements contribute to our understanding of the processes that underlie decision-making. Eye movement metrics signify the visual and task contexts in which information is accumulated and weighed. They indicate the efficiency with which we evaluate the instructions for decision tasks, the timing and duration of decision formation, the expected reward associated with a decision, the accuracy of the decision outcome, and our ability to predict and feel confident about a decision. Because of their continuous nature, eye movements provide an exciting opportunity to probe decision processes noninvasively in real time. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Spering
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and the Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada;
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Ellmerer P, Peball M, Carbone F, Ritter M, Heim B, Marini K, Valent D, Krismer F, Poewe W, Djamshidian A, Seppi K. Eye Tracking in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Treated with Nabilone–Results of a Phase II, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Pilot Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050661. [PMID: 35625047 PMCID: PMC9139535 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The topic of the therapeutic use of cannabinoids in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is broadly discussed and frequently comes up in the outpatient clinic. So far, there are only a few randomized clinical trials assessing the effects of cannabinoids in PD. We are able to demonstrate a reduction in non-motor symptom (NMS) burden after the administration of nabilone. As impairment of attention and working memory have been described earlier as possible side effects, we assess cognitive performance using saccadic paradigms measured by an eye tracker. We do not observe a significant difference in any of the saccadic paradigms between PD patients on placebo versus those treated with nabilone. We, therefore, conclude that top-down inhibitory control is not affected by the tetrahydrocannabinol analogue. Nabilone did not significantly worsen cognitive performance and appears to be safe to use in selected PD patients who suffer from disabling NMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ellmerer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (B.H.); (K.M.); (D.V.); (F.K.); (W.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Marina Peball
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (B.H.); (K.M.); (D.V.); (F.K.); (W.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Federico Carbone
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (B.H.); (K.M.); (D.V.); (F.K.); (W.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Marcel Ritter
- Interactive Graphics and Simulation Group, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Beatrice Heim
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (B.H.); (K.M.); (D.V.); (F.K.); (W.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Kathrin Marini
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (B.H.); (K.M.); (D.V.); (F.K.); (W.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Dora Valent
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (B.H.); (K.M.); (D.V.); (F.K.); (W.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Florian Krismer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (B.H.); (K.M.); (D.V.); (F.K.); (W.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (B.H.); (K.M.); (D.V.); (F.K.); (W.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (B.H.); (K.M.); (D.V.); (F.K.); (W.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (P.E.); (M.P.); (F.C.); (B.H.); (K.M.); (D.V.); (F.K.); (W.P.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence:
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30
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Yep R, Smorenburg ML, Riek HC, Calancie OG, Kirkpatrick RH, Perkins JE, Huang J, Coe BC, Brien DC, Munoz DP. Interleaved Pro/Anti-saccade Behavior Across the Lifespan. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:842549. [PMID: 35663573 PMCID: PMC9159803 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.842549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for inhibitory control is an important cognitive process that undergoes dynamic changes over the course of the lifespan. Robust characterization of this trajectory, considering age continuously and using flexible modeling techniques, is critical to advance our understanding of the neural mechanisms that differ in healthy aging and neurological disease. The interleaved pro/anti-saccade task (IPAST), in which pro- and anti-saccade trials are randomly interleaved within a block, provides a simple and sensitive means of assessing the neural circuitry underlying inhibitory control. We utilized IPAST data collected from a large cross-sectional cohort of normative participants (n = 604, 5–93 years of age), standardized pre-processing protocols, generalized additive modeling, and change point analysis to investigate the effect of age on saccade behavior and identify significant periods of change throughout the lifespan. Maturation of IPAST measures occurred throughout adolescence, while subsequent decline began as early as the mid-20s and continued into old age. Considering pro-saccade correct responses and anti-saccade direction errors made at express (short) and regular (long) latencies was crucial in differentiating developmental and aging processes. We additionally characterized the effect of age on voluntary override time, a novel measure describing the time at which voluntary processes begin to overcome automated processes on anti-saccade trials. Drawing on converging animal neurophysiology, human neuroimaging, and computational modeling literature, we propose potential frontal-parietal and frontal-striatal mechanisms that may mediate the behavioral changes revealed in our analysis. We liken the models presented here to “cognitive growth curves” which have important implications for improved detection of neurological disease states that emerge during vulnerable windows of developing and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Rachel Yep,
| | | | - Heidi C. Riek
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Olivia G. Calancie
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan H. Kirkpatrick
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Julia E. Perkins
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Huang
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C. Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Donald C. Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P. Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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McLennan YA, Mosconi MW, McKenzie FJ, Famula J, Krawchuk B, Kim K, Clark CJ, Hessl D, Rivera SM, Simon TJ, Tassone F, Hagerman RJ. Prosaccade and Antisaccade Behavior in Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome Progression. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:473-478. [PMID: 35586536 PMCID: PMC9092736 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative measurement of eye movements can reveal subtle progression in neurodegenerative diseases. Objective To determine if quantitative measurements of eye movements may reveal subtle progression of fragile X-associated tremor and ataxia (FXTAS). Methods Prosaccade (PS) and antisaccade (AS) behavior was analyzed in 25 controls, 57 non-FXTAS carriers, and 46 carriers with FXTAS. Results Symptomatic individuals with FXTAS had longer AS latencies, increased rates of AS errors, and increased AS dysmetria relative to non-FXTAS carriers and controls. These deficits, along with PS latency and velocity, were greater in advanced FXTAS stages. Conclusion AS deficits differentiated FXTAS from non-FXTAS premutation carriers implicating top-down control and frontostriatal deterioration. However, the absence of group differences between non-FXTAS carriers and controls in AS and PS markers suggests saccade performance may not be a sensitive enough measure for detecting conversion to FXTAS, but instead more helpful as translational biomarkers of FXTAS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingratana A. McLennan
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthew W. Mosconi
- Life Span Institute, Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training, and Clinical Child Psychology ProgramUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
| | | | - Jessica Famula
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bennet Krawchuk
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Courtney J. Clark
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - David Hessl
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Susan M. Rivera
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tony J. Simon
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- University of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Flora Tassone
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular MedicineUniversity of California Davis School of MedicineSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- The MIND InstituteUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California Davis Medical CenterSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
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Eye tracking identifies biomarkers in α-synucleinopathies versus progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol 2022; 269:4920-4938. [PMID: 35501501 PMCID: PMC9363304 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study (1) describes and compares saccade and pupil abnormalities in patients with manifest alpha-synucleinopathies (αSYN: Parkinson’s disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)) and a tauopathy (progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)); (2) determines whether patients with rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), a prodromal stage of αSYN, already have abnormal responses that may indicate a risk for developing PD or MSA. Methods Ninety (46 RBD, 27 PD, 17 MSA) patients with an αSYN, 10 PSP patients, and 132 healthy age-matched controls (CTRL) were examined with a 10-min video-based eye-tracking task (Free Viewing). Participants were free to look anywhere on the screen while saccade and pupil behaviours were measured. Results PD, MSA, and PSP spent more time fixating the centre of the screen than CTRL. All patient groups made fewer macro-saccades (> 2◦ amplitude) with smaller amplitude than CTRL. Saccade frequency was greater in RBD than in other patients. Following clip change, saccades were temporarily suppressed, then rebounded at a slower pace than CTRL in all patient groups. RBD had distinct, although discrete saccade abnormalities that were more marked in PD, MSA, and even more in PSP. The vertical saccade rate was reduced in all patients and decreased most in PSP. Clip changes produced large increases or decreases in screen luminance requiring pupil constriction or dilation, respectively. PSP elicited smaller pupil constriction/dilation responses than CTRL, while MSA elicited the opposite. Conclusion RBD patients already have discrete but less pronounced saccade abnormalities than PD and MSA patients. Vertical gaze palsy and altered pupil control differentiate PSP from αSYN. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00415-022-11136-5.
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Avila E, Flierman NA, Holland PJ, Roelfsema PR, Frens MA, Badura A, De Zeeuw CI. Purkinje Cell Activity in the Medial and Lateral Cerebellum During Suppression of Voluntary Eye Movements in Rhesus Macaques. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:863181. [PMID: 35573834 PMCID: PMC9096024 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.863181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Volitional suppression of responses to distracting external stimuli enables us to achieve our goals. This volitional inhibition of a specific behavior is supposed to be mainly mediated by the cerebral cortex. However, recent evidence supports the involvement of the cerebellum in this process. It is currently not known whether different parts of the cerebellar cortex play differential or synergistic roles in the planning and execution of this behavior. Here, we measured Purkinje cell (PC) responses in the medial and lateral cerebellum in two rhesus macaques during pro- and anti-saccade tasks. During an antisaccade trial, non-human primates (NHPs) were instructed to make a saccadic eye movement away from a target, rather than toward it, as in prosaccade trials. Our data show that the cerebellum plays an important role not only during the execution of the saccades but also during the volitional inhibition of eye movements toward the target. Simple spike (SS) modulation during the instruction and execution periods of pro- and anti-saccades was prominent in PCs of both the medial and lateral cerebellum. However, only the SS activity in the lateral cerebellar cortex contained information about stimulus identity and showed a strong reciprocal interaction with complex spikes (CSs). Moreover, the SS activity of different PC groups modulated bidirectionally in both of regions, but the PCs that showed facilitating and suppressive activity were predominantly associated with instruction and execution, respectively. These findings show that different cerebellar regions and PC groups contribute to goal-directed behavior and volitional inhibition, but with different propensities, highlighting the rich repertoire of the cerebellar control in executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Avila
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nico A. Flierman
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Holland
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter R. Roelfsema
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Aleksandra Badura
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Aleksandra Badura,
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Chris I. De Zeeuw,
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Cimbalnik J, Dolezal J, Topçu Ç, Lech M, Marks VS, Joseph B, Dobias M, Van Gompel J, Worrell G, Kucewicz M. Intracranial electrophysiological recordings from the human brain during memory tasks with pupillometry. Sci Data 2022; 9:6. [PMID: 35027555 PMCID: PMC8758703 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-01099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Data comprise intracranial EEG (iEEG) brain activity represented by stereo EEG (sEEG) signals, recorded from over 100 electrode channels implanted in any one patient across various brain regions. The iEEG signals were recorded in epilepsy patients (N = 10) undergoing invasive monitoring and localization of seizures when they were performing a battery of four memory tasks lasting approx. 1 hour in total. Gaze tracking on the task computer screen with estimating the pupil size was also recorded together with behavioral performance. Each dataset comes from one patient with anatomical localization of each electrode contact. Metadata contains labels for the recording channels with behavioral events marked from all tasks, including timing of correct and incorrect vocalization of the remembered stimuli. The iEEG and the pupillometric signals are saved in BIDS data structure to facilitate efficient data sharing and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cimbalnik
- Brain and Mind Electrophysiology laboratory, Multimedia Systems Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Dolezal
- Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Çağdaş Topçu
- Brain and Mind Electrophysiology laboratory, Multimedia Systems Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michal Lech
- Brain and Mind Electrophysiology laboratory, Multimedia Systems Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Victoria S Marks
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Boney Joseph
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Martin Dobias
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gregory Worrell
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michal Kucewicz
- Brain and Mind Electrophysiology laboratory, Multimedia Systems Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Lev A, Braw Y, Elbaum T, Wagner M, Rassovsky Y. Eye Tracking During a Continuous Performance Test: Utility for Assessing ADHD Patients. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:245-255. [PMID: 33238787 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720972786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of continuous performance tests (CPTs) for assessing ADHD related cognitive impairment is ubiquitous. Novel psychophysiological measures may enhance the data that is derived from CPTs and thereby improve clinical decision-making regarding diagnosis and treatment. As part of the current study, we integrated an eye tracker with the MOXO-dCPT and assessed the utility of eye movement measures to differentiate ADHD patients and healthy controls. METHOD Adult ADHD patients and gender/age-matched healthy controls performed the MOXO-dCPT while their eye movements were monitored (n = 33 per group). RESULTS ADHD patients spent significantly more time gazing at irrelevant regions, both on the screen and outside of it, than healthy controls. The eye movement measures showed adequate ability to classify ADHD patients. Moreover, a scale that combined eye movement measures enhanced group prediction, compared to the sole use of conventional MOXO-dCPT indices. CONCLUSIONS Integrating an eye tracker with CPTs is a feasible way of enhancing diagnostic precision and shows initial promise for clarifying the cognitive profile of ADHD patients. Pending replication, these findings point toward a promising path for the evolution of existing CPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astar Lev
- Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Yuri Rassovsky
- Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
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Si Y, Wang L, Zhao M. Anti-saccade as a Tool to Evaluate Neurocognitive Impairment in Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:823848. [PMID: 35573351 PMCID: PMC9094713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely shown that chronic alcohol use leads to cognitive dysfunctions, especially inhibitory control. In an extension of the traditional approach, this research field has benefited from the emergence of innovative measures, among which is an anti-saccade, allowing direct and sensitive measure of the eye movements indexing attention bias to alcohol-related cues and the capability of inhibiting the reflexive saccades to the cues. During the past decade, there are numerous reports showing that drinkers make more unwanted reflexive saccades and longer latency in the anti-saccade task. These increased errors are usually explained by the deficits in inhibitory control. It has been demonstrated that inhibitory control on eye movement may be one of the earliest biomarkers of the onset of alcohol-related cognitive impairments. This review summarizes how an anti-saccade task can be used as a tool to investigate and assess the cognitive dysfunctions and the early detection of relapsing risk of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Si
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Duval F, Erb A, Mokrani M, Weiss T, Carcangiu R. First‐Dose Methylphenidate‐Induced Changes in the Anti‐Saccade Task Performance and Outcome in Adults with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2021; 3:146-152. [PMID: 36101656 PMCID: PMC9175892 DOI: 10.1176/appi.prcp.20210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We examined whether the anti‐saccade task (AST) performance after the first methylphenidate (MPH) dose could be associated with subsequent clinical outcome in adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Ninety‐seven drug‐naive DSM‐5 ADHD adults participated in this study. The AST parameters were measured at baseline, after the first MPH‐dose (10 mg orally), and 6 months after chronic MPH treatment. Results were compared with those of 50 healthy control (HC) subjects. Results At baseline, ADHDs showed longer saccadic reaction times and more direction errors than HCs (both p < 0.00001). Acute and chronic MPH administration resulted in normalization of the AST performances. Multivariate regression analysis after adjusting for age, sex, weight, and severity of symptoms at baseline, revealed that a low percentage of direction errors after the first MPH‐dose (i.e., ≤10%) could predict remission at month 6 (OR: 5.84; 95% CI: 2.00–17.11; p = 0.001). Conclusions Our findings indicate that: (1) impairments of motor planning and response inhibition in adults with ADHD are improved with MPH, and (2) a low direction error percentage after the first MPH‐dose may be an independent predictor of remission. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03411434 The antisaccade task (AST) is useful to reveal impairments in inhibitory control in ADHD. Never‐medicated adult ADHD subjects show delays in reaction times and increased direction errors. Methyphenidate (MPH) administration, either acute or chronic, normalizes AST performances. Direction error percentages after the first MPH‐dose could predict treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Duval
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Alexis Erb
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Marie‐Claude Mokrani
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Roberta Carcangiu
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
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Tari B, Shirzad M, Badcock NA, Belfry GR, Heath M. 'Delaying' a saccade: Preparatory phase cortical hemodynamics evince the neural cost of response inhibition. Brain Cogn 2021; 154:105808. [PMID: 34634572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Minimally delayed (MD) saccades require inhibition of a prepotent response until a target is extinguished, and unlike the more extensively studied antisaccade task, do not require the additional cognitive component of vector inversion (i.e., 180° target spatial transposition). Here, participants completed separate blocks of MD and prepotent stimulus-driven saccades (i.e., respond at target onset) while cortical hemodynamics were measured via functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound. MD saccades produced longer and more variable reaction times (RT). In turn, MD and stimulus-driven saccade preparatory phase cortical hemodynamics increased and decreased, respectively, relative to baseline and the two conditions differed from one another throughout the preparatory phase. The longer RTs and increased cortical hemodynamics of MD saccades is taken to evince response complexity and the increased neural activity to accommodate response inhibition. To our knowledge, such findings provide the first work to examine the neural foundations of MD saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tari
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mustafa Shirzad
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Nicholas A Badcock
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Glen R Belfry
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Rd, London, ON N6G 1H1, Canada
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Rd, London, ON N6G 1H1, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
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39
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Gorina E, Kulikova AA, MacInnes WJ. Comparing saccadic and manual responses in the attention network test. Cortex 2021; 144:29-42. [PMID: 34597874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention is proposed to be a system of multiple functional networks, including alertness, orienting and executive control. A popular experimental paradigm for testing these networks and their interactions within a single design is the Attentional Networks Test (ANT) (Fan et al., 2002). The role of the oculomotor system in these various networks, however, has not been tested despite the strong link between attention and eye movements. We modified the executive control component of the manual response ANT version (ANTm) that allows testing the networks' involvement with oculomotor responses. Specifically, we used a central target to signal pro or anti-saccades that allows us to match the saccadic response compatibility of the original ANTm. We conducted three experiments to compare interactions of the networks between the traditional ANTm that used a flanker task response, our new ANTs with saccadic responses signalled with a fixation arrow, and a manual response version with the response arrow at fixation (ANTf). Results for all three experiments showed typical main effects of all three attention networks, but we observed differences in their interactions. The ANTm showed only an interaction of alerting enhancing the orienting; ANTs showed a congruency by orienting interaction with the orienting effect only observed for pro-saccades. The ANTf showed both alerting by orienting, and orienting by congruency. Although the saccadic response did differ from the original ANTm, key differences were also highlighted by the switch from peripheral to central target. Overall the proposed ANTf is a valid tool to test main effects of attentional networks. Further investigation of interaction differences between manual and oculomotor systems is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gorina
- Vision Modelling Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - W Joseph MacInnes
- Vision Modelling Lab, HSE University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Psychology, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
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Ouerfelli-Ethier J, Salemme R, Fournet R, Urquizar C, Pisella L, Khan AZ. Impaired Spatial Inhibition Processes for Interhemispheric Anti-saccades following Dorsal Posterior Parietal Lesions. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab054. [PMID: 34604753 PMCID: PMC8481671 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-saccades are eye movements that require inhibition to stop the automatic saccade to the visual target and to perform instead a saccade in the opposite direction. The inhibitory processes underlying anti-saccades have been primarily associated with frontal cortex areas for their role in executive control. Impaired performance in anti-saccades has also been associated with the parietal cortex, but its role in inhibitory processes remains unclear. Here, we tested the assumption that the dorsal parietal cortex contributes to spatial inhibition processes of contralateral visual target. We measured anti-saccade performance in 2 unilateral optic ataxia patients and 15 age-matched controls. Participants performed 90 degree (across and within visual fields) and 180 degree inversion anti-saccades, as well as pro-saccades. The main result was that our patients took longer to inhibit visually guided saccades when the visual target was presented in the ataxic hemifield and the task required a saccade across hemifields. This was observed through anti-saccades latencies and error rates. These deficits show the crucial role of the dorsal posterior parietal cortex in spatial inhibition of contralateral visual target representations to plan an accurate anti-saccade toward the ipsilesional side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ouerfelli-Ethier
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal H3T 1P1, Canada
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Trajectoires Team, INSERM 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University of Lyon I Claude-Bernard, Lyon 69500, France
| | - Romeo Salemme
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Trajectoires Team, INSERM 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University of Lyon I Claude-Bernard, Lyon 69500, France
| | - Romain Fournet
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal H3T 1P1, Canada
| | - Christian Urquizar
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Trajectoires Team, INSERM 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University of Lyon I Claude-Bernard, Lyon 69500, France
| | - Laure Pisella
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Trajectoires Team, INSERM 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, University of Lyon I Claude-Bernard, Lyon 69500, France
| | - Aarlenne Z Khan
- School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal H3T 1P1, Canada
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41
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Dark-habituation increases the dark-background-contingent upshift of gaze in macaque monkeys. Vision Res 2021; 188:262-273. [PMID: 34481167 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
What is the effect of prior experience on sensorimotor behavior? We studied the following intriguing behavior: monkeys fixating a small target direct their gaze above the target if the background is dark. Fixating a target once on a bright background, then on a dark background, yields 2 gaze directions, typically one above the other; hence the name, 'dark-background-contingent upshift of gaze', which is abbreviated as 'upshift'. Is the upshift only an attempt to avoid using the fovea in the dark? If it is, we might expect to also observe a downshift and a sideshift. We studied gaze direction in a large group of 10 rhesus monkeys from Tübingen, to which we added published data from 4 cynomolgus monkeys from Rehovot. The upshift was ubiquitous, and there was no systematic sideshift. What is the function of the upshift? Is it related to vision in the dark? Here, we concentrate on the effect of the monkeys' previous training. Seven of the 14 monkeys were accustomed to working in the dark ('dark-habituated'), while the other 7 had worked in bright ambient light ('bright-habituated'). The main result of this study is that the dark-habituated monkeys had a much larger upshift: the mean upshift was 2.2° in the dark-habituated monkeys, versus 0.5° in the bright-habituated. Thus, the upshift depends on habituation; the size of the upshift reflects months-long cumulative experience. These findings suggest that the function of the upshift is indeed related to seeing in the dark.
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Stanford TR, Salinas E. Urgent Decision Making: Resolving Visuomotor Interactions at High Temporal Resolution. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2021; 7:323-348. [PMID: 34171199 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100419-103842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Measuring when exactly perceptual decisions are made is crucial for defining how the activation of specific neurons contributes to behavior. However, in traditional, nonurgent visuomotor tasks, the uncertainty of this temporal measurement is very large. This is a problem not only for delimiting the capacity of perception, but also for correctly interpreting the functional roles ascribed to choice-related neuronal responses. In this article, we review psychophysical, neurophysiological, and modeling work based on urgent visuomotor tasks in which this temporal uncertainty can be effectively overcome. The cornerstone of this work is a novel behavioral metric that describes the evolution of the subject's perceptual judgment moment by moment, allowing us to resolve numerous perceptual events that unfold within a few tens of milliseconds. In this framework, the neural distinction between perceptual evaluation and motor selection processes becomes particularly clear, as the conclusion of one is not contingent on that of the other. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence R Stanford
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA; ,
| | - Emilio Salinas
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA; ,
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43
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Munoz MJ, Goelz LC, Pal GD, Karl JA, Verhagen Metman L, Sani S, Rosenow JM, Ciolino JD, Kurani AS, Corcos DM, David FJ. Increased Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Amplitude Impairs Inhibitory Control of Eye Movements in Parkinson's Disease. Neuromodulation 2021; 25:866-876. [PMID: 34139037 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) can have detrimental effects on eye movement inhibitory control. To investigate this detrimental effect of bilateral STN DBS, we examined the effects of manipulating STN DBS amplitude on inhibitory control during the antisaccade task. The prosaccade error rate during the antisaccade task, that is, directional errors, was indicative of impaired inhibitory control. We hypothesized that as stimulation amplitude increased, the prosaccade error rate would increase. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten participants with bilateral STN DBS completed the antisaccade task on six different stimulation amplitudes (including zero amplitude) after a 12-hour overnight withdrawal from antiparkinsonian medication. RESULTS We found that the prosaccade error rate increased as stimulation amplitude increased (p < 0.01). Additionally, prosaccade error rate increased as the modeled volume of tissue activated (VTA) and STN overlap decreased, but this relationship depended on stimulation amplitude (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that higher stimulation amplitude settings can be modulatory for inhibitory control. Some individual variability in the effect of stimulation amplitude can be explained by active contact location and VTA-STN overlap. Higher stimulation amplitudes are more deleterious if the active contacts fall outside of the STN resulting in a smaller VTA-STN overlap. This is clinically significant as it can inform clinical optimization of STN DBS parameters. Further studies are needed to determine stimulation amplitude effects on other aspects of cognition and whether inhibitory control deficits on the antisaccade task result in a meaningful impact on the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Munoz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa C Goelz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gian D Pal
- Department of Neurological Science, Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica A Karl
- Department of Neurological Science, Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leo Verhagen Metman
- Department of Neurological Science, Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sepehr Sani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua M Rosenow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jody D Ciolino
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ajay S Kurani
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel M Corcos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fabian J David
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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44
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Yuan X, Cheng Y, Jiang Y. Multisensory signals inhibit pupillary light reflex: Evidence from pupil oscillation. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13848. [PMID: 34002397 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multisensory integration, which enhances stimulus saliency at the early stage of the processing hierarchy, has been recently shown to produce a larger pupil size than its unisensory constituents. Theoretically, any modulation on pupil size ought to be associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways that are sensitive to light. But it remains poorly understood how the pupillary light reflex is changed in a multisensory context. The present study evoked an oscillation of the pupillary light reflex by periodically changing the luminance of a visual stimulus at 1.25 Hz. It was found that such induced pupil size oscillation was substantially attenuated when the bright but not the dark phase of the visual flicker was periodically and synchronously presented with a burst of tones. This inhibition effect persisted when the visual flicker was task-irrelevant and out of attentional focus, but disappeared when the visual flicker was moved from the central field to the periphery. These findings not only offer a comprehensive characterization of the multisensory impact on pupil response to light, but also provide valuable clues about the individual contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways to multisensory modulation of pupil size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
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45
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Carbone F, Ellmerer P, Ritter M, Spielberger S, Mahlknecht P, Hametner E, Hussl A, Hotter A, Granata R, Seppi K, Boesch S, Poewe W, Djamshidian A. Impaired Inhibitory Control of Saccadic Eye Movements in Cervical Dystonia: An Eye-Tracking Study. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1246-1250. [PMID: 33416199 PMCID: PMC8247854 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology of cervical dystonia is still unclear. Recent evidence points toward a network disorder affecting several brain areas. The objective of this study was to assess the saccadic inhibition as a marker of corticostriatal function in cervical dystonia. METHODS We recruited 31 cervical dystonia patients and 17 matched healthy controls. Subjects performed an overlap prosaccade, an antisaccade, and a countermanding task on an eye tracker to assess automatic visual response and response inhibition. RESULTS Cervical dystonia patients made more premature saccades (P = 0.041) in the overlap prosaccade task and more directional errors in the antisaccade task (P = 0.011) and had a higher rate of failed inhibition in the countermanding task (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest altered saccadic inhibition in cervical dystonia, possibly as a consequence of dysfunctional corticostriatal networks. Further studies are warranted to confirm whether these abnormalities are affected by the available therapies and whether this type of impairment is found in other focal dystonias. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Philipp Ellmerer
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Marcel Ritter
- Interactive Graphics and Simulation GroupUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | | | - Eva Hametner
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Anna Hussl
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Anna Hotter
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Roberta Granata
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Sylvia Boesch
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of NeurologyMedical University InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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46
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Blekic W, Wauthia E, Kornacka M, Kandana Arachchige K, Lefebvre L, Rossignol M. Eye-tracking exploration of inhibitory control in post-traumatic stress disorder: an emotional antisaccade paradigm. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1909281. [PMID: 33968331 PMCID: PMC8079045 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1909281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive-behavioural studies among individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have highlighted attentional biases towards threats as a key factor in the maintenance of the disorder. Anxiety-related studies have hypothesized that attentional biases were due to attentional control difficulties in inhibition and flexibility of threatening information. Objective: Because it remains unclear how this theory could be applied to PTSD, this study aims to evaluate the inhibitory control and flexibility abilities of negative and threatening information in this population, using eye-tracking technology. Method: Fifteen adults with a history of physical assault and a current diagnosis of PTSD, and 15 healthy control participants, completed an original mixed antisaccade task. Results: We found enhanced overt attentional allocation towards every item of emotional information among PTSD participants, such as indexed by the latencies of the first saccade in prosaccade trials, followed by disengagement difficulties, such as indexed by increased reaction time to identify the target. Conclusion: Our results could represent empirical evidence of the general enhancement of attentional vigilance in people with PTSD in comparison with healthy controls, as well as specific inhibitory deficits. The results are interpreted through a fear-generalization hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wivine Blekic
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium.,National Fund for Human Science Research, National Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erika Wauthia
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Monika Kornacka
- Katowice Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland
| | - Kendra Kandana Arachchige
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Laurent Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mandy Rossignol
- Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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47
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Perkins JE, Janzen A, Bernhard FP, Wilhelm K, Brien DC, Huang J, Coe BC, Vadasz D, Mayer G, Munoz DP, Oertel WH. Saccade, Pupil, and Blink Responses in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1720-1726. [PMID: 33754406 PMCID: PMC8359943 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) patients exhibit deficits in saccade performance, pupil function, and blink rate. Isolated REM (rapid eye movement) Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a harbinger to PD making them candidates to investigate for early oculomotor abnormalities as PD biomarkers. Objectives We tested whether saccade, pupillary, and blink responses in RBD were similar to PD. Methods RBD (n = 22), PD (n = 22) patients, and healthy controls (CTRL) (n = 74) were studied with video‐based eye‐tracking. Results RBD patients did not have significantly different saccadic behavior compared to CTRL, but PD patients differed from CTRL and RBD. Both patient groups had significantly lower blink rates, dampened pupil constriction, and dilation responses compared to CTRL. Conclusion RBD and PD patients had altered pupil and blink behavior compared to CTRL. Because RBD saccade parameters were comparable to CTRL, pupil and blink brain areas may be impacted before saccadic control areas, making them potential prodromal PD biomarkers. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Perkins
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annette Janzen
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Karén Wilhelm
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Huang
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Vadasz
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Geert Mayer
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Chen JT, Yep R, Hsu YF, Cherng YG, Wang CA. Investigating Arousal, Saccade Preparation, and Global Luminance Effects on Microsaccade Behavior. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:602835. [PMID: 33746722 PMCID: PMC7973374 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.602835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsaccades, small saccadic eye movements occurring during fixation, have been suggested to be modulated by various sensory, cognitive, and affective processes relating to arousal. Although the modulation of fatigue-related arousal on microsaccade behavior has previously been characterized, the influence of other aspects of arousal, such as emotional arousal, is less understood. Moreover, microsaccades are modulated by cognitive processes (e.g., voluntary saccade preparation) that could also be linked to arousal. To investigate the influence of emotional arousal, saccade preparation, and global luminance levels on microsaccade behavior, emotional auditory stimuli were presented prior to the onset of a fixation cue whose color indicated to look either at the peripheral stimulus (pro-saccade) or in the opposite direction of the stimulus (anti-saccade). Microsaccade behavior was found to be significantly modulated by saccade preparation and global luminance level, but not emotional arousal. In the pro- and anti-saccade task, microsaccade rate was lower during anti-saccade preparation as compared to pro-saccade preparation, though microsaccade dynamics were comparable during both trial types. Our results reveal a differential role of arousal linked to emotion, fatigue, saccade preparation, and global luminance level on microsaccade behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Yu-Fan Hsu
- Research Center of Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Giun Cherng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-An Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Research Center of Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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49
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Contemori S, Loeb GE, Corneil BD, Wallis G, Carroll TJ. The influence of temporal predictability on express visuomotor responses. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:731-747. [PMID: 33357166 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00521.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are able to generate target-directed visuomotor responses in less than 100 ms after stimulus onset. These "express" responses have been termed stimulus-locked responses (SLRs) and are proposed to be modulated by visuomotor transformations performed subcortically via the superior colliculus. Unfortunately, these responses have proven difficult to detect consistently across individuals. The recent report of an effective paradigm for generating SLRs in 100% of participants appears to change this. The task required the interception of a target moving at a constant velocity that emerged from behind a barrier. Here, we aimed to reproduce the efficacy of this paradigm for eliciting SLRs and to test the hypothesis that its effectiveness derives from the predictability of target onset time as opposed to target motion per se. In one experiment, we recorded surface electromyogram (EMG) from shoulder muscles as participants made reaches to intercept temporally predictable or unpredictable targets. Consistent with our hypothesis, predictably timed targets produced more frequent and stronger SLRs than unpredictably timed targets. In a second experiment, we compared different temporally predictable stimuli and observed that transiently presented targets produced larger and earlier SLRs than sustained moving targets. Our results suggest that target motion is not critical for facilitating the SLR expression and that timing predictability does not rely on extrapolation of a physically plausible motion trajectory. These findings provide support for a mechanism whereby an internal timer, probably located in cerebral cortex, primes the processing of both visual input and motor output within the superior colliculus to produce SLRs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Express stimulus-driven responses in humans have been proposed to be originated subcortically via the superior colliculus. These short-latency responses are facilitated by the presentation of dynamic visual stimuli. Here, we show that this facilitation is related to the predictable target timing, regardless of its kinematic attributes. We propose that the superior colliculus can be primed to generate express stimulus-driven motor responses via cortical top-down projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Contemori
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gerald E Loeb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brian D Corneil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guy Wallis
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Maurage P, Bollen Z, Masson N, D'Hondt F. A review of studies exploring fetal alcohol spectrum disorders through eye tracking measures. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 103:109980. [PMID: 32470497 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The widespread cognitive and cerebral consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure have been established during the last decades, through the exploration of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) using neuropsychological and neuroscience tools. This research field has recently benefited from the emergence of innovative measures, among which eye tracking, allowing a precise measure of the eye movements indexing a large range of cognitive functions. We propose a comprehensive review, based on PRISMA guidelines, of the eye tracking studies performed in populations with FASD. Studies were selected from the PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus databases, and were evaluated through a standardized methodological quality assessment. Studies were classified according to the eye tracking indexes recorded (saccade characteristics, initial fixation, number of fixations, dwell time, gaze pattern) and the process measured (perception, memory, executive functions). Eye tracking data showed that FASD are mostly associated with impaired ocular perceptive/motor abilities (i.e., altered eye movements, centrally for saccade initiation), lower accuracy as well as increased error rates in saccadic eye movements involving working memory abilities, and reduced inhibitory control on saccades. After identifying the main limitations presented by the reviewed studies, we propose guidelines for future research, underlining the need to increase the standardization of diagnosis and evaluation tools, and to improve the methodological quality of eye tracking measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Maurage
- Louvain for Experimental Psychopathology Research Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Zoé Bollen
- Louvain for Experimental Psychopathology Research Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Masson
- Numerical Cognition Group, Psychological Sciences Research Institute and Neuroscience Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Fabien D'Hondt
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; CHU Lille, Clinique de Psychiatrie, Unité CURE, Lille, France; Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience Lille-Paris (CN2R), Lille, France.
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