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Nicolardi V, Accogli G, Ferrante C, Scoditti S, Massafra P, Fanizza I, Trabacca A. Social cognition in two brothers with Becker muscular dystrophy: an exploratory study revealing divergent behavioral phenotypes. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:3471-3479. [PMID: 38150129 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Only few studies investigated social cognition in Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). However, brain dystrophin deficiency could be a neural substrate for cognitive, emotional, and neuropsychological features in BMD. METHODS We compared interoceptive accuracy and interpersonal comfort distance in two brothers with BMD presenting with the same genetic deletion and a healthy control. When possible, we collected neuropsychological and psychopathological assessments. RESULTS Our BMD patients were significantly different in interoceptive accuracy, with patient 1 being extremely accurate and patient 2 being significantly less accurate than his brother but more accurate than the control. Interestingly, they presented opposite patterns of interpersonal distance. Patient 1 was comfortable with very short interpersonal distance (≤50 cm from the confederate/object) vs the control and patient 2. By contrast, patient 2 preferred larger distance vs the control and patient 1. Patient 1 also presented difficulties in social and emotional skills on the psychopathological assessment. CONCLUSIONS We are aware this is a small sample; nonetheless, this is also the first description of such aspects in BMD and the first report ever of such divergent behavioral pattern. As impaired social cognition affects the quality of life and social relationship, further studies are needed for a closer understanding of involved mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Nicolardi
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Ex Complesso Ospedaliero "A. Di Summa", Piazza "A. Di Summa", 72100, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Accogli
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Ex Complesso Ospedaliero "A. Di Summa", Piazza "A. Di Summa", 72100, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Camilla Ferrante
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Ex Complesso Ospedaliero "A. Di Summa", Piazza "A. Di Summa", 72100, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Sara Scoditti
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Ex Complesso Ospedaliero "A. Di Summa", Piazza "A. Di Summa", 72100, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Patrizia Massafra
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Ex Complesso Ospedaliero "A. Di Summa", Piazza "A. Di Summa", 72100, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Isabella Fanizza
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Ex Complesso Ospedaliero "A. Di Summa", Piazza "A. Di Summa", 72100, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Antonio Trabacca
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults (Developmental Neurology and Neurorehabilitation) Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Ex Complesso Ospedaliero "A. Di Summa", Piazza "A. Di Summa", 72100, Brindisi, Italy.
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Kroczek LOH, Lingnau A, Schwind V, Wolff C, Mühlberger A. Observers predict actions from facial emotional expressions during real-time social interactions. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115126. [PMID: 38950784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
In face-to-face social interactions, emotional expressions provide insights into the mental state of an interactive partner. This information can be crucial to infer action intentions and react towards another person's actions. Here we investigate how facial emotional expressions impact subjective experience and physiological and behavioral responses to social actions during real-time interactions. Thirty-two participants interacted with virtual agents while fully immersed in Virtual Reality. Agents displayed an angry or happy facial expression before they directed an appetitive (fist bump) or aversive (punch) social action towards the participant. Participants responded to these actions, either by reciprocating the fist bump or by defending the punch. For all interactions, subjective experience was measured using ratings. In addition, physiological responses (electrodermal activity, electrocardiogram) and participants' response times were recorded. Aversive actions were judged to be more arousing and less pleasant relative to appetitive actions. In addition, angry expressions increased heart rate relative to happy expressions. Crucially, interaction effects between facial emotional expression and action were observed. Angry expressions reduced pleasantness stronger for appetitive compared to aversive actions. Furthermore, skin conductance responses to aversive actions were increased for happy compared to angry expressions and reaction times were faster to aversive compared to appetitive actions when agents showed an angry expression. These results indicate that observers used facial emotional expression to generate expectations for particular actions. Consequently, the present study demonstrates that observers integrate information from facial emotional expressions with actions during social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon O H Kroczek
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Angelika Lingnau
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Schwind
- Human Computer Interaction, University of Applied Sciences in Frankfurt a. M., Frankfurt a. M, Germany; Department of Media Informatics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wolff
- Department of Media Informatics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Mühlberger
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Chen Y, Deng X. How Socially Avoidant Emerging Adults Process Social Feedback during Human-to-Human Interaction after Social Rejection: An Event-Related Potential Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:457. [PMID: 38920789 PMCID: PMC11200703 DOI: 10.3390/bs14060457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Social avoidance refers to active non-participation in social activities, which is detrimental to healthy interpersonal interaction for emerging adults. Social rejection is a kind of negative social evaluation from others making people feel social pain. However, how socially avoidant emerging adults process social feedback information after experiencing social rejection has received less attention. The current study aimed to explore the differences in social interaction feedback processing after social rejection between a socially avoidant group (n = 16) and a comparison group (n = 16) in a human-to-human interaction context. Computer game tasks with two types of interaction (cooperation and competition) were used to record the event-related potentials when receiving social interaction feedback in two conditions (social rejection and control condition). The results showed that (1) the socially avoidant group had lower reward positivity amplitudes than the comparison group when receiving social feedback; (2) the socially avoidant group presented larger P300 amplitudes in the social rejection condition than in the control condition, but the comparison group did not; and (3) social rejection evoked more negative N1 amplitudes in the socially avoidant and comparison groups. The findings suggest that socially avoidant emerging adults may have flaws in reward sensitivity during interpersonal interaction, and they might also exert more attentional and emotional resources to social feedback after social rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangdi Chen
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinmei Deng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- The Shenzhen Humanities & Social Sciences Key Research Bases of the Center for Mental Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Schmid Y, Bershad AK. Altered States and Social Bonds: Effects of MDMA and Serotonergic Psychedelics on Social Behavior as a Mechanism Underlying Substance-Assisted Therapy. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:490-499. [PMID: 38341085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
There has been renewed interest in the use of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) and serotonergic psychedelics in the treatment of multiple psychiatric disorders. Many of these compounds are known to produce prosocial effects, but how these effects relate to therapeutic efficacy and the extent to which prosocial effects are unique to a particular drug class is unknown. In this article, we present a narrative overview and compare evidence for the prosocial effects of MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics to elucidate shared mechanisms that may underlie the therapeutic process. We discuss 4 categories of prosocial effects: altered self-image, responses to social reward, responses to negative social input, and social neuroplasticity. While both categories of drugs alter self-perception, MDMA may do so in a way that is less related to the experience of mystical-type states than serotonergic psychedelics. In the case of social reward, evidence supports the ability of MDMA to enhance responses and suggests that serotonergic psychedelics may also do so, but more research is needed in this area. Both drug classes consistently dampen reactivity to negative social stimuli. Finally, preclinical evidence supports the ability of both drug classes to induce social neuroplasticity, promoting adaptive rewiring of neural circuits, which may be helpful in trauma processing. While both MDMA and serotonergic psychedelics produce prosocial effects, they differ in the mechanisms through which they do this. These differences affect the types of psychosocial interventions that may work best with each compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Schmid
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anya K Bershad
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Laroche J, Tomassini A, Fadiga L, D'Ausilio A. Submovement interpersonal coupling is associated to audio-motor coordination performance. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4662. [PMID: 38409187 PMCID: PMC10897171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Acting in concert with others, a key aspect of our social life, requires behavioral coordination between persons on multiple timescales. When zooming in on the kinematic properties of movements, it appears that small speed fluctuations, called submovements, are embedded within otherwise smooth end-point trajectories. Submovements, by occurring at a faster timescale than that of movements, offer a novel window upon the functional relationship between distinct motor timescales. In this regard, it has previously been shown that when partners visually synchronize their movements, they also coordinate the timing of their submovement by following an alternated pattern. However, it remains unclear whether the mechanisms behind submovement coordination are domain-general or specific to the visual modality, and whether they have relevance for interpersonal coordination also at the scale of whole movements. In a series of solo and dyadic tasks, we show that submovements are also present and coordinated across partners when sensorimotor interactions are mediated by auditory feedback only. Importantly, the accuracy of task-instructed interpersonal coordination at the movement level correlates with the strength of submovement coordination. These results demonstrate that submovement coordination is a potentially fundamental mechanism that participates in interpersonal motor coordination regardless of the sensory domain mediating the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Laroche
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alice Tomassini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy
- Sezione di Fisiologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Riabilitazione, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Ausilio
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Ferrara, Italy
- Sezione di Fisiologia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Riabilitazione, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Olarewaju E, Dumas G, Palaniyappan L. Disorganized Communication and Social Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: Emerging Concepts and Methods. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:671-681. [PMID: 37740852 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we embrace the emerging field of second-person neuroscience to address disorganization in schizophrenia. We argue that the focus of interest for disorganization is the interpersonal space where shared mental processes ('social mind') occur based on the bio-behavioural synchrony between two (or more) interacting people. We lay out several bio-behavioural measures that can capture the component parts of this process. In particular, we highlight the real-time imaging technology of hyperscanning that enables multi-person analysis of naturalistic social interaction. We illustrate how these measures can be used in empirical studies by posing disorganization as a problem of interpersonal processing. RECENT FINDINGS Traditionally, disorganized speech and behaviour have been studied as the product of hidden cognitive processes ('private mind'). A dysfunction in these processes was attributed to the brain afflicted by the illness ('brain-bound mechanisms'). But this approach has contributed to challenges in measuring and quantifying disorganization. Consequently, the single-brain focus has not provided satisfactory clarity or led to effective treatments for persistent social dysfunction in schizophrenia. Social dysfunction is a core feature of schizophrenia. This dysfunction arises from disorganized interpersonal interaction that typifies the social profile of affected individuals. We outline challenges in employing several emerging concepts and methods and how they can be addressed to investigate the mechanisms of social dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Olarewaju
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Department of Psychiatry, CHU Sainte Justine Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Canada.
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Schilbach L. Adding a mental health perspective on social timing: Comment on "The evolution of social timing" by Verga, Laura, Kotz, Sonja A., Ravignani, A. Phys Life Rev 2023; 46:277-280. [PMID: 37598629 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Schilbach
- Ludwig Maximilians Universitaet, Munich, Germany; Department of General Psychiatry 2, LVR-Klinikum Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Kokorikou DS, Sarigiannidis I, Fiore VG, Parkin B, Hopkins A, El-Deredy W, Dilley L, Moutoussis M. Testing hypotheses about the harm that capitalism causes to the mind and brain: a theoretical framework for neuroscience research. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2023; 8:1030115. [PMID: 37404338 PMCID: PMC10315660 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we will attempt to outline the key ideas of a theoretical framework for neuroscience research that reflects critically on the neoliberal capitalist context. We argue that neuroscience can and should illuminate the effects of neoliberal capitalism on the brains and minds of the population living under such socioeconomic systems. Firstly, we review the available empirical research indicating that the socio-economic environment is harmful to minds and brains. We, then, describe the effects of the capitalist context on neuroscience itself by presenting how it has been influenced historically. In order to set out a theoretical framework that can generate neuroscientific hypotheses with regards to the effects of the capitalist context on brains and minds, we suggest a categorization of the effects, namely deprivation, isolation and intersectional effects. We also argue in favor of a neurodiversity perspective [as opposed to the dominant model of conceptualizing neural (mal-)functioning] and for a perspective that takes into account brain plasticity and potential for change and adaptation. Lastly, we discuss the specific needs for future research as well as a frame for post-capitalist research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae S. Kokorikou
- Psychoanalysis Unit, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Sarigiannidis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo G. Fiore
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Beth Parkin
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Hopkins
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wael El-Deredy
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería en Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Laura Dilley
- Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, United Kingdom
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Gómez-Carrillo A, Kirmayer LJ. A cultural-ecosocial systems view for psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1031390. [PMID: 37124258 PMCID: PMC10133725 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1031390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While contemporary psychiatry seeks the mechanisms of mental disorders in neurobiology, mental health problems clearly depend on developmental processes of learning and adaptation through ongoing interactions with the social environment. Symptoms or disorders emerge in specific social contexts and involve predicaments that cannot be fully characterized in terms of brain function but require a larger social-ecological view. Causal processes that result in mental health problems can begin anywhere within the extended system of body-person-environment. In particular, individuals' narrative self-construal, culturally mediated interpretations of symptoms and coping strategies as well as the responses of others in the social world contribute to the mechanisms of mental disorders, illness experience, and recovery. In this paper, we outline the conceptual basis and practical implications of a hierarchical ecosocial systems view for an integrative approach to psychiatric theory and practice. The cultural-ecosocial systems view we propose understands mind, brain and person as situated in the social world and as constituted by cultural and self-reflexive processes. This view can be incorporated into a pragmatic approach to clinical assessment and case formulation that characterizes mechanisms of pathology and identifies targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gómez-Carrillo
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Culture and Mental Health Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence J. Kirmayer
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Culture and Mental Health Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Borghi AM, Osińska A, Roepstorff A, Raczaszek-Leonardi J. Editorial concepts in interaction: social engagement and inner experiences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210351. [PMID: 36571137 PMCID: PMC9791470 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This theme issue aims to view the literature on concepts through a novel lens, that of social interaction and its influence on inner experiences. It discusses unsolved problems in literature on concepts, emphasizing the distinction between concrete versus abstract concepts and external versus internal grounding. This introductory article reflects the two research streams that the theme aims to bridge-in this area, the dimension of embodied interaction with others and how this influences the interaction with ourselves is still underexplored. In the first part, we discuss recent trends in social cognition, showing how interacting with others influences our concepts. In the second part, we address how social interactions become part of our inner world in a Vygotskian fashion. First, we illustrate how interoception, emotion and metacognition are connected with concepts and knowledge. Second, we deal with how language, in both its outer and inner form, can empower cognition and concepts. We also briefly describe how novel experimental and computational methods contribute to investigating the online use of concepts. Overall, this introductory article outlines the potentialities of an integrated and interactive approach that can give new, fresh life to a topic, that of concepts, which lies at the root of human cognition. This article is part of the theme issue 'Concepts in interaction: social engagement and inner experiences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Borghi
- Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Lazio, Italy,Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Lazio, Italy
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Fini C, Bolis D, Moreau Q, Era V. Editorial: Physical and psychological proximity in humans: From the body to the mind and vice-versa. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1113851. [PMID: 36818105 PMCID: PMC9933708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1113851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dimitris Bolis
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Quentin Moreau
- Precision Psychiatry and Social Physiology Laboratory (PPSP), CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vanessa Era
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia (IIT), Sapienza University of Rome and Center for Life Nano- & Neuroscience, Rome, Italy
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