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Ling S, Zheng C, Cho D, Kim Y, Dong Q. The Impact of Interpersonal Interaction on Purchase Intention in Livestreaming E-Commerce: A Moderated Mediation Model. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:320. [PMID: 38667116 PMCID: PMC11047763 DOI: 10.3390/bs14040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, livestreaming e-commerce has shown rapid growth and has become an important form of e-commerce. However, the potential mechanisms of interpersonal interaction's influence on purchase intention in livestreaming e-commerce have yet to be fully investigated. Based on the SOR (Stimulus-Organism-Response) framework, this study reveals the association between interpersonal interaction (consumer-anchor interaction and consumer-consumer interaction), psychological distance, consumer purchase intention, and the positive role of brand identification and time pressure in this context of influential relationships. The results of analyzing 603 questionnaires show that psychological distance between consumers and products plays a mediating role in the effect of interpersonal interaction on purchase intention. Meanwhile, this study found that consumers' brand identification with the products in the live room was effective in enhancing the direct effect of interpersonal interaction in the model. Additionally, the time pressure associated with limited-time sales was also found to be effective in enhancing the effects of interpersonal interaction and psychological distance on purchase intention. The results of this study reveal the potential influence mechanisms of interpersonal interactions with various identities in livestreaming e-commerce, providing theoretical guidance and practical insights for practitioners in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ling
- Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Can Zheng
- Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongmin Cho
- Department of Industrial Design, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (D.C.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yonggu Kim
- Department of Industrial Design, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (D.C.); (Y.K.)
| | - Qizhen Dong
- Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Caetano FG, Santiago PRP, da Silva Torres R, Cunha SA, Moura FA. Interpersonal coordination of opposing player dyads during attacks performed in official football matches. Sports Biomech 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37211810 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2212664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterise the interpersonal coordination between opponent players during offensive sequences in official matches and to verify if offensive sequences ended in shots to goal present different coordination patterns when compared than those that ended in defensive tackles. A total of 580 offensive sequences occurred during matches resulting in shots to goal (n = 172) or defensive tackles (n = 408) were analysed. The bidimensional coordinates and technical actions of male professional football players (n = 1160) were obtained using a video-based tracking system. Dyads were defined using a network analysis and composed of the nearest opponent. Interpersonal coordination of the dyads was analysed using the vector coding and the frequency for each coordination pattern was computed. In-phase was predominant for all displacement directions and offensive sequences outcomes, and antiphase was the least frequent. For lateral displacements, offensive sequences ending in shot to goal presented lower frequency for in-phase and higher frequency for offensive player phase than ended in defensive tackle. This information about the relationship of opponent players dyads during decisive moments of the matches provides fundamentals for future research and assists coaches to understand the different behaviours in successful and unsuccessful attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ricardo da Silva Torres
- Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Felipe Arruda Moura
- Department of Sport Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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3
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Schweitzer DR, Ting J, von Hippel W. Diagnostic reasoning is associated with lower physician satisfaction with patient communication. Intern Med J 2023; 53:250-254. [PMID: 34647682 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research suggests that the quality of communication between doctors and patients influences the quality of medical care and adherence to treatment regimens, but little is known about factors that contribute to successful interactions between doctors and patients. AIM To examine the quality of communication across the different medical specialties. METHODS A survey questionnaire was undertaken at a large metropolitan-based hospital in Brisbane, Australia. In this initial study we surveyed 67 doctors across various specialties on a range of social cognition and personality measures. We then rated each of the specialties on the degree to which they rely on both procedures and diagnostics, as well as the extent to which they involve patient communication. RESULTS A regression analysis using spss 26.0 was undertaken to ascertain if doctor's satisfaction with their communication was related to these three aspects of the various specialties. Results revealed that communication satisfaction was negatively related to the degree to which the specialty relies on diagnostics. No relationship emerged between reliance on procedures and communication satisfaction. Last, communication frequency was positively related to communication satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS We propose two possible accounts for this finding regarding diagnostics: (i) the cognitive demands of diagnosis disrupt communication; and/or (ii) diagnoses are interpreted by patients as opinions with which they are sometimes motivated to disagree. Further research is needed to replicate these findings and establish the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Ting
- Emergency Medicine, Mater Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - William von Hippel
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Liao CC, Hsu CH, Kuo KP, Luo YJ, Kao CC. Ability of the Sport Education Model to Promote Healthy Lifestyles in University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2174. [PMID: 36767543 PMCID: PMC9915953 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although studies on sports performance, leadership abilities, group cohesion, and learning motivation have revealed that the sport education model contributes considerably to the development of healthy lifestyles, few studies have explored the development of healthy lifestyles from an educational intervention perspective. This study fills this gap in the literature. In addition, studies have mostly recruited elementary or middle school students; few have explored the effectiveness of sport education for college students. To fill this gap, this study conducted quasi-experimental research on university students by using different teaching strategies, with healthy lifestyles as the dependent variable. The research participants consisted of 95 students from Ming Chuang University distributed to an experimental group or control group. The experimental group was taught using the sport education model; the control group was taught using direct instruction. The results indicate that the sport education model has a stronger ability to promote healthy lifestyles than conventional teaching. Additionally, the results suggest that teachers should apply specific teaching strategies to cultivate and reinforce exercise habits and healthy behaviors among students. On the basis of the results, the researchers suggest that physical education teachers establish effective teaching strategies and promote healthy lifestyles to students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chin Liao
- Office of Physical Education, Ming Chuan University, 5 De Ming Road, Gui Shan District, Taoyuan 333321, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Huei Hsu
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Fu Jen Catholic University, 510, Zhongzheng Road, Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei 242062, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Pin Kuo
- Office of Physical Education, National Ping-Tung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jy Luo
- Office of Physical Education, Ming Chuan University, 5 De Ming Road, Gui Shan District, Taoyuan 333321, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Kao
- Office of Physical Education, Ming Chuan University, 5 De Ming Road, Gui Shan District, Taoyuan 333321, Taiwan
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5
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Takeuchi N. Pain control based on oscillatory brain activity using transcranial alternating current stimulation: An integrative review. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:941979. [PMID: 36742359 PMCID: PMC9892942 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.941979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing effective tools and strategies to relieve chronic pain is a high-priority scientific and clinical goal. In particular, the brain regions related to pain processing have been investigated as potential targets to relieve pain by non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). In addition to elucidating the relationship between pain and oscillatory brain activity, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), which can non-invasively entrain oscillatory brain activity and modulate oscillatory brain communication, has attracted scientific attention as a possible technique to control pain. This review focuses on the use of tACS to relieve pain through the manipulation of oscillatory brain activity and its potential clinical applications. Several studies have reported that tACS on a single brain reduces pain by normalizing abnormal oscillatory brain activity in patients with chronic pain. Interpersonal tACS approaches based on inter-brain synchrony to manipulate inter-brain communication may result in pain relief via prosocial effects. Pain is encoded by the spatiotemporal neural communication that represents the integration of cognitive, emotional-affective, and sensorimotor aspects of pain. Therefore, future studies should seek to identify the pathological oscillatory brain communication in chronic pain as a therapeutic target for tACS. In conclusion, tACS could be effective for re-establishing oscillatory brain activity and assisting social interaction, and it might help develop novel approaches for pain control.
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6
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Ma X, Jin J, Liu Y. The influence of interpersonal interaction on consumers' purchase intention under e-commerce live broadcasting mode: The moderating role of presence. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1097768. [PMID: 36874801 PMCID: PMC9978372 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1097768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the links between interpersonal interaction perception, perceived value and purchase intention in e-commerce live broadcasting in China. The mediating effect of perceived value on the relationship between consumer-anchor interaction (CAI) and consumer-consumer interaction (CCI), and purchase intention is explored. Additionally, the moderating effect of presence on the relationship between perceived value and interpersonal interaction perception is also investigated into. The Hayes' Process macro is utilized as an analysis tool, and the data are gathered via an online survey. It is found that both CAI and CCI are both important in increasing perceived value and purchase intention. Besides, perceived value enhances purchase intention while presence acts as a moderator in the relationship between consumer perceived value and interpersonal interaction perception, making the relationship stronger when presence is high and weaker when presence is low. In this way, the results of the study contribute to the current literature of interpersonal interaction under the mode of e-commerce live broadcasting. Employing interpersonal interaction techniques to improve consumers' perceived value and purchase intention will also be advantageous to enterprises engaged in e-commerce live broadcasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- Department of International Trade, Graduate School of Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junna Jin
- Ocean College, Tangshan Normal University, He Bei, China
| | - Yunrun Liu
- Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College (UIC), Zhuhai, China
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7
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Abstract
During everyday interactions, cues tend to be weakly related to deception. However, there are theoretical reasons to suspect that such cues will be more prominent during high-risk interactions. The current study explored deception cues during one particular high-risk interaction-911 homicide calls placed by adults. In Sample 1, judges coded 911 homicide calls (n = 82) by Q-sorting 86 cues. Results indicated that deceptive callers tended to display emotional cues (e.g., self-dramatizing, moody, worried, emotional, nervous), appeared overwhelmed, and related narratives that lacked structure, clarity, and focus. Judges coded a separate sample of 911 calls (n = 64), and deception scores were computed using a template-matching approach based on the findings from Sample 1. Results indicated that deceptive 911 callers had higher deception scores than honest callers. The effect sizes yielded in this study highlight the relevance of deception cues during high-risk interactions and the usefulness of the person-centered Q-sort method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Markey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova University
| | - Erika Feeney
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova University
| | - Brooke Berry
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova University
| | - Lauren Hopkins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova University
| | - Isabel Creedon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova University
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8
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Mari Alger, June Eyckmans. “I took physical lessons for granted”: A case study exploring students’ interpersonal interactions in online synchronous lessons during the outbreak of COVID-19. System 2022; 105. [ DOI: 10.1016/j.system.2021.102716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic presented a unique opportunity to observe how students interact and relate to each other in a new learning environment. This exploratory case study examines students' interpersonal interactions which occurred in online synchronous lessons during the initial stages of the outbreak. The language-focused content analysis of text-based chat data and thematic analysis of reflection answers collected from 40 students enrolled on an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university course in Belgium is guided by the concept of social presence (SP) from the Community of Inquiry (CoI) theoretical framework and further complemented by a qualitative interpersonal pragmatics approach drawing on relational work. While all of the SP indicators were observed across the eight lessons, explicit acknowledgement of others in the learning environment was the most prevalent and seemed to boost affective and cohesive effects. Furthermore, the findings illustrated the importance students placed on having in-class opportunities to express their frustrations. A linguistic analysis of one such “venting” episode illuminated how a relational chain of events unfolded through students' use of a variety of SP indicators. Despite exuding a negative quality at first glance, the indicators generated immediate, positive relational effects such as enhancing students’ feelings of belongingness.
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9
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Chatterjee I, Goršič M, Clapp JD, Novak D. Automatic Estimation of Interpersonal Engagement During Naturalistic Conversation Using Dyadic Physiological Measurements. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:757381. [PMID: 34764854 PMCID: PMC8576061 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.757381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological responses of two interacting individuals contain a wealth of information about the dyad: for example, the degree of engagement or trust. However, nearly all studies on dyadic physiological responses have targeted group-level analysis: e.g., correlating physiology and engagement in a large sample. Conversely, this paper presents a study where physiological measurements are combined with machine learning algorithms to dynamically estimate the engagement of individual dyads. Sixteen dyads completed 15-min naturalistic conversations and self-reported their engagement on a visual analog scale every 60 s. Four physiological signals (electrocardiography, skin conductance, respiration, skin temperature) were recorded, and both individual physiological features (e.g., each participant's heart rate) and synchrony features (indicating degree of physiological similarity between two participants) were extracted. Multiple regression algorithms were used to estimate self-reported engagement based on physiological features using either leave-interval-out crossvalidation (training on 14 60-s intervals from a dyad and testing on the 15th interval from the same dyad) or leave-dyad-out crossvalidation (training on 15 dyads and testing on the 16th). In leave-interval-out crossvalidation, the regression algorithms achieved accuracy similar to a 'baseline' estimator that simply took the median engagement of the other 14 intervals. In leave-dyad-out crossvalidation, machine learning achieved a slightly higher accuracy than the baseline estimator and higher accuracy than an independent human observer. Secondary analyses showed that removing synchrony features and personality characteristics from the input dataset negatively impacted estimation accuracy and that engagement estimation error was correlated with personality traits. Results demonstrate the feasibility of dynamically estimating interpersonal engagement during naturalistic conversation using physiological measurements, which has potential applications in both conversation monitoring and conversation enhancement. However, as many of our estimation errors are difficult to contextualize, further work is needed to determine acceptable estimation accuracies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Chatterjee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Maja Goršič
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Joshua D Clapp
- Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Domen Novak
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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10
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Abstract
One’s propensity to trust others and others’ trustworthiness are two important aspects of interpersonal trust. Both theory and research suggest that it is possible to distinguish between an individual’s propensity to trust (one’s “trustingness” or the extent to which one feels able to trust others) and their other-focused trust (the extent to which one feels that others are worthy of our trust). However, there is as yet no measure that distinguishes between these two components of trust. In three studies, we examined the psychometrics of a proposed two-dimensional measure of trust that encompasses propensity to trust and other-focused trust components. To test discriminant validity, we also administered measures of personality, personal self-esteem, social capital, propensity to like people, perceived social support, as well as general and personal beliefs in a just world. Factor analyses supported the proposed two-factor model for the new trust measure. Further analyses supported the difference between these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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11
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Chang A, Kragness HE, Tsou W, Bosnyak DJ, Thiede A, Trainor LJ. Body sway predicts romantic interest in speed dating. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:185-192. [PMID: 32685965 PMCID: PMC7812630 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Social bonding is fundamental to human society, and romantic interest involves an important type of bonding. Speed dating research paradigms offer both high external validity and experimental control for studying romantic interest in real-world settings. While previous studies focused on the effect of social and personality factors on romantic interest, the role of non-verbal interaction has been little studied in initial romantic interest, despite being commonly viewed as a crucial factor. The present study investigated whether romantic interest can be predicted by non-verbal dyadic interactive body sway, and enhanced by movement-promoting (‘groovy’) background music. Participants’ body sway trajectories were recorded during speed dating. Directional (predictive) body sway coupling, but not body sway similarity, predicted interest in a long-term relationship above and beyond rated physical attractiveness. In addition, presence of groovy background music promoted interest in meeting a dating partner again. Overall, we demonstrate that romantic interest is reflected by non-verbal body sway in dyads in a real-world dating setting. This novel approach could potentially be applied to investigate non-verbal aspects of social bonding in other dynamic interpersonal interactions such as between infants and parents and in non-verbal populations including those with communication disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chang
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Haley E Kragness
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Wei Tsou
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Dan J Bosnyak
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada.,McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Anja Thiede
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada.,Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Laurel J Trainor
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada.,McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S 4K1, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto M6A 2E1, Canada
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12
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Fortgang RG, Wang SB, Millner AJ, Reid-Russell A, Beukenhorst AL, Kleiman EM, Bentley KH, Zuromski KL, Al-Suwaidi M, Bird SA, Buonopane R, DeMarco D, Haim A, Joyce VW, Kastman EK, Kilbury E, Lee HIS, Mair P, Nash CC, Onnela JP, Smoller JW, Nock MK. Increase in Suicidal Thinking During COVID-19. Clin Psychol Sci 2021; 9:482-488. [PMID: 38602997 PMCID: PMC7967020 DOI: 10.1177/2167702621993857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is concern that the COVID-19 pandemic may cause increased risk of suicide. In the current study, we tested whether suicidal thinking has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether such thinking was predicted by increased feelings of social isolation. In a sample of 55 individuals recently hospitalized for suicidal thinking or behaviors and participating in a 6-month intensive longitudinal smartphone monitoring study, we examined suicidal thinking and isolation before and after the COVID-19 pandemic was declared a national emergency in the United States. We found that suicidal thinking increased significantly among adults (odds ratio [OR] = 4.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [3.28, 4.90], p < .001) but not adolescents (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = [0.69, 1.01], p = .07) during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased feelings of isolation predicted suicidal thinking during the pandemic phase. Given the importance of social distancing policies, these findings support the need for digital outreach and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G. Fortgang
- Department of Psychology, Harvard
University
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Alexander J. Millner
- Department of Psychology, Harvard
University
- Franciscan Children’s, Brighton,
Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Kate H. Bentley
- Department of Psychology, Harvard
University
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly L. Zuromski
- Department of Psychology, Harvard
University
- Franciscan Children’s, Brighton,
Massachusetts
| | | | - Suzanne A. Bird
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Adam Haim
- National Institute of Mental Health,
Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Erin Kilbury
- Department of Psychology, Harvard
University
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew K. Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard
University
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Franciscan Children’s, Brighton,
Massachusetts
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13
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Wolf W, Nafe A, Tomasello M. The Development of the Liking Gap: Children Older Than 5 Years Think That Partners Evaluate Them Less Positively Than They Evaluate Their Partners. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:789-798. [PMID: 33914647 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620980754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
After two strangers have briefly interacted with one another, both believe that they like their partner more than their partner likes them. A plausible explanation for this liking gap is that people are constantly worrying about how others are evaluating them. If so, one would expect the liking gap to emerge in young children as they become more concerned with their reputations and the impression they make on other people. The current study (N = 241 U.S. children; age range = 4-11 years) supported this hypothesis, showing a liking gap beginning when children were 5 years old, the age at which they first become concerned with other people's evaluations of them. Moreover, the liking gap became more pronounced as children got older. These findings provide the first developmental description of the liking gap and support the hypothesis that this phenomenon is related to individuals' concerns for how others evaluate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Wolf
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Amanda Nafe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Michael Tomasello
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Horwitz EB, Harmat L, Osika W, Theorell T. The Interplay Between Chamber Musicians During Two Public Performances of the Same Piece: A Novel Methodology Using the Concept of "Flow". Front Psychol 2021; 11:618227. [PMID: 33488486 PMCID: PMC7815933 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.618227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to explore a new research methodology that will improve our understanding of “flow” through indicators of physiological and qualitative state. We examine indicators of “flow” experienced by musicians of a youth string quartet, two women (25, 29) and two men (23, 24). Electrocardiogram (ECG) equipment was used to record heart rate variability (HRV) data throughout the four movements in one and the same quartet performed during two concerts. Individual physiological indicators of flow were supplemented by assessments of group “state flow” (means from standardized questionnaires) and a group interview in which the musicians provided qualitative data. A matrix was constructed for the characterization of different kinds of demands in the written music in each one of the four movements for each one of the musicians. HRV derived from ECG data showed non-significant trends for group state flow across the eight musical episodes. Individual-level analysis showed that compared to the other players the first violin player had the highest mean heart rate and the lowest increase in high frequency (HF) power in HRV during this particular movement, particularly during the second concert. The qualitative data illustrated how an interplay of synchronized social interactions between this player and their colleagues during the musical performance was associated with a feeling of group state flow and served to support the first violinist. The case illustrates that the proposed mixed methodology drawing on physiological and qualitative data, has the potential to provide meaningful information about experiences of a flow state, both at individual and group levels. Applications in future research are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bojner Horwitz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Music, Pedagogy and Society, Royal College of Music, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Social Sustainability, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - László Harmat
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Walter Osika
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Social Sustainability, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Northern Stockholm Psychiatry, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Töres Theorell
- Department of Music, Pedagogy and Society, Royal College of Music, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Kakinuma K, Nishiguti F, Sonoda K, Tajiri H, Tanaka A. The Negative Effect of Ability-Focused Praise on the "Praiser's" Intrinsic Motivation: Face-to-Face Interaction. Front Psychol 2020; 11:562081. [PMID: 33329190 PMCID: PMC7732526 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.562081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most previous research has demonstrated that receiving ability-focused praise (e.g., “You are smart”) negatively affects intrinsic motivation following failure. Surprisingly, a recent study showed that ability-focused praise affects not only the praisee but also the person offering praise, that is, the praiser. However, evidence of the effects on the praiser is quite limited, despite the utility of praise in education. Therefore, the present study employed face-to-face interaction to advance the knowledge of the effects of praise on the praiser. Two experiments were conducted in which undergraduate participants (n = 39 and n = 51) praised a research confederate. We measured attentional engagement using an eye-tracker as a behavioral indicator of intrinsic motivation, as well as self-reported task enjoyment. To estimate the effect of praise, we combined the results of two experiments and conducted a Bayes factor meta-analysis. The results showed that in the ability praise group, participants’ attentional engagement in a task was significantly lower than in the control group. The present finding indicates that ability-focused praise negatively affects the praiser’s intrinsic motivation and suggests that praise should be used with caution in social and educational contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Kakinuma
- Faculty of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kotoe Sonoda
- Faculty of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruhi Tajiri
- Faculty of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Faculty of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
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16
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Wang PY, Lin PH, Lin CY, Yang SY, Chen KL. Does Interpersonal Interaction Really Improve Emotion, Sleep Quality, and Self-Efficacy among Junior College Students? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E4542. [PMID: 32599755 PMCID: PMC7345085 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study discusses the correlation between teenagers' real-life interpersonal interactions and teenagers' online interpersonal interactions with regards to emotion, sleep quality, and self-efficacy. This study adopted a cross-sectional design that included a survey using a structured questionnaire which included demographic data, the Chinese version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), the Real Interpersonal Interaction Scale (RIIS), and the Internet Interpersonal Interaction Scale (IIIS). This study enlisted 917 teenage students (age = 17.16 ± 1.48 years). The study found that RIIS had significant negative correlations with DASS and PSQI scores and a significant positive correlation with GSE. Namely, the greater the degree of real-life interpersonal interaction, the lower the degree of negative emotion. Likewise, the more satisfactory sleep quality is, the higher self-efficacy is. In addition, IIIS scores demonstrate significantly positive correlations with DASS and PSQI scores. Therefore, the greater the degree of online interpersonal interaction, the greater the levels of negative emotion, and the poorer the sleep quality is. This study showed that online interpersonal interaction may not improve emotions, sleep quality, or self-efficacy among junior college students. However, real-life interpersonal interaction may improve those three parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Changhua Christian Children Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Pin-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Health and Beauty, Shu Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong;
| | - Shang-Yu Yang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Li Chen
- Department of Nursing, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan;
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17
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Caetano FG, da Silva VP, Torres RDS, Anido RO, Cunha SA, Moura FA. Analysis of Match Dynamics of Different Soccer Competition Levels Based on the Player Dyads. J Hum Kinet 2019; 70:173-82. [PMID: 31915487 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse the dynamics of play based on dyads during soccer matches, according to the competition level, period of the matches, and playing positions. We recorded eight Brazilian soccer matches (four of the national and four of the regional level), using up to six digital cameras (30 Hz). The position information of the 204 players in the eight matches was obtained using an automatic tracking system. The Euclidean distance between the nearest opponents was calculated over time to define the dyads. The interaction between the components of dyads was assessed by the distances between players and was compared among the different positions (defender, full-back, defensive midfielder, midfielder, and forward), match periods (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min), and competition levels. Results showed smaller distances for the national level dyads, compared to the regional matches. Greater distances between the players were found in the last 15 minutes of the matches, compared to the other periods. The full-backs were more distant from opposing players compared to players from other playing positions. Thus, coaches should consider the characteristics of each playing position and the greater proximity between opponents’ players in top-level competition for the development of tactical proficiency of the players.
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18
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Kreiner H, Levi-Belz Y. Self-Disclosure Here and Now: Combining Retrospective Perceived Assessment With Dynamic Behavioral Measures. Front Psychol 2019; 10:558. [PMID: 30984058 PMCID: PMC6447712 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most previous research on self-disclosure (SD) focused on its perceived retrospective aspects using self-report questionnaires. Few studies investigated actual SD as reflected in interpersonal interaction. We propose a comprehensive approach that combines new objective and dynamic measures of SD that evaluate situated SD with the traditional measures that evaluate stable SD properties. As SD is essentially verbal, we build on linguistic parameters for assessing actual SD, including acoustic features such as intonation and fluency, and verbal features such as the particular choice of words. Critically, the new measures highlight SD here and now and may reveal transient situational factors that affect it, such as the dynamics of interpersonal interaction. Based on these measures, we propose a three-dimensional evaluation that can portray different profiles of SD and offer a better prediction of SD behavior in different situations. The theoretical and clinical implications of the proposed approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamutal Kreiner
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Linguistic Cognition Lab, Ruppin Academic Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Yossi Levi-Belz
- The Lior Tsfaty Center for Suicide and Mental Pain Studies, Ruppin, Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
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19
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Abstract
Recognition of others’ emotions is a key life ability that guides one’s own choices and behavior, and it hinges on the recognition of others’ facial cues. Independent studies indicate that facial appearance-based evaluations affect social behavior, but little is known about how facial appearance-based trustworthiness evaluations influence the recognition of specific emotions. We tested the hypothesis that first impressions based on facial appearance affect the recognition of basic emotions. A total of 150 participants completed a dynamic emotion recognition task. In a within-subjects design, the participants viewed videos of individuals with trustworthy-looking, neutral, or untrustworthy-looking faces gradually and continuously displaying basic emotions (happiness, anger, fear, and sadness). The participants’ accuracy and speed in recognizing the emotions were measured. Untrustworthy-looking faces decreased participants’ emotion recognition accuracy and speed, across emotion types. In addition, faces that elicited a positive inference of trustworthiness enhanced emotion recognition speed of fear and sadness, emotional expressions that signal another’s distress and modulate prosocial behavior. These findings suggest that facial appearance-based inferences may interfere with the ability to accurately and rapidly recognize others’ basic emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Colonnello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Russo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Mattarozzi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Nordham CA, Tognoli E, Fuchs A, Kelso JAS. How Interpersonal Coordination Affects Individual Behavior (and Vice Versa): Experimental analysis and adaptive HKB model of social memory. Ecol Psychol 2018; 30:224-249. [PMID: 33041602 DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2018.1438196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
How one behaves after interacting with a friend may not be the same as before the interaction. The present study investigated which spontaneous coordination patterns formed between two persons and whether a remnant of the interaction remained ("social memory"). Pairs of people sat face-to-face and continuously flexed index fingers while vision between partners was manipulated to allow or prevent information exchange. Trials consisted of three successive twenty-second intervals: without vision, with vision, and again without vision. Steady, transient, or absent phase coupling was observed during vision. In support of social memory, participants tended to remain near each other's movement frequency after the interaction ended. Furthermore, the greater the stability of interpersonal coordination, the more similar partners' post-interactional frequencies became. Proposing that social memory resulted from prior frequency adaptation, a model based on Haken-Kelso-Bunz oscillators reproduced the experimental findings, even for patterns observed on individual trials. Parametric manipulations revealed multiple routes to social memory through the interplay of adaptation and other model parameters. The experimental results, model, and interpretation motivate potential future research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Nordham
- Human Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Tognoli
- Human Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Armin Fuchs
- Human Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.,Department of Physics, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - J A Scott Kelso
- Human Brain and Behavior Laboratory, Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA.,Intelligent Systems Research Centre, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Derry∼Londonderry, N. Ireland, UK
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21
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Abstract
Research has established that competing head to head against a rival boosts motivation and performance. The present research investigated whether rivalry can affect performance over time and in contests without rivals. We examined the long-term effects of rivalry through archival analyses of postseason performance in multiple high-stakes sports contexts: National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Men's Basketball and the major U.S. professional sports leagues: National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), and National Hockey League (NHL). Econometric analyses revealed that postseason performance of a focal team's rival in year N predicted that focal team's postseason performance in year N + 1. Follow-up analyses suggested that the performance boost was especially pronounced when one's rival won the previous tournament. These results establish that rivalry has a long shadow: A rival team's success exerts such a powerful motivational force that it drives performance outside of direct competition with one's rival and even after a significant delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Pike
- 1 Management Division, Columbia Business School, Columbia University
| | - Gavin J Kilduff
- 2 Department of Management and Organizational Behavior, Stern School of Business, New York University
| | - Adam D Galinsky
- 1 Management Division, Columbia Business School, Columbia University
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22
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Weber DM, Herr NR. The Messenger Matters: Invalidating Remarks From Men Provoke a More Negative Emotional Reaction Than Do Remarks From Women. Psychol Rep 2017; 122:180-200. [PMID: 29298582 DOI: 10.1177/0033294117748618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite negative consequences of emotional invalidation, research has not examined the effect of gender on responses to validation or invalidation or how an invalidating comment from a male versus a female confederate may influence affective responses. We used a two-study quasi-experimental design to examine variables that influence the emotions of individuals validated or invalidated for their emotions. Male and female undergraduates received either validating or invalidating remarks from a gender-ambiguous confederate (Study 1) or invalidating remarks from either a male or female confederate (Study 2). Results showed that invalidation from a gender-ambiguous confederate produced more negative emotional reactions than validation regardless of participants' gender. Furthermore, being invalidated by a man rather than by a woman provoked a specifically more negative emotional response. Interpersonal interventions should explore ways to reduce invalidation and particularly strive to mitigate the effects of invalidation from men, whose criticisms may provoke heightened negative responses from others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Weber
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Herr
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
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Abstract
In this research, we tested hypotheses about the role of oxytocin in adult human
bonding. Inspired by revisiting the research on pair bonding in microtine voles
that fueled psychologists’ interest in the role of oxytocin in social life, we
drew on recent theory from affective and relationship science to identify a
well-defined bonding context for human romantic relationships. We then paired
these behaviors and subjective psychological responses with a measure of
naturally circulating oxytocin. In 129 romantically involved adults whose
partner expressed gratitude to them in the lab, greater oxytocin over the prior
24 hr was associated with greater perceptions of the expresser’s responsiveness
and gratitude, as well as greater experienced love, but not general affective
reward. Moreover, in this one-time conversation, higher oxytocin acted like
rose-colored glasses, attenuating the effect of a partner’s behaviorally coded
expressive behavior on perceptions of the expresser’s responsiveness. These
results justify future research on the role of oxytocin in psychological aspects
of growth processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Algoe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Laura E Kurtz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Karen Grewen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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24
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Abstract
Although many researchers have explored the relations among gender identification, discriminatory attributions, and intentions to challenge discrimination, few have examined the causal impact of gender identity salience on women's actual responses to a sexist encounter. In the current study, we addressed this question by experimentally manipulating the salience of gender identity and assessing its impact on women's decision to confront a sexist comment in a simulated online interaction. Female participants (N = 114) were randomly assigned to complete a short measure of either personal or collective self-esteem, which was designed to increase the salience of personal versus gender identity. They were then given the opportunity to confront a male interaction partner who expressed sexist views. Compared to those who were primed to focus on their personal identity, participants who were primed to focus on their gender identity perceived the interaction partner's remarks as more sexist and were more likely to engage in confrontation. By highlighting the powerful role of subtle contextual cues in shaping women's perceptions of, and responses to, sexism, our findings have important implications for the understanding of gender identity salience as an antecedent of prejudice confrontation. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Wang
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John F. Dovidio
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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25
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Pádua Júnior FP, Prado PHM, Roeder SS, Andrade EB. What a Smile Means: Contextual Beliefs and Facial Emotion Expressions in a Non-verbal Zero-Sum Game. Front Psychol 2016; 7:534. [PMID: 27148142 PMCID: PMC4836202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into the authenticity of facial emotion expressions often focuses on the physical properties of the face while paying little attention to the role of beliefs in emotion perception. Further, the literature most often investigates how people express a pre-determined emotion rather than what facial emotion expressions people strategically choose to express. To fill these gaps, this paper proposes a non-verbal zero-sum game - the Face X Game - to assess the role of contextual beliefs and strategic displays of facial emotion expression in interpersonal interactions. This new research paradigm was used in a series of three studies, where two participants are asked to play the role of the sender (individual expressing emotional information on his/her face) or the observer (individual interpreting the meaning of that expression). Study 1 examines the outcome of the game with reference to the sex of the pair, where senders won more frequently when the pair was comprised of at least one female. Study 2 examines the strategic display of facial emotion expressions. The outcome of the game was again contingent upon the sex of the pair. Among female pairs, senders won the game more frequently, replicating the pattern of results from study 1. We also demonstrate that senders who strategically express an emotion incongruent with the valence of the event (e.g., smile after seeing a negative event) are able to mislead observers, who tend to hold a congruent belief about the meaning of the emotion expression. If sending an incongruent signal helps to explain why female senders win more frequently, it logically follows that female observers were more prone to hold a congruent, and therefore inaccurate, belief. This prospect implies that while female senders are willing and/or capable of displaying fake smiles, paired-female observers are not taking this into account. Study 3 investigates the role of contextual factors by manipulating female observers' beliefs. When prompted to think in an incongruent manner, these observers significantly improve their performance in the game. These findings emphasize the role that contextual factors play in emotion perception-observers' beliefs do indeed affect their judgments of facial emotion expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio P. Pádua Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Universidade Federal do ParanáCuritiba, Brazil
| | - Paulo H. M. Prado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração, Universidade Federal do ParanáCuritiba, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo B. Andrade
- Fundação Getulio Vargas–Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de EmpresasRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Fox GR, Araujo HF, Metke MJ, Shafer C, Damasio A. How Does the Effort Spent to Hold a Door Affect Verbal Thanks and Reciprocal Help? Front Psychol 2015; 6:1737. [PMID: 26617559 PMCID: PMC4641909 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When someone holds a door for us we often respond with a verbal “thanks.” But given such a trivial favor, our feelings can vary considerably depending on how the door is held. Studies have shown that verbal thanking increases in relation to door-holding effort. However, it is unclear how such a favor can lead to verbal thanks in addition to reciprocal help. We examined how holding a door in an effortful or non-effortful manner relates to verbal thanking and reciprocal helping. We measured: (1) whether participants verbally thanked the experimenter, (2) whether they agreed to help another person by taking a survey, and (3) whether they helped pick up objects (pens) that the door-holder subsequently dropped. Participants in the effortful condition were more likely to offer verbal thanks, to help pick up the pens, and to walk a greater distance to pick them up. Participants who thanked the door-holder, however, were not more likely to provide help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Fox
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Helder Filipe Araujo
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Metke
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chris Shafer
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Damasio
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Turner RB, Doyle WJ. Does hugging provide stress-buffering social support? A study of susceptibility to upper respiratory infection and illness. Psychol Sci 2014; 26:135-47. [PMID: 25526910 DOI: 10.1177/0956797614559284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceived social support has been hypothesized to protect against the pathogenic effects of stress. How such protection might be conferred, however, is not well understood. Using a sample of 404 healthy adults, we examined the roles of perceived social support and received hugs in buffering against interpersonal stress-induced susceptibility to infectious disease. Perceived support was assessed by questionnaire, and daily interpersonal conflict and receipt of hugs were assessed by telephone interviews on 14 consecutive evenings. Subsequently, participants were exposed to a virus that causes a common cold and were monitored in quarantine to assess infection and illness signs. Perceived support protected against the rise in infection risk associated with increasing frequency of conflict. A similar stress-buffering effect emerged for hugging, which explained 32% of the attenuating effect of support. Among infected participants, greater perceived support and more-frequent hugs each predicted less-severe illness signs. These data suggest that hugging may effectively convey social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University
| | | | - Ronald B Turner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center
| | - William J Doyle
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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28
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Abstract
The current research establishes a first-mover disadvantage in negotiation. We propose that making the first offer in a negotiation will backfire when the sender reveals private information that an astute recipient can leverage to his or her advantage. In two experiments, we manipulated whether the first offer was purely distributive or revealed that the sender's preferences were compatible with the recipient's preferences (i.e., the negotiators wanted the same outcome on an issue). When first offers contained only distributive issues, the classic first-mover advantage occurred, and first offers predicted final prices. However, a first-mover disadvantage emerged when senders opened with offers that revealed compatible preferences. These effects were moderated by negotiators' social value orientation: Proself negotiators were more likely to take advantage of compatible information than were prosocial negotiators. Overall, the key factor that determined whether the first-mover advantage or disadvantage emerged was whether the offer revealed compatible preferences. These results demonstrate that first offers not only provide numerical value but also convey qualitative information.
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29
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Abstract
Perspective taking is often the glue that binds people together. However, we propose that in competitive contexts, perspective taking is akin to adding gasoline to a fire: It inflames already-aroused competitive impulses and leads people to protect themselves from the potentially insidious actions of their competitors. Overall, we suggest that perspective taking functions as a relational amplifier. In cooperative contexts, it creates the foundation for prosocial impulses, but in competitive contexts, it triggers hypercompetition, leading people to prophylactically engage in unethical behavior to prevent themselves from being exploited. The experiments reported here establish that perspective taking interacts with the relational context--cooperative or competitive--to predict unethical behavior, from using insidious negotiation tactics to materially deceiving one's partner to cheating on an anagram task. In the context of competition, perspective taking can pervert the age-old axiom "do unto others as you would have them do unto you" into "do unto others as you think they will try to do unto you."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Pierce
- 1Ingeniería Comercial, Escuela de Negocios, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez
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30
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Larsen LS, Larsen BH, Birkelund R. A companionship between strangers - the hospital environment as a challenge in patient-patient interaction in oncology wards. J Adv Nurs 2013; 70:395-404. [PMID: 23829553 DOI: 10.1111/jan.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To present an identification and discussion of the impact of the hospital environment on interaction among people with cancer. BACKGROUND In recent years, researchers have focused on identifying and describing features of the hospital environment that promote healing, recovery and well-being. It has been discovered that architectural features affect hospitalized patients both positively and negatively. But the research has failed to include fellow patients as part of the hospital environment. DESIGN A qualitative approach influenced by ethnography. METHOD Participant observation and individual qualitative interviews were used to collect data. From a total of 85 observed people with cancer 10 men and 10 women were interviewed. Data were collected over 6 months in 2010-2011 and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. FINDINGS Patients had ambiguous views regarding their fellow patients and the hospital environment. The hospital environment imposed conditions that caused stress factors such as the loss of personal privacy and control, but it also offered the possibility of good company and support from fellow patients. Refuge from fellow patients was hard to achieve and the fact that personal conversations might be overheard by fellow patients caused patients to withhold important information from healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, patients accepted the hospital environment uncritically, with resignation or with silent rebellion. Despite the challenges, 18 of 20 patients preferred multiple-bed rooms with the company of fellow patients. CONCLUSION The influence of the hospital environment on hospitalized people with cancer and their interpersonal interaction needs to be acknowledged by healthcare professionals. In addition, evidence-based hospital design must include research into patient preferences and arguments. Further investigation is needed.
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31
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Beltz AM, Beekman C, Molenaar PCM, Buss KA. Mapping temporal dynamics in social interactions with unified structural equation modeling: A description and demonstration revealing time-dependent sex differences in play behavior. Appl Dev Sci 2013; 17:152-168. [PMID: 24039386 DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2013.805953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Developmental science is rich with observations of social interactions, but few available methodological and statistical approaches take full advantage of the information provided by these data. The authors propose implementation of the unified structural equation model (uSEM), a network analysis technique, for observational data coded repeatedly across time; uSEM captures the temporal dynamics underlying changes in behavior at the individual level by revealing the ways in which a single person influences - concurrently and in the future - other people. To demonstrate the utility of uSEM, the authors applied it to ratings of positive affect and vigor of activity during children's unstructured laboratory play with unfamiliar, same-sex peers. Results revealed the time-dependent nature of sex differences in play behavior. For girls more than boys, positive affect was dependent upon peers' prior positive affect. For boys more than girls, vigor of activity was dependent upon peers' current vigor of activity.
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32
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Shomaker LB, Furman W. Parent-Adolescent Relationship Qualities, Internal Working Models, and Styles as Predictors of Adolescents' Observed Interactions with Friends. J Soc Pers Relat 2009; 26:579. [PMID: 20174459 PMCID: PMC2822392 DOI: 10.1177/0265407509354441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how current parent-adolescent relationship qualities and adolescents' representations of relationships with parents were related to friendship interactions in 200 adolescent-close friend dyads. Adolescents and friends were observed discussing problems during a series of structured tasks. Negative interactions with mothers were significantly related to adolescents' greater conflict with friends, poorer focus on tasks, and poorer communication skills. Security of working models (as assessed by interview) was significantly associated with qualities of friendship interactions, whereas security of attachment styles (as assessed by questionnaire) was not. More dismissing (vs. secure) working models were associated with poorer focus on problem discussions and weaker communication skills with friends, even after accounting for gender differences and current parent-adolescent relationship qualities. We discuss possible mechanisms for the observed links between dimensions of parent-adolescent relationships and friendships. We also consider methodological and conceptual differences between working model and style measures of attachment representations.
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Ellis DA, Zucker RA, Fitzgerald HE. The role of family influences in development and risk. Alcohol Health Res World 1997; 21:218-26. [PMID: 15706772 PMCID: PMC6826803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various influences in the family environment contribute to children of alcoholics' (COAs') risk of developing alcoholism and other mental health problems. These risk factors include alcohol-specific influences, which selectively predict alcohol problems, and alcohol-nonspecific influences, which predict a variety of mental health problems. Alcohol-specific family influences include modeling of parental drinking behavior, development of alcohol expectancies, and the family's ethnic background. Parental psychopathology, the family's socioeconomic status, and general family psychopathology are examples of alcohol-nonspecific risk factors, which increase the COA's risk of behavior disorders as well as of alcoholism. The families of COA's who are at highest risk for alcoholism and other mental health problems are characterized by the aggregation of numerous alcohol-specific and alcohol-nonspecific risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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