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Lv Y, Liu X. Hemorrhagic cystitis induced by JC polyomavirus infection following COVID-19: a case report. BMC Urol 2024; 24:87. [PMID: 38627797 PMCID: PMC11020351 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-024-01464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a human polyomavirus that can establish lifelong persistent infection in the majority of adults. It is typically asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals. However, there is a risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed patients. Though JCPyV commonly resides in the kidney-urinary tract, its involvement in urinary system diseases is extremely rare. Here, we reported a case of a 60-year-old male patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection who developed hemorrhagic cystitis after receiving treatment with nirmatrelvir 300 mg/ritonavir 100 mg quaque die (QD). Subsequent metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) confirmed the infection to be caused by JCPyV type 2. Then, human immunoglobulin (PH4) for intravenous injection at a dose of 25 g QD was administered to the patient. Three days later, the hematuria resolved. This case illustrates that in the setting of compromised host immune function, JCPyV is not limited to causing central nervous system diseases but can also exhibit pathogenicity in the urinary system. Moreover, mNGS technology facilitates rapid diagnosis of infectious etiology by clinical practitioners, contributing to precise treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Lv
- Department of Infection, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinchang County, No.188 Shijiu Feng Road, Qixing Street, Shaoxing, 312500, China.
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Infection, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinchang County, No.188 Shijiu Feng Road, Qixing Street, Shaoxing, 312500, China
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2
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Grote-Levi L, Möhn N, Bonifacius A, Tischer-Zimmermann S, Schweitzer F, Mahmoudi N, Silling S, Warnke C, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Wattjes MP, Eiz-Vesper B, Höglinger GU, Skripuletz T. Adoptive Allogeneic T-Cell Therapy Improves the Clinical Outcome of JC Virus Granule Cell Neuronopathy: A Case Report. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:e200138. [PMID: 37385737 PMCID: PMC10474852 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES JC virus granule cell neuronopathy is a potentially fatal otherwise highly disabling disease without an approved therapeutic option. This case report presents the positive record to T-cell therapy in JC virus granule cell neuronopathy. METHODS The patient represented with subacute cerebellar symptoms. Diagnosis of JC virus granule cell neuronopathy was made because of infratentorially accentuated brain volume atrophy shown by brain MRI and the detection of JC virus DNA in the CSF. RESULTS Six doses of virus-specific T cells were administered. Within 12 months after therapy initiation, the patient showed clear clinical benefit with improvement of symptoms, and JC viral DNA load significantly declined. DISCUSSION We present the case report of a positive response to T-cell therapy in JC virus granule cell neuronopathy, leading to an improvement of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Grote-Levi
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Nora Möhn
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Agnes Bonifacius
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Sabine Tischer-Zimmermann
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Finja Schweitzer
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Nima Mahmoudi
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Steffi Silling
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Clemens Warnke
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Mike P Wattjes
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.)
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- From the Department of Neurology (L.G.-L., N. Möhn, G.U.H., T.S.); Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering (A.B., S.T.-Z., B.E.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Department of Neurology (F.S., C.W.), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (N. Mahmoudi, M.P.W.), Hannover Medical School; National Reference Center for Papilloma- and Polyomaviruses (S.S.), Institute of Virology, University of Cologne; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (B.M.-K.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) (B.M.-K., B.E.-V.).
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Houben R, Alimova P, Sarma B, Hesbacher S, Schulte C, Sarosi EM, Adam C, Kervarrec T, Schrama D. 4-[(5-Methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino]-2H-phenyl-1-phthalazinone Inhibits MCPyV T Antigen Expression in Merkel Cell Carcinoma Independent of Aurora Kinase A. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092542. [PMID: 37174007 PMCID: PMC10177447 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is frequently caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), and MCPyV-positive tumor cells depend on expression of the virus-encoded T antigens (TA). Here, we identify 4-[(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino]-2H-phenyl-1-phthalazinone (PHT)-a reported inhibitor of Aurora kinase A-as a compound inhibiting growth of MCC cells by repressing noncoding control region (NCCR)-controlled TA transcription. Surprisingly, we find that TA repression is not caused by inhibition of Aurora kinase A. However, we demonstrate that β-catenin-a transcription factor repressed by active glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-is activated by PHT, suggesting that PHT bears a hitherto unreported inhibitory activity against GSK3, a kinase known to function in promoting TA transcription. Indeed, applying an in vitro kinase assay, we demonstrate that PHT directly targets GSK3. Finally, we demonstrate that PHT exhibits in vivo antitumor activity in an MCC xenograft mouse model, suggesting a potential use in future therapeutic settings for MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pamela Alimova
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bhavishya Sarma
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Hesbacher
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Schulte
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Sarosi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Adam
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thibault Kervarrec
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, INRA UMR 1282 BIP, 37200 Tours, France
| | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Molecular Epidemiology and Variation of the BK Polyomavirus in the Population of Central and Eastern Europe Based on the Example of Poland. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020209. [PMID: 35215804 PMCID: PMC8878621 DOI: 10.3390/v14020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a widespread pathogen in humans. Polymorphism of the region encoding the VP1 protein of BKPyV provides the basis for classifying the virus into types and subtypes, whose frequency varies depending on geographic location. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of BKPyV in the Polish population and to assess its variation by analysing polymorphism in the typing region. The study was conducted on 168 healthy, Polish volunteers, whose blood (plasma) and urine were sampled. The virus was detected using PCR, products, sequenced and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. In addition, viral load was assessed by qPCR. The presence of the genetic material of the BK virus was noted in 61/168 urine samples but in none of the plasma sample. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the BKPyV isolates were of types I and IV, dominant in Europe (63.93% and 36.07%, respectively). All isolates from genotype I belonged to subtype Ib-2, showing polymorphism at position 1809 with a frequency of 61.54% (G1809A) and 38.46% (G1809C). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of this magnitude on the genetic variation of BKPyV among healthy volunteers in Poland.
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5
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Inhibition of T-antigen expression promoting glycogen synthase kinase 3 impairs merkel cell carcinoma cell growth. Cancer Lett 2022; 524:259-267. [PMID: 34715251 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive skin cancer frequently caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Since proliferation of MCPyV-positive MCC tumor cells strictly depends on expression of the virus-encoded T antigens (TA), these proteins theoretically represent ideal targets for different kinds of therapeutic approaches. Here we developed a cell-based assay to identify compounds which specifically inhibit growth of MCC cells by repressing TA expression. Applying this technique we screened a kinase inhibitor library and identified six compounds targeting glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) such as CHIR99021 as suppressors of TA transcription in MCC cells. Involvement of GSK3α and -β in the regulation of TA-expression was confirmed by combining GSK3A knockout with inducible GSK3B shRNA knockdown since double knockouts could not be generated. Finally, we demonstrate that CHIR99021 exhibits in vivo antitumor activity in an MCC xenograft mouse model suggesting GSK3 inhibitors as potential therapeutics for the treatment of MCC in the future.
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Iwami K, Nakamichi K, Matsushima M, Nagai A, Shirai S, Nakakubo S, Takahashi-Iwata I, Yamada M, Yabe I. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with mild clinical conditions and detection of archetype-like JC virus in cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:917-922. [PMID: 34550545 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with a poor prognosis and is primarily caused by JC virus (JCV) with a mutation called prototype. We encountered a case of PML with moderate progression and analyzed the mutational patterns of JCV in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A 19-year-old Japanese woman with mild neurological symptoms was diagnosed with combined immunodeficiency following pneumocystis pneumonia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging scan showed multiple brain lesions, and real-time polymerase chain reaction testing detected JCV in the CSF, leading to the diagnosis of PML. The disease course of PML was stable after administration of mefloquine and mirtazapine with immunoglobulin replacement therapy. In the JCV genome cloned from the patient CSF, DNA sequences of the gene encoding the capsid protein (VP1) and the non-coding control region exhibited small mutations. However, they were quite similar to those of the archetype JCV, which persists asymptomatically in healthy individuals. These findings provide insight into the mutational characteristics of JCV in PML with mild symptoms and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Iwami
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamichi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Matsushima
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Azusa Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Shirai
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sho Nakakubo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Takahashi-Iwata
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yabe
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Nakamichi K, Shimokawa T. Database and Statistical Analyses of Transcription Factor Binding Sites in the Non-Coding Control Region of JC Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112314. [PMID: 34835120 PMCID: PMC8620444 DOI: 10.3390/v13112314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
JC virus (JCV), as an archetype, establishes a lifelong latent or persistent infection in many healthy individuals. In immunocompromised patients, prototype JCV with variable mutations in the non-coding control region (NCCR) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a severe demyelinating disease. This study was conducted to create a database of NCCR sequences annotated with transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) and statistically analyze the mutational pattern of the JCV NCCR. JCV NCCRs were extracted from >1000 sequences registered in GenBank, and TFBSs within each NCCR were identified by computer simulation, followed by examination of their prevalence, multiplicity, and location by statistical analyses. In the NCCRs of the prototype JCV, the limited types of TFBSs, which are mainly present in regions D through F of archetype JCV, were significantly reduced. By contrast, modeling count data revealed that several TFBSs located in regions C and E tended to overlap in the prototype NCCRs. Based on data from the BioGPS database, genes encoding transcription factors that bind to these TFBSs were expressed not only in the brain but also in the peripheral sites. The database and NCCR patterns obtained in this study could be a suitable platform for analyzing JCV mutations and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamichi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Toshio Shimokawa
- Department of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan;
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Epigenetic Dysregulations in Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Driven Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111464. [PMID: 34768895 PMCID: PMC8584046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is a small DNA virus with oncogenic potential. MCPyV is the causative agent of Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive tumor of the skin. The role of epigenetic mechanisms, such as histone posttranslational modifications (HPTMs), DNA methylation, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation on MCPyV-driven MCC has recently been highlighted. In this review, we aim to describe and discuss the latest insights into HPTMs, DNA methylation, and miRNA regulation, as well as their regulative factors in the context of MCPyV-driven MCC, to provide an overview of current findings on how MCPyV is involved in the dysregulation of these epigenetic processes. The current state of the art is also described as far as potentially using epigenetic dysregulations and related factors as diagnostic and prognostic tools is concerned, in addition to targets for MCPyV-driven MCC therapy. Growing evidence suggests that the dysregulation of HPTMs, DNA methylation, and miRNA pathways plays a role in MCPyV-driven MCC etiopathogenesis, which, therefore, may potentially be clinically significant for this deadly tumor. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms and related factors may improve diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy for MCPyV-driven MCC.
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Mazziotta C, Lanzillotti C, Govoni M, Pellielo G, Mazzoni E, Tognon M, Martini F, Rotondo JC. Decreased IgG Antibody Response to Viral Protein Mimotopes of Oncogenic Merkel Cell Polyomavirus in Sera From Healthy Elderly Subjects. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738486. [PMID: 34733278 PMCID: PMC8558529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the main causative agent of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but aggressive skin tumor with a typical presentation age >60 years. MCPyV is ubiquitous in humans. After an early-age primary infection, MCPyV establishes a clinically asymptomatic lifelong infection. In immunocompromised patients/individuals, including elders, MCC can arise following an increase in MCPyV replication events. Elders are prone to develop immunesenescence and therefore represent an important group to investigate. In addition, detailed information on MCPyV serology in elders has been debated. These findings cumulatively indicate the need for new research verifying the impact of MCPyV infection in elderly subjects (ES). Herein, sera from 226 ES, aged 66-100 years, were analyzed for anti-MCPyV IgGs with an indirect ELISA using peptides mimicking epitopes from the MCPyV capsid proteins VP1-2. Immunological data from sera belonging to a cohort of healthy subjects (HS) (n = 548) aged 18-65 years, reported in our previous study, were also included for comparisons. Age-/gender-specific seroprevalence and serological profiles were investigated. MCPyV seroprevalence in ES was 63.7% (144/226). Age-specific MCPyV seroprevalence resulted as 62.5% (25/40), 71.7% (33/46), 64.9% (37/57), 63.8% (30/47), and 52.8% (19/36) in ES aged 66-70, 71-75, 76-80, 81-85, and 86-100 years, respectively (p > 0.05). MCPyV seroprevalence was 67% (71/106) and 61% (73/120) in ES males and females, respectively (p > 0.05). Lack of age-/gender-related variations in terms of MCPyV serological profiles was found in ES (p > 0.05). Notably, serological profile analyses indicated lower optical densities (ODs) in ES compared with HS (p < 0.05), while lower ODs were also determined in ES males compared with HS males (p < 0.05). Our data cumulatively suggest that oncogenic MCPyV circulates in elders asymptomatically at a relatively high prevalence, while immunesenescence might be responsible for a decreased IgG antibody response to MCPyV, thereby potentially leading to an increase in MCPyV replication levels. In the worse scenario, alongside other factors, MCPyV might drive MCC carcinogenesis, as described in elders with over 60 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mazziotta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmen Lanzillotti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marcello Govoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Pellielo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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10
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O'Kelly B, Keane A, Devitt E, Lockhart A, O'Rourke D, Lyons F. BK polyomavirus associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a person living with HIV. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 15:100263. [PMID: 34589769 PMCID: PMC8474382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease of the white matter central nervous system occurring in immunocompromised patients particularly those with T cell deficiency such as in HIV, haematological and solid organ malignancies and those taking immunomodulatory medications. PML is caused by JC virus however in rare cases BK virus has been isolated in the cerebral spinal fluid of patients presenting with PML. In this case we describe a 49 year old man who presented to the emergency department with a 2 week history of progressive right sided weakness and dysarthria. His background history included HIV diagnosed in 2005, he had not engaged with care in the past 2 years and had not been taking anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Other past medical history included untreated hepatitis C. His CD4 count was 90 (11%) cells/mm3 on admission and his HIV viral load VL) was 141,000 copies/ml. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) showed a hypointense lesion on T1, hyperintense on T2 and FLAIR without diffusion restriction and without mass effect. A lumbar puncture was performed which confirmed JC virus was positive (PCR <50 copies/ml) and also revealed BK virus was positive (PCR 46,511 copies/ml). The patient was commenced on tenofovir alafenamide fumarate/emtricitabine/darunavir/cobicistat in combination with dolutegravir 50mg twice daily. On day 40 post commencement of ART the patient was readmitted with worsening of his right arm weakness and dysarthria. A repeat MRI was performed which showed the hyperdense lesion on T2 and FLAIR appeared slightly larger with some slight enhancement with gadolinium contrast but no other features suggesting PML immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). The CD4 count had increased to 141(17%) and HIV VL had decreased to 85 copies/ml. A clinical diagnosis of PML IRIS was made and the patient was commenced on prednisolone 30mg BD which lead to an initial improvement in symptoms. Interestingly in this case, both JC virus and BK virus were detected in the CSF of this patient with the level of JC virus being too low to quantify. BK virus was not detectable on peripheral serum sampling suggesting that BK virus is replicating in the CNS independent of other body sites. There have been 5 case reports in the literature of BK virus as the cause of PML. Testing for BK virus should be considered in patients presenting with signs and symptoms of PML and encephalitis particularly when no other cause is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan O'Kelly
- Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department (GUIDe), St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Amy Keane
- Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department (GUIDe), St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Emma Devitt
- Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department (GUIDe), St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | | | | - Fiona Lyons
- Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department (GUIDe), St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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11
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Prezioso C, Grimaldi A, Landi D, Nicoletti CG, Brazzini G, Piacentini F, Passerini S, Limongi D, Ciotti M, Palamara AT, Marfia GA, Pietropaolo V. Risk Assessment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in Multiple Sclerosis Patients during 1 Year of Ocrelizumab Treatment. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091684. [PMID: 34578264 PMCID: PMC8473394 DOI: 10.3390/v13091684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by the JC virus is the main limitation to the use of disease modifying therapies for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: To assess the PML risk in course of ocrelizumab, urine and blood samples were collected from 42 MS patients at baseline (T0), at 6 (T2) and 12 months (T4) from the beginning of therapy. After JCPyV-DNA extraction, a quantitative-PCR (Q-PCR) was performed. Moreover, assessment of JCV-serostatus was obtained and arrangements’ analysis of non-coding control region (NCCR) and of viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) was carried out. Results: Q-PCR revealed JCPyV-DNA in urine at all selected time points, while JCPyV-DNA was detected in plasma at T4. From T0 to T4, JC viral load in urine was detected, increased in two logarithms and, significantly higher, compared to viremia. NCCR from urine was archetypal. Plasmatic NCCR displayed deletion, duplication, and point mutations. VP1 showed the S269F substitution involving the receptor-binding region. Anti-JCV index and IgM titer were found to statistically decrease during ocrelizumab treatment. Conclusions: Ocrelizumab in JCPyV-DNA positive patients is safe and did not determine PML cases. Combined monitoring of ocrelizumab’s effects on JCPyV pathogenicity and on host immunity might offer a complete insight towards predicting PML risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00163 Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (F.P.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Alfonso Grimaldi
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Fondazione Policlinico di Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (D.L.); (C.G.N.); (G.A.M.)
| | - Doriana Landi
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Fondazione Policlinico di Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (D.L.); (C.G.N.); (G.A.M.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Gabri Nicoletti
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Fondazione Policlinico di Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (D.L.); (C.G.N.); (G.A.M.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brazzini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (F.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Francesca Piacentini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (F.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Passerini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (F.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Dolores Limongi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Telematic University, 00163 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Fondazione Policlinico di Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (D.L.); (C.G.N.); (G.A.M.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo NEUROMED, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (F.P.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (C.P.); (V.P.)
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12
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BK Polyomavirus-Biology, Genomic Variation and Diagnosis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081502. [PMID: 34452367 PMCID: PMC8402805 DOI: 10.3390/v13081502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), a representative of the family Polyomaviridae, is widespread in the human population. While the virus does not cause significant clinical symptoms in immunocompetent individuals, it is activated in cases of immune deficiency, both pharmacological and pathological. Infection with the BKPyV is of particular importance in recipients of kidney transplants or HSC transplantation, in which it can lead to the loss of the transplanted kidney or to haemorrhagic cystitis, respectively. Four main genotypes of the virus are distinguished on the basis of molecular differentiation. The most common genotype worldwide is genotype I, with a frequency of about 80%, followed by genotype IV (about 15%), while genotypes II and III are isolated only sporadically. The distribution of the molecular variants of the virus is associated with the region of origin. BKPyV subtype Ia is most common in Africa, Ib-1 in Southeast Asia, and Ib-2 in Europe, while Ic is the most common variant in Northeast Asia. The development of molecular methods has enabled significant improvement not only in BKPyV diagnostics, but in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment as well. Amplification of viral DNA from urine by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and qPCR Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a non-invasive method that can be used to confirm the presence of the genetic material of the virus and to determine the viral load. Sequencing techniques together with bioinformatics tools and databases can be used to determine variants of the virus, analyse their circulation in populations, identify relationships between them, and investigate the directions of evolution of the virus.
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13
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Genetic Diversity of the Noncoding Control Region of the Novel Human Polyomaviruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121406. [PMID: 33297530 PMCID: PMC7762344 DOI: 10.3390/v12121406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of polyomaviruses are characterized by their tripartite organization with an early region, a late region and a noncoding control region (NCCR). The early region encodes proteins involved in replication and transcription of the viral genome, while expression of the late region generates the capsid proteins. Transcription regulatory sequences for expression of the early and late genes, as well as the origin of replication are encompassed in the NCCR. Cell tropism of polyomaviruses not only depends on the appropriate receptors on the host cell, but cell-specific expression of the viral genes is also governed by the NCCR. Thus far, 15 polyomaviruses have been isolated from humans, though it remains to be established whether all of them are genuine human polyomaviruses (HPyVs). The sequences of the NCCR of these HPyVs show high genetic variability and have been best studied in the human polyomaviruses BK and JC. Rearranged NCCRs in BKPyV and JCPyV, the first HPyVs to be discovered approximately 30 years ago, have been associated with the pathogenic properties of these viruses in nephropathy and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, respectively. Since 2007, thirteen novel PyVs have been isolated from humans: KIPyV, WUPyV, MCPyV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSPyV, HPyV9, HPyV10, STLPyV, HPyV12, NJPyV, LIPyV and QPyV. This review describes all NCCR variants of the new HPyVs that have been reported in the literature and discusses the possible consequences of NCCR diversity in terms of promoter strength, putative transcription factor binding sites and possible association with diseases.
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Large T Antigen is Dispensable in G2 and M-Phase to Promote Proliferation of Merkel Cell Carcinoma Cells. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101162. [PMID: 33066686 PMCID: PMC7602435 DOI: 10.3390/v12101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer frequently caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), and proliferation of MCPyV-positive MCC tumor cells depends on the expression of a virus-encoded truncated Large T antigen (LT) oncoprotein. Here, we asked in which phases of the cell cycle LT activity is required for MCC cell proliferation. Hence, we generated fusion-proteins of MCPyV-LT and parts of geminin (GMMN) or chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor1 (CDT1). This allowed us to ectopically express an LT, which is degraded either in the G1 or G2 phase of the cell cycle, respectively, in MCC cells with inducible T antigen knockdown. We demonstrate that LT expressed only in G1 is capable of rescuing LT knockdown-induced growth suppression while LT expressed in S and G2/M phases fails to support proliferation of MCC cells. These results suggest that the crucial function of LT, which has been demonstrated to be inactivation of the cellular Retinoblastoma protein 1 (RB1) is only required to initiate S phase entry.
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15
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Fifty Years of JC Polyomavirus: A Brief Overview and Remaining Questions. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090969. [PMID: 32882975 PMCID: PMC7552028 DOI: 10.3390/v12090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fifty years since the discovery of JC polyomavirus (JCPyV), the body of research representing our collective knowledge on this virus has grown substantially. As the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an often fatal central nervous system disease, JCPyV remains enigmatic in its ability to live a dual lifestyle. In most individuals, JCPyV reproduces benignly in renal tissues, but in a subset of immunocompromised individuals, JCPyV undergoes rearrangement and begins lytic infection of the central nervous system, subsequently becoming highly debilitating-and in many cases, deadly. Understanding the mechanisms allowing this process to occur is vital to the development of new and more effective diagnosis and treatment options for those at risk of developing PML. Here, we discuss the current state of affairs with regards to JCPyV and PML; first summarizing the history of PML as a disease and then discussing current treatment options and the viral biology of JCPyV as we understand it. We highlight the foundational research published in recent years on PML and JCPyV and attempt to outline which next steps are most necessary to reduce the disease burden of PML in populations at risk.
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16
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McIlroy D, Hönemann M, Nguyen NK, Barbier P, Peltier C, Rodallec A, Halary F, Przyrowski E, Liebert U, Hourmant M, Bressollette-Bodin C. Persistent BK Polyomavirus Viruria is Associated with Accumulation of VP1 Mutations and Neutralization Escape. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080824. [PMID: 32751274 PMCID: PMC7472262 DOI: 10.3390/v12080824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between neutralization escape and persistent high-level BK polyomavirus replication after kidney transplant (KTx), VP1 sequences were determined by Sanger and next-generation sequencing in longitudinal samples from KTx recipients with persistent high-level viruria (non-controllers) compared to patients who suppressed viruria (controllers). The infectivity and neutralization resistance of representative VP1 mutants were investigated using pseudotype viruses. In all patients, the virus population was initially dominated by wild-type VP1 sequences, then non-synonymous VP1 mutations accumulated over time in non-controllers. BC-loop mutations resulted in reduced infectivity in 293TT cells and conferred neutralization escape from cognate serum in five out of six non-controller patients studied. When taken as a group, non-controller sera were not more susceptible to neutralization escape than controller sera, so serological profiling cannot predict subsequent control of virus replication. However, at an individual level, in three non-controller patients the VP1 variants that emerged exploited specific “holes” in the patient’s humoral response. Persistent high-level BK polyomavirus replication in KTx recipients is therefore associated with the accumulation of VP1 mutations that can confer resistance to neutralization, implying that future BKPyV therapies involving IVIG or monoclonal antibodies may be more effective when used as preventive or pre-emptive, rather than curative, strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian McIlroy
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-40-41-28-39
| | - Mario Hönemann
- Institut für Virologie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.H.); (U.L.)
| | - Ngoc-Khanh Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Paul Barbier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Cécile Peltier
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Audrey Rodallec
- Service de Virologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Franck Halary
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
| | - Emilie Przyrowski
- Service de Virologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.P.)
| | - Uwe Liebert
- Institut für Virologie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.H.); (U.L.)
| | - Maryvonne Hourmant
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
- Service de Néphrologie et Immunologie Clinique, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Céline Bressollette-Bodin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunoologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (N.-K.N.); (P.B.); (C.P.); (F.H.); (C.B.-B.)
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France;
- Service de Virologie, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (E.P.)
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
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Prezioso C, Obregon F, Ambroselli D, Petrolo S, Checconi P, Rodio DM, Coppola L, Nardi A, de Vito C, Sarmati L, Andreoni M, Palamara AT, Ciotti M, Pietropaolo V. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) in the Context of Immunosuppression: Genetic Analysis of Noncoding Control Region (NCCR) Variability among a HIV-1-Positive Population. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050507. [PMID: 32375383 PMCID: PMC7291121 DOI: 10.3390/v12050507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since limited data are available about the prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and the genetic variability of its noncoding control region (NCCR) in the context of immunosuppression, this study aimed to investigate the distribution of MCPyV in anatomical sites other than the skin and the behavior of NCCR among an HIV-1-positive population. Methods: Urine, plasma, and rectal swabs specimens from a cohort of 66 HIV-1-positive patients were collected and subjected to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for MCPyV DNA detection. MCPyV-positive samples were amplified by nested PCR targeting the NCCR, and NCCRs alignment was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of mutations and to identify putative binding sites for cellular factors. Results: MCPyV DNA was detected in 10/66 urine, in 7/66 plasma, and in 23/66 rectal samples, with a median value of 5 × 102 copies/mL, 1.5 × 102 copies/mL, and 2.3 × 103 copies/mL, respectively. NCCR sequence analysis revealed a high degree of homology with the MCC350 reference strain in urine, whereas transitions, transversions, and single or double deletions were observed in plasma and rectal swabs. In these latter samples, representative GTT and GTTGA insertions were also observed. Search for putative binding sites of cellular transcription factors showed that in several strains, deletions, insertions, or single base substitutions altered the NCCR canonical configuration. Conclusions: Sequencing analysis revealed the presence of numerous mutations in the NCCR, including insertions and deletions. Whether these mutations may have an impact on the pathogenic features of the virus remains to be determined. qPCR measured on average a low viral load in the specimens analyzed, with the exception of those with the GTTGA insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.T.P.)
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Francisco Obregon
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Donatella Ambroselli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Sara Petrolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Paola Checconi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Donatella Maria Rodio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Luigi Coppola
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Angelo Nardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Corrado de Vito
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (M.A.)
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (M.A.)
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.T.P.)
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-4439
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Alizon S, Bravo IG, Farrell PJ, Roberts S. Towards a multi-level and a multi-disciplinary approach to DNA oncovirus virulence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20190041. [PMID: 30955496 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One out of 10 cancers is estimated to arise from infections by a handful of oncogenic viruses. These infectious cancers constitute an opportunity for primary prevention through immunization against the viral infection, for early screening through molecular detection of the infectious agent, and potentially for specific treatments, by targeting the virus as a marker of cancer cells. Accomplishing these objectives will require a detailed understanding of the natural history of infections, the mechanisms by which the viruses contribute to disease, the mutual adaptation of viruses and hosts, and the possible viral evolution in the absence and in the presence of the public health interventions conceived to target them. This issue showcases the current developments in experimental tissue-like and animal systems, mathematical models and evolutionary approaches to understand DNA oncoviruses. Our global aim is to provide proximate explanations to the present-day interface and interactions between virus and host, as well as ultimate explanations about the adaptive value of these interactions and about the evolutionary pathways that have led to the current malignant phenotype of oncoviral infections. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Alizon
- 1 French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Laboratory MIVEGEC (CNRS, IRD, UM) , 34394 Montpellier , France
| | - Ignacio G Bravo
- 1 French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Laboratory MIVEGEC (CNRS, IRD, UM) , 34394 Montpellier , France
| | | | - Sally Roberts
- 3 Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2SY , UK
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Alvarez Orellana J, Kwun HJ, Artusi S, Chang Y, Moore PS. Sirolimus and other mTOR inhibitors directly activate latent pathogenic human polyomavirus replication. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:1160-1169. [PMID: 32060513 PMCID: PMC8514189 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human polyomaviruses can reactivate in transplant patients, causing nephropathy, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Merkel cell carcinoma, pruritic, rash or trichodysplasia spinulosa. Sirolimus and related mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are transplant immunosuppressants. It is unknown if they directly reactivate polyomavirus replication from latency beyond their general effects on immunosuppression. Methods In vitro expression and turnover of large T (LT) proteins from BK virus, JC virus (JCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV), human polyomavirus 7 (HPyV7), and trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSV) after drug treatment were determined by immunoblotting, proximity ligation, replicon DNA replication, and whole virus immunofluorescence assays. Results mTOR inhibition increased LT protein expression for all 5 pathogenic polyomaviruses tested. This correlated with LT stabilization, decrease in the S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) E3 ligase targeting these LT proteins for degradation, and increase in virus replication for JCV, MCV, TSV, and HPyV7. Treatment with sirolimus, but not the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus, at levels routinely achieved in patients, resulted in a dose-dependent increase in viral DNA replication for BKV, MCV, and HPyV7. Conclusions mTOR inhibitors, at therapeutic levels, directly activate polyomavirus replication through a Skp2-dependent mechanism, revealing a proteostatic latency mechanism common to polyomaviruses. Modifying existing drug regimens for transplant patients with polyomavirus-associated diseases may reduce symptomatic polyomavirus replication while maintaining allograft-sparing immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alvarez Orellana
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Centre.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hyun Jin Kwun
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Centre.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA
| | - Sara Artusi
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yuan Chang
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Centre.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Centre.,Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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Ciardi MR, Zingaropoli MA, Iannetta M, Prezioso C, Perri V, Pasculli P, Lichtner M, d'Ettorre G, Altieri M, Conte A, Pietropaolo V, Mastroianni CM, Vullo V. JCPyV NCCR analysis in PML patients with different risk factors: exploring common rearrangements as essential changes for neuropathogenesis. Virol J 2020; 17:23. [PMID: 32046748 PMCID: PMC7014659 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-1295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During severe immunosuppression or treatment with specific biological drugs, human polyomavirus JC (JCPyV) may establish a lytic infection in oligodendrocytes, leading to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Beyond AIDS, which represents the most common predisposing condition, several biological drugs have been associated to the development of PML, such as natalizumab, fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate, which have been showed to increase the risk of PML in the multiple sclerosis (MS) population. JCPyV non-coding control region (NCCR) can be found in two different forms: a virulent neurotropic pathogenic form and a latent non-pathogenic form. The neurotropic forms contain a rearranged NCCR and are typically found in the cerebrospinal fluid, brain or blood of PML patients. Case presentation We sequenced and critically examined JCPyV NCCR from isolates detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of four newly diagnosed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy patients: two HIV-positive and two HIV-negative multiple sclerosis patients. More complex NCCR rearrangements were observed in the two HIV-positive patients compared to the HIV-negative multiple sclerosis patients with PML. Conclusions The comparison of HIV-positive and HIV-negative MS patients with PML, allowed us to evidence the presence of a common pattern of JCPyV NCCR rearrangement, characterized by the deletion of the D-block, which could be one of the initial rearrangements of JCPyV NCCR needed for the development of PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Ciardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Zingaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Iannetta
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Perri
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pasculli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Via Canova, 04100, Latina, Italy
| | - Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Altieri
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Maria Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Witkin AE, Banerji J, Bullock PA. A model for the formation of the duplicated enhancers found in polyomavirus regulatory regions. Virology 2020; 543:27-33. [PMID: 32056844 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
When purified from persistent infections, the genomes of most human polyomaviruses contain single enhancers. However, when isolated from productively infected cells from immunocompromised individuals, the genomes of several polyomaviruses contain duplicated enhancers that promote a number of polyoma-based diseases. The mechanism(s) that gives rise to the duplicated enhancers in the polyomaviruses is, however, not known. Herein we propose a model for the duplication of the enhancers that is based on recent advances in our understanding of; 1) the initiation of polyomavirus DNA replication, 2) the formation of long flaps via displacement synthesis and 3) the subsequent generation of duplicated enhancers via double stranded break repair. Finally, we discuss the possibility that the polyomavirus based replication dependent enhancer duplication model may be relevant to the enhancer-associated rearrangements detected in human genomes that are associated with various diseases, including cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Witkin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Julian Banerji
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Peter A Bullock
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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Evolution and molecular epidemiology of polyomaviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 79:104150. [PMID: 31870972 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyVs) are small DNA viruses that infect several species, including mammals, birds and fishes. Their study gained momentum after the report of previously unidentified viral species in the past decade, and especially, since the description of the first polyomavirus clearly oncogenic for humans. The aim of this work was to review the most relevant aspects of the evolution and molecular epidemiology of polyomaviruses, allowing to reveal general evolutionary patterns and to identify some unaddressed issues and future challenges. The main points analysed included: 1) the species and genera assignation criteria; 2) the hypotheses, mechanisms and timescale of the ancient and recent evolutionary history of polyomaviruses; and 3) the molecular epidemiology of human viruses, with special attention to JC, BK and Merkel cell polyomaviruses.
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23
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Kaján GL, Doszpoly A, Tarján ZL, Vidovszky MZ, Papp T. Virus-Host Coevolution with a Focus on Animal and Human DNA Viruses. J Mol Evol 2019; 88:41-56. [PMID: 31599342 PMCID: PMC6943099 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have been infecting their host cells since the dawn of life, and this extremely long-term coevolution gave rise to some surprising consequences for the entire tree of life. It is hypothesised that viruses might have contributed to the formation of the first cellular life form, or that even the eukaryotic cell nucleus originates from an infection by a coated virus. The continuous struggle between viruses and their hosts to maintain at least a constant fitness level led to the development of an unceasing arms race, where weapons are often shuttled between the participants. In this literature review we try to give a short insight into some general consequences or traits of virus–host coevolution, and after this we zoom in to the viral clades of adenoviruses, herpesviruses, nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses, polyomaviruses and, finally, circoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Győző L Kaján
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary.
| | - Andor Doszpoly
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Zoltán László Tarján
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Márton Z Vidovszky
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
| | - Tibor Papp
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest, 1143, Hungary
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