1
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Bridge R, Truebano M, Collins M. Acclimation to warming but not hypoxia alters thermal tolerance and metabolic sensitivity in an estuarine crustacean. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 198:106565. [PMID: 38815495 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Coastal species are challenged by multiple anthropogenic stressors. Plasticity may buffer the effects of environmental change, but investigation has largely been restricted to single-stressor performance. Multistressor studies have often been short-term and relatively less is known about the consequences of plasticity under one stressor for performance under another. Here, we aimed to test for the effects of thermal or hypoxic acclimation on thermal tolerance in the amphipod Gammarus chevreuxi. Animals were chronically exposed to raised temperature or hypoxia prior to determination of upper thermal limits and routine metabolic rate (RMR). Warm acclimation increased all metrics of thermal tolerance, but hypoxic acclimation had no effect. Different responses to the two stressors was also observed for the thermal sensitivity of RMR. Consequently, this species possesses the ability to increase thermal tolerance via plasticity in response to chronic warming but increasing duration of hypoxic episodes will not confer cross-tolerance to a warming environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Bridge
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, Plymouth, UK
| | - Manuela Truebano
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, Plymouth, UK
| | - Michael Collins
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, Plymouth, UK.
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2
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Ern R, Jutfelt F. The OptoReg system: a simple and inexpensive solution for regulating water oxygen. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae024. [PMID: 38737128 PMCID: PMC11087874 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes an optocoupler-based regulation apparatus for saturation manipulation of oxygen in water (OptoReg). This system enables control of solenoid valves for oxygen and nitrogen gases using a FireSting-O2 meter, an optocoupler box and an electronic switch box. The hardware components connect to a computer through Universal Serial Bus (USB) cables. The control software is free and has a graphical user interface, making it easy to use. With the OptoReg system, any lab with a computer running Microsoft Windows operating system and a 4-channel FireSting-O2 meter can easily and cheaply set up four independently controlled systems for regulating water oxygen levels. Here, we describe how to assemble and run the OptoReg system and present a data set demonstrating the high precision and stability of the OptoReg system during static acclimation experiments and dynamic warming trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ern
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fredrik Jutfelt
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 7B, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Trueman CN, Artetxe-Arrate I, Kerr LA, Meijers AJS, Rooker JR, Sivankutty R, Arrizabalaga H, Belmonte A, Deguara S, Goñi N, Rodriguez-Marin E, Dettman DL, Santos MN, Karakulak FS, Tinti F, Tsukahara Y, Fraile I. Thermal sensitivity of field metabolic rate predicts differential futures for bluefin tuna juveniles across the Atlantic Ocean. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7379. [PMID: 38012173 PMCID: PMC10682405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing environmental temperatures impact the physiological performance of fishes, and consequently their distributions. A mechanistic understanding of the linkages between experienced temperature and the physiological response expressed within complex natural environments is often lacking, hampering efforts to project impacts especially when future conditions exceed previous experience. In this study, we use natural chemical tracers to determine the individual experienced temperatures and expressed field metabolic rates of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) during their first year of life. Our findings reveal that the tuna exhibit a preference for temperatures 2-4 °C lower than those that maximise field metabolic rates, thereby avoiding temperatures warm enough to limit metabolic performance. Based on current IPCC projections, our results indicate that historically-important spawning and nursery grounds for bluefin tuna will become thermally limiting due to warming within the next 50 years. However, limiting global warming to below 2 °C would preserve habitat conditions in the Mediterranean Sea for this species. Our approach, which is based on field observations, provides predictions of animal performance and behaviour that are not constrained by laboratory conditions, and can be extended to any marine teleost species for which otoliths are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive N Trueman
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO143ZH, UK.
| | - Iraide Artetxe-Arrate
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110, Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Lisa A Kerr
- University of Maine, Gulf of Maine Research Institute, 350 Commercial Street, Portland, ME, 04101, USA
| | - Andrew J S Meijers
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Jay R Rooker
- Department of Marine Biology, Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX, 77554, USA
| | - Rahul Sivankutty
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Haritz Arrizabalaga
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110, Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Antonio Belmonte
- TAXON Estudios Ambientales S.L. C/Uruguay s/n, 30820, Alcantarilla, Murcia, Spain
| | - Simeon Deguara
- AquaBio Tech Ltd., Central Complex, Mosta, MST1761, Malta
| | - Nicolas Goñi
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110, Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Enrique Rodriguez-Marin
- Centro Oceanográfico de Santander (COST-IEO). Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IEO-CSIC), C/ Severiano Ballesteros 16, 39004, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - David L Dettman
- Environmental Isotope Laboratory, Dept. of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Miguel Neves Santos
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Olhão, Portugal. Currently at ICCAT Secretariat, Calle Corazón de Maria 8, Madrid, 28002, Spain
| | - F Saadet Karakulak
- Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34134, Turkey
| | - Fausto Tinti
- Dept. Biological, Geological & Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, via Sant'Alberto, 163 - 48123, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Yohei Tsukahara
- Fisheries Resources Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Igaratza Fraile
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g, 20110, Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
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4
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Verberk WCEP, Hoefnagel KN, Peralta-Maraver I, Floury M, Rezende EL. Long-term forecast of thermal mortality with climate warming in riverine amphipods. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5033-5043. [PMID: 37401451 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Forecasting long-term consequences of global warming requires knowledge on thermal mortality and how heat stress interacts with other environmental stressors on different timescales. Here, we describe a flexible analytical framework to forecast mortality risks by combining laboratory measurements on tolerance and field temperature records. Our framework incorporates physiological acclimation effects, temporal scale differences and the ecological reality of fluctuations in temperature, and other factors such as oxygen. As a proof of concept, we investigated the heat tolerance of amphipods Dikerogammarus villosus and Echinogammarus trichiatus in the river Waal, the Netherlands. These organisms were acclimated to different temperatures and oxygen levels. By integrating experimental data with high-resolution field data, we derived the daily heat mortality probabilities for each species under different oxygen levels, considering current temperatures as well as 1 and 2°C warming scenarios. By expressing heat stress as a mortality probability rather than a upper critical temperature, these can be used to calculate cumulative annual mortality, allowing the scaling up from individuals to populations. Our findings indicate a substantial increase in annual mortality over the coming decades, driven by projected increases in summer temperatures. Thermal acclimation and adequate oxygenation improved heat tolerance and their effects were magnified on longer timescales. Consequently, acclimation effects appear to be more effective than previously recognized and crucial for persistence under current temperatures. However, even in the best-case scenario, mortality of D. villosus is expected to approach 100% by 2100, while E. trichiatus appears to be less vulnerable with mortality increasing to 60%. Similarly, mortality risks vary spatially: In southern, warmer rivers, riverine animals will need to shift from the main channel toward the cooler head waters to avoid thermal mortality. Overall, this framework generates high-resolution forecasts on how rising temperatures, in combination with other environmental stressors such as hypoxia, impact ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco C E P Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - K Natan Hoefnagel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ignacio Peralta-Maraver
- Departamento de Ecología e Instituto del Agua, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Research Unit Modeling Nature (MNat), Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mathieu Floury
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Duncan MI, Micheli F, Boag TH, Marquez JA, Deres H, Deutsch CA, Sperling EA. Oxygen availability and body mass modulate ectotherm responses to ocean warming. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3811. [PMID: 37369654 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an ocean that is rapidly warming and losing oxygen, accurate forecasting of species' responses must consider how this environmental change affects fundamental aspects of their physiology. Here, we develop an absolute metabolic index (ΦA) that quantifies how ocean temperature, dissolved oxygen and organismal mass interact to constrain the total oxygen budget an organism can use to fuel sustainable levels of aerobic metabolism. We calibrate species-specific parameters of ΦA with physiological measurements for red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and purple urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). ΦA models highlight that the temperature where oxygen supply is greatest shifts cooler when water loses oxygen or organisms grow larger, providing a mechanistic explanation for observed thermal preference patterns. Viable habitat forecasts are disproportionally deleterious for red abalone, revealing how species-specific physiologies modulate the intensity of a common climate signal, captured in the newly developed ΦA framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray I Duncan
- Earth and Planetary Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Oceans Department, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.
- Department of Environment, University of Seychelles, Anse Royale, Seychelles.
- Blue Economy Research Institute, University of Seychelles, Anse Royale, Seychelles.
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Oceans Department, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - Thomas H Boag
- Earth and Planetary Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - J Andres Marquez
- Earth and Planetary Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hailey Deres
- Earth Systems, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Curtis A Deutsch
- Department of Geosciences and the High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Erik A Sperling
- Earth and Planetary Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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6
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Somo DA, Chu K, Richards JG. Gill surface area allometry does not constrain the body mass scaling of maximum oxygen uptake rate in the tidepool sculpin, Oligocottus maculosus. J Comp Physiol B 2023:10.1007/s00360-023-01490-9. [PMID: 37149515 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The gill oxygen limitation hypothesis (GOLH) suggests that hypometric scaling of metabolic rate in fishes is a consequence of oxygen supply constraints imposed by the mismatched growth rates of gill surface area (a two-dimensional surface) and body mass (a three-dimensional volume). GOLH may, therefore, explain the size-dependent spatial distribution of fish in temperature- and oxygen-variable environments through size-dependent respiratory capacity, but this question is unstudied. We tested GOLH in the tidepool sculpin, Oligocottus maculosus, a species in which body mass decreases with increasing temperature- and oxygen-variability in the intertidal, a pattern consistent with GOLH. We statistically evaluated support for GOLH versus distributed control of [Formula: see text] allometry by comparing scaling coefficients for gill surface area, standard and maximum [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text],Standard and [Formula: see text],Max, respectively), ventricle mass, hematocrit, and metabolic enzyme activities in white muscle. To empirically evaluate whether there is a proximate constraint on oxygen supply capacity with increasing body mass, we measured [Formula: see text],Max across a range of Po2s from normoxia to Pcrit, calculated the regulation value (R), a measure of oxyregulatory capacity, and analyzed the R-body mass relationship. In contrast with GOLH, gill surface area scaling either matched or was more than sufficient to meet [Formula: see text] demands with increasing body mass and R did not change with body mass. Ventricle mass (b = 1.22) scaled similarly to [Formula: see text],Max (b = 1.18) suggesting a possible role for the heart in the scaling of [Formula: see text],Max. Together our results do not support GOLH as a mechanism structuring the distribution of O. maculosus and suggest distributed control of oxyregulatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Somo
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Ken Chu
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey G Richards
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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7
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Brownscombe JW, Ward TD, Nowell L, Lennox RJ, Chapman JM, Danylchuk AJ, Cooke SJ. Identifying thresholds in air exposure, water temperature and fish size that determine reflex impairment in brook trout exposed to catch-and-release angling. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac070. [PMID: 36540067 PMCID: PMC9757537 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that contribute to fish impairment and survival from angling events is essential to guide best angling practices for catch-and-release (C&R) recreational fisheries. Complex interactions often exist between angler behaviour, environmental conditions, and fish characteristics that ultimately determine biological outcomes for fish. Yet, few studies focus on identifying biologically relevant thresholds. We therefore examined the effects of water temperature, air exposure and fish size on reflex impairment and mortality in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis exposed to experimental and simulated angling stressors (n = 337). Using conditional inference trees, we identified interactions among these factors as well as threshold values within them that determine brook trout reflex impairment as an indicator of whole animal stress. Specifically, longer air exposure times (>30 sec) and warmer temperatures (>19.5°C) had a synergistic effect leading to higher reflex impairment scores. Further, larger fish (>328 mm) were more sensitive to air exposure durations >10 sec. Of the reflex impairment measures, loss of equilibrium and time to regain equilibrium were strongly and moderately associated with brook trout mortality (18-24 h monitoring), although mortality rates were generally low (6%). These findings support previous research that has established strong links between these reflex impairment measures and fish health outcomes in other species. They also highlight the important interactions among air exposure duration, water temperature and fish size that determine impairment in brook trout, providing specific thresholds to guide best angling practices for C&R fisheries. This approach may be widely applicable to generate similar thresholds that can be encouraged by regulators and adopted by anglers for other common C&R fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Brownscombe
- Corresponding author: Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | | | - Liane Nowell
- Kenauk Institute, 1000 Chemin Kenauk, Montebello, Quebec, J0V 1L0, Canada
| | - Robert J Lennox
- NINA – Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Høgskoleringen 9, Trondheim, 7034, Norway
| | - Jacqueline M Chapman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
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8
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Gasbarro R, Sowers D, Margolin A, Cordes EE. Distribution and predicted climatic refugia for a reef-building cold-water coral on the southeast US margin. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:7108-7125. [PMID: 36054745 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is reorganizing the planet's biodiversity, necessitating proactive management of species and habitats based on spatiotemporal predictions of distributions across climate scenarios. In marine settings, climatic changes will predominantly manifest via warming, ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and changes in hydrodynamics. Lophelia pertusa, the main reef-forming coral present throughout the deep Atlantic Ocean (>200 m), is particularly sensitive to such stressors with stark reductions in suitable habitat predicted to accrue by 2100 in a business-as-usual scenario. However, with new occurrence data for this species along with higher-resolution bathymetry and climate data, it may be possible to locate further climatic refugia. Here, we synthesize new and published biogeographic, geomorphological, and climatic data to build ensemble, multi-scale habitat suitability models for L. pertusa on the continental margin of the southeast United States (SEUS). We then project these models in two timepoints (2050, 2100) and four climate change scenarios to characterize the occurrence probability of this critical cold-water coral (CWC) habitat now and in the future. Our models reveal the extent of reef habitat in the SEUS and corroborate it as the largest currently known essentially continuous CWC reef province on earth, and also predict abundance of L. pertusa to identify key areas, including those outside areas currently protected from bottom-contact fishing. Drastic reductions in L. pertusa climatic suitability index emerged primarily after 2050 and were concentrated at the shallower end (<~550 m) of the regional distribution under the Gulf Stream main axis. Our results thus suggest a depth-driven climate refuge effect where deeper, cooler reef sites experience lesser declines. The strength of this effect increases with climate scenario severity. Taken together, our study has implications for the regional and global management of this species, portending changes in the biodiversity reliant on CWC habitats and the critical ecosystem services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gasbarro
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derek Sowers
- NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Alex Margolin
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erik E Cordes
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Somo DA, Chu K, Richards JG. Aerobic scope falls to nil at Pcrit and anaerobic ATP production increases below Pcrit in the tidepool sculpin, Oligocottus maculosus. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20220342. [PMID: 36475421 PMCID: PMC9727657 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical oxygen tension of whole-animal oxygen uptake rate, or Pcrit, has historically been defined as the oxygen partial pressure (PO2) at which aerobic scope falls to zero and further declines in PO2 require substrate-level phosphorylation to meet shortfalls in aerobic ATP production, thereby time-limiting survival. Despite the inclusion of aerobic scope and anaerobic ATP production in the definition, little effort has been made to verify that Pcrit measurements, the vast majority of which are obtained using respirometry in resting animals, actually reflect the predictions of zero aerobic scope and a transition to increasing reliance on anaerobic ATP production. To test these predictions, we compared aerobic scope and levels of whole-body lactate at oxygen partial pressures (PO2s) bracketing Pcrit obtained in resting fish during progressive hypoxia in the tidepool sculpin, Oligocottus maculosus. We found that aerobic scope falls to zero at Pcrit and, in resting fish exposed to PO2s < Pcrit, whole-body lactate accumulated pointing to an increased reliance on anaerobic ATP production. These results support the interpretation of Pcrit as a key oxygen threshold at which aerobic scope falls to nil and, below Pcrit, survival is time-limited based on anaerobic metabolic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A. Somo
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Ken Chu
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jeffrey G. Richards
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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10
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Roman MR, Pierson JJ. Interactive Effects of Increasing Temperature and Decreasing Oxygen on Coastal Copepods. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:171-183. [PMID: 36548979 DOI: 10.1086/722111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe copepods of coastal seas are experiencing warming water temperatures, which increase their oxygen demand. In addition, many coastal seas are also losing oxygen because of deoxygenation due to cultural eutrophication. Warming coastal seas have changed copepod species' composition and biogeographic boundaries and, in many cases, resulted in copepod communities that have shifted in size distribution to smaller species. While increases in ambient water temperatures can explain some of these changes, deoxygenation has also been shown to result in reduced copepod growth rates, reduced size at adulthood, and altered species composition. In this review we focus on the interactive effects of temperature and dissolved oxygen on pelagic copepods, which dominate coastal zooplankton communities. The uniformity in ellipsoidal shape, the lack of external oxygen uptake organs, and the pathway of oxygen uptake through the copepod's integument make calanoid copepods ideal candidates for testing the use of an allometric approach to predict copepod size with increasing water temperatures and decreasing oxygen in coastal seas. Considering oxygen and temperature as a combined and interactive driver in coastal ecosystems will provide a unifying approach for future predictions of coastal copepod communities and their impact on fisheries and biogeochemical cycles. Given the prospect of increased oxygen limitation of copepods in warming seas, increased knowledge of the physiological ecology of present-day copepods in coastal deoxygenated zones can provide insights into the copepod communities that will inhabit a future warmer ocean.
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11
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Ørsted M, Jørgensen LB, Overgaard J. Finding the right thermal limit: a framework to reconcile ecological, physiological and methodological aspects of CTmax in ectotherms. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:277015. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Upper thermal limits (CTmax) are frequently used to parameterize the fundamental niche of ectothermic animals and to infer biogeographical distribution limits under current and future climate scenarios. However, there is considerable debate associated with the methodological, ecological and physiological definitions of CTmax. The recent (re)introduction of the thermal death time (TDT) model has reconciled some of these issues and now offers a solid mathematical foundation to model CTmax by considering both intensity and duration of thermal stress. Nevertheless, the physiological origin and boundaries of this temperature–duration model remain unexplored. Supported by empirical data, we here outline a reconciling framework that integrates the TDT model, which operates at stressful temperatures, with the classic thermal performance curve (TPC) that typically describes biological functions at permissive temperatures. Further, we discuss how the TDT model is founded on a balance between disruptive and regenerative biological processes that ultimately defines a critical boundary temperature (Tc) separating the TDT and TPC models. Collectively, this framework allows inclusion of both repair and accumulation of heat stress, and therefore also offers a consistent conceptual approach to understand the impact of high temperature under fluctuating thermal conditions. Further, this reconciling framework allows improved experimental designs to understand the physiological underpinnings and ecological consequences of ectotherm heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ørsted
- Aarhus University Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology , , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | | | - Johannes Overgaard
- Aarhus University Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology , , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
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12
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Woods HA, Moran AL, Atkinson D, Audzijonyte A, Berenbrink M, Borges FO, Burnett KG, Burnett LE, Coates CJ, Collin R, Costa-Paiva EM, Duncan MI, Ern R, Laetz EMJ, Levin LA, Lindmark M, Lucey NM, McCormick LR, Pierson JJ, Rosa R, Roman MR, Sampaio E, Schulte PM, Sperling EA, Walczyńska A, Verberk WCEP. Integrative Approaches to Understanding Organismal Responses to Aquatic Deoxygenation. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:85-103. [PMID: 36548975 DOI: 10.1086/722899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractOxygen bioavailability is declining in aquatic systems worldwide as a result of climate change and other anthropogenic stressors. For aquatic organisms, the consequences are poorly known but are likely to reflect both direct effects of declining oxygen bioavailability and interactions between oxygen and other stressors, including two-warming and acidification-that have received substantial attention in recent decades and that typically accompany oxygen changes. Drawing on the collected papers in this symposium volume ("An Oxygen Perspective on Climate Change"), we outline the causes and consequences of declining oxygen bioavailability. First, we discuss the scope of natural and predicted anthropogenic changes in aquatic oxygen levels. Although modern organisms are the result of long evolutionary histories during which they were exposed to natural oxygen regimes, anthropogenic change is now exposing them to more extreme conditions and novel combinations of low oxygen with other stressors. Second, we identify behavioral and physiological mechanisms that underlie the interactive effects of oxygen with other stressors, and we assess the range of potential organismal responses to oxygen limitation that occur across levels of biological organization and over multiple timescales. We argue that metabolism and energetics provide a powerful and unifying framework for understanding organism-oxygen interactions. Third, we conclude by outlining a set of approaches for maximizing the effectiveness of future work, including focusing on long-term experiments using biologically realistic variation in experimental factors and taking truly cross-disciplinary and integrative approaches to understanding and predicting future effects.
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13
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Brain dysfunction during warming is linked to oxygen limitation in larval zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2207052119. [PMID: 36122217 PMCID: PMC9522358 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207052119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiological mechanisms that limit animal thermal tolerance is crucial in predicting how animals will respond to increasingly severe heat waves. Despite their importance for understanding climate change impacts, these mechanisms underlying the upper thermal tolerance limits of animals are largely unknown. It has been hypothesized that the upper thermal tolerance in fish is limited by the thermal tolerance of the brain and is ultimately caused by a global brain depolarization. In this study, we developed methods for measuring the upper thermal limit (CTmax) in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) with simultaneous recordings of brain activity using GCaMP6s calcium imaging in both free-swimming and agar-embedded fish. We discovered that during warming, CTmax precedes, and is therefore not caused by, a global brain depolarization. Instead, the CTmax coincides with a decline in spontaneous neural activity and a loss of neural response to visual stimuli. By manipulating water oxygen levels both up and down, we found that oxygen availability during heating affects locomotor-related neural activity, the neural response to visual stimuli, and CTmax. Our results suggest that the mechanism limiting the upper thermal tolerance in zebrafish larvae is insufficient oxygen availability causing impaired brain function.
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14
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Fu SJ, Dong YW, Killen SS. Aerobic scope in fishes with different lifestyles and across habitats: Trade-offs among hypoxia tolerance, swimming performance and digestion. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 272:111277. [PMID: 35870773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exercise and aerobic scope in fishes have attracted scientists' attention for several decades. While it has been suggested that aerobic scope may limit behavioral expression and tolerance to environmental stressors in fishes, the exact importance of aerobic scope in an ecological context remains poorly understood. In this review, we examine the ecological relevance of aerobic scope by reconsidering and reanalyzing the existing literature on Chinese freshwater fishes across a wide-range of habitats and lifestyles. The available evidence suggests that natural selection in fast-flowing aquatic habitats may favor species with a high aerobic scope and anaerobic capacity for locomotion, whereas in relatively slow-flowing habitats, hypoxia tolerance may be favored at the cost of reduced locomotor capacity. In addition, while physical activity can usually cause fishes from fast-flowing habitats to reach their aerobic metabolic ceiling (i.e., maximum metabolic rate), possibly due to selection pressure on locomotion, most species from slow-flowing habitats can only reach their metabolic ceiling during digestion, either alone or in combination with physical activity. Overall, we suggest that fish exhibit a continuum of metabolic types, from a 'visceral metabolic type' with a higher digestive performance to a 'locomotion metabolic type' which appears to have reduced capacity for digestion but enhanced locomotor performance. Generally, locomotor-type species can either satisfy the demands of their high swimming capacity with a high oxygen uptake capacity or sacrifice digestion while swimming. In contrast, most visceral-type species show a pronounced decrease in swimming performance while digesting, probably owing to conflicts within their aerobic scope. In conclusion, the ecological relevance of aerobic scope and the consequent effects on other physiological functions are closely related to habitat and the lifestyle of a given species. These results suggest that swimming performance, digestion and hypoxia tolerance might coevolve due to dependence on metabolic traits such as aerobic scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China.
| | - Yun-Wei Dong
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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15
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Telemeco RS, Gangloff EJ, Cordero GA, Rodgers EM, Aubret F. From performance curves to performance surfaces: Interactive effects of temperature and oxygen availability on aerobic and anaerobic performance in the common wall lizard. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rory S. Telemeco
- Department of Biology California State University Fresno Fresno CA USA
| | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Department of Biological Sciences Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware OH USA
| | - G. Antonio Cordero
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Department of Animal Biology University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
| | - Essie M. Rodgers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Fabien Aubret
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS – UPR 2001 Moulis France
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16
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Brownscombe JW, Raby GD, Murchie KJ, Danylchuk AJ, Cooke SJ. An energetics-performance framework for wild fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:4-12. [PMID: 35439327 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that bioenergetics can explain relationships between environmental conditions and fish behaviour, distribution and fitness. Fish energetic needs increase predictably with water temperature, but metabolic performance (i.e., aerobic scope) exhibits varied relationships, and there is debate about its role in shaping fish ecology. Here we present an energetics-performance framework, which posits that ecological context determines whether energy expenditure or metabolic performance influence fish behaviour and fitness. From this framework, we present testable predictions about how temperature-driven variability in energetic demands and metabolic performance interact with ecological conditions to influence fish behaviour, distribution and fitness. Specifically, factors such as prey availability and the spatial distributions of prey and predators may alter fish temperature selection relative to metabolic and energetic optima. Furthermore, metabolic flexibility is a key determinant of how fish will respond to changing conditions, such as those predicted with climate change. With few exceptions, these predictions have rarely been tested in the wild due partly to difficulties in remotely measuring aspects of fish energetics. However, with recent advances in technology and measurement techniques, we now have a better capacity to measure bioenergetics parameters in the wild. Testing these predictions will provide a more mechanistic understanding of how ecological factors affect fish fitness and population dynamics, advancing our knowledge of how species and ecosystems will respond to rapidly changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Brownscombe
- Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen J Murchie
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research, John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andy J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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17
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King EE, Williams CM, Stillman JH. Hypoxia Decreases Thermal Sensitivity and Increases Thermal Breadth of Locomotion in the Invasive Freshwater Snail, Potamopyrgus Antipodarum. Physiol Biochem Zool 2022; 95:251-264. [DOI: 10.1086/719899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Bodensteiner BL, Gangloff EJ, Kouyoumdjian L, Muñoz MM, Aubret F. Thermal-metabolic phenotypes of the lizard Podarcis muralis differ across elevation, but converge in high-elevation hypoxia. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:273727. [PMID: 34761802 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In response to a warming climate, many montane species are shifting upslope to track the emergence of preferred temperatures. Characterizing patterns of variation in metabolic, physiological and thermal traits along an elevational gradient, and the plastic potential of these traits, is necessary to understand current and future responses to abiotic constraints at high elevations, including limited oxygen availability. We performed a transplant experiment with the upslope-colonizing common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) in which we measured nine aspects of thermal physiology and aerobic capacity in lizards from replicate low- (400 m above sea level, ASL) and high-elevation (1700 m ASL) populations. We first measured traits at their elevation of origin and then transplanted half of each group to extreme high elevation (2900 m ASL; above the current elevational range limit of this species), where oxygen availability is reduced by ∼25% relative to sea level. After 3 weeks of acclimation, we again measured these traits in both the transplanted and control groups. The multivariate thermal-metabolic phenotypes of lizards originating from different elevations differed clearly when measured at the elevation of origin. For example, high-elevation lizards are more heat tolerant than their low-elevation counterparts (counter-gradient variation). Yet, these phenotypes converged after exposure to reduced oxygen availability at extreme high elevation, suggesting limited plastic responses under this novel constraint. Our results suggest that high-elevation populations are well suited to their oxygen environments, but that plasticity in the thermal-metabolic phenotype does not pre-adapt these populations to colonize more hypoxic environments at higher elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Bodensteiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Eric J Gangloff
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS - UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, 43015 OH, USA
| | - Laura Kouyoumdjian
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS - UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Martha M Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Fabien Aubret
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS - UMR 5321, 09200 Moulis, France.,School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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19
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Gamperl AK, Syme DA. Temperature effects on the contractile performance and efficiency of oxidative muscle from a eurythermal versus a stenothermal salmonid. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb242487. [PMID: 34350949 PMCID: PMC8353165 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We compared the thermal sensitivity of oxidative muscle function between the eurythermal Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the more stenothermal Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus; which prefers cooler waters). Power output was measured in red skeletal muscle strips and myocardial trabeculae, and efficiency (net work/energy consumed) was measured for trabeculae, from cold (6°C) and warm (15°C) acclimated fish at temperatures from 2 to 26°C. The mass-specific net power produced by char red muscle was greater than in salmon, by 2-to 5-fold depending on test temperature. Net power first increased, then decreased, when the red muscle of 6°C-acclimated char was exposed to increasing temperature. Acclimation to 15°C significantly impaired mass-specific power in char (by ∼40-50%) from 2 to 15°C, but lessened its relative decrease between 15 and 26°C. In contrast, maximal net power increased, and then plateaued, with increasing temperature in salmon from both acclimation groups. Increasing test temperature resulted in a ∼3- to 5-fold increase in maximal net power produced by ventricular trabeculae in all groups, and this effect was not influenced by acclimation temperature. Nonetheless, lengthening power was higher in trabeculae from warm-acclimated char, and char trabeculae could not contract as fast as those from salmon. Finally, the efficiency of myocardial net work was approximately 2-fold greater in 15°C-acclimated salmon than char (∼15 versus 7%), and highest at 20°C in salmon. This study provides several mechanistic explanations as to their inter-specific difference in upper thermal tolerance, and potentially why southern char populations are being negatively impacted by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, CanadaA1C 5S7
| | - Douglas A. Syme
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, CanadaT2N 1N4
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20
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Ern R, Esbaugh AJ. Assessment of hypoxia avoidance behaviours in a eurythermal fish at two temperatures using a modified shuttlebox system. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:264-270. [PMID: 33527373 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural avoidance responses of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) to aquatic hypoxia were investigated at 22 and 30°C using a modified shuttlebox system. Fish movement between a control side maintained at normoxia and a hypoxic side with stepwise decreasing water oxygen tension was analysed for entries into the hypoxic side, residence time per entry into the hypoxic side and total time in the hypoxic side. Acclimation to 30°C increased the oxygen threshold for the onset of hypoxia avoidance behaviours for entries and total time, while residence time per entry was unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ern
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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21
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Summer Is Coming! Tackling Ocean Warming in Atlantic Salmon Cage Farming. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061800. [PMID: 34208637 PMCID: PMC8234874 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) cage farming has traditionally been located at higher latitudes where cold seawater temperatures favor this practice. However, these regions can be impacted by ocean warming and heat waves that push seawater temperature beyond the thermo-tolerance limits of this species. As more mass mortality events are reported every year due to abnormal sea temperatures, the Atlantic salmon cage aquaculture industry acknowledges the need to adapt to a changing ocean. This paper reviews adult Atlantic salmon thermal tolerance limits, as well as the deleterious eco-physiological consequences of heat stress, with emphasis on how it negatively affects sea cage aquaculture production cycles. Biotechnological solutions targeting the phenotypic plasticity of Atlantic salmon and its genetic diversity, particularly that of its southernmost populations at the limit of its natural zoogeographic distribution, are discussed. Some of these solutions include selective breeding programs, which may play a key role in this quest for a more thermo-tolerant strain of Atlantic salmon that may help the cage aquaculture industry to adapt to climate uncertainties more rapidly, without compromising profitability. Omics technologies and precision breeding, along with cryopreservation breakthroughs, are also part of the available toolbox that includes other solutions that can allow cage farmers to continue to produce Atlantic salmon in the warmer waters of the oceans of tomorrow.
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22
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Christensen EAF, Andersen LEJ, Bergsson H, Steffensen JF, Killen SS. Shuttle-box systems for studying preferred environmental ranges by aquatic animals. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab028. [PMID: 34026213 PMCID: PMC8129825 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Animals' selection of environments within a preferred range is key to understanding their habitat selection, tolerance to stressors and responses to environmental change. For aquatic animals, preferred environmental ranges can be studied in so-called shuttle-boxes, where an animal can choose its ambient environment by shuttling between separate choice chambers with differences in an environmental variable. Over time, researchers have refined the shuttle-box technology and applied them in many different research contexts, and we here review the use of shuttle-boxes as a research tool with aquatic animals over the past 50 years. Most studies on the methodology have been published in the latest decade, probably due to an increasing research interest in the effects of environmental change, which underlines the current popularity of the system. The shuttle-box has been applied to a wide range of research topics with regards to preferred ranges of temperature, CO 2 , salinity and O 2 in a vast diversity of species, showing broad applicability for the system. We have synthesized the current state-of-the-art of the methodology and provided best practice guidelines with regards to setup, data analyses, experimental design and study reporting. We have also identified a series of knowledge gaps, which can and should be addressed in future studies. We conclude with highlighting directions for research using shuttle-boxes within evolutionary biology and behavioural and physiological ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil A F Christensen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow,
82 Hillhead Street, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lars E J Andersen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Elsinore, Denmark
| | - Heiðrikur Bergsson
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Elsinore, Denmark
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, 3000 Elsinore, Denmark
| | - Shaun S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow,
82 Hillhead Street, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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23
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Lefevre S, Wang T, McKenzie DJ. The role of mechanistic physiology in investigating impacts of global warming on fishes. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/Suppl_1/jeb238840. [PMID: 33627469 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Warming of aquatic environments as a result of climate change is already having measurable impacts on fishes, manifested as changes in phenology, range shifts and reductions in body size. Understanding the physiological mechanisms underlying these seemingly universal patterns is crucial if we are to reliably predict the fate of fish populations with future warming. This includes an understanding of mechanisms for acute thermal tolerance, as extreme heatwaves may be a major driver of observed effects. The hypothesis of gill oxygen limitation (GOL) is claimed to explain asymptotic fish growth, and why some fish species are decreasing in size with warming; but its underlying assumptions conflict with established knowledge and direct mechanistic evidence is lacking. The hypothesis of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) has stimulated a wave of research into the role of oxygen supply capacity and thermal performance curves for aerobic scope, but results vary greatly between species, indicating that it is unlikely to be a universal mechanism. As thermal performance curves remain important for incorporating physiological tolerance into models, we discuss potentially fruitful alternatives to aerobic scope, notably specific dynamic action and growth rate. We consider the limitations of estimating acute thermal tolerance by a single rapid measure whose mechanism of action is not known. We emphasise the continued importance of experimental physiology, particularly in advancing our understanding of underlying mechanisms, but also the challenge of making this knowledge relevant to the more complex reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjannie Lefevre
- Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Biology - Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David J McKenzie
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
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24
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Collins M, Truebano M, Verberk WCEP, Spicer JI. Do aquatic ectotherms perform better under hypoxia after warm acclimation? J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/3/jeb232512. [PMID: 33542094 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.232512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic animals increasingly encounter environmental hypoxia due to climate-related warming and/or eutrophication. Although acute warming typically reduces performance under hypoxia, the ability of organisms to modulate hypoxic performance via thermal acclimation is less understood. Here, we review the literature and ask whether hypoxic performance of aquatic ectotherms improves following warm acclimation. Interpretation of thermal acclimation effects is limited by reliance on data from experiments that are not designed to directly test for beneficial or detrimental effects on hypoxic performance. Most studies have tested hypoxic responses exclusively at test temperatures matching organisms' acclimation temperatures, precluding the possibility of distinguishing between acclimation and acute thermal effects. Only a few studies have applied appropriate methodology to identify beneficial thermal acclimation effects on hypoxic performance, i.e. acclimation to different temperatures prior to determining hypoxic responses at standardised test temperatures. These studies reveal that acute warming predominantly impairs hypoxic performance, whereas warm acclimation tends to be either beneficial or have no effect. If this generalises, we predict that warm-acclimated individuals in some species should outperform non-acclimated individuals under hypoxia. However, acclimation seems to only partially offset acute warming effects; therefore, aquatic ectotherms will probably display overall reduced hypoxic performance in the long term. Drawing on the appropriate methodology, future studies can quantify the ability of organisms to modulate hypoxic performance via (reversible) thermal acclimation and unravel the underlying mechanisms. Testing whether developmental acclimation and multigenerational effects allow for a more complete compensation is essential to allow us to predict species' resilience to chronically warmer, hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Collins
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Manuela Truebano
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John I Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, PL4 8AA, UK
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25
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Johansen JL, Nadler LE, Habary A, Bowden AJ, Rummer J. Thermal acclimation of tropical coral reef fishes to global heat waves. eLife 2021; 10:59162. [PMID: 33496262 PMCID: PMC7837695 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As climate-driven heat waves become more frequent and intense, there is increasing urgency to understand how thermally sensitive species are responding. Acute heating events lasting days to months may elicit acclimation responses to improve performance and survival. However, the coordination of acclimation responses remains largely unknown for most stenothermal species. We documented the chronology of 18 metabolic and cardiorespiratory changes that occur in the gills, blood, spleen, and muscles when tropical coral reef fishes are thermally stressed (+3.0°C above ambient). Using representative coral reef fishes (Caesio cuning and Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus) separated by >100 million years of evolution and with stark differences in major life-history characteristics (i.e. lifespan, habitat use, mobility, etc.), we show that exposure duration illicited coordinated responses in 13 tissue and organ systems over 5 weeks. The onset and duration of biomarker responses differed between species, with C. cuning – an active, mobile species – initiating acclimation responses to unavoidable thermal stress within the first week of heat exposure; conversely, C. quinquelineatus – a sessile, territorial species – exhibited comparatively reduced acclimation responses that were delayed through time. Seven biomarkers, including red muscle citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase activities, blood glucose and hemoglobin concentrations, spleen somatic index, and gill lamellar perimeter and width, proved critical in evaluating acclimation progression and completion, as these provided consistent evaluation of thermal responses across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Johansen
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, United States.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Lauren E Nadler
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, United States.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Adam Habary
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Alyssa J Bowden
- CSIRO, Hobart, Australia.,Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Jodie Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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26
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Ma CS, Ma G, Pincebourde S. Survive a Warming Climate: Insect Responses to Extreme High Temperatures. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 66:163-184. [PMID: 32870704 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-041520-074454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Global change includes a substantial increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme high temperatures (EHTs), which influence insects at almost all levels. The number of studies showing the ecological importance of EHTs has risen in recent years, but the knowledge is rather dispersed in the contemporary literature. In this article, we review the biological and ecological effects of EHTs actually experienced in the field, i.e., when coupled to fluctuating thermal regimes. First, we characterize EHTs in the field. Then, we summarize the impacts of EHTs on insects at various levels and the processes allowing insects to buffer EHTs. Finally, we argue that the mechanisms leading to positive or negative impacts of EHTs on insects can only be resolved from integrative approaches considering natural thermal regimes. Thermal extremes, perhaps more than the gradual increase in mean temperature, drive insect responses to climate change, with crucial impacts on pest management and biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sen Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; ,
| | - Gang Ma
- Climate Change Biology Research Group, State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; ,
| | - Sylvain Pincebourde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
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Oxygen limitation may affect the temperature and size dependence of metabolism in aquatic ectotherms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31963-31968. [PMID: 33257544 PMCID: PMC7749359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003292117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal responses to climate change are mediated through its effects on physiology and metabolism. In aquatic environments, both water temperature and oxygen availability may modulate these responses by altering the aerobic metabolism fueling physiological performance. However, ecological models aimed at predicting how environmental factors shape aerobic metabolism disregard the role of oxygen supply. Here, we expand on these models by explicitly incorporating oxygen supply. Our results show that warmer water increases oxygen demand relative to supply, and the resulting reduction in aerobic scope appears to be stronger in larger individuals. Smaller aerobic scopes in warming water imply that climate change will reduce energy budgets needed to support the activities of aquatic animals and their physiological performance in the future. Both oxygen and temperature are fundamental factors determining metabolic performance, fitness, ecological niches, and responses of many aquatic organisms to climate change. Despite the importance of physical and physiological constraints on oxygen supply affecting aerobic metabolism of aquatic ectotherms, ecological theories such as the metabolic theory of ecology have focused on the effects of temperature rather than oxygen. This gap currently impedes mechanistic models from accurately predicting metabolic rates (i.e., oxygen consumption rates) of aquatic organisms and restricts predictions to resting metabolism, which is less affected by oxygen limitation. Here, we expand on models of metabolic scaling by accounting for the role of oxygen availability and temperature on both resting and active metabolic rates. Our model predicts that oxygen limitation is more likely to constrain metabolism in larger, warmer, and active fish. Consequently, active metabolic rates are less responsive to temperature than are resting metabolic rates, and metabolism scales to body size with a smaller exponent whenever temperatures or activity levels are higher. Results from a metaanalysis of fish metabolic rates are consistent with our model predictions. The observed interactive effects of temperature, oxygen availability, and body size predict that global warming will limit the aerobic scope of aquatic ectotherms and may place a greater metabolic burden on larger individuals, impairing their physiological performance in the future. Our model reconciles the metabolic theory with empirical observations of oxygen limitation and provides a formal, quantitative framework for predicting both resting and active metabolic rate and hence aerobic scope of aquatic ectotherms.
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Ern R, Chung D, Frieder CA, Madsen N, Speers-Roesch B. Oxygen-dependence of upper thermal limits in crustaceans from different thermal habitats. J Therm Biol 2020; 93:102732. [PMID: 33077143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The critical thermal maximum (CTMAX) is the temperature at which animals exhibit loss of motor response because of a temperature-induced collapse of vital physiological systems. A central mechanism hypothesised to underlie the CTMAX of water-breathing ectotherms is insufficient tissue oxygen supply for vital maintenance functions because of a temperature-induced collapse of the cardiorespiratory system. The CTMAX of species conforming to this hypothesis should decrease with declining water oxygen tension (PO2) because they have oxygen-dependent upper thermal limits. However, recent studies have identified a number of fishes and crustaceans with oxygen-independent upper thermal limits, their CTMAX unchanged in progressive aquatic hypoxia. The previous studies, which were performed separately on cold-water, temperate and tropical species, suggest the oxygen-dependence of upper thermal limits and the acute thermal sensitivity of the cardiorespiratory system increases with decreasing habitat temperature. Here we directly test this hypothesis by assessing the oxygen-dependence of CTMAX in the polar Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), as well as the temperate Baltic prawn (Palaemon adspersus) and brown shrimp (Crangon crangon). We found that P. adspersus and C. crangon maintain CTMAX in progressive hypoxia down to 40 mmHg, and that only E. superba have oxygen-dependent upper thermal limits at normoxia. In E. superba, the observed decline in CTMAX with water PO2 is further supported by heart-rate measurements showing a plateauing, and subsequent decline and collapse of heart performance at CTMAX. Our results support the hypothesis that the oxygen-dependence of upper thermal limits in water-breathing ectotherms and the acute thermal sensitivity of their cardiorespiratory system increases with decreasing habitat temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ern
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Denmark.
| | - Dillon Chung
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Christina A Frieder
- University of Southern California, Department of Biological Sciences, United States
| | - Niels Madsen
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Denmark
| | - Ben Speers-Roesch
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, Department of Biological Sciences, Canada
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Gamperl AK. Experimentally addressing and evaluating the impact of human activities on marine organisms. CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Duncan MI, James NC, Potts WM, Bates AE. Different drivers, common mechanism; the distribution of a reef fish is restricted by local-scale oxygen and temperature constraints on aerobic metabolism. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa090. [PMID: 33654546 PMCID: PMC7904075 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of ectothermic marine organisms are limited to temperature ranges and oxygen conditions that support aerobic respiration, quantified within the metabolic index (ϕ) as the ratio of oxygen supply to metabolic oxygen demand. However, the utility of ϕ at local scales and across heterogenous environments is unknown; yet, these scales are often where actionable management decisions are made. Here, we test if ϕ can delimit the entire distribution of marine organisms when calibrated across an appropriate temperature range and at local scales (~10 km) using the endemic reef fish, Chrysoblephus laticeps, which is found in the highly heterogenous temperature and oxygen environment along the South African coastal zone, as a model species. In laboratory experiments, we find a bidirectional (at 12°C) hypoxia tolerance response across the temperature range tested (8 to 24°C), permitting a piecewise calibration of ϕ. We then project this calibrated ϕ model through temperature and oxygen data from a high spatial resolution (11 to 13 km) ocean model for the periods 2005 to 2009 and 2095 to 2099 to quantify various magnitudes of ϕ across space and time paired with complementary C. laticeps occurrence points. Using random forest species distribution models, we quantify a critical ϕ value of 2.78 below which C. laticeps cannot persist and predict current and future distributions of C. laticeps in line with already observed distribution shifts of other South African marine species. Overall, we find that C. laticeps' distribution is limited by increasing temperatures towards its warm edge but by low oxygen availability towards its cool edge, which is captured within ϕ at fine scales and across heterogenous oxygen and temperature combinations. Our results support the application of ϕ for generating local- and regional-scale predictions of climate change effects on organisms that can inform local conservation management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray I Duncan
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Prince Alfred street, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, 11 Somerset street, Makhanda, 6139, South Africa
- Corresponding author: Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, 94305, USA.
| | - Nicola C James
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Prince Alfred street, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, 11 Somerset street, Makhanda, 6139, South Africa
| | - Warren M Potts
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Prince Alfred street, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Amanda E Bates
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 0 Marine Lab Rd, St. John’s, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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Spicer JI, Morley SA, Bozinovic F. Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190032. [PMID: 31203758 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Documenting and explaining global patterns of biodiversity in time and space have fascinated and occupied biologists for centuries. Investigation of the importance of these patterns, and their underpinning mechanisms, has gained renewed vigour and importance, perhaps becoming pre-eminent, as we attempt to predict the biological impacts of global climate change. Understanding the physiological features that determine, or constrain, a species' geographical range and how they respond to a rapidly changing environment is critical. While the ecological patterns are crystallizing, explaining the role of physiology has just begun. The papers in this volume are the primary output from a Satellite Meeting of the Society of Experimental Biology Annual Meeting, held in Florence in July 2018. The involvement of two key environmental factors, temperature and oxygen, was explored through the testing of key hypotheses. The aim of the meeting was to improve our knowledge of large-scale geographical differences in physiology, e.g. metabolism, growth, size and subsequently our understanding of the role and vulnerability of those physiologies to global climate warming. While such an aim is of heuristic interest, in the midst of our current biodiversity crisis, it has an urgency that is difficult to overstate. This article is part of the theme issue 'Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen'.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Spicer
- 1 Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Science, University of Plymouth , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA , UK
| | - Simon A Morley
- 2 British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council , Madingley Road, High Cross, Cambridge CB3 0ET , UK
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- 3 Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago 6513677 , Chile
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Lefevre S. Effects of high CO2 on oxygen consumption rates, aerobic scope and swimming performance. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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