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Bakhshesh M, Mollazadeh S, Almasi S, Azadi N. Whole genome characterization and evolutionary analysis of bovine ephemeral fever virus isolated in Iran. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:196. [PMID: 37061640 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an economically important arthropod-borne virus of cattle and water buffaloes which is enzootic in Africa, Australia, and Asia. We characterized the entire length of BEFV BA/RZ/IR strain genome isolated in Iran and compared to the all BEFV full genomes available in the GenBank. The BEFV genomes were phylogenetically classified as 4 lineages including the Middle Eastern, East Asian, Australian, and South African lineages. The Iranian BA/RZ/IR strain, which displayed maximum sequence identity (96.72%) to the Chinese JT02L strain was clustered as a separate branch in the East Asian lineage of the virus. Using Shannon entropy analysis, amino acid variations were detected in the all proteins encoded by BEFV genomes. Particularly, the polymerase L and the accessory proteins Gns, α2 and β exhibited the highest amino acid variations suggesting their significance in the viral replication efficiency. Our bioinformatics analyses also predict the occurrence of recombination event within the East Asian lineage of BEFV genomes. Our data show that the Chinese Henan 1 may be a hybrid strain constructed of the Chinese JT02L and Iranian BA/RZ/IR BEFV strains as the major and minor parents, respectively. These computational analyses suggest that the homologous recombination may be an evolutionary mechanism for BEFV as a member of the Rhabdoviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Bakhshesh
- Department of Animal Virology, Research and Diagnosis, Agricultural Research, Education and Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, P.O. Box: 31975/148, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Shima Mollazadeh
- Department of Animal Virology, Research and Diagnosis, Agricultural Research, Education and Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, P.O. Box: 31975/148, Karaj, Iran
| | - Shokoofeh Almasi
- Department of Animal Virology, Research and Diagnosis, Agricultural Research, Education and Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, P.O. Box: 31975/148, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nader Azadi
- Veterinary Clinic, Shariati Street, Tehran, Iran
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Development and validation of a DIVA ELISA for differentiating BEFV infected from vaccinated animals. J Virol Methods 2022; 310:114625. [PMID: 36167229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inactivated vaccine is considered safe and used for prevention of bovine ephemeral fever in several endemic countries. To differentiate between BEFV-infected and vaccinated animals, we developed an ELISA capable of detecting infection-related antibodies against BEFV. Recombinant proteins, including N, P, M, L, GNS, α2, β and γ, were expressed in E. coli and screened by Western blotting and ELISA. The results showed GNS, α2 and β specifically reacted with sera from BEFV infected cattle but not sera from vaccinated cattle. A DIVA ELISA based on a C-terminal truncated form of GNS was developed, with 100% sensitivity and 98.0% specificity at a sample to positive-control optical density ratio (S/P) threshold of 0.18. Specificity analysis showed that the assay has no cross-reactivity with antisera of other common bovine viruses. Anti-GNS antibody appears at 3-4 days post infection (dpi) and persists up to 240-300 dpi in the experimentally infected cattle. Sero-epidemiological survey using sera collected from vaccinated cattle in an endemic area in Jiangsu Province revealed sero-positive rate of 2.36% (6/254), indicating that the DIVA ELISA could be used as a reliable diagnostic tool for differentiating BEFV infected from vaccinated animals.
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Wu Q, Yang Z, Lu Z, Mi S, Feng Y, He B, Zhu G, Gong W, Tu C. Identification of two novel ephemeroviruses in pigs infected by classical swine fever virus. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 100:105273. [PMID: 35321840 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ephemeroviruses are arthropod-borne rhabdoviruses within Ephemerovirus genus and have been isolated exclusively from cattle and haematophagous arthropods (mosquitoes and biting midges) without any member detected or isolated up to date from pigs, although some serological surveys have indicated that pigs may be a silent host for ephemerovirus infection. Here, many viral reads annotated to, but genetically distinct from, the existing members within the Ephemerovirus genus have been identified in the meta-transcriptomic data of two clinical classical swine fever virus (CSFV)-infected samples (HeN10 and GDMM7). The nearly complete genome sequences of the two novel ephemeroviruses have been obtained through contig assembly, specific RT-PCR and sequencing, therefore named as porcine ephemeroviruses (PoEVs). Genome nucleotide sequence analysis showed that PoEV strains HeN10 and GDMM7 have similar genome organization and 66.5% genomic identity to each other, but both are genetically distant from all members of the Ephemerovirus genus with identity being only 51.1-59.6%. Furthermore, comparison of the most conserved ephemeroviral proteins N and L indicated that PoEV strains HeN10 and GDMM7 share a high sequence identity to each other (N: 78.1%; L: 70.7%), but are diverged from the known ephemeroviruses (N: 43.4-60.7%; L: 47.6-58.5%). The genetic distance is significantly beyond the criteria for demarcation of viruses assigned to different ephemerovirus species. Thereby, two novel viruses named as PoEV1 (strain HeN10) and PoEV2 (strain GDMM7) are identified and these appear to represent two new species within the Ephemerovirus genus. The present study showed the first genome evidence of pig ephemeroviruses, likely expanding the known host range of ephemerovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; State Key Laboratory of Human and Animal Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; State Key Laboratory of Human and Animal Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zongji Lu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Shijiang Mi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; State Key Laboratory of Human and Animal Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Biao He
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Human and Animal Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Changchun Tu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; State Key Laboratory of Human and Animal Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Douglass N, Omar R, Munyanduki H, Suzuki A, de Moor W, Mutowembwa P, Pretorius A, Nefefe T, van Schalkwyk A, Kara P, Heath L, Williamson AL. The Development of Dual Vaccines against Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) and Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111215. [PMID: 34835146 PMCID: PMC8621795 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual vaccines (n = 6) against both lumpy skin disease (LSD) and bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) were constructed, based on the BEFV glycoprotein (G) gene, with or without the BEFV matrix (M) protein gene, inserted into one of two different LSDV backbones, nLSDV∆SOD-UCT or nLSDVSODis-UCT. The inserted gene cassettes were confirmed by PCR; and BEFV protein was shown to be expressed by immunofluorescence. The candidate dual vaccines were initially tested in a rabbit model; neutralization assays using the South African BEFV vaccine (B-Phemeral) strain showed an African consensus G protein gene (Gb) to give superior neutralization compared to the Australian (Ga) gene. The two LSDV backbones expressing both Gb and M BEFV genes were tested in cattle and shown to elicit neutralizing responses to LSDV as well as BEFV after two inoculations 4 weeks apart. The vaccines were safe in cattle and all vaccinated animals were protected against virulent LSDV challenge, unlike a group of control naïve animals, which developed clinical LSD. Both neutralizing and T cell responses to LSDV were stimulated upon challenge. After two inoculations, all vaccinated animals produced BEFV neutralizing antibodies ≥ 1/20, which is considered protective for BEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Douglass
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-832-310-553
| | - Ruzaiq Omar
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Henry Munyanduki
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Warren de Moor
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Paidamwoyo Mutowembwa
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Alri Pretorius
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Tshifhiwa Nefefe
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Pravesh Kara
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Livio Heath
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, ARC, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.M.); (A.P.); (T.N.); (A.v.S.); (P.K.); (L.H.)
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; (R.O.); (H.M.); (A.S.); (W.d.M.); (A.-L.W.)
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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Zheng W, Zhao Z, Tian L, Liu L, Xu T, Wang X, He H, Xia X, Zheng Y, Wei Y, Zheng X. Genetically modified rabies virus vector-based bovine ephemeral fever virus vaccine induces protective immune responses against BEFV and RABV in mice. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1353-1362. [PMID: 32805767 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), caused by the bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), is associated with an acute febrile infection in cattle and widespread in tropical and subtropical areas, leading to great economic losses to cattle and milk industry. However, no efficacious BEF vaccine is currently available in China. Herein, we generated a recombinant rabies virus (RABV) expressing BEFV glycoprotein (LBNSE-BG), utilizing a reverse genetics system based on the recombinant rabies virus strain LBNSE. It was found that mice immunized with LBNSE-BG produced robust neutralizing antibodies against both BEFV and RABV, and developed complete protection from lethal RABV challenge. Further studies showed that LBNSE-BG activated more dendritic cells (DCs), B cells and T cells in immunized mice than the parent virus LBNSE. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the recombinant LBNSE-BG described here has the potential to be developed as a cost-effective and efficacious bivalent vaccine for cattle use in endemic areas of BEF and rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhao
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lele Liu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tong Xu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongbin He
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yurong Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Blasdell KR, Davis SS, Voysey R, Bulach DM, Middleton D, Williams S, Harmsen MB, Weir RP, Crameri S, Walsh SJ, Peck GR, Tesh RB, Boyle DB, Melville LF, Walker PJ. Hayes Yard virus: a novel ephemerovirus isolated from a bull with severe clinical signs of bovine ephemeral fever is most closely related to Puchong virus. Vet Res 2020; 51:58. [PMID: 32349781 PMCID: PMC7191811 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever is a vector-borne disease of ruminants that occurs in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australia. The disease is caused by a rhabdovirus, bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), which occurs as a single serotype globally. Although several other closely related ephemeroviruses have been isolated from cattle and/or arthropods, only kotonkan virus from Nigeria and (tentatively) Mavingoni virus from Mayotte Island in the Indian Ocean have been previously associated with febrile disease. Here, we report the isolation of a novel virus (Hayes Yard virus; HYV) from blood collected in February 2000 from a bull (Bos indicus) in the Northern Territory of Australia. The animal was suffering from a severe ephemeral fever-like illness with neurological involvement, including recumbency and paralysis, and was euthanised. Histological examination of spinal cord and lung tissue identified extensive haemorrhage in the dura mata with moderate perineuronal oedema and extensive emphysema. HYV displayed cone-shaped morphology, typical of rhabdoviruses, and was found to be most closely related antigenically to Puchong virus (PUCV), isolated in 1965 from mosquitoes in Malaysia. Analysis of complete genome sequences of HYV (15 025 nt) and PUCV (14 932 nt) indicated that each has a complex organisation (3' N-P-M-G-GNS-α1-α2-β-γ-L 5') and expression strategy, similar to that of BEFV. Based on an alignment of complete L protein sequences, HYV and PUCV cluster with other rhabdoviruses in the genus Ephemerovirus and appear to represent two new species. Neutralising antibody to HYV was also detected in a retrospective survey of cattle sera collected in the Northern Territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Blasdell
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Steven S Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, NT, Australia.,Timor-Leste Office, Menzies School of Health Research, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Rhonda Voysey
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Dieter M Bulach
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia
| | - Deborah Middleton
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Sinead Williams
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Margaret B Harmsen
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Richard P Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Sandra Crameri
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Susan J Walsh
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Grantley R Peck
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David B Boyle
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Lorna F Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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South African bovine ephemeral fever virus glycoprotein sequences are phylogenetically distinct from those from the rest of the world. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1207-1210. [PMID: 32140837 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an economically important arbovirus affecting cattle and water buffalo. Currently, isolates can be separated into three phylogenetic groups, differentiated by the place of isolation, namely, East Asia, Australia, and the Middle East. BEFV surface glycoprotein (G) genes from 14 South African field strains collected between 1968 and 1999 were sequenced and compared to 154 published sequences. The BEFV isolates from South Africa were found to be phylogenetically distinct from those from other parts of the world.
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Hansoongnern P, Kaewborisuth C, Wasanasuk K, Chankeeree P, Poonsuk S, Lekcharoensuk C, Lekcharoensuk P. The immunogenicity of the secretory GΔTM protein of bovine ephemeral fever virus stably expressed by mammalian cells. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:113-117. [PMID: 31176396 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) causes an acute febrile disease in cattle and water buffalo. The disease has an impact on dairy and beef production in tropical and subtropical countries. Vaccination is used for disease prevention and control. In this study, we developed a recombinant lentivirus to produce mammalian stable cells expressing histidine-tagged BEFV G protein with a deleted transmembrane domain (GΔTM) as a secretory protein. In addition, guinea pigs were immunised with the purified GΔTM protein and booster immunised at a 3-week interval. The mammalian stable cells were able to continuously produce GΔTM protein for a minimum of 25 passages. All of the mammalian stable cells expressing GΔTM protein could react specifically with a BEFV convalescent bovine serum. Serum samples from the immunised guinea pigs could react strongly and specifically with the purified GΔTM protein. Moreover, post-immunised guinea pig sera contained antibodies that could neutralise BEFV. These results indicate that the G protein without a transmembrane domain can be used as a subunit vaccine for the prevention and control of BEFV. The availability of the mammalian stable cells, which constitutively express GΔTM protein, could facilitate the potential use of the secretory protein for BEFV diagnosis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payuda Hansoongnern
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Challika Kaewborisuth
- Center for Advance Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ketkaew Wasanasuk
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Penpitcha Chankeeree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Sukontip Poonsuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Chalermpol Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Center for Advance Studies in Agriculture and Food, KU Institute Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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Pasandideh R, Seyfi Abad Shapouri MR, Beigi Nassiri MT. Immunogenicity of a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding G1 epitope of bovine ephemeral fever virus G glycoprotein in mice. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2018; 85:e1-e6. [PMID: 30198280 PMCID: PMC6238684 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v85i1.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the immunogenicity of a plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccine encoding the G1 epitope of bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) G glycoprotein in mice. A plasmid DNA carrying the G1 gene was constructed and designated as pcDNA3.1-G1. The expression of the target gene was confirmed in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK 293) cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-G1 by indirect immunofluorescent staining. Immunisation experiments were intramuscularly carried out by vaccinating 6-week-old female mice in four groups, including the pcDNA3.1-G1 construct, pcDNA3.1 (+) plasmid alone, BEF-inactivated vaccine and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (1X) three times with 2-week intervals. Fourteen days after the last immunisation, the animals were bled and the resulting sera were tested for anti-G1-specific antibodies by immunoblotting analysis, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralisation (VN) test. Serological assays showed that the pcDNA3.1-G1 construct expressing G1 protein was able to elicit specific antibodies against this antigen. Virus neutralisation test showed that pcDNA3.1-G1 could induce anti-BEFV-neutralising antibodies in mice. Our findings indicated that a new dimension can be added to vaccine studies for bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) using eukaryotic expression plasmids encoding the G1 antigen in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Pasandideh
- Department of Animal Science, Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Ahvaz.
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Hou P, Zhao G, He C, Wang H, He H. Biopanning of polypeptides binding to bovine ephemeral fever virus G 1 protein from phage display peptide library. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:3. [PMID: 29301517 PMCID: PMC5753476 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) glycoprotein neutralization site 1 (also referred as G1 protein), is a critical protein responsible for virus infectivity and eliciting immune-protection, however, binding peptides of BEFV G1 protein are still unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to screen specific polypeptides, which bind BEFV G1 protein with high-affinity and inhibit BEFV replication. Methods The purified BEFV G1 was coated and then reacted with the M13-based Ph.D.-7 phage random display library. The peptides for target binding were automated sequenced after four rounds of enrichment biopanning. The amino acid sequences of polypeptide displayed on positive clones were deduced and the affinity of positive polypeptides with BEFV G1 was assayed by ELISA. Then the roles of specific G1-binding peptides in the context of BEFV infection were analyzed. Results The results showed that 27 specific peptide ligands displaying 11 different amino acid sequences were obtained, and the T18 and T25 clone had a higher affinity to G1 protein than the other clones. Then their antiviral roles of two phage clones (T25 and T18) showed that both phage polypeptide T25 and T18 exerted inhibition on BEFV replication compared to control group. Moreover, synthetic peptide based on T18 (HSIRYDF) and T25 (YSLRSDY) alone or combined use on BEFV replication showed that the synthetic peptides could effectively inhibit the formation of cytopathic plaque and significantly inhibit BEFV RNA replication in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion Two antiviral peptide ligands binding to bovine ephemeral fever virus G1 protein from phage display peptide library were identified, which may provide a potential research tool for diagnostic reagents and novel antiviral agents. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-017-1315-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Hou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guimin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chengqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hongbin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, Ruminant Disease Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan City, Shandong Province, China.
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11
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Dietzgen RG, Kondo H, Goodin MM, Kurath G, Vasilakis N. The family Rhabdoviridae: mono- and bipartite negative-sense RNA viruses with diverse genome organization and common evolutionary origins. Virus Res 2017; 227:158-170. [PMID: 27773769 PMCID: PMC5124403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The family Rhabdoviridae consists of mostly enveloped, bullet-shaped or bacilliform viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that infect vertebrates, invertebrates or plants. This ecological diversity is reflected by the diversity and complexity of their genomes. Five canonical structural protein genes are conserved in all rhabdoviruses, but may be overprinted, overlapped or interspersed with several novel and diverse accessory genes. This review gives an overview of the characteristics and diversity of rhabdoviruses, their taxonomic classification, replication mechanism, properties of classical rhabdoviruses such as rabies virus and rhabdoviruses with complex genomes, rhabdoviruses infecting aquatic species, and plant rhabdoviruses with both mono- and bipartite genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Michael M Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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12
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Characterization of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing the glycoprotein of bovine ephemeral fever virus. Arch Virol 2016; 162:359-367. [PMID: 27757685 PMCID: PMC5306239 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is caused by the arthropod-borne bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), which is a member of the family Rhabdoviridae and the genus Ephemerovirus. BEFV causes an acute febrile infection in cattle and water buffalo. In this study, a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) expressing the glycoprotein (G) of BEFV (rL-BEFV-G) was constructed, and its biological characteristics in vitro and in vivo, pathogenicity, and immune response in mice and cattle were evaluated. BEFV G enabled NDV to spread from cell to cell. rL-BEFV-G remained nonvirulent in poultry and mice compared with vector LaSota virus. rL-BEFV-G triggered a high titer of neutralizing antibodies against BEFV in mice and cattle. These results suggest that rL-BEFV-G might be a suitable candidate vaccine against BEF.
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13
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New genetic mechanism, origin and population dynamic of bovine ephemeral fever virus. Vet Microbiol 2015; 182:50-6. [PMID: 26711028 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is a typical species of the genusEphemerovirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. Today, prevailing BEFV can be divided into three phylogeographic lineages, East Asia, Mideast, and Australia. In this study, we provide evidence that the whole East Asia lineage originates from a homologous recombination (HR) between the Mideast and Australia lineages that probably occurred in the 1940s. To our knowledge, HR has not been proposed before as the genetic mechanism of BEFV. According to the HR event and Bayesian estimation, the three BEFV lineages might originate from Africa, and may have spread to Asia and Australia through the Mideast. In addition, the population of the virus may have augmented significantly in the 2000s, suggesting that the risk for outbreaks of BEFV may be high at present.
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14
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Walker PJ, Klement E. Epidemiology and control of bovine ephemeral fever. Vet Res 2015; 46:124. [PMID: 26511615 PMCID: PMC4624662 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever (or 3-day sickness) is an acute febrile illness of cattle and water buffaloes. Caused by an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus, bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), the disease occurs seasonally over a vast expanse of the globe encompassing much of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Australia. Although mortality rates are typically low, infection prevalence and morbidity rates during outbreaks are often very high, causing serious economic impacts through loss of milk production, poor cattle condition at sale and loss of traction power at harvest. There are also significant impacts on trade to regions in which the disease does not occur, including the Americas and most of Europe. In recent years, unusually severe outbreaks of bovine ephemeral fever have been reported from several regions in Asia and the Middle East, with mortality rates through disease or culling in excess of 10–20%. There are also concerns that, like other vector-borne diseases of livestock, the geographic distribution of bovine ephemeral fever could expand into regions that have historically been free of the disease. Here, we review current knowledge of the virus, including its molecular and antigenic structure, and the epidemiology of the disease across its entire geographic range. We also discuss the effectiveness of vaccination and other strategies to prevent or control infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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15
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Cheng CY, Huang WR, Chi PI, Chiu HC, Liu HJ. Cell entry of bovine ephemeral fever virus requires activation of Src-JNK-AP1 and PI3K-Akt-NF-κB pathways as well as Cox-2-mediated PGE2/EP receptor signalling to enhance clathrin-mediated virus endocytosis. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:967-87. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ru Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - Pei-I Chi
- Institute of Molecular Biology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chuan Chiu
- Institute of Molecular Biology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung 402 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung 402 Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung 402 Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine; National Chung Hsing University; Taichung 402 Taiwan
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16
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Yan J, Thomson JK, Wu X, Zhao W, Pollard AE, Ai X. Novel methods of automated quantification of gap junction distribution and interstitial collagen quantity from animal and human atrial tissue sections. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104357. [PMID: 25105669 PMCID: PMC4126721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gap junctions (GJs) are the principal membrane structures that conduct electrical impulses between cardiac myocytes while interstitial collagen (IC) can physically separate adjacent myocytes and limit cell-cell communication. Emerging evidence suggests that both GJ and interstitial structural remodeling are linked to cardiac arrhythmia development. However, automated quantitative identification of GJ distribution and IC deposition from microscopic histological images has proven to be challenging. Such quantification is required to improve the understanding of functional consequences of GJ and structural remodeling in cardiac electrophysiology studies. METHODS AND RESULTS Separate approaches were employed for GJ and IC identification in images from histologically stained tissue sections obtained from rabbit and human atria. For GJ identification, we recognized N-Cadherin (N-Cad) as part of the gap junction connexin 43 (Cx43) molecular complex. Because N-Cad anchors Cx43 on intercalated discs (ID) to form functional GJ channels on cell membranes, we computationally dilated N-Cad pixels to create N-Cad units that covered all ID-associated Cx43 pixels on Cx43/N-Cad double immunostained confocal images. This approach allowed segmentation between ID-associated and non-ID-associated Cx43. Additionally, use of N-Cad as a unique internal reference with Z-stack layer-by-layer confocal images potentially limits sample processing related artifacts in Cx43 quantification. For IC quantification, color map thresholding of Masson's Trichrome blue stained sections allowed straightforward and automated segmentation of collagen from non-collagen pixels. Our results strongly demonstrate that the two novel image-processing approaches can minimize potential overestimation or underestimation of gap junction and structural remodeling in healthy and pathological hearts. The results of using the two novel methods will significantly improve our understanding of the molecular and structural remodeling associated functional changes in cardiac arrhythmia development in aged and diseased hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Yan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Justin K. Thomson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Pollard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Xun Ai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
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17
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Bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus α1 protein has viroporin-like properties and binds importin β1 and importin 7. J Virol 2013; 88:1591-603. [PMID: 24257609 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01812-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus that is classified as the type species of the genus Ephemerovirus. In addition to the five canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (N, P, M, G, and L), the large and complex BEFV genome contains several open reading frames (ORFs) between the G and L genes (α1, α2/α3, β, and γ) encoding proteins of unknown function. We show that the 10.5-kDa BEFV α1 protein is expressed in infected cells and, consistent with previous predictions based on its structure, has the properties of a viroporin. Expression of a BEFV α1-maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion protein in Escherichia coli was observed to inhibit cell growth and increase membrane permeability to hygromycin B. Increased membrane permeability was also observed in BEFV-infected mammalian cells (but not cells infected with an α1-deficient BEFV strain) and in cells expressing a BEFV α1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein, which was shown by confocal microscopy to localize to the Golgi complex. Furthermore, the predicted C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of α1, which contains a strong nuclear localization signal (NLS), was translocated to the nucleus when expressed independently, and in an affinity chromatography assay employing a GFP trap, the full-length α1 was observed to interact specifically with importin β1 and importin 7 but not with importin α3. These data suggest that, in addition to its function as a viroporin, BEFV α1 may modulate components of nuclear trafficking pathways, but the specific role thereof remains unclear. Although rhabdovirus accessory genes occur commonly among arthropod-borne rhabdoviruses, little is known of their functions. Here, we demonstrate that the BEFV α1 ORF encodes a protein which has the structural and functional characteristics of a viroporin. We show that α1 localizes in the Golgi complex and increases cellular permeability. We also show that BEFV α1 binds importin β1 and importin 7, suggesting that it may have a yet unknown role in modulating nuclear trafficking. This is the first functional analysis of an ephemerovirus accessory protein and of a rhabdovirus viroporin.
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18
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Allison AB, Mead DG, Palacios GF, Tesh RB, Holmes EC. Gene duplication and phylogeography of North American members of the Hart Park serogroup of avian rhabdoviruses. Virology 2013; 448:284-92. [PMID: 24314659 PMCID: PMC3873333 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Flanders virus (FLAV) and Hart Park virus (HPV) are rhabdoviruses that circulate in mosquito–bird cycles in the eastern and western United States, respectively, and constitute the only two North American representatives of the Hart Park serogroup. Previously, it was suggested that FLAV is unique among the rhabdoviruses in that it contains two pseudogenes located between the P and M genes, while the cognate sequence for HPV has been lacking. Herein, we demonstrate that FLAV and HPV do not contain pseudogenes in this region, but encode three small functional proteins designated as U1–U3 that apparently arose by gene duplication. To further investigate the U1–U3 region, we conducted the first large-scale evolutionary analysis of a member of the Hart Park serogroup by analyzing over 100 spatially and temporally distinct FLAV isolates. Our phylogeographic analysis demonstrates that although FLAV appears to be slowly evolving, phylogenetically divergent lineages co-circulate sympatrically. Flanders virus (FLAV) does not contain pseudogenes as previously reported. The FLAV U1–U3 proteins arose by gene duplication. The SH protein of FLAV is tentatively expressed by coupled translation. Distinct lineages of FLAV circulate sympatrically in the United States. Histone H4 and cyclophilin A are apparently incorporated into FLAV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Allison
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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19
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Bovine ephemeral fever virus uses a clathrin-mediated and dynamin 2-dependent endocytosis pathway that requires Rab5 and Rab7 as well as microtubules. J Virol 2012; 86:13653-61. [PMID: 23055561 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01073-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific cell pathways involved in bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) cell entry have not been determined. In this work, colocalization of the M protein of BEFV with clathrin or dynamin 2 was observed under a fluorescence microscope. To better understand BEFV entry, we carried out internalization studies with a fluorescently labeled BEFV by using a lipophilic dye, 3,30-dilinoleyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), further suggesting that BEFV uses a clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. Our results suggest that clathrin-mediated and dynamin 2-dependent endocytosis is an important avenue of BEFV entry. Suppression of Rab5 or Rab7a through the use of a Rab5 dominant negative mutant and Rab7a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) demonstrated that BEFV requires both early and late endosomes for endocytosis and subsequent infection in MDBK and Vero cells. Treatment of BEFV-infected cells with nocodazole significantly decreased the M protein synthesis and viral yield, indicating that microtubules play an important role in BEFV productive infection, likely by mediating trafficking of BEFV-containing endosomes. Furthermore, BEFV infection was strongly blocked by different inhibitors of endosomal acidification, suggesting that virus enters host cells by clathrin-mediated and dynamin 2-dependent endocytosis in a pH-dependent manner.
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20
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Walker PJ, Dietzgen RG, Joubert DA, Blasdell KR. Rhabdovirus accessory genes. Virus Res 2011; 162:110-25. [PMID: 21933691 PMCID: PMC7114375 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Rhabdoviridae is one of the most ecologically diverse families of RNA viruses with members infecting a wide range of organisms including placental mammals, marsupials, birds, reptiles, fish, insects and plants. The availability of complete nucleotide sequences for an increasing number of rhabdoviruses has revealed that their ecological diversity is reflected in the diversity and complexity of their genomes. The five canonical rhabdovirus structural protein genes (N, P, M, G and L) that are shared by all rhabdoviruses are overprinted, overlapped and interspersed with a multitude of novel and diverse accessory genes. Although not essential for replication in cell culture, several of these genes have been shown to have roles associated with pathogenesis and apoptosis in animals, and cell-to-cell movement in plants. Others appear to be secreted or have the characteristics of membrane-anchored glycoproteins or viroporins. However, most encode proteins of unknown function that are unrelated to any other known proteins. Understanding the roles of these accessory genes and the strategies by which rhabdoviruses use them to engage, divert and re-direct cellular processes will not only present opportunities to develop new anti-viral therapies but may also reveal aspects of cellar function that have broader significance in biology, agriculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
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21
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Gubala A, Davis S, Weir R, Melville L, Cowled C, Walker P, Boyle D. Ngaingan virus, a macropod-associated rhabdovirus, contains a second glycoprotein gene and seven novel open reading frames. Virology 2010; 399:98-108. [PMID: 20089287 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ngaingan virus (NGAV) was isolated from a pool of biting midges that were collected in the tropics of northern Australia. Reported here is the full-length sequence of the NGAV genome, which, at over 15.7 kb, is the largest in any rhabdovirus described to date and contains 13 genes, the highest number of genes observed in any (-) ssRNA virus. Seven of these putative genes show no significant homology to known proteins. Like viruses in the genus Ephemerovirus, NGAV possesses a second glycoprotein gene (G(NS)). Phylogenetic analyses, however, place NGAV within the yet to be classified "Hart Park" group containing Wongabel and Flanders viruses, which do not contain a second glycoprotein gene. Screening of various animal sera from northern Australia has indicated that NGAV is currently circulating in macropods (wallabies, wallaroos and kangaroos), highlighting the need for further studies to determine its potential to cause disease in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gubala
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Human Protection and Performance Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Steven Davis
- Northern Territory Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Northern Territory Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- Northern Territory Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Walker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Lin CH, Shih WL, Lin FL, Hsieh YC, Kuo YR, Liao MH, Liu HJ. Bovine ephemeral fever virus-induced apoptosis requires virus gene expression and activation of Fas and mitochondrial signaling pathway. Apoptosis 2009; 14:864-77. [PMID: 19521777 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Although induction of apoptosis by bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) in several cell lines has been previously demonstrated by our laboratory, less information is available on the process of BEFV-induced apoptosis in terms of cellular pathways and specific proteins involved. In order to determine the step in viral life cycle at which apoptosis of infected cells is triggered, chemical and physical agents were used to block viral infection. Treatment of BHK-21 infected cells with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) or cells infected with UV-inactivated BEFV was seen to abrogate virus apoptosis induction, suggesting that virus uncoating and gene expression are required for the induction of apoptosis. Using soluble death receptors Fc:Fas chimera to block Fas signaling, BEFV-induced apoptosis was inhibited in cells. BEFV infection of BHK-21 cells results in the Fas-dependent activation of caspase 8 and cleavage of Bid. This initiated the dissipation of the membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c but not AIF or Smac/DIABLO from mitochondrial into cytoplasm leading to activation of caspase 9. Combined activation of the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways results in activation of the downstream effecter caspase 3 leading to cleavage of PARP. Fas-mediated BEFV-induced apoptosis could be suppressed by the overexpression of Bcl-2 or by treatment with caspase inhibitors and soluble death receptors Fc:Fas chimera. Taken together, this study provided first evidence demonstrating that BEFV-induced apoptosis requires viral gene expression and occurs through the activation of Fas and mitochondrion-mediated caspase-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hung Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Phylogenetic relationships of the G gene sequence of bovine ephemeral fever virus isolated in Japan, Taiwan and Australia. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Antigen delivery systems for veterinary vaccine development. Viral-vector based delivery systems. Vaccine 2009; 26:6508-28. [PMID: 18838097 PMCID: PMC7131726 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in molecular genetics, pathogenesis and immunology have provided an optimal framework for developing novel approaches in the rational design of vaccines effective against viral epizootic diseases. This paper reviews most of the viral-vector based antigen delivery systems (ADSs) recently developed for vaccine testing in veterinary species, including attenuated virus and DNA and RNA viral vectors. Besides their usefulness in vaccinology, these ADSs constitute invaluable tools to researchers for understanding the nature of protective responses in different species, opening the possibility of modulating or potentiating relevant immune mechanisms involved in protection.
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Chuang ST, Ji WT, Chen YT, Lin CH, Hsieh YC, Liu HJ. Suppression of bovine ephemeral fever virus by RNA interference. J Virol Methods 2007; 145:84-7. [PMID: 17590446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) was used to suppress bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). Plasmids expressing continuously shRNAs were used against G gene of BEFV to induce RNA interference in cultured cells. A GFP reporter assay was established to determine the efficiency and specificity of siRNA and the potential of BEFV to hamper RNAi. Two of five small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were shown to suppress BEFV. Suppression of the G gene of BEFV corresponded with reduction of viral plaques and progeny titer. The results suggest that RNAi has the potential for use in suppression of BEFV infection with possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue T Chuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
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Hsieh YC, Chen SH, Chou CS, Hsiao HW, Chen SZ, Lee YF, Liu HJ. Development of a reliable assay protocol for identification of diseases (RAPID)-bioactive amplification with probing (BAP) for detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus. J Virol Methods 2005; 129:75-82. [PMID: 15970336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and specific assay, RAPID-BAP assay, was developed to detect and quantify the G protein-encoding gene of bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). This new technique uses a nested PCR and magnetic bead-based DNA probing assay. The optimal conditions for the assay were examined. By applying a nested PCR, a minimum of 1 copy/mul of the BEFV plasmid DNA could be detected by the assay. The optimal hybridization conditions at 50 degrees C in 5x SSC and 0.5% SDS with a 20-min incubation allowed clear discrimination between negative and positive controls. The assay was also highly specific as all negative controls failed to show any positive detection. The diagnostic sensitivity of the RAPID-BAP assay, real-time RT-PCR, and conventional RT-PCR in the detection of 34 clinical blood samples suspected to have BEFV infections were 72.73, 36.36, and 18.18%, respectively. The results indicated that the RAPID-BAP assay developed in this study was more sensitive than the conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR assays for the detection of BEFV. The novel RAPID-BAP assay is an excellent diagnostic tool with high sensitivity, specificity, and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ching Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Chang CJ, Shih WL, Yu FL, Liao MH, Liu HJ. Apoptosis induced by bovine ephemeral fever virus. J Virol Methods 2005; 122:165-70. [PMID: 15542140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential significance of bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV)-induced apoptosis and involved viral molecules was fully unknown. In the present study, evidence is provided demonstrating that bovine ephemeral fever virus induces apoptosis in several cell lines. Five types of assays for apoptosis were used in examining BEFV-infected cells. (1) Assay for DNA fragmentation, (2) nuclear staining with acridine orange, (3) ELISA detection of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragment, (4) terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay of BEFV-infected cells, (5) observation of blebbing of the plasma membrane and the formation of apoptotic bodies of apoptic cells by scanning electron microscope. The level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in BEFV-infected cells was increased significantly after 20-25 h post-infection. Caspases-2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -9, and -10 were activated in BEFV-infected BHK-21 cells. To determine further whether BEFV-induced apoptosis was caspase-dependent, the effect of the tripeptide pan-ICE (caspase) inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyketone on the inhibition of apoptosis in BEFV-infected BHK-21 cells, was investigated. Apoptosis could be blocked by the caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-fmk), indicating that BEFV induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia J Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
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28
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Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is a disabling viral disease of cattle and water buffaloes. It can cause significant economic impact through reduced milk production in dairy herds, loss of condition in beef cattle and loss of draught animals at the time of harvest. Available evidence indicates clinical signs of BEF, which include bi-phasic fever, anorexia, muscle stiffness, ocular and nasal discharge, ruminal stasis and recumbency, are due primarily to a vascular inflammatory response. In Australia, between 1936 and 1976, BEF occurred in sweeping epizootics that commenced in the tropical far north and spread over vast cattle grazing areas of the continent. In the late 1970s, following several epizootics in rapid succession, the disease became enzootic in most of northern and eastern Australia. In Africa, the Middle East and Asia, BEF occurs as also epizootics which originate in enzootic tropical areas and sweep north or south to sub-tropical and temperate zones. The causative virus is transmitted by haematophagous insects that appear to be borne on the wind, allowing rapid spread of the disease. Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) has been classified as the type species of the genus Ephemerovirus in the Rhabdoviridae. It has a complex genome organization which includes two glycoprotein genes that appear to have arisen by gene duplication. The virion surface glycoprotein (G protein) contains four major antigenic sites that are targets for neutralizing antibody. An analysis of a large number of BEFV isolates collected in Australia between 1956 and 1992 has indicated remarkable stability in most neutralization sites. However, epitope shifts have occurred in the major conformational site G3 and these have been traced to specific mutations in the amino acid sequence. BEFV isolates from mainland China and Taiwan are closely related to Australian isolates, but some variations have been detected. Natural BEFV infection induces a strong neutralizing antibody response and infection usually induces durable immunity. Several forms of live-attenuated, inactivated and recombinant vaccines have been reported but with variable efficacy and durability of protection. The BEFV G protein is a highly effective vaccine antigen, either as a purified subunit or expressed from recombinant viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Walker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, 3220 Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Bovine ephemeral fever is a viral disease of cattle and buffaloes besides subclinical involvement of a variety of ruminant species. The subtropical and temperate regions of Africa, Asia and Australia have experienced the major epidemic of the bovine ephemeral fever but the occurrence in the tropics can not be overlooked. Although the substantial role played by the vectors viz., mosquitoes and culicoides in bovine ephemeral fever perpetuation and dissemination, other vector involvement if any should be extensively studied. The clinical severity of the disease is not apparent and the mortality is low. However, high morbidity, enormous economic losses in terms of significant reduction in production, disruption of national and international trade and finally a variety of complications resulting from the disease have drawn appreciable attention from the researchers around the world to resolve the unsolved questions in this area. In this review, detailed informations of all the aspects of the disease has been provided in a simple, lucid and easily understandable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nandi
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Dist-Nainital, India
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Kwong CD, Krauth CA, Shortnacy-Fowler AT, Arnett G, Hollingshead MG, Shannon WM, Montgomery JA, Secrist JA. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of analogs of adenosine-N1-oxide and 1-(Benzyloxy)adenosine. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1998; 17:1409-43. [PMID: 9672703 DOI: 10.1080/07328319808003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The activity of a series of compounds related to adenosine-N1-oxide (1) and 1-(benzyloxy)adenosine (42) against vaccinia virus has been determined both in vitro and in a vaccinia mouse tailpox model. Significant activities have been found both in vitro and in vivo for a number of the synthetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Kwong
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama 35255-5305, USA
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Yokoyama N, Maeda K, Mikami T. Recombinant viral vector vaccines for the veterinary use. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:311-22. [PMID: 9192350 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, genetically engineering using recombinant DNA techniques has been applied to design new viral vaccines in order to reduce some problems which present viral vaccines have. Up to now, many viruses have been investigated for development of recombinant attenuated vaccines or live viral vectors for delivery of foreign immunogenic antigens. In this review, we introduced three kind of viruses; herpesviruses, vaccinia viruses, and adenoviruses, which have best widely been studied as recombinant vaccines or delivery vaccines for the veterinary use.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yokoyama
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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