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Yay E, Yilmaz M, Toygar H, Balci N, Alvarez Rivas C, Bolluk Kilic B, Zirh A, Paster B, Kantarci A. Parkinson's disease alters the composition of subgingival microbiome. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2250650. [PMID: 37649970 PMCID: PMC10464550 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2250650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The current study aimed to test the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease exacerbates periodontitis by altering its microbiome. Materials and Methods Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. Subgingival samples from healthy controls, periodontitis patients (PD), and Parkinson's patients with periodontitis (PA+PD) were analyzed using the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique for targeting 40 bacterial species typically associated with periodontal disease and health. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (V1-V3 regions) was performed to analyze the microbiome comprehensively. Results Parkinson's patients had mild-to-moderate motor dysfunctions. Bleeding on probing was significantly increased in the PA+PD group compared to PD (p < 0.05). With checkerboard analysis, PA was associated with increased Treponema socranskii (p = 0.0062), Peptostreptococcaceae_[G-6] [Eubacterium]_nodatum (p = 0.0439), Parvimona micra (p < 0.0001), Prevotella melaninogenica (p = 0.0002), Lachnoanaerobaculum saburreum (p < 0.0001), and Streptococcus anginosus (p = 0.0020). Streptococcus intermedia (p = 0.0042), P.nodatum (p = 0.0022), P. micra (p = 0.0002), Treponema denticola (p = 0.0045), L.saburreum (p = 0.0267), P.melaninogenica (p = 0.0017), Campylobacter rectus (p = 0.0020), and T.socranskii (p = 0.0002) were higher; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (p = 0.0072) was lower in deep pockets in the PA+PD compared to PD. Schaalia odontolytica (p = 0.0351) and A.actinomycetemcomitans (p = 0.002) were lower; C.rectus (p = 0.0002), P. micra (p = 0065), Streptococcus constellatus (p = 0.0151), T.denticola (p = 0.0141), P.melaninogenica (p = 0.0057), and T.socranskii (p = 0.0316) were higher in shallow pockets in the PA+PD. Diversity decreased in PD (p = 0.001) and PA+PD (p = 0.026) compared to control, with minimal differences in alpha and beta diversities among PD and PA+PD based on NGS results. Conclusion These data demonstrated that Parkinson's disease modifies PD-associated subgingival microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Yay
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melis Yilmaz
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilal Toygar
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Balci
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Carla Alvarez Rivas
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Infection, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Basak Bolluk Kilic
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zirh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bruce Paster
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Infection, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alpdogan Kantarci
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Infection, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Zhang Y, Shang L, Roffel S, Krom BP, Gibbs S, Deng D. Stable reconstructed human gingiva–microbe interaction model: Differential response to commensals and pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:991128. [PMID: 36339338 PMCID: PMC9631029 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.991128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate human oral health and disease, models are required which represent the interactions between the oral mucosa and microbiome. Our aim was to develop an organotypic model which maintains viability of both host and microbes for an extended period of time. Methods Reconstructed Human Gingiva (RHG) were cultured air-lifted with or without penicillin-streptomycin (PS) and topically exposed to Streptococcus gordonii (commensal) or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (pathogen) for 72 hours in agar. RHG histology, viability and cytokines (ELISA), and bacterial viability (colony forming units) and location (FISH) were assessed. Results The low concentration of topically applied agar did not influence RHG viability. Topically applied bacteria in agar remained localized and viable for 72 hours and did not spill over to infect RHG culture medium. PS in RHG culture medium killed topically applied bacteria. Co-culture with living bacteria did not influence RHG viability (Ki67 expression, MTT assay) or histology (epithelium differentiation, Keratin10 expression). RHG exposed to S. gordonii (with or without PS) did not influence low level of IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCL5, CCL20 or CXCL1 secretion. However, all cytokines increased (except CCL2) when RHG were co-cultured with A. actinomycetemcomitans. The effect was significantly more in the presence of living, rather than dead, A. actinomycetemcomitans. Both bacteria resulted in increased expression of RHG antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) Elafin and HBD-2, with S. gordonii exposure resulting in the most Elafin secretion. Conclusion This technical advance enables living human oral host–microbe interactions to be investigated during a 72-hour period and shows differences in innate immunology triggered by S. gordonii and A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Orthodontic, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Shang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Roffel
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Dongmei Deng,
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Antibiotics in the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:6846074. [PMID: 34790237 PMCID: PMC8592718 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6846074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic antibiotics present one of the alternative adjunctive therapies in nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Different protocols have been proposed, but their indication and effectiveness are still controversial. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the addition of antibiotics after nonsurgical debridement during initial therapy and compare different antimicrobial prescription protocols. Materials and Methods An electronic search was performed through MEDLINE and EBSCOhost databases using the appropriate MeSH words. The target studies have to be published during the last five years. Data from the selected studies were extracted and analyzed. Study selection was done based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Seven randomized clinical trials were included in our review. Their data were extracted using a grid established for this purpose. Collectively, different protocols have been proposed and almost all of them yield superior clinical and microbiological results compared to the placebo group. Conclusion The overall findings of this review show a positive effect of the use of antibiotics as an adjunctive to NSPT, regardless of the antimicrobial agents used in our included studies. Sites with PD > 6 mm may benefit most from the adjunctive use of antibiotics in NSPT. This trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov identifiers: NCT02829983 (Bechara Andere et al., 2016); NCT02839421 (Ardila et al., 2020); NCT02735395 (Borges et al., 2017); NCT02359721 (Suryaprasanna et al., 2018); and NCT01318928 (Hans, 2015).
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Marcano R, Rojo MÁ, Cordoba-Diaz D, Garrosa M. Pathological and Therapeutic Approach to Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:533. [PMID: 34437404 PMCID: PMC8402370 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that periodontal disease is an inflammatory entity of infectious origin, in which the immune activation of the host leads to the destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth. Periodontal pathogenic bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis, that belongs to the complex net of oral microflora, exhibits a toxicogenic potential by releasing endotoxins, which are the lipopolysaccharide component (LPS) available in the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released into the tissues causing damage after the cell is lysed. There are three well-defined regions in the LPS: one of them, the lipid A, has a lipidic nature, and the other two, the Core and the O-antigen, have a glycosidic nature, all of them with independent and synergistic functions. Lipid A is the "bioactive center" of LPS, responsible for its toxicity, and shows great variability along bacteria. In general, endotoxins have specific receptors at the cells, causing a wide immunoinflammatory response by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the production of matrix metalloproteinases. This response is not coordinated, favoring the dissemination of LPS through blood vessels, as well as binding mainly to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expressed in the host cells, leading to the destruction of the tissues and the detrimental effect in some systemic pathologies. Lipid A can also act as a TLRs antagonist eliciting immune deregulation. Although bacterial endotoxins have been extensively studied clinically and in a laboratory, their effects on the oral cavity and particularly on periodontium deserve special attention since they affect the connective tissue that supports the tooth, and can be linked to advanced medical conditions. This review addresses the distribution of endotoxins associated with periodontal pathogenic bacteria and its relationship with systemic diseases, as well as the effect of some therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Marcano
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and INCYL, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - M. Ángeles Rojo
- Area of Experimental Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Damián Cordoba-Diaz
- Area of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and IUFI, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Manuel Garrosa
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and INCYL, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
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Martín-Serradilla JI, Franco-Hidalgo S, Sánchez-Barranco F, Laherrán-Rodríguez E, Hernández-Carrero MT. Diaphragmatic mass caused by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitams. IDCases 2020; 21:e00846. [PMID: 32514396 PMCID: PMC7267722 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
actinomycetemcomitans causes periodontitis, endocarditis and soft tissue abscess. First case of A. actinomycetemcomitans diaphragmatic infection without lung injury. Hematogenous spread of A. actinomycetemcomitans from oral mucosa to thorax. Color is not necessary for the figure.
A 52-year-old man was evaluated in our outpatient facility because of a thoracic mass for one month. A needle biopsy of the chest mass was performed and microbiological culture showed growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Three months after starting antimicrobial therapy, acute phase reactants normalized, and chest CT showed a progressive reduction in the size of the phlegmon. To our knowledge, we report the first case of A. actinomycetemcomitans diaphragmatic and chest wall infection without pulmonary involvement. This supports the theory of hematogenous spread of the germ from oral mucosa to produce thoracic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose I Martín-Serradilla
- Unidad de Diagnóstico Rápido, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Franco-Hidalgo
- Unidad de Diagnóstico Rápido, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Sánchez-Barranco
- Unidad de Diagnóstico Rápido, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, Spain
| | - Elena Laherrán-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Diagnóstico Rápido, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, Spain
| | - Maria-Teresa Hernández-Carrero
- Unidad de Diagnóstico Rápido, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Palencia, Palencia, Spain
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Özavci V, Erbas G, Parin U, Yüksel HT, Kirkan Ş. Molecular detection of feline and canine periodontal pathogens. Vet Anim Sci 2019; 8:100069. [PMID: 32734086 PMCID: PMC7386636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is concluded that the feline oral flora is highly diverse than canine oral flora. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella nigrescens and Porphyromonas gulae were the dominant species in cats and dogs. T. forsythia, C. ochracea, and C. sputigena in cats and T. forsythia, C. ochracea, C. sputigena T. denticola and, E. corrodens, in dogs showed that the prevalence was lower than 10%. E. corrodens in cats and, P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and C. rectus in dogs were also isolated from the swab samples with less than 30% percentage. A balanced diet for cats and dogs should be provided to reduce the formation of residues in the oral flora. Daily rinsing with antiseptic solutions may also be helpful against the development of periodontal pathogens.
Periodontal disease is the most common infectious disease of cats and dogs which are strongly associated with periodontal pathogens. The primary etiologic factor in the formation of periodontal disease is microbial dental plaque accumulation on teeth. In our research, we aimed to investigate the presence of periodontal disease-related bacterial species in dental plaques of cats and dogs. Specimens collected from 50 cats and 51 dogs with periodontal disease examined in terms of periodontal pathogens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers directed to 16S rRNA and tdpA genes. Our findings indicate the presence of periodontal disease-related pathogens, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis (cats 96%, dogs 88%), Prevotella nigrescens (cats 90%, dogs 57%) and, Porphyromonas gulae (cats 70%, dogs 39%). In addition, the prevalence of Tannerella forthysia (cats 2%, dogs 4%) well-known pathogen in cats and dogs were isolated with an extremely low percentage. Furthermore, our results suggest that the feline oral cavity microbiota has considerably more diversity than dogs. Consequently, daily oral hygiene practices may become essential for controlling the pathogenic bacteria which have clinical importance and in preventing the propagation of microorganisms in the oral cavity of cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Özavci
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
- Corresponding author.
| | - Göksel Erbas
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Uğur Parin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Hafize Tuğba Yüksel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Kirkan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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Abdullahi M, Olotu FA, Soliman ME. Solving the riddle: Unraveling the mechanisms of blocking the binding of leukotoxin by therapeutic antagonists in periodontal diseases. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:9364-9379. [PMID: 30129224 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative bacteria that has gained wide recognition for its causative role in the development of various immune diseases, which includes localized aggressive periodontitis. Its ability to evade host defense mechanisms is mediated by the secretion of leukotoxin (LtxA), which induces death of white blood cells (leukocytes) by specific binding to their surface-expressed leukocyte function-associated receptor (LFA-1) in its active state. Therapeutic compounds that interfere with this pathogenic process and abrogate A. actinomycetemcomitans virulence have been reported in literature. These include doxycycline, and more recently phytochemical compounds such as hamamelitanin, resveratrol, naringin, and quercetin. However, the question remains how do they work? Therefore, with the aid of computational tools, we explore the molecular mechanisms by which they possibly elicit their therapeutic functions. Molecular mechanics Poisson/Boltzmann surface area analyses revealed that these compounds bind favorably to active LFA-1 with high affinity and considerable stability, indicative of their ability to occupy the LtxA binding site (LBS) and prevent LtxA binding. The conformational transition of open LFA-1 to its closed state further describe the mechanistic activity of these compounds. In addition to notable reductions in structural mobility and flexibility, the burial of surface-exposed interactive side chains at the LBS was observed, an occurrence that could alter the complementary binding of LtxA. It is also important to mention that these occurrences were induced more prominently by the phytochemicals. We believe that these findings will enhance the scope of drug design and discovery for potent LtxA antagonists with improved activities and therapeutic efficacies in the treatment of virulent A. actinomycetemcomitans diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abdullahi
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Abstract
Freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM) as a cryofixation, replica, and transmission electron microscopy technique is unique in membrane bilayer and lipid monolayer research because it enables us to excess and visualize pattern such as domains in the hydrophobic center of lipid bilayer as well as the lipid/gas interface of lipid monolayer. Since one of the preparation steps of this technique includes fracturing the frozen sample and since during this fracturing process the fracture plane follows the area of weakest forces, these areas are exposed allowing us to explore pattern built up by lipids and/or intrinsic proteins but also initiated by peptides, drugs, and toxins reaching into these normally hard to access areas. Furthermore, FFEM as a replica technique is applicable to objects of a large size range and combines detailed imaging of fine structures down to nano-resolution scale within images of larger biological or artificial objects up to several tens of micrometers in size.Biological membranes consist of a multitude of components which can self-organize into rafts or domains within the fluid bilayer characterized by lateral inhomogeneities in chemical composition and/or physical properties. These domains seem to play important roles in signal transduction and membrane traffic. Furthermore, lipid domains are important in health and disease and make an interesting target for pharmacological approaches in cure and prevention of diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, cardiovascular and prion diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, and HIV. As a cryofixation technique, FFEM is a very powerful tool to capture such domains in a probe-free mode and explore their dynamics on a nano-resolution scale.
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Oral pathogenesis of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Microb Pathog 2017; 113:303-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Liu CC, Chen CH, Tang CY, Chen KH, Chen ZF, Chang SH, Tsai CY, Liou ML. Prevalence and comparative analysis of the type IV secretion system in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 51:278-285. [PMID: 28711435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD/PURPOSE Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has emerged as one of the aetiological agents in periodontal disease. Although Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are widely distributed in many bacteria, the genetic features and distribution of T4SSs in A. actinomycetemcomitans remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and their T4SSs in a Taiwanese population. METHODS A comparative analysis of 20 A. actinomycetemcomitans genomes and their T4SSs deposited in GenBank was performed. One hundred subjects, including 20 periodontitis and 80 normal subjects, were enrolled and PCR identification of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and T4SS genes were performed. RESULTS Of 100 subjects, serotypes C (22%) and E (11%) were most common. In addition, T4SSs were distributed in all of the serotypes. The prevalence of T4SSs and their location in plasmids in periodontitis subjects were 1.28-2 fold higher but not significantly different compared to normal subjects. Of 20 A. actinomycetemcomitans genomes, only ten with complete T4SS modules could be detected, which was highly correlated with localized aggressive periodontitis (p < 0.1). Nine of ten T4SS modules were from periodontitis subjects. Phylogenetic analysis of 10 T4SSs in A. actinomycetemcomitans showed that they were clustered into two groups, T4SSAaI and T4SSAaII, with only T4SSAaI appearing in the Taiwanese subjects. CONCLUSION A. actinomycetemcomitans strains with different serotypes carrying T4SSAaI are widely distributed in a Taiwanese population. This is the first report to show the distribution and detailed comparative genomics of T4SSs in A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chin Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Chung Hua University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung County, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hua Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, College of Medicine & Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Yi Tang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung County, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsueh Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Providence University, Taichung County, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Feng Chen
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Chang
- Department of Periodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan County, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying Tsai
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan County, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Li Liou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsin-Chu City, Taiwan.
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Reynolds-Campbell G, Nicholson A, Thoms-Rodriguez CA. Oral Bacterial Infections: Diagnosis and Management. Dent Clin North Am 2017; 61:305-318. [PMID: 28317568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The human oral cavity contains more than 500 different bacterial species. These organisms belong to several phyla including Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Euryarchaeota, Chlamydiae, and Spirochaetes. Many of these have the ability to colonize the gingival crevices and the outer surface of the tooth forming biofilms often leading to dental plaque formation. These bacteria produce acid that erode teeth causing cavities or infections. The diagnosis of these infections is often clinical and antibiotics are used empirically to treat some infections or as prophylaxis. The characterization, definitive diagnosis, and susceptibility testing of oral bacterial infections are valuable in guiding appropriate therapy and in prevention of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Nicholson
- Department of Microbiology, The University of the West Indies, Mona, KGN 7, Jamaica, West Indies
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12
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Jaffar N, Miyazaki T, Maeda T. Biofilm formation of periodontal pathogens on hydroxyapatite surfaces: Implications for periodontium damage. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2873-80. [PMID: 27390886 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation of periodontal pathogens on teeth surfaces promotes the progression of periodontal disease. Hence, understanding the mechanisms of bacterial attachment to the dental surfaces may inform strategies for the maintenance of oral health. Although hydroxyapatite (HA) is a major calcium phosphate component of teeth, effect of biofilm formation on HA surfaces remains poorly characterized. In this study, biofilm-forming abilities by the periodontal pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Y4 and Porphyromonas gingivalis 381 were investigated on dense and porous HAs that represent enamel and dentin surfaces, respectively. These experiments showed greater biofilm formation on porous HA, but differing attachment profiles and effects of the two pathogens. Specifically, while the detachment of A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 biofilm was observed, P. gingivalis 381 biofilm increased with time. Moreover, observations of HA morphology following formation of A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4 biofilm revealed gaps between particles, whereas no significant changes were observed in the presence of P. gingivalis 381. Finally, comparisons of calcium leakage showed only slight differences between bacterial species and HA types and may be masked by bacterial calcium uptake. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2873-2880, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norzawani Jaffar
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0196, Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Gong Badak Campus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia
| | - Toshiki Miyazaki
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Toshinari Maeda
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0196, Japan. .,Research Center for Advanced Eco-Fitting Technology, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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13
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Sánchez GA, Acquier AB, De Couto A, Busch L, Mendez CF. Association between Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque and clinical parameters, in Argentine patients with aggressive periodontitis. Microb Pathog 2015; 82:31-6. [PMID: 25812474 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) have been associated with aggressive (AgP) and chronic periodontitis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of Aa and Pg in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with AgP and its relation with clinical parameters. DESIGN Sixteen females and fourteen males with clinical diagnosis of AgP aged 17-23 years and their match's controls, were included in this study. Clinical recording concerning probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, plaque index and gingival bleeding index were performed at baseline, 30 and 60 days after baseline. After clinical examination GCF samples were analyzed for Aa and Pg with a real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. Patients group was treated with a combined of mechanical and oral antibiotic therapy (doxycycline 100 mg/day, during 21 days). A multivariate analysis was used to determine the relationship between Aa and Pg counts with clinical parameters. RESULTS GCF from all subjects was positive for Aa and PG. In controls Pg concentration was higher than Aa (Pg: 42,420 ± 3,034 copies/ml; Aa: 66.6 ± 5.4 copies/ml p < 0.001) while in patients both microbes showed the same concentration (Aa: 559,878 ± 39,698 Pg: 572,321 ± 58,752). A significant and positive correlation was observed between counts of Aa and Pg (R square: 0.7965, p < 0.0001). Female showed more counts/ml. Aa might be closely associated with clinical parameters while Pg did not. At 30 and 60 days Aa counts in patients were similar to controls while Pg counts were equal to baseline. However, in spite of Pg presence a clinical improvement was observed in all patients. CONCLUSIONS In our population the presence of Aa may be associated with AgP while Pg may be in GCF as an opportunistic pathogen which might caused disease when the ecological balance was favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Sánchez
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Andrea B Acquier
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra De Couto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Busch
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos F Mendez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Shanmugam M, Gopal P, El Abbar F, Schreiner HC, Kaplan JB, Fine DH, Ramasubbu N. Role of exopolysaccharide in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced bone resorption in a rat model for periodontal disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117487. [PMID: 25706999 PMCID: PMC4338281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans a causative agent of periodontal disease in humans, forms biofilm on biotic and abiotic surfaces. A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilm is heterogeneous in nature and is composed of proteins, extracellular DNA and exopolysaccharide. To explore the role played by the exopolysaccharide in the colonization and disease progression, we employed genetic reduction approach using our rat model of A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontitis. To this end, a genetically modified strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans lacking the pga operon was compared with the wild-type strain in the rat infection model. The parent and mutant strains were primarily evaluated for bone resorption and disease. Our study showed that colonization, bone resorption/disease and antibody response were all elevated in the wild-type fed rats. The bone resorption/disease caused by the pga mutant strain, lacking the exopolysaccharide, was significantly less (P < 0.05) than the bone resorption/disease caused by the wild-type strain. Further analysis of the expression levels of selected virulence genes through RT-PCR showed that the decrease in colonization, bone resorption and antibody titer in the absence of the exopolysaccharide might be due to attenuated levels of colonization genes, flp-1, apiA and aae in the mutant strain. This study demonstrates that the effect exerted by the exopolysaccharide in A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced bone resorption has hitherto not been recognized and underscores the role played by the exopolysaccharide in A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayilvahanan Shanmugam
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, United States of America
| | - Prerna Gopal
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, United States of America
| | - Faiha El Abbar
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, United States of America
| | - Helen C Schreiner
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B Kaplan
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, United States of America
| | - Daniel H Fine
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, United States of America
| | - Narayanan Ramasubbu
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, 07103, United States of America
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15
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Orellana BR, Puleo DA. Tailored sequential drug release from bilayered calcium sulfate composites. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 43:243-52. [PMID: 25175211 PMCID: PMC4152730 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current standard for treating infected bony defects, such as those caused by periodontal disease, requires multiple time-consuming steps and often multiple procedures to fight the infection and recover lost tissue. Releasing an antibiotic followed by an osteogenic agent from a synthetic bone graft substitute could allow for a streamlined treatment, reducing the need for multiple surgeries and thereby shortening recovery time. Tailorable bilayered calcium sulfate (CS) bone graft substitutes were developed with the ability to sequentially release multiple therapeutic agents. Bilayered composite samples having a shell and core geometry were fabricated with varying amounts (1 or 10 wt.%) of metronidazole-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particles embedded in the shell and simvastatin directly loaded into either the shell, core, or both. Microcomputed tomography showed the overall layered geometry as well as the uniform distribution of PLGA within the shells. Dissolution studies demonstrated that the amount of PLGA particles (i.e., 1 vs. 10 wt.%) had a small but significant effect on the erosion rate (3% vs. 3.4%/d). Mechanical testing determined that introducing a layered geometry had a significant effect on the compressive strength, with an average reduction of 35%, but properties were comparable to those of mandibular trabecular bone. Sustained release of simvastatin directly loaded into CS demonstrated that changing the shell to core volume ratio dictates the duration of drug release from each layer. When loaded together in the shell or in separate layers, sequential release of metronidazole and simvastatin was achieved. By introducing a tunable, layered geometry capable of releasing multiple drugs, CS-based bone graft substitutes could be tailored in order to help streamline the multiple steps needed to regenerate tissue in infected defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Orellana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David A Puleo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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16
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Böhme J, Glaenz TE, Kaiser A, Allmacher C. [Cutaneous infection with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans]. DER HAUTARZT 2014; 65:810-3. [PMID: 25234630 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-013-2678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a small, gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillus. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is known to cause periodontal disease and to be associated with actinomycosis. CASE REPORT We report a patient developed a chronic wound following trauma about the right heel. The lesion resolved after oral antibiotic therapy with cefpodoxime und surgical debridement. Bacterial cultures grew abundant Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, but no actinomyces species. OBJECTIVE The importance of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in chronic wounds needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Böhme
- Noris Dermatologie, Dr. med. O. Weber und Kollegen, Sulzbacher Str. 61, 90489, Nürnberg, Deutschland,
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17
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Antibacterial Activity of As-Annealed TiO2 Nanotubes Doped with Ag Nanoparticles against Periodontal Pathogens. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2014; 2014:829496. [PMID: 25202230 PMCID: PMC4151538 DOI: 10.1155/2014/829496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to develop functional transmucosal implant surfaces that reduce the number of initially adhering bacteria and they need to be modified to improve the anti-bacterial performance. Commercially pure Ti sheets were anodized in an electrolyte containing ethylene glycol, distilled water and ammonium fluoride at room temperature to produce TiO2 nanotubes. These structures were then annealed at 450°C to transform them to anatase. As-annealed TiO2 nanotubes were then treated in an electrolyte containing 80.7 g/L NiSO4·7H2O, 41 g/L MgSO4·7H2O, 45 g/L H3BO3, and 1.44 g/L Ag2SO4 at 20°C by the application of 9 V AC voltage for doping them with silver. As-annealed TiO2 nanotubes and as-annealed Ag doped TiO2 nanotubes were evaluated by SEM, FESEM, and XRD. Antibacterial activity was assessed by determining the adherence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia, and C. rectus to the surface of the nanotubes. Bacterial morphology was examined using an SEM. As-annealed Ag doped TiO2 nanotubes revealed intense peak of Ag. Bacterial death against the as-annealed Ag doped TiO2 nanotubes were detected against A. actinomycetemcomitans, T. forsythia, and C. rectus indicating antibacterial efficacy.
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18
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Haubek D, Johansson A. Pathogenicity of the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and its geographic dissemination and role in aggressive periodontitis. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:23980. [PMID: 25206940 PMCID: PMC4139931 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis in adolescents. In the middle of the 1990s, a specific JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans, belonging to the cluster of serotype b strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans and having a number of other characteristics, was found to be strongly associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis, particularly in North Africa. Although several longitudinal studies still point to the bacterial species, A. actinomycetemcomitans as a risk factor of aggressive periodontitis, it is now also widely accepted that the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans is implicated in rapidly progressing forms of aggressive periodontitis. The JP2 clone strains are highly prevalent in human populations living in Northern and Western parts of Africa. These strains are also prevalent in geographically widespread populations that have originated from the Northwest Africa. Only sporadic signs of a dissemination of the JP2 clone strains to non-African populations have been found despite Africans living geographically widespread for hundreds of years. It remains an unanswered question if a particular host tropism exists as a possible explanation for the frequent colonization of the Northwest African population with the JP2 clone. Two exotoxins of A. actinomycetemcomitans are known, leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt). LtxA is able to kill human immune cells, and Cdt can block cell cycle progression in eukaryotic cells and thus induce cell cycle arrest. Whereas the leukotoxin production is enhanced in JP2 clone strains thus increasing the virulence potential of A. actinomycetemcomitans, it has not been possible so far to demonstrate such a role for Cdt. Lines of evidence have led to the understanding of the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans as an aetiological factor of aggressive periodontitis. Patients, who are colonized with the JP2 clone, are likely to share this clone with several family members because the clone is transmitted through close contacts. This is a challenge to the clinicians. The patients need intense monitoring of their periodontal status as the risk for developing severely progressing periodontal lesions are relatively high. Furthermore, timely periodontal treatment, in some cases including periodontal surgery supplemented by the use of antibiotics, is warranted. Preferably, periodontal attachment loss should be prevented by early detection of the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans by microbial diagnostic testing and/or by preventive means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Haubek
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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19
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Sen Yew H, Chambers ST, Roberts SA, Holland DJ, Julian KA, Raymond NJ, Beardsley J, Read KM, Murdoch DR. Association between HACEK bacteraemia and endocarditis. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:892-895. [PMID: 24681996 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.070060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We retrospectively examined medical records of 87 patients with bacteraemia caused by members of the HACEK group (Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus, Cardiobacterium spp., Eikenella corrodens and Kingella spp.) to determine whether endocarditis was present, as defined by the Duke criteria. The overall positive predictive value (PPV) of HACEK bacteraemia for endocarditis was 60 %. The PPV varied with different HACEK species from 0 % (E. corrodens) to 100 % (A. actinomycetemcomitans).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haur Sen Yew
- Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Stephen T Chambers
- University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David R Murdoch
- University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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20
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Brígido JA, da Silveira VRS, Rego RO, Nogueira NAP. Serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in relation to periodontal status and geographic origin of individuals-a review of the literature. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2014; 19:e184-91. [PMID: 24316700 PMCID: PMC4015043 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.19304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Several studies have focused on the relationship among serotype distribution, ethnical status and geographic populations, and periodontal conditions. Studies that have investigated the prevalence and the distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and the relation between the different serotypes of the bacterium and periodontal status were reviewed.
Material and Methods: A systematic literature search for publications regarding the distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes in subgingival samples of periodontitis patients and periodontally healthy subjects by employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted.
Results: From the 85 studies identified in the first analysis, only 12 met all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Clinical isolates from diverse geographic populations with different periodontal conditions were evaluated. Serotypes a, b and c were largely found, and serotype c was the most prevalent. They were isolated from various periodontal conditions, including aggressive periodontitis.
Conclusions: The available literature suggests that serotypes a, b, and c are globally dominant, serotypes d and e are rare, and the prevalence of the most recently identified serotype fis still unknown. It is widely accepted that distribution patterns of A. actinomycetemcomitans vary among subjects of different ethnicity and geographic regions. The correlation of different serotypes with various periodontal conditions remains unclear.
Key words:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, serotypes, periodontal disease, prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Brígido
- Rua Monsenhor Furtado s/n, Bairro Rodolfo Teófilo, Fortaleza, Ceará, CEP 60430-170, Brazil,
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21
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Pei Z, Niu Z, Shi S, Shi L, Tang C. Phenotypic changes in nonfimbriated smooth strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans grown in low-humidity solid medium. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013; 37:121-6. [PMID: 23573892 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2012.745637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is the primary etiologic agent of localized aggressive periodontitis. In vitro, it can undergo fimbriated rough to nonfimbriated smooth phenotypic transition, accompanied by an increase in invasive ability and a decrease in adhesive ability. No opposite direction phenotypic transition was reported. To better understand its pathogenicity, the authors studied the morphological changes of nonfimbriated smooth strains induced by growth environmental humidity. Transmission electron microscopy was used to identify fimbriae expression change. It was found that the lower medium humidity, the more fimbriae reexpressed. In conclusion, the smooth strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans can reexpress the fimbriae in lower humidity environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Pei
- Department of Stomatology, The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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22
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Damek-Poprawa M, Korostoff J, Gill R, DiRienzo JM. Cell junction remodeling in gingival tissue exposed to a microbial toxin. J Dent Res 2013; 92:518-23. [PMID: 23576426 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513486807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The gingival epithelium plays a key role in protecting the supporting structures of the teeth from bacteria and their products. In ex vivo experiments, we recently showed that the cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) from the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans causes extensive damage to gingival tissue. Morphological changes included detachment of the keratinized outer layer, distention of spinous and basal cells in the oral epithelium, disruption of rete pegs, and apparent dissolution of cell junctions. Adherens junctions (zonula adherens) are essential for maintaining barrier function and integrity of gingival epithelium. Therefore, immunohistochemical and RT-PCR analyses of human gingival explants (HGX) and human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) were utilized for a closer examination of the effects of the Cdt on E-cadherin, the key membrane component of adherens junctions. Although there was some variability among tissue donors, exposure of gingival tissue or isolated epithelial cells to the toxin generally resulted in a pronounced increase in the expression and cytosolic distribution of E-cadherin, accompanied by an increase in levels of the intracellular scaffolding proteins β-catenin and β-actin. These results indicate that the Cdt induced substantial remodeling of adherens junctions, with a potential impact on the barrier function of gingival epithelium. ABBREVIATIONS cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt), 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC), human gingival explants (HGX), human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), transepithelial resistance (TER).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Damek-Poprawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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23
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Mlc is a transcriptional activator with a key role in integrating cyclic AMP receptor protein and integration host factor regulation of leukotoxin RNA synthesis in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:2284-97. [PMID: 23475968 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02144-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a periodontal pathogen, synthesizes leukotoxin (LtxA), a protein that helps the bacterium evade the host immune response. Transcription of the ltxA operon is induced during anaerobic growth. The cyclic AMP (cAMP) receptor protein (CRP) indirectly increases ltxA expression, but the intermediary regulator is unknown. Integration host factor (IHF) binds to and represses the leukotoxin promoter, but neither CRP nor IHF is responsible for the anaerobic induction of ltxA RNA synthesis. Thus, we have undertaken studies to identify other regulators of leukotoxin transcription and to demonstrate how these proteins work together to modulate leukotoxin synthesis. First, analyses of ltxA RNA expression from defined leukotoxin promoter mutations in the chromosome identify positions -69 to -35 as the key control region and indicate that an activator protein modulates leukotoxin transcription. We show that Mlc, which is a repressor in Escherichia coli, functions as a direct transcriptional activator in A. actinomycetemcomitans; an mlc deletion mutant reduces leukotoxin RNA synthesis, and recombinant Mlc protein binds specifically at the -68 to -40 region of the leukotoxin promoter. Furthermore, we show that CRP activates ltxA expression indirectly by increasing the levels of Mlc. Analyses of Δmlc, Δihf, and Δihf Δmlc strains demonstrate that Mlc can increase RNA polymerase (RNAP) activity directly and that IHF represses ltxA RNA synthesis mainly by blocking Mlc binding. Finally, a Δihf Δmlc mutant still induces ltxA during anaerobic growth, indicating that there are additional factors involved in leukotoxin transcriptional regulation. A model for the coordinated regulation of leukotoxin transcription is presented.
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Velusamy SK, Ganeshnarayan K, Markowitz K, Schreiner H, Furgang D, Fine DH, Velliyagounder K. Lactoferrin knockout mice demonstrates greater susceptibility to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2013; 84:1690-701. [PMID: 23327622 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.120587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the innate defense mechanisms in the oral cavity, lactoferrin (LF) is a vital antimicrobial that can modify the host response against periodontopathogens. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is the main periodontopathogen of localized aggressive periodontitis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of LF during A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontitis. METHODS Differences in the expression levels of cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and bone loss markers between wild-type (WT) and LF knockout mice (LFKO(-/-)) were evaluated by real time-PCR. Serum IgG and LF levels were quantified by ELISA. Alveolar bone loss among the groups was estimated by measuring the distance from cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest (ABC) at 20 molar sites. RESULTS Oral infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans increased LF levels in periodontal tissue (P = 0.01) and saliva (P = 0.0004) of wild-type infected (WTI) mice compared to wild-type control mice. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 were increased in the infected LF knockout (LFKO(-/-)I) mice compared to the WTI mice, whereas the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were decreased. Chemokines and chemokine receptors showed different expression patterns between WTI and LFKO(-/-)I mice. The LFKO(-/-)I mice developed increased bone loss (P = 0.002), in conjunction with increased expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and decrease in osteoprotegerin, compared to WTI mice. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the infected LFKO(-/-) mice were more susceptible to A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced alveolar bone loss, with different patterns of immune responses compared to those of WTI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Velusamy
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ
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25
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Arirachakaran P, Apinhasmit W, Paungmalit P, Jeramethakul P, Rerkyen P, Mahanonda R. Infection of human gingival fibroblasts with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: An in vitro study. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:964-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Perez-Cheeks BA, Planet PJ, Sarkar IN, Clock SA, Xu Q, Figurski DH. The product of tadZ, a new member of the parA/minD superfamily, localizes to a pole in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Mol Microbiol 2012; 83:694-711. [PMID: 22239271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans establishes a tenacious biofilm that is important for periodontal disease. The tad locus encodes the components for the secretion and biogenesis of Flp pili, which are necessary for the biofilm to form. TadZ is required, but its function has been elusive. We show that tadZ genes belong to the parA/minD superfamily of genes and that TadZ from A. actinomycetemcomitans (AaTadZ) forms a polar focus in the cell independent of any other tad locus protein. Mutations indicate that regions in AaTadZ are required for polar localization and biofilm formation. We show that AaTadZ dimerizes and that all TadZ proteins are predicted to have a Walker-like A box. However, they all lack the conserved lysine at position 6 (K6) present in the canonical Walker-like A box. When the alanine residue (A6) in the atypical Walker-like A box of AaTadZ was converted to lysine, the mutant protein remained able to dimerize and localize, but it was unable to allow the formation of a biofilm. Another essential biofilm protein, the ATPase (AaTadA), also localizes to a pole. However, its correct localization depends on the presence of AaTadZ. We suggest that the TadZ proteins mediate polar localization of the Tad secretion apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda A Perez-Cheeks
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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27
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Bostanci N, Akgül B, Tsakanika V, Allaker RP, Hughes FJ, McKay IJ. Effects of low-dose doxycycline on cytokine secretion in human monocytes stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Cytokine 2011; 56:656-61. [PMID: 21962932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Doxycycline is an antibiotic used in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory conditions, including periodontitis. Apart from its antimicrobial properties, this drug also has independent anti-inflammatory effects at sub-antimicrobial doses. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low-doses of doxycycline (LDD) on cytokine production by human monocytic cells challenged with the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, for up to 6 h. The simultaneous regulation of 12 cytokines were measured by a Human Cytokine Array Kit. To validate the array findings, selected cytokines were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). A. actinomycetemcomitans stimulated the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 by the cells after 6 h of challenge, and doxycycline significantly inhibited this effect. The kinetics of this regulation demonstrated an early (within 2 h) and significant (P<0.05) inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, with a mild (0.5-fold) up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The results indicate that LDD acts as an anti-inflammatory agent in human monocytic cells stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans. This model provides clear evidence that some of the clinically proven benefits of LDD may be related to its ability to regulate inflammatory mediator release by monocytic cells. This property may contribute to the clinically proven benefits of this antibiotic as an adjunctive treatment for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bostanci
- Oral Translational Research, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Jinadasa RN, Bloom SE, Weiss RS, Duhamel GE. Cytolethal distending toxin: a conserved bacterial genotoxin that blocks cell cycle progression, leading to apoptosis of a broad range of mammalian cell lineages. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:1851-1875. [PMID: 21565933 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a heterotrimeric AB-type genotoxin produced by several clinically important Gram-negative mucocutaneous bacterial pathogens. Irrespective of the bacterial species of origin, CDT causes characteristic and irreversible cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a broad range of cultured mammalian cell lineages. The active subunit CdtB has structural homology with the phosphodiesterase family of enzymes including mammalian DNase I, and alone is necessary and sufficient to account for cellular toxicity. Indeed, mammalian cells treated with CDT initiate a DNA damage response similar to that elicited by ionizing radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The mechanism of CDT-induced apoptosis remains incompletely understood, but appears to involve both p53-dependent and -independent pathways. While epithelial, endothelial and fibroblast cell lines respond to CDT by undergoing arrest of cell cycle progression resulting in nuclear and cytoplasmic distension that precedes apoptotic cell death, cells of haematopoietic origin display rapid apoptosis following a brief period of cell cycle arrest. In this review, the ecology of pathogens producing CDT, the molecular biology of bacterial CDT and the molecular mechanisms of CDT-induced cytotoxicity are critically appraised. Understanding the contribution of a broadly conserved bacterial genotoxin that blocks progression of the mammalian cell cycle, ultimately causing cell death, should assist with elucidating disease mechanisms for these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika N Jinadasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephen E Bloom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Robert S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gerald E Duhamel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Characterization of a novel riboswitch-regulated lysine transporter in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:6240-50. [PMID: 20889741 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00935-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an opportunistic pathogen that resides primarily in the mammalian oral cavity. In this environment, A. actinomycetemcomitans faces numerous host- and microbe-derived stresses, including intense competition for nutrients and exposure to the host immune system. While it is clear that A. actinomycetemcomitans responds to precise cues that allow it to adapt and proliferate in the presence of these stresses, little is currently known about the regulatory mechanisms that underlie these responses. Many bacteria use noncoding regulatory RNAs (ncRNAs) to rapidly alter gene expression in response to environmental stresses. Although no ncRNAs have been reported in A. actinomycetemcomitans, we propose that they are likely important for colonization and persistence in the oral cavity. Using a bioinformatic and experimental approach, we identified three putative metabolite-sensing riboswitches and nine small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) in A. actinomycetemcomitans during planktonic and biofilm growth. Molecular characterization of one of the riboswitches revealed that it is a lysine riboswitch and that its target gene, lysT, encodes a novel lysine-specific transporter. Finally, we demonstrated that lysT and the lysT lysine riboswitch are conserved in over 40 bacterial species, including the phylogenetically related pathogen Haemophilus influenzae.
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Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans as an early colonizer of oral tissues: epithelium as a reservoir? J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:4464-73. [PMID: 20881174 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00964-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined in vivo and in vitro colonization by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, an organism highly associated with aggressive periodontitis. Thirteen volunteers (5 were A. actinomycetemcomitans positive for buccal epithelial cells [BECs] and teeth, 5 were A. actinomycetemcomitans positive for teeth only, and 3 were A. actinomycetemcomitans-negative controls) had two mandibular stents fabricated. Each stent contained 3 removable hydroxyapatite (HA) tooth surrogates. One HA square was removed from a stent at 5 time points over 7 h to assess the transfer of A. actinomycetemcomitans from teeth or BECs to HA. Streptococcus, Actinomyces, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and total anaerobic counts were evaluated on each square over time. In vitro experiments evaluated binding, desorption, transfer, and reattachment of A. actinomycetemcomitans wild-type and mutant strains to BECs and saliva-coated HA (SHA). Streptococcus and Actinomyces formed 80% of the cultivable flora on HA in all subjects. Transfer of A. actinomycetemcomitans to HA was not seen in subjects with A. actinomycetemcomitans on teeth only. All 5 subjects with A. actinomycetemcomitans on BECs showed transfer of A. actinomycetemcomitans to HA. In vitro, A. actinomycetemcomitans desorbed from BECs and transferred to SHA. A. actinomycetemcomitans binding to SHA was irreversible and did not transfer to BECs. The adhesin Aae showed specificity for BECs. Fimbrial mutants showed the greatest reduction in binding to SHA. A. actinomycetemcomitans migrated from BECs to HA in vivo and to SHA in vitro; however, A. actinomycetemcomitans movement from teeth and SHA to BECs did not occur. In vivo, A. actinomycetemcomitans colonized HA within 6 h and thus can be considered an early colonizer. BECs are a likely reservoir for A. actinomycetemcomitans tooth colonization.
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HAUBEK DORTE. The highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: evolutionary aspects, epidemiology and etiological role in aggressive periodontitis. APMIS 2010:1-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fine DH, Kaplan JB, Furgang D, Karched M, Velliyagounder K, Yue G. Mapping the epithelial-cell-binding domain of the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans autotransporter adhesin Aae. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 156:3412-3420. [PMID: 20688817 PMCID: PMC3090143 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.037606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) binds selectively to buccal epithelial cells (BECs) of human and Old World primates by means of the outer-membrane autotransporter protein Aae. We speculated that the exposed N-terminal portion of the passenger domain of Aae would mediate binding to BECs. By using a series of plasmids that express full-length or truncated Aae proteins in Escherichia coli, we found that the BEC-binding domain of Aae was located in the N-terminal surface-exposed region of the protein, specifically in the region spanning amino acids 201–284 just upstream of the repeat region within the passenger domain. Peptides corresponding to amino acids 201–221, 222–238 and 201–240 were synthesized and tested for their ability to reduce Aae-mediated binding to BECs based on results obtained with truncated Aae proteins expressed in E. coli. BEC-binding of E. coli expressing Aae was reduced by as much as 50 % by pre-treatment of BECs with a 40-mer peptide (201–240; P40). Aae was also shown to mediate binding to cultured human epithelial keratinocytes (TW2.6), OBA9 and TERT, and endothelial (HUVEC) cells. Pre-treatment of epithelial cells with P40 resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in binding and reduced the binding of both full-length and truncated Aae proteins expressed in E. coli, as well as Aae expressed in Aa. Fluorescently labelled P40 peptides reacted in a dose-dependent manner with BEC receptors. We propose that these proof-of-principle experiments demonstrate that peptides can be designed to interfere with Aa binding mediated by host-cell receptors specific for Aae adhesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Fine
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Kaplan
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - David Furgang
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | - Gang Yue
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Simon O, Senneville E, Caillaux M, Yazdanpanah Y, Legout L. Abcès cutanés multiples à Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Med Mal Infect 2010; 40:495-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ando ES, De-Gennaro LA, Faveri M, Feres M, DiRienzo JM, Mayer MPA. Immune response to cytolethal distending toxin of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:471-80. [PMID: 20337882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a genotoxin produced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. In spite of its association with pathogenesis, little is known about the humoral immune response against the CDT. This study aimed to test whether subgingival colonization and humoral response to A. actinomycetemcomitans would lead to a response against CDT. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sera from periodontally healthy, localized and generalized aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis subjects (n = 80) were assessed for immunoglobulin G titers to A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a/b/c and to each CDT subunit (CdtA, CdtB and CdtC) by ELISA. A. actinomycetemcomitans subgingival levels and neutralization of CDT activity were also analyzed. RESULTS Sera from 75.0% localized and 81.8% generalized aggressive periodontitis patients reacted to A. actinomycetemcomitans. A response to serotype b was detected in localized (66.7%) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (54.5%). Reactivity to A. actinomycetemcomitans correlated with subgingival colonization (R = 0.75, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization or response to serotypes and the immunoglobulin G response to CDT subunits. Titers of immunoglobulin G to CdtA and CdtB did not differ among groups; however, sera of all generalized aggressive periodontitis patients reacted to CdtC. Neutralization of CDT was not correlated with levels of antibodies to CDT subunits. CONCLUSION Response to CdtA and CdtB did not correlate with the periodontal status of the subject in the context of an A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. However, a response to CdtC was found in sera of generalized but not of localized aggressive periodontitis subjects. Differences in response to CdtC between generalized and localized aggressive periodontitis subjects indicate that CDT could be expressed differently by the infecting strains. Alternatively, the antibody response to CdtC could require the colonization of multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Ando
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg B. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy on domains in lipid mono- and bilayer on nano-resolution scale. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 606:333-349. [PMID: 20013406 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-447-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM) as a cryo-fixation, replica, and transmission electron microscopy technique is unique in membrane bilayer and lipid monolayer research because it enables us, to excess and visualize pattern such as domains in the hydrophobic center of lipid bilayer as well as the lipid/gas interface of the lipid monolayer. Since one of the preparatory steps of this technique includes fracturing the frozen sample and, since during this fracturing process the fracture plane follows the area of weakest forces, these areas are exposed allowing us to explore the pattern built up by lipids and/or intrinsic proteins and which are also initiated by peptides, drugs, and toxins reaching into these normally hard to access areas. Furthermore, FFEM as a replica technique is applicable to objects of a large size range and combines detailed imaging of fine structures down to nano-resolution scale within images of larger biological or artificial objects up to several ten's of micrometers in size.Biological membranes consist of a multitude of components which can self-organize into rafts or domains within the fluid bilayer characterized by lateral inhomogeneities in chemical composition and/or physical properties. These domains seem to play important roles in signal transduction and membrane traffic. Furthermore, lipid domains are important in health and disease and make an interesting target for pharmacological approaches in cure and prevention of diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, cardiovascular and prion diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus and HIV. As a cryofixation technique FFEM is a very powerful tool to capture such domains in a probe-free mode and explore their dynamics on a nano-resolution scale.
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Rotimi VO, Salako NO, Divia M, Asfour L, Kononen E. Prevalence of periodontal bacteria in saliva of Kuwaiti children at different age groups. J Infect Public Health 2010; 3:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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La VD, Bergeron C, Gafner S, Grenier D. Grape seed extract suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion by macrophages and inhibits human MMP-1 and -9 activities. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1875-82. [PMID: 19905958 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) produced by resident and inflammatory cells in response to Gram-negative periodontopathogens play a major role in the tissue destruction observed during periodontitis, a disease that affects tooth-supporting structures. In this study, we investigated the effect of grape seed extract (GSE) on MMP secretion by human monocyte-derived macrophages stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and on the activity of human recombinant MMP-1 and -9. METHODS Macrophages were treated with various concentrations of GSE prior to being stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS. The secretion of MMPs and activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) p65 and activator protein-1 (AP-1) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of GSE on the catalytic activity of human recombinant MMP-1 and -9 was tested using fluorogenic assays. RESULTS GSE inhibited the secretion of MMP-1, -3, -7, -8, -9, and -13 by LPS-stimulated macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. The suppression of MMP secretion was associated with inhibition of NF-kappaB p65 and AP-1 activation. Also, GSE dose-dependently inhibited the activity of MMP-1 and -9. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that GSE may be potentially used in the development of novel host-modulating strategies for the treatment of MMP-mediated disorders such as periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Dang La
- Research Group in Oral Ecology, Faculty of Dentistry, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Gelani V, Fernandes AP, Gasparoto TH, Garlet TP, Cestari TM, Lima HR, Ramos ES, de Souza Malaspina TS, Santos CF, Garlet GP, da Silva JS, Campanelli AP. The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 2 in the Recognition ofAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Periodontol 2009; 80:2010-9. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Maisch T, Wagner J, Papastamou V, Nerl HJ, Hiller KA, Szeimies RM, Schmalz G. Combination of 10% EDTA, Photosan, and a blue light hand-held photopolymerizer to inactivate leading oral bacteria in dentistryin vitro. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1569-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McBain AJ, Madhwani T, Eatough J, Ledder R. An introduction to probiotics for dental health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1616/1476-2137.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sliepen I, Hofkens J, Van Essche M, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansadhesion inhibited in a flow cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:520-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bodet C, La VD, Epifano F, Grenier D. Naringenin has anti-inflammatory properties in macrophage and ex vivo human whole-blood models. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:400-7. [PMID: 18503517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of bacterial etiology, affecting tooth-supporting tissues. The host inflammatory response to periodontopathogens, notably the high and continuous production of cytokines, is considered a major factor causing the local tissue destruction observed in periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of naringenin, a major flavanone in grapefruits and tomatoes, on the lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by host cells, using two different models. MATERIAL AND METHODS The effect of naringenin was characterized using macrophages stimulated with the lipopolysaccharide of either Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Escherichia coli and using whole blood stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide, in the presence or absence of naringenin. Lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by macrophages and whole-blood samples treated with naringenin were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Changes in the phosphorylation states of macrophage kinases induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide and naringenin were characterized by immunoblot screening. RESULTS Our results clearly indicated that naringenin is a potent inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine response induced by lipopolysaccharide in both macrophages and in whole blood. Naringenin markedly inhibited the phosphorylation on serines 63 and 73 of Jun proto-oncogene-encoded AP-1 transcription factor in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. CONCLUSION The results from the present study suggest that naringenin holds promise as a therapeutic agent for treating inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bodet
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1K 7P4, Canada
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Bodet C, La VD, Gafner S, Bergeron C, Grenier D. A Licorice Extract Reduces Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion by Macrophages and Whole Blood. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1752-61. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.080052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rhamnus alpinus Leaf Extract Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced, Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Chemokine Secretion. Inflammation 2008; 31:313-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-008-9080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chukhlovin AB, Solovyova AM, Matelo SK, Kobiyasova IV, Morosova EB, Hokhlacheva AV, Teplyakov BG, Syssoev KA, Konstantinova VE, Matelo LN, Totolian AA. Bacterial markers of periodontal diseases and their practical significance in dentistry. Bull Exp Biol Med 2008; 144:546-50. [PMID: 18642710 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-007-0374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyronmonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythensis in specimens of subgingival dental deposit were evaluated in 495 residents of St. Petersburg aged 6-82 years. The microorganisms were detected by gene-specific PCR of 16S rDNA. In accordance with age-specific increase in the incidence of gingival diseases, the percentage of samples containing T. forsythensis and P. gingivalis was significantly higher in adult and elderly patients in comparison with adolescents. The presence of T. forsythensis significantly correlated with the presence of gingivitis and dental deposit. In addition, the incidence of T. forsythensis was significantly higher in tobacco smokers. These results attest to a relationship between T. forsythensis infection and more frequent periodontal diseases associated with aging and tobacco smoking.
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The essential role of IFN-γ in the control of lethal Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection in mice. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:489-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tanabe SI, Grenier D. Macrophage tolerance response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide induces differential regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and matrix metalloproteinase 9 secretion. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:372-7. [PMID: 18205733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The lipopolysaccharide of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a potent stimulator of the immune system, induces the secretion of inflammatory mediators that modulate periodontal tissue destruction. In this study, we investigated the tolerance response of human macrophages to stimulation with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide. MATERIAL AND METHODS U937 monocytes were differentiated into adherent macrophage-like cells by treatment with phorbol myristic acid. Macrophage-like cells were then pretreated for 24 h with either 0.01 or 0.1 microg/mL LPS A. actinomycetemcomitans. Culture medium supernatants were removed and cells were restimulated with LPS at 1 microg/mL. Cell-free supernatants were collected after 24 h of stimulation and analyzed by ELISA for TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, PGE(2) and MMP-9. RESULTS Phorbol myristic acid-differentiated U937 macrophages treated with low doses of lipopolysaccharide developed tolerance to subsequent lipopolysaccharide treatments, resulting in significantly reduced secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. However, this tolerance response was associated with increased secretion of interleukin-1 beta and matrix metalloproteinase 9, whereas the secretion of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and prostaglandin E(2) was unaffected. Phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase inhibitors added during the tolerance-induction period markedly attenuated the increase in interleukin-1 beta secretion but had no effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha. CONCLUSION This study showed that A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide can induce a tolerance response in macrophages that alters the secretion of two important inflammatory mediators as well as of the tissue-degrading enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-9. This phenomenon may play a role in modulating the host inflammatory response and the progression of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-I Tanabe
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Thiha K, Takeuchi Y, Umeda M, Huang Y, Ohnishi M, Ishikawa I. Identification of periodontopathic bacteria in gingival tissue of Japanese periodontitis patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 22:201-7. [PMID: 17488447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of invading periodontopathic bacteria in tissues is important to determine their role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The objective of this study was to identify periodontopathic bacteria in diseased gingival tissue of periodontitis patients. METHODS Subgingival plaque and gingival tissue were collected from 32 generalized chronic periodontitis (CP), 16 generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) and eight localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) patients. Detection frequencies and quantities of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythensis were investigated by polymerase chain reaction. The prevalences of Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus sobrinus were also examined and the distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes was observed. RESULTS P. gingivalis and T. forsythensis were detected in approximately 70% of tissue samples and 50% of plaque samples in the three periodontitis groups. Prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in tissue samples was higher in the LAgP (63%) group than in either the CP (16%) or the GAgP (38%) group. A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype c was detected in 50% of LAgP patients. Detection frequencies of S. oralis and S. sobrinus were markedly low in both plaque and tissue samples from all three periodontitis groups. Amounts of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. forsythensis in the tissue samples were not different among the three periodontitis groups. CONCLUSION P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. forsythensis can localize in diseased gingival tissue and may be involved in periodontal tissue destruction. Serotype c is the predominant serotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans in Japanese LAgP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Thiha
- Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Cranberry components inhibit interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and prostaglandin E production by lipopolysaccharide-activated gingival fibroblasts. Eur J Oral Sci 2007; 115:64-70. [PMID: 17305718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the tooth supporting tissues. Gingival fibroblasts are the most abundant cells in periodontal tissues and participate actively in the host inflammatory response to periodontopathogens, which is known to mediate local tissue destruction in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a proanthocyanidin-enriched cranberry fraction, prepared from cranberry juice concentrate, on inflammatory mediator production by gingival fibroblasts stimulated by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production by fibroblasts treated with the cranberry fraction and stimulated by A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Changes induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS and the cranberry fraction in the expression and phosphorylation state of fibroblast intracellular signaling proteins were characterized by antibody microarrays. The LPS-induced IL-6, IL-8, and PGE(2) responses of gingival fibroblasts were inhibited by treatment with the cranberry fraction. This fraction was found to inhibit fibroblast intracellular signaling proteins, a phenomenon that may lead to a down-regulation of activating protein-1 activity. Cranberry components also reduced cyclooxygenase 2 expression. This study suggests that cranberry juice contains molecules with interesting properties for the development of new host-modulating therapeutic strategies in the adjunctive treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bodet
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Bodet C, Chandad F, Grenier D. Inhibition of host extracellular matrix destructive enzyme production and activity by a high-molecular-weight cranberry fraction. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:159-68. [PMID: 17305875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontal diseases are a group of inflammatory disorders that are initiated by specific gram-negative bacteria and lead to connective tissue destruction. Proteolytic enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and elastase, produced by resident and inflammatory cells in response to periodontopathogens and their products, play a major role in gingival tissue destruction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a high-molecular-weight fraction prepared from cranberry juice concentrate on MMP-3, MMP-9 and elastase activities, as well as on MMP production by human cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. MATERIAL AND METHODS MMP-3 and MMP-9 production by gingival fibroblasts and macrophages treated with the cranberry fraction and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MMP-3, MMP-9 and elastase activities in the presence of the cranberry fraction were evaluated using colorimetric or fluorogenic substrates. The changes in expression and phosphorylation state of fibroblast intracellular signaling proteins induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide and the cranberry fraction were characterized by antibody microarrays. RESULTS The lipopolysaccharide-induced MMP-3 and MMP-9 responses of fibroblasts and macrophages were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the cranberry fraction. This fraction was found to inhibit fibroblast intracellular signaling proteins, a phenomenon that may lead to a down-regulation of activating protein-1 activity. MMP-3, MMP-9 and elastase activities were also efficiently inhibited by the cranberry fraction, even when it was used at low concentrations. CONCLUSION These results suggest that cranberry compounds offer promising perspectives for the development of novel host-modulating strategies for an adjunctive treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bodet
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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