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Lim SJ, Muhd Noor ND, Sabri S, Mohamad Ali MS, Salleh AB, Oslan SN. Bibliometric analysis and thematic review of Candida pathogenesis: Fundamental omics to applications as potential antifungal drugs and vaccines. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myad126. [PMID: 38061839 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis caused by the pathogenic Candida yeast species has resulted in elevating global mortality. The pathogenicity of Candida spp. is not only originated from its primary invasive yeast-to-hyphal transition; virulence factors (transcription factors, adhesins, invasins, and enzymes), biofilm, antifungal drug resistance, stress tolerance, and metabolic adaptation have also contributed to a greater clinical burden. However, the current research theme in fungal pathogenicity could hardly be delineated with the increasing research output. Therefore, our study analysed the research trends in Candida pathogenesis over the past 37 years via a bibliometric approach against the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Based on the 3993 unique documents retrieved, significant international collaborations among researchers were observed, especially between Germany (Bernhard Hube) and the UK (Julian Naglik), whose focuses are on Candida proteinases, adhesins, and candidalysin. The prominent researchers (Neils Gow, Alistair Brown, and Frank Odds) at the University of Exeter and the University of Aberdeen (second top performing affiliation) UK contribute significantly to the mechanisms of Candida adaptation, tolerance, and stress response. However, the science mapping of co-citation analysis performed herein could not identify a hub representative of subsequent work since the clusters were semi-redundant. The co-word analysis that was otherwise adopted, revealed three research clusters; the cluster-based thematic analyses indicated the severeness of Candida biofilm and antifungal resistance as well as the elevating trend on molecular mechanism elucidation for drug screening and repurposing. Importantly, the in vivo pathogen adaptation and interactions with hosts are crucial for potential vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Jie Lim
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Dina Muhd Noor
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA, McDermott MI. The wide world of non-mammalian phospholipase D enzymes. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:101000. [PMID: 38081756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to produce free choline and the critically important lipid signaling molecule phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Since the initial discovery of PLD activities in plants and bacteria, PLDs have been identified in a diverse range of organisms spanning the taxa. While widespread interest in these proteins grew following the discovery of mammalian isoforms, research into the PLDs of non-mammalian organisms has revealed a fascinating array of functions ranging from roles in microbial pathogenesis, to the stress responses of plants and the developmental patterning of flies. Furthermore, studies in non-mammalian model systems have aided our understanding of the entire PLD superfamily, with translational relevance to human biology and health. Increasingly, the promise for utilization of non-mammalian PLDs in biotechnology is also being recognized, with widespread potential applications ranging from roles in lipid synthesis, to their exploitation for agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98109, USA
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - M I McDermott
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Lu Q, Wang Y, Liao X, Zhou F, Zhang B, Wu X. Physiological and transcriptome analysis of Candida albicans in response to X33 antimicrobial oligopeptide treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1123393. [PMID: 36743308 PMCID: PMC9892945 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1123393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus, which frequently causes systemic or local fungal infections in humans. The evolution of its drug-resistant mutants necessitate an urgent development of novel antimicrobial agents. Results Here, we explored the antimicrobial activity and inhibitory mechanisms of X33 antimicrobial oligopeptide (X33 AMOP) against C. albicans. The oxford cup test results showed that X33 AMOP had strong inhibitory activity against C. albicans, and its MIC and MFC were 0.625 g/L and 2.5 g/L, respectively. Moreover, SEM and TEM showed that X33 AMOP disrupted the integrity of cell membrane. The AKP, ROS, H2O2 and MDA contents increased, while the reducing sugar, soluble protein, and pyruvate contents decreased after the X33 AMOP treatment. This indicated that X33 AMOP could damage the mitochondrial integrity of the cells, thereby disrupting the energy metabolism by inducing oxidative stress in C. albicans. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed that X33 AMOP treatment resulted in the differential expression of 1140 genes, among which 532 were up-regulated, and 608 were down-regulated. These DEGs were related to protein, nucleic acid, and carbohydrate metabolism, and their expression changes were consistent with the changes in physiological characteristics. Moreover, we found that X33 AMOP could effectively inhibit the virulence attributes of C. albicans by reducing phospholipase activity and disrupting hypha formation. Discussion These findings provide the first-ever detailed reference for the inhibitory mechanisms of X33 AMOP against C. albicans and suggest that X33 AMOP is a potential drug candidate for treating C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunlin Lu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuanxiu Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xing Liao
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fu Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zhang, ; Xiaoyu Wu,
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Postharvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zhang, ; Xiaoyu Wu,
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Padder SA, Ramzan A, Tahir I, Rehman RU, Shah AH. Metabolic flexibility and extensive adaptability governing multiple drug resistance and enhanced virulence in Candida albicans. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:1-20. [PMID: 34213983 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1935447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Commensal fungus-Candida albicans turn pathogenic during the compromised immunity of the host, causing infections ranging from superficial mucosal to dreadful systemic ones. C. albicans has evolved various adaptive measures which collectively contribute towards its enhanced virulence. Among fitness attributes, metabolic flexibility and vigorous stress response are essential for its pathogenicity and virulence. Metabolic flexibility provides a means for nutrient assimilation and growth in diverse host microenvironments and reduces the vulnerability of the pathogen to various antifungals besides evading host immune response(s). Inside the host micro-environments, C. albicans efficiently utilizes the multiple fermentable and non-fermentable carbon sources to sustain and proliferate in glucose deficit conditions. The utilization of alternative carbon sources further highlights the importance of understanding these pathways as the attractive and potential therapeutic target. A thorough understanding of metabolic flexibility and adaptation to environmental stresses is warranted to decipher in-depth insights into virulence and molecular mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity. In this review, we have attempted to provide a detailed and recent understanding of some key aspects of fungal biology. Particular focus will be placed on processes like nutrient assimilation and utilization, metabolic adaptability, virulence factors, and host immune response in C. albicans leading to its enhanced pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ahmad Padder
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Asiya Ramzan
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Inayatullah Tahir
- Departments of Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Reiaz Ul Rehman
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Abdul Haseeb Shah
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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Proton pump inhibitors act synergistically with fluconazole against resistant Candida albicans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:498. [PMID: 31949170 PMCID: PMC6965112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of resistant Candida isolates, especially Candida albicans, has increased continuously. To overcome the resistance, research on antifungal agent sensitizers has attracted considerable attention. Omeprazole and lansoprazole were found to inhibit the growth of sensitive C. albicans and hyphae formation in a high dose, respectively. This study aimed to determine the interactions of common clinically proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and fluconazole both in vitro and in vivo and to further explore the possible mechanisms. In vitro, the tested PPIs all acted synergistically with fluconazole against both resistant C. albicans planktonic cells and biofilms preformed for ≤12 h with the minimum inhibitory concentration of fluconazole decreased from >512 μg/mL to 1–4 μg/mL. In vivo, PPIs plus fluconazole prolonged the survival rate of infected Galleria mellonella larvae by two-fold compared with that for the fluconazole monotherapy group and significantly reduced the tissue damage of infected larvae. Mechanism studies showed that PPIs significantly suppressed efflux pump activity, which is the common resistance mechanism of C. albicans, and significantly inhibited the virulence factors: phospholipase activity and morphology switching. These findings will provide new insights into antifungal agent discovery and potential approaches for the treatment of candidiasis caused by resistant C. albicans.
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Zhang M, Yan H, Lu M, Wang D, Sun S. Antifungal activity of ribavirin used alone or in combination with fluconazole against Candida albicans is mediated by reduced virulence. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 55:105804. [PMID: 31605727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections has increased continuously in recent years, and drug resistance, especially resistance to fluconazole (FLC), has emerged. To overcome this challenge, research on the antifungal activities of non-antifungal agents has gained more attention. In this study, we determined the anti-Candida activity of ribavirin (RBV), an antiviral drug commonly used in the clinic, and found that RBV displayed potent antifungal activity when used alone or in combination with FLC in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the MIC80 values of RBV were 2-4 µg/mL for FLC-susceptible Candida albicans and 8 µg/mL for FLC-resistant C. albicans. When RBV at a dose of 1 µg/mL was combined with FLC, significant synergistic effects were exhibited against FLC-resistant C. albicans, and the MICs of FLC decreased from >512 µg/mL to 0.25-1 µg/mL. Synergism was also exhibited against C. albicans biofilms. In vivo, RBV plus FLC significantly improved the survival of infected Galleria mellonella larvae compared with the FLC-treated group over a 4-day period and attenuated the damage of FLC-resistant C. albicans to G. mellonella larvae tissue. Furthermore, mechanistic studies indicated that the antifungal effects of RBV used alone or in combination with FLC might be associated with inhibition of biofilm formation, reduced extracellular phospholipase activity and inhibition of hyphal growth, but is not related to promotion of FLC uptake and inhibition of FLC efflux. These results provide a promising direction for overcoming drug resistance and for expanding the clinical application of existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China; Department of Pharmacy, Tai'an Municipal Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haiying Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mengjiao Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Decai Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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Mu C, Pan C, Han Q, Liu Q, Wang Y, Sang J. Phosphatidate phosphatase Pah1 has a role in the hyphal growth and virulence of Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 124:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Meijer HJG, Schoina C, Wang S, Bouwmeester K, Hua C, Govers F. Phytophthora infestans small phospholipase D-like proteins elicit plant cell death and promote virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:180-193. [PMID: 30171659 PMCID: PMC6637911 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The successful invasion of host tissue by (hemi-)biotrophic plant pathogens is dependent on modifications of the host plasma membrane to facilitate the two-way transfer of proteins and other compounds. Haustorium formation and the establishment of extrahaustorial membranes are probably dependent on a variety of enzymes that modify membranes in a coordinated fashion. Phospholipases, enzymes that hydrolyse phospholipids, have been implicated as virulence factors in several pathogens. The oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that causes potato late blight. It possesses different classes of phospholipase D (PLD) proteins, including small PLD-like proteins with and without signal peptide (sPLD-likes and PLD-likes, respectively). Here, we studied the role of sPLD-like-1, sPLD-like-12 and PLD-like-1 in the infection process. They are expressed in expanding lesions on potato leaves and during in vitro growth, with the highest transcript levels in germinating cysts. When expressed in planta in the presence of the silencing suppressor P19, all three elicited a local cell death response that was visible at the microscopic level as autofluorescence and strongly boosted in the presence of calcium. Moreover, inoculation of leaves expressing the small PLD-like genes resulted in increased lesion growth and greater numbers of sporangia, but this was abolished when mutated PLD-like genes were expressed with non-functional PLD catalytic motifs. These results show that the three small PLD-likes are catalytically active and suggest that their enzymatic activity is required for the promotion of virulence, possibly by executing membrane modifications to support the growth of P. infestans in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold J. G. Meijer
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
- Wageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
| | - Charikleia Schoina
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
| | - Shutong Wang
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
- College of Plant ProtectionAgricultural University of HebeiBaoding071001China
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
- Present address:
Center of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP)Eberhard‐Karls‐University TübingenTübingenD‐72076Germany
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University and ResearchPO Box 16Wageningen6700AAthe Netherlands
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Phospholipases play multiple cellular roles including growth, stress tolerance, sexual development, and virulence in fungi. Microbiol Res 2018; 209:55-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Liu X, Li T, Wang D, Yang Y, Sun W, Liu J, Sun S. Synergistic Antifungal Effect of Fluconazole Combined with Licofelone against Resistant Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2101. [PMID: 29163396 PMCID: PMC5681995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is one of the important opportunistic fungal pathogens that is closely associated with disseminated or chronic infections. The objective of this study is to evaluate the synergistic antifungal effect of licofelone, which is dual microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase/lipoxygenase (mPGES-1/LOX) inhibitor in combination with fluconazole against C. albicans. Here our results showed that licofelone (16 μg/mL) can synergistically work with fluconazole (1 μg/mL) against planktonic cells of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans. The two-drug combination inhibited the C. albicans biofilm formation over 12 h, and reduced the expression of extracellular phospholipase genes, biofilm-specific genes and RAS/cAMP/PKA pathway related genes. In addition, the two-drug combination inhibited the transition from yeast to hyphal growth form, and decreased the secreted aspartyl proteinase activity, while not affecting the drug efflux pumps activity. Galleria mellonella model was also used to confirm the antifungal activity of the drug combination in vivo. This study first indicates that the combination of fluconazole and licofelone has synergistic effect against resistant C. albicans and could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China.,Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Yilei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- General Practice, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva ACA, Da Silva JDF, Singulani JDL, Alarcon KM, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1319. [PMID: 26635779 PMCID: PMC4658449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii are etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an important endemic mycosis in Latin America. During its evolution, these fungi have developed characteristics and mechanisms that allow their growth in adverse conditions within their host through which they efficiently cause disease. This process is multi-factorial and involves host-pathogen interactions (adaptation, adhesion, and invasion), as well as fungal virulence and host immune response. In this review, we demonstrated the glycoproteins and polysaccharides network, which composes the cell wall of Paracoccidioides spp. These are important for the change of conidia or mycelial (26°C) to parasitic yeast (37°C). The morphological switch, a mechanism for the pathogen to adapt and thrive inside the host, is obligatory for the establishment of the infection and seems to be related to pathogenicity. For these fungi, one of the most important steps during the interaction with the host is the adhesion. Cell surface proteins called adhesins, responsible for the first contact with host cells, contribute to host colonization and invasion by mediating this process. These fungi also present the capacity to form biofilm and through which they may evade the host's immune system. During infection, Paracoccidioides spp. can interact with different host cell types and has the ability to modulate the host's adaptive and/or innate immune response. In addition, it participates and interferes in the coagulation system and phenomena like cytoskeletal rearrangement and apoptosis. In recent years, Paracoccidioides spp. have had their endemic areas expanding in correlation with the expansion of agriculture. In response, several studies were developed to understand the infection using in vitro and in vivo systems, including alternative non-mammal models. Moreover, new advances were made in treating these infections using both well-established and new antifungal agents. These included natural and/or derivate synthetic substances as well as vaccines, peptides, and anti-adhesins sera. Because of all the advances in the PCM study, this review has the objective to summarize all of the recent discoveries on Paracoccidioides-host interaction, with particular emphasis on fungi surface proteins (molecules that play a fundamental role in the adhesion and/or dissemination of the fungi to host-cells), as well as advances in the treatment of PCM with new and well-established antifungal agents and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C A de Paula E Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julhiany De Fátima Da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaila M Alarcon
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
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Teramoto H, Kumeda Y, Yokoigawa K, Hosomi K, Kozaki S, Mukamoto M, Kohda T. Genotyping and characterisation of the secretory lipolytic enzymes of Malassezia pachydermatis isolates collected from dogs. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000124. [PMID: 26392911 PMCID: PMC4567167 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2015-000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malassezia species are commensals of normal skin microbial flora of humans and animals. These may become pathogenic under certain conditions such as those associated with atopic dermatitis or otitis externa in dogs. Material and methods Isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis were obtained from 27 dogs with healthy external ears and 32 dogs with otitis externa. Isolates were characterised on the basis of their first internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and internal spacer 1 (IGS1) sequences. Their extracellular lipase and phospholipase activity were also analysed. Three types of phospholipase inhibitor were used to identify the subclasses of phospholipase associated with otitis externa. Results The clinical isolates were classified into three ITS and three IGS1 sequence types. No significant differences in pathogenicity were detected among the ITS or IGS1 genotypes, and all of the isolates exhibited similar levels of lipase activity. The isolates derived from the dogs with otitis externa showed significantly higher phospholipase activity than those obtained from the dogs with healthy external ears. A phospholipase D inhibitor reduced the phospholipase activity of the isolates obtained from the dogs with otitis externa. Conclusions This study did not show any significant differences in pathogenicity among the ITS or IGS1 genotypes but does suggest that phospholipase D might be one of the virulence factors involved in the inflammation of the external ear caused by M. pachydermatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideshi Teramoto
- Shinchitose Animal Clinic , Hokkaido , Japan ; Department of Veterinary Science , Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yuko Kumeda
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , Osaka , Japan
| | - Kumio Yokoigawa
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Studies , University of Tokushima , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Department of Veterinary Science , Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Shunji Kozaki
- Department of Veterinary Science , Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Masafumi Mukamoto
- Department of Veterinary Science , Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Tomoko Kohda
- Department of Veterinary Science , Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
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Małagocka J, Grell MN, Lange L, Eilenberg J, Jensen AB. Transcriptome of an entomophthoralean fungus (Pandora formicae) shows molecular machinery adjusted for successful host exploitation and transmission. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 128:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Comparative proteomic analysis of hyphae and germinating cysts of Phytophthora pisi and Phytophthora sojae. J Proteomics 2015; 117:24-40. [PMID: 25613045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The recently described oomycete pathogen Phytophthora pisi causes root rot on pea and faba bean, while the closely related Phytophthora sojae is the causal agent of soybean root and stem rot. Differences in the pathogenicity factor repertoires that enable the two species to have distinct host specificity towards pea and soybean, were studied using tandem mass spectrometry in a global proteome study of hyphae and germinating cysts in P. pisi and P. sojae. In total 2775 proteins from P. pisi and 2891 proteins from P. sojae were identified. Fifty-eight orthologous proteins were more abundant in germinated cysts of both pathogens and thus identified as candidate proteins for the infective stage. Several of these proteins were associated with lipid transport and metabolism, and energy production. Twenty-three orthologous proteins were more abundant in hyphae of both pathogens and thus identified as candidate proteins for vegetative growth. Proteins uniquely present in germinating cysts of either P. pisi or P. sojae were considered as candidates for species-specific pathogenicity factors that may be involved in host specificity. Among these proteins were serine proteases, membrane transporters and a berberine-like protein. These results significantly expand the knowledge of the expressed proteome in P. pisi and P. sojae. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE P. sojae and P. pisi are closely related species that specifically cause root rot on soybean and pea, respectively. The pathogenicity factors contributing to their host specificity remained unknown. We carried out a comparative large-scale proteome analysis of vegetative (hyphae) and infective (germinating cysts) life stages in P. pisi and P. sojae. This study provides knowledge of the common factors and mechanism involved in initiation of infection and species-specific proteins that may contribute to the host specificity of these pathogens. This knowledge will lead to a better understanding of the infection biology of these pathogens, allowing new possibilities towards developing alternative and effective plant protection measures.
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Soares DA, Oliveira MB, Evangelista AF, Venancio EJ, Andrade RV, Felipe MSS, Petrofeza S. Phospholipase gene expression during Paracoccidioides brasiliensis morphological transition and infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:808-11. [PMID: 24037207 PMCID: PMC3970691 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108062013021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase is an important virulence factor for pathogenic fungi. In this
study, we demonstrate the following: (i) the Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis pld gene is preferentially expressed in mycelium
cells, (ii) the plb1 gene is mostly up-regulated by infection
after 6 h of co-infection of MH-S cells or during BALB/c mice
lung infection, (iii) during lung infection, plb1,
plc and pld gene expression are
significantly increased 6-48 h post-infection compared to 56 days after
infection, strongly suggesting that phospholipases play a role in the early
events of infection, but not during the chronic stages of pulmonary infection by
P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyze Alencar Soares
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, GoiâniaGO, Brasil
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16
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Alves CT, Wei XQ, Silva S, Azeredo J, Henriques M, Williams DW. Candida albicans promotes invasion and colonisation of Candida glabrata in a reconstituted human vaginal epithelium. J Infect 2014; 69:396-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Staab JF, Datta K, Rhee P. Niche-specific requirement for hyphal wall protein 1 in virulence of Candida albicans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80842. [PMID: 24260489 PMCID: PMC3832661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Specialized Candida albicans cell surface proteins called adhesins mediate binding of the fungus to host cells. The mammalian transglutaminase (TG) substrate and adhesin, Hyphal wall protein 1 (Hwp1), is expressed on the hyphal form of C. albicans where it mediates fungal adhesion to epithelial cells. Hwp1 is also required for biofilm formation and mating thus the protein functions in both fungal-host and self-interactions. Hwp1 is required for full virulence of C. albicans in murine models of disseminated candidiasis and of esophageal candidiasis. Previous studies correlated TG activity on the surface of oral epithelial cells, produced by epithelial TG (TG1), with tight binding of C. albicans via Hwp1 to the host cell surfaces. However, the contribution of other Tgs, specifically tissue TG (TG2), to disseminated candidiasis mediated by Hwp1 was not known. A newly created hwp1 null strain in the wild type SC5314 background was as virulent as the parental strain in C57BL/6 mice, and virulence was retained in C57BL/6 mice deleted for Tgm2 (TG2). Further, the hwp1 null strains displayed modestly reduced virulence in BALB/c mice as did strain DD27-U1, an independently created hwp1Δ/Δ in CAI4 corrected for its ura3Δ defect at the URA3 locus. Hwp1 was still needed to produce wild type biofilms, and persist on murine tongues in an oral model of oropharyngeal candidiasis consistent with previous studies by us and others. Finally, lack of Hwp1 affected the translocation of C. albicans from the mouse intestine into the bloodstream of mice. Together, Hwp1 appears to have a minor role in disseminated candidiasis, independent of tissue TG, but a key function in host- and self-association to the surface of oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet F. Staab
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kausik Datta
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Rhee
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Park M, Do E, Jung WH. Lipolytic enzymes involved in the virulence of human pathogenic fungi. MYCOBIOLOGY 2013; 41:67-72. [PMID: 23874127 PMCID: PMC3714442 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2013.41.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes secrete various enzymes with lipolytic activities to facilitate their survival within the host. Lipolytic enzymes include extracellular lipases and phospholipases, and several lines of evidence have suggested that these enzymes contribute to the virulence of pathogenic fungi. Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are the most commonly isolated human fungal pathogens, and several biochemical and molecular approaches have identified their extracellular lipolytic enzymes. The role of lipases and phospholipases in the virulence of C. albicans has been extensively studied, and these enzymes have been shown to contribute to C. albicans morphological transition, colonization, cytotoxicity, and penetration to the host. While not much is known about the lipases in C. neoformans, the roles of phospholipases in the dissemination of fungal cells in the host and in signaling pathways have been described. Lipolytic enzymes may also influence the survival of the lipophilic cutaneous pathogenic yeast Malassezia species within the host, and an unusually high number of lipase-coding genes may complement the lipid dependency of this fungus. This review briefly describes the current understanding of the lipolytic enzymes in major human fungal pathogens, namely C. albicans, C. neoformans, and Malassezia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
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19
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Selvy PE, Lavieri RR, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Phospholipase D: enzymology, functionality, and chemical modulation. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6064-119. [PMID: 21936578 PMCID: PMC3233269 DOI: 10.1021/cr200296t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Selvy
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37064, USA
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20
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Mysyakina IS, Feofilova EP. The role of lipids in the morphogenetic processes of mycelial fungi. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261711030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Silva S, Negri M, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Williams DW, Azeredo J. Adherence and biofilm formation of non-Candida albicans Candida species. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:241-7. [PMID: 21411325 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Most cases of candidosis have been attributed to Candida albicans, but recently non-C. albicans Candida species have been identified as frequent human pathogens. Candida pathogenicity has been attributed to several factors, including adhesion to medical devices and/or host cells, biofilm formation, and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes (proteases, phospholipases and haemolysins). Although 'new'Candida species are emerging, there is still a lack of information about their pathogenicity. This review discusses recent advances in our knowledge of Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis virulence factors, specifically those of adhesion and biofilm formation, which are key components in Candida pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Silva
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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22
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Ray S, Chen Y, Ayoung J, Hanna R, Brazill D. Phospholipase D controls Dictyostelium development by regulating G protein signaling. Cell Signal 2010; 23:335-43. [PMID: 20950684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum cells normally exist as individual amoebae, but will enter a period of multicellular development upon starvation. The initial stages of development involve the aggregation of individual cells, using cAMP as a chemoattractant. Chemotaxis is initiated when cAMP binds to its receptor, cAR1, and activates the associated G protein, Gα2βγ. However, chemotaxis will not occur unless there is a high density of starving cells present, as measured by high levels of the secreted quorum sensing molecule, CMF. We previously demonstrated that cells lacking PldB bypass the need for CMF and can aggregate at low cell density, whereas cells overexpressing pldB do not aggregate even at high cell density. Here, we found that PldB controlled both cAMP chemotaxis and cell sorting. PldB was also required by CMF to regulate G protein signaling. Specifically, CMF used PldB, to regulate the dissociation of Gα2 from Gβγ. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we found that along with cAMP, CMF increased the dissociation of the G protein. In fact, CMF augmented the dissociation induced by cAMP. This augmentation was lost in cells lacking PldB. PldB appears to mediate the CMF signal through the production of phosphatidic acid, as exogenously added phosphatidic acid phenocopies overexpression of pldB. These results suggest that phospholipase D activity is required for CMF to alter the kinetics of cAMP-induced G protein signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibnath Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, New York, New York 10065, USA
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23
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Ferreira C, Silva S, Faria-Oliveira F, Pinho E, Henriques M, Lucas C. Candida albicans virulence and drug-resistance requires the O-acyltransferase Gup1p. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:238. [PMID: 20843317 PMCID: PMC2945937 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GUP1 gene was primarily identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae being connected with glycerol uptake defects in association with osmotic stress response. Soon after, Gup1p was implicated in a complex and extensive series of phenotypes involving major cellular processes. These include membrane and wall maintenance, lipid composition, bud-site selection, cytoskeleton orientation, vacuole morphology, secretory/endocytic pathway, GPI anchors remodelling, and lipid-ordered domains assembly, which is compatible with their inclusion in the Membrane Bound O-acyl transferases (MBOAT) family. In mammals, it has been described as a negative regulator of the Sonic hedgehog pathway involved in morphogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, among other processes. Results We show that Candida albicans Gup1p strongly interferes with the capacity of cells to develop hyphae, to adhere, to invade, and to form a biofilm, all of which are significant virulence factors. Furthermore, the mutant colonies exhibited an aberrant morphology/differentiation pattern. Identically to S. cerevisiae, Cagup1Δ null mutant was more resistant to antifungals like fluconazole, ketoconazole, and clotrimazole, and displayed an abnormal even sterol distribution at the plasma membrane. Conclusions This work is the first study in the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans, showing a role for the GUP1 gene in virulence as well as in the mechanisms underlying antifungal resistance. Moreover, its impact is even more significant since these results, taken together with all the knowledge about GUP1 gene (from S. cerevisiae and mammals) give consistence to the possibility that Gup1p may be part of a yeast morphogenic pathway parallel to the mammalian Hedgehog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Ferreira
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Portugal.
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24
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Harkins AL, Yuan G, London SD, Dolan JW. An oleate-stimulated, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-independent phospholipase D in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 10:717-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
All humans are colonized with Candida species, mostly Candida albicans, yet some develop diseases due to Candida, among which genitourinary manifestations are extremely common. The forms of genitourinary candidiasis are distinct from each other and affect different populations. While vulvovaginal candidiasis affects mostly healthy women, candiduria occurs typically in elderly, hospitalized, or immunocompromised patients and in neonates. Despite its high incidence and clinical relevance, genitourinary candidiasis is understudied, and therefore, important questions about pathogenesis and treatment guidelines remain to be resolved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about genitourinary candidiasis.
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Yordanov M, Dimitrova P, Patkar S, Saso L, Ivanovska N. Inhibition of Candida albicans extracellular enzyme activity by selected natural substances and their application inCandidainfection. Can J Microbiol 2008; 54:435-40. [DOI: 10.1139/w08-029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular enzymes secreted by Candida albicans are claimed to be virulence factors responsible for penetration of the yeast into host cells. Substances able to inhibit lipolytic and proteinase activities of the fungus might be of therapeutic use in some pathologic conditions caused by C. albicans. In the present work, we have tested the influence of the flavonoid compounds apigenin and kaempferol, the indole alkaloid ibogaine, and the protoberberine alkaloid berberine on the in vitro enzyme activity of C. albicans. The substances showed complex suppressive effects concerning the processes of adherence to epithelial cells, secreted aspartyl proteinase activity, and the rate of cell wall protein glycosylation. Apigenin and kaempferol were administered in systemic C. albicans infection, demonstrating an increased number of survivors by kaempferol. The application of apigenin, kaempferol, ibogaine, and berberine in cutaneous infection suppressed the symptoms and accelerated elimination of the yeast from the site of inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Yordanov
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - P. Dimitrova
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - S. Patkar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - L. Saso
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - N. Ivanovska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Kunze D, MacCallum D, Odds FC, Hube B. Multiple functions of DOA1 in Candida albicans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:1026-1041. [PMID: 17379712 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/002741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While searching for regulators of virulence attributes of the human-pathogenic fungus Candida albicans, a gene was identified similar to the genes encoding the mammalian phospholipase A2-activating protein (PLAP) and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Doa1, which is known to play a key role during ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent protein degradation. All three proteins contain WD-repeats. Both PLAP and CaDoa1 contain a mellitin-like sequence with a central 'KVL'. This mellitin-like sequence was shown to be necessary for full function of CaDoa1. CaDOA1 was expressed under all conditions investigated. Gene disruption of CaDOA1 caused phenotypes including modified colony morphologies, temperature sensitivity, reduced secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and hypersensitivity to various compounds such as propranolol, butanol, caffeine, chelators, azoles, nocodazole and cadmium. Strikingly, mutants lacking DOA1 were filamentous and grew as pseudohyphae and true hyphae under conditions that normally support yeast growth. Transcriptional profiling of Deltadoa1 indicated that several genes associated with Ub-mediated proteolysis, including CDC48 and UBI4, are upregulated. These data suggest that DOA1 of C. albicans, like its orthologue in S. cerevisiae, is associated with Ub-mediated proteolysis and has multiple functions. However, some functions of CaDoa1 seem to be unique for C. albicans. These results support the hypothesis that Ub-mediated proteolysis plays an important role in the regulation of morphology in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donika Kunze
- Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Donna MacCallum
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Frank C Odds
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Lelbniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Beutenbergstraße 11a, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353, Berlin, Germany
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Biswas S, Van Dijck P, Datta A. Environmental sensing and signal transduction pathways regulating morphopathogenic determinants of Candida albicans. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71:348-76. [PMID: 17554048 PMCID: PMC1899878 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00009-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is found in the normal gastrointestinal flora of most healthy humans. However, under certain environmental conditions, it can become a life-threatening pathogen. The shift from commensal organism to pathogen is often correlated with the capacity to undergo morphogenesis. Indeed, under certain conditions, including growth at ambient temperature, the presence of serum or N-acetylglucosamine, neutral pH, and nutrient starvation, C. albicans can undergo reversible transitions from the yeast form to the mycelial form. This morphological plasticity reflects the interplay of various signal transduction pathways, either stimulating or repressing hyphal formation. In this review, we provide an overview of the different sensing and signaling pathways involved in the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of C. albicans. Where appropriate, we compare the analogous pathways/genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in an attempt to highlight the evolution of the different components of the two organisms. The downstream components of these pathways, some of which may be interesting antifungal targets, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrajit Biswas
- National Centre for Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110 067, India
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Uppuluri P, Mekala S, Chaffin WL. Farnesol-mediated inhibition ofCandida albicansyeast growth and rescue by a diacylglycerol analogue. Yeast 2007; 24:681-93. [PMID: 17583896 DOI: 10.1002/yea.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During Candida albicans yeast cell growth to early stationary phase, metabolites accumulate in the medium, including the quorum-sensing molecule farnesol. We found that besides germ tube inhibition, 40 microM farnesol also inhibited C. albicans yeast growth under yeast growth permissive conditions. Consistent with this observation, transcriptional analysis of yeast cells resuspended in fresh medium with 40 microM farnesol revealed that genes involved in hyphal formation, GTPase activation, mitosis and DNA replication were downregulated many-fold. Farnesol-mediated inhibition of yeast growth was dependent on the growth phase of the C. albicans cells. The growth defect was relieved by addition of a diacylglycerol analogue, implicating phosphatidylinositol signalling in the delay. Although diacylglycerol is an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) in mammalian cells, there is some question about activation of fungal PKCs. A mutant strain deleted for PKC1 responded to farnesol and the diacylglycerol analogue similar to wild-type, suggesting that PKC is not the target of the diacylglycerol analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Uppuluri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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30
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Samaranayake YH, Dassanayake RS, Cheung BPK, Jayatilake JAMS, Yeung KWS, Yau JYY, Samaranayake LP. Differential phospholipase gene expression by Candida albicans in artificial media and cultured human oral epithelium. APMIS 2007; 114:857-66. [PMID: 17207086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases B1, B2, C and D of Candida albicans play a significant role in the host invasive process. Hence we evaluated the in vitro expression of PLB1, PLB2, PLC1 and PLD1 in phospholipase-positive (PL(+)) and -deficient (PL(-)) C. albicans isolates in egg yolk agar (EYA), yeast peptone dextrose broth (YPD), and in a model of oral candidiasis based on reconstituted human oral epithelium (RHOE). The growth of Candida was then determined in YPD and its cellular invasion was investigated using the RHOE model. The PL(+) group demonstrated PLB1, PLB2, PLC1 and PLD1 expression in both EYA and YPD, in contrast to the PL(-) group, which expressed only PLB2 and PLD1. Although PL(+) isolates grew profusely in the RHOE model, they expressed only PLB2, PLC1 and PLD1, and not PLB1. Gene expression investigations could not be carried out with PL(-) isolates due to their inability to grow in the RHOE model. Significant growth differences in YPD medium were also observed within the PL(+) and PL(-) groups. Taken together, these findings indicate that phospholipase gene expression in C. albicans is differentially affected by their growth milieu, and this in turn may modulate the disease outcomes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Samaranayake
- Oral Bio-Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
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Meijer HJG, Govers F. Genomewide analysis of phospholipid signaling genes in Phytophthora spp.: novelties and a missing link. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2006; 19:1337-47. [PMID: 17153918 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-19-1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are cellular membrane components in eukaryotic cells that execute many important roles in signaling. Genes encoding enzymes required for phospholipid signaling and metabolism have been characterized in several organisms, but only a few have been described for oomycetes. In this study, the genome sequences of Phytophthora sojae and P. ramorum were explored to construct a comprehensive genomewide inventory of genes involved in the most universal phospholipid signaling pathways. Several genes and gene families were annotated, including those encoding phosphatidylinositol synthase (PIS), phosphatidylinositol (phosphate) kinase (PI[P]K), diacylglycerol kinase (DAG), and phospholipase D (PLD). The most obvious missing link is a gene encoding phospholipase C (PLC). In all eukaryotic genomes sequenced to date, PLC genes are annotated based on certain conserved features; however, these genes seem to be absent in Phytophthora spp. Analysis of the structural and regulatory domains and domain organization of the predicted isoforms of PIS, PIK, PIPK, DAG, and PLD revealed many novel features compared with characterized representatives in other eukaryotes. Examples are transmembrane proteins with a C-terminal catalytic PLD domain, secreted PLD-like proteins, and PIPKs that have an N-terminal G-protein-coupled receptor-transmembrane signature. Compared with other sequenced eukaryotes, the genus Phytophthora clearly has several exceptional features in its phospholipid-modifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold J G Meijer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, NL-6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Court H, Sudbery P. Regulation of Cdc42 GTPase activity in the formation of hyphae in Candida albicans. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 18:265-81. [PMID: 17093060 PMCID: PMC1751335 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-05-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans can switch between yeast, pseudohyphal, and hyphal morphologies. To investigate whether the distinctive characteristics of hyphae are due to increased activity of the Cdc42 GTPase, strains lacking negative regulators of Cdc42 were constructed. Unexpectedly, the deletion of the Cdc42 Rho guanine dissociation inhibitor RDI1 resulted in reduced rather than enhanced polarized growth. However, when cells lacking both Cdc42 GTPase-activating proteins, encoded by RGA2 and BEM3, were grown under pseudohyphal-promoting conditions the bud was highly elongated and lacked a constriction at its base, so that its shape resembled a hyphal germ tube. Moreover, a Spitzenkörper was present at the bud tip, a band of disorganized septin was present at bud base, true septin rings formed within the bud, and nuclei migrated out of the mother cell before the first mitosis. These are all characteristic features of a hyphal germ tube. Intriguingly, we observed hyphal-specific phosphorylation of Rga2, suggesting a possible mechanism for Cdc42 activation during normal hyphal development. In contrast, expression of Cdc42(G12V), which is constitutively GTP bound because it lacks GTPase activity, resulted in swollen cells with prominent and stable septin bars. These results suggest the development of hyphal-specific characteristics is promoted by Cdc42-GTP in a process that also requires the intrinsic GTPase activity of Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Court
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Sheffield University, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Sudbery
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Sheffield University, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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Schaller M. [Candida albicans--interactions with the mucosa and the immune system]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2006; 4:328-36; quiz 337-8. [PMID: 16638063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2006.05935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen.
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Abstract
Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, causes a wide variety of human diseases such as oral thrush and disseminated candidiasis. Many aspects of C. albicans physiology have been studied during liquid growth, but in its natural environment, the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host, the organism associates with surfaces. Growth on a surface triggers several behaviors, such as biofilm formation, invasion, and thigmotropism, that are important for infection. Recent discoveries have identified factors that regulate these behaviors and revealed the importance of these behaviors for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Kumamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Cheng G, Yeater KM, Hoyer LL. Cellular and molecular biology of Candida albicans estrogen response. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 5:180-91. [PMID: 16400181 PMCID: PMC1360257 DOI: 10.1128/ec.5.1.180-191.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most common etiological agent of vaginal candidiasis. Elevated host estrogen levels and the incidence of vaginal candidiasis are positively associated. Elevated estrogen levels may affect host and/or fungal cells. This study investigates the effect of 17-beta-estradiol, 17-alpha-estradiol, ethynyl estradiol, and estriol on several C. albicans strains at concentrations ranging from 10(-5) to 10(-10) M. The addition of 17-beta-estradiol or ethynyl estradiol to C. albicans cells caused an increase in the number of cells forming germ tubes and an increase in germ tube length in a dose- and strain-dependent manner. The addition of 17-alpha-estradiol or estriol did not have a significant effect on germ tube formation by the cultured cells. Exposure to exogenous estrogens did not significantly change the biomass of any C. albicans culture tested. The transcriptional profile of estrogen-treated C. albicans cells showed increased expression of CDR1 and CDR2 across several strain-estrogen concentration-time point combinations, suggesting that these genes are the most responsive to estrogen exposure. Analysis of strain DSY654, which lacks the CDR1 and CDR2 coding sequences, showed a significantly decreased number of germ tube-forming cells in the presence of 17-beta-estradiol. PDR16 was the most highly up-regulated gene in strain DSY654 under these growth conditions. The cell biology and gene expression data from this study led to a model that proposes how components of the phospholipid and sterol metabolic pathways may interact to affect C. albicans germ tube formation and length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Cheng
- Department of Pathobiology, 2522 VMBSB, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
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Abstract
Candida albicans is a facultative pathogenic micro-organism that has developed several virulence traits enabling invasion of host tissues and avoidance of host defence mechanisms. Virulence factors that contribute to this process are the hydrolytic enzymes. Most of them are extracellularly secreted by the fungus. The most discussed hydrolytic enzymes produced by C. albicans are secreted aspartic proteinases (Saps). The role of these Saps for C. albicans infections was carefully evaluated in numerous studies, whereas only little is known about the physiological role of the secreted phospholipases (PL) and almost nothing about the involvement of lipases (Lip) in virulence. They may play an important role in the pathogenicity of candidosis and their hydrolytic activity probably has a number of possible functions in addition to the simple role of digesting molecules for nutrition. Saps as the best-studied member of this group of hydrolytic enzymes contribute to host tissue invasion by digesting or destroying cell membranes and by degrading host surface molecules. There is also some evidence that hydrolytic enzymes are able to attack cells and molecules of the host immune system to avoid or resist antimicrobial activity. High hydrolytic activity with broad substrate specificity has been found in several Candida species, most notably in C. albicans. This activity is attributed to multigene families with at least 10 members for Saps and Lips and several members for PL B. Distinct members of these gene families are differentially regulated in various Candida infections. In future, prevention and control of Candida infections might be achieved by pharmacological or immunological tools specifically modulated to inhibit virulence factors, e.g. the family of Saps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Munich, Germany.
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Kunze D, Melzer I, Bennett D, Sanglard D, MacCallum D, Nörskau J, Coleman DC, Odds FC, Schäfer W, Hube B. Functional analysis of the phospholipase C gene CaPLC1 and two unusual phospholipase C genes, CaPLC2 and CaPLC3, of Candida albicans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2005; 151:3381-3394. [PMID: 16207920 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases C are known to be important regulators of cellular processes but may also act as virulence factors of pathogenic microbes. At least three genes in the genome of the human-pathogenic fungus Candida albicans encode phospholipases with conserved phospholipase C (Plc) motifs. None of the deduced protein sequences contain N-terminal signal peptides, suggesting that these phospholipases are not secreted. In contrast to its orthologue in Sacharomyces cerevisiae, CaPLC1 seems to be an essential gene. However, a conditional mutant with reduced transcript levels of CaPLC1 had phenotypes similar to Plc1p-deficient mutants in S. cerevisiae, including reduced growth on media causing increased osmotic stress, on media with a non-glucose carbon source, or at elevated or lower temperatures, suggesting that CaPlc1p, like the Plc1p counterpart in S. cerevisiae, may be involved in multiple cellular processes. Furthermore, phenotypic screening of the heterozygous DeltaCaplc1/CaPLC1 mutant showed additional defects in hyphal formation. The loss of CaPLC1 cannot be compensated by two additional PLC genes of C. albicans (CaPLC2 and CaPLC3) encoding two almost identical phospholipases C with no counterpart in S. cerevisiae but containing structural elements found in bacterial phospholipases C. Although the promoter sequences of CaPLC2 and CaPLC3 differed dramatically, the transcriptional pattern of both genes was similar. In contrast to CaPLC1, CaPLC2 and CaPLC3 are not essential. Although Caplc2/3 mutants had reduced abilities to produce hyphae on solid media, these mutants were as virulent as the wild-type in a model of systemic infection. These data suggest that C. albicans contains two different classes of phospholipases C which are involved in cellular processes but which have no specific functions in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donika Kunze
- Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Melzer
- Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Désirée Bennett
- Microbiology Research Division, School of Dental Science, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institut de Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Donna MacCallum
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Jan Nörskau
- Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David C Coleman
- Microbiology Research Division, School of Dental Science, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Republic of Ireland
| | - Frank C Odds
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, D-13353, Berlin, Germany
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VandenBerg AL, Ibrahim AS, Edwards JE, Toenjes KA, Johnson DI. Cdc42p GTPase regulates the budded-to-hyphal-form transition and expression of hypha-specific transcripts in Candida albicans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2005; 3:724-34. [PMID: 15189993 PMCID: PMC420123 DOI: 10.1128/ec.3.3.724-734.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Candida albicans is a major opportunistic pathogen of immunocompromised individuals. It can grow in several distinct morphological states, including budded and hyphal forms, and the ability to make the dynamic transition between these forms is strongly correlated with virulence. Recent studies implicating the Cdc42p GTPase in hypha formation relied on cdc42 mutations that affected the mitotic functions of the protein, thereby precluding any substantive conclusions about the specific role of Cdc42p in the budded-to-hypha-form transition and virulence. Therefore, we took advantage of several Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc42 mutants that separated Cdc42p's mitotic functions away from its role in filamentous growth. The homologous cdc42-S26I, cdc42-E100G, and cdc42-S158T mutations in C. albicans Cdc42p caused a dramatic defect in the budded-to-hypha-form transition in response to various hypha-inducing signals without affecting normal budded growth, strongly supporting the conclusion that Cdc42p has an integral function in orchestrating the morphological transition in C. albicans. In addition, the cdc42-S26I and cdc42-E100G mutants demonstrated a reduced ability to damage endothelial cells, a process that is strongly correlated to virulence. The three mutants also had reduced expression of several hypha-specific genes, including those under the regulation of the Efg1p transcription factor. These data indicate that Cdc42p-dependent signaling pathways regulate the budded-to-hypha-form transition and the expression of hypha-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysia L VandenBerg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Knechtle P, Goyard S, Brachat S, Ibrahim-Granet O, d'Enfert C. Phosphatidylinositol-dependent phospholipases C Plc2 and Plc3 of Candida albicans are dispensable for morphogenesis and host–pathogen interaction. Res Microbiol 2005; 156:822-9. [PMID: 16040234 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases play an important role as virulence factors in human pathogens. Candida albicans, the major fungal pathogen of humans, encodes phospholipases of type A, B, C and D. Type B Plb2 and type D Pld1 phospholipases have been shown to contribute to virulence in this organism. We analyzed, in C. albicans, PLC2 and PLC3, two highly conserved genes coding for phosphatidylinositol-dependent phospholipases C with homology to the known virulence factor PlcA in the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. We show that expression of PLC2 and PLC3 is upregulated under different filament-inducing conditions and in the constitutive filamentous mutant tup1Delta. In order to analyze PLC2 and PLC3 function in C. albicans, we constructed strains that carry PLC2 or PLC3 under a constitutive promoter and strains that lack all four PLC2/3 alleles. These strains were not affected in their ability to produce filaments under non-inducing conditions, nor was filamentation modified under inducing conditions, suggesting that PLC2/3 are not critical determinants of the yeast-to-hypha switch. In a cell culture model for macrophage interaction, phagocytosis of C. albicans and subsequent killing were not influenced by PLC2/3. These results demonstrate that C. albicans PLC2 and PLC3 are dispensable for virulence; moreover, they underline the sharp contrast with the function of plcA in L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Knechtle
- Unité Postulante Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, INRA USC 2019, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Braun BR, van het Hoog M, d'Enfert C, Martchenko M, Dungan J, Kuo A, Inglis DO, Uhl MA, Hogues H, Berriman M, Lorenz M, Levitin A, Oberholzer U, Bachewich C, Harcus D, Marcil A, Dignard D, Iouk T, Zito R, Frangeul L, Tekaia F, Rutherford K, Wang E, Munro CA, Bates S, Gow NA, Hoyer LL, Köhler G, Morschhäuser J, Newport G, Znaidi S, Raymond M, Turcotte B, Sherlock G, Costanzo M, Ihmels J, Berman J, Sanglard D, Agabian N, Mitchell AP, Johnson AD, Whiteway M, Nantel A. A human-curated annotation of the Candida albicans genome. PLoS Genet 2005; 1:36-57. [PMID: 16103911 PMCID: PMC1183520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent sequencing and assembly of the genome for the fungal pathogen Candida albicans used simple automated procedures for the identification of putative genes. We have reviewed the entire assembly, both by hand and with additional bioinformatic resources, to accurately map and describe 6,354 genes and to identify 246 genes whose original database entries contained sequencing errors (or possibly mutations) that affect their reading frame. Comparison with other fungal genomes permitted the identification of numerous fungus-specific genes that might be targeted for antifungal therapy. We also observed that, compared to other fungi, the protein-coding sequences in the C. albicans genome are especially rich in short sequence repeats. Finally, our improved annotation permitted a detailed analysis of several multigene families, and comparative genomic studies showed that C. albicans has a far greater catabolic range, encoding respiratory Complex 1, several novel oxidoreductases and ketone body degrading enzymes, malonyl-CoA and enoyl-CoA carriers, several novel amino acid degrading enzymes, a variety of secreted catabolic lipases and proteases, and numerous transporters to assimilate the resulting nutrients. The results of these efforts will ensure that the Candida research community has uniform and comprehensive genomic information for medical research as well as for future diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard R Braun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marco van het Hoog
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe d'Enfert
- Unité Postulante Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, INRA USC 2019, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mikhail Martchenko
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jan Dungan
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alan Kuo
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Diane O Inglis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - M. Andrew Uhl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hervé Hogues
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Michael Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Utah-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anastasia Levitin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ursula Oberholzer
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Bachewich
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Doreen Harcus
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Marcil
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Dignard
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tatiana Iouk
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rosa Zito
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lionel Frangeul
- Plate-Forme Intégration et Analyse Génomique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fredj Tekaia
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Levures, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Edwin Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carol A Munro
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Bates
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Gow
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Lois L Hoyer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gerwald Köhler
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joachim Morschhäuser
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, Universität Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - George Newport
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sadri Znaidi
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martine Raymond
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bernard Turcotte
- Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gavin Sherlock
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Costanzo
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Jan Ihmels
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Judith Berman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dominique Sanglard
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nina Agabian
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron P Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Cancer Research, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander D Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Nantel
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Yordanov M, Dimitrova P, Patkar S, Falcocchio S, Xoxi E, Saso L, Ivanovska N. Ibogaine reduces organ colonization in murine systemic and gastrointestinal Candida albicans infections. J Med Microbiol 2005; 54:647-653. [PMID: 15947429 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.45919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study the effect of the indole alkaloid ibogaine on the in vitro lipolytic activity and adherence to epithelial cells of Candida albicans was investigated. The substance was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 5 mg kg(-1) day(-1) in mice with disseminated and gastrointestinal C. albicans infections. Ibogaine significantly decreased the rate of mortality and the number of C. albicans c.f.u. recovered from the kidney, liver and spleen. Ibogaine interfered with the early stages of both disseminated and gastrointestinal C. albicans infections but did not reduce the number of C. albicans c.f.u. in the organs at the late phase of infections. The development of a specific immune response was not influenced by ibogaine, since the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to C. albicans and the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma were similar in control and ibogaine-treated mice. The combined use of amphotericin B plus ibogaine in the treatment of mice with gastrointestinal infection reduced organ colonization more strongly than each substance alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yordanov
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 2Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark 3Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspame', University of Rome 'La Sapienza', P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - P Dimitrova
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 2Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark 3Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspame', University of Rome 'La Sapienza', P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - S Patkar
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 2Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark 3Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspame', University of Rome 'La Sapienza', P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - S Falcocchio
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 2Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark 3Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspame', University of Rome 'La Sapienza', P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - E Xoxi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 2Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark 3Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspame', University of Rome 'La Sapienza', P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - L Saso
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 2Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark 3Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspame', University of Rome 'La Sapienza', P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - N Ivanovska
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, 26 G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 2Novozymes A/S, Novo Allé, DK-2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark 3Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology 'Vittorio Erspame', University of Rome 'La Sapienza', P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Consolaro MEL, Albertoni TA, Svidzinski AE, Peralta RM, Svidzinski TIE. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is associated with the production of germ tubes by Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 2005; 159:501-7. [PMID: 15983735 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-005-1149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty Candida albicans strains isolated from women attended at the Teaching and Research in the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Clinical Analysis of the State University of Maringa, Paraná, Brazil, have been analyzed. Yeasts were identified by classical methods and patients subdivided into asymptomatic, vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC) and recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) groups. Yeasts were incubated in RPMI + fetal calf serum to analyze germ tubes every two hours, up to 10 h. In vitro sensitivity to fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and nystatin was analyzed according to NCCLS-M27-A microdilution assay. Yeast isolated from symptomatic women produced significantly more germ tubes than asymptomatic women (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference between yeasts from VVC and RVVC occurred (P > 0.05). Variation between MIC50 and MIC90 of tested antifungal agents was slight among isolated yeasts, while no resistant yeasts were detected. Nevertheless, VVC yeasts were more DDS (reduced dose-dependent susceptibility) for nystatin and RVVC were more DDS for ketoconazole. Results suggest that colonization by yeast in the vagina and lack of symptoms may be partially explained by the yeast's sparse capacity to form germ tubes, On the other hand, RVVC was not associated with antimicrobial resistance. DDS high frequency for nystatin and ketoconazole indicates that identification, and susceptibility of antifungals tests are important to management of VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E L Consolaro
- Division of Medical Mycology- Teaching and Research in Clinical Analysis Laboratory, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Toenjes KA, Munsee SM, Ibrahim AS, Jeffrey R, Edwards JE, Johnson DI. Small-molecule inhibitors of the budded-to-hyphal-form transition in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:963-72. [PMID: 15728890 PMCID: PMC549276 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.3.963-972.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic yeast Candida albicans can exist in multiple morphological states, including budded, pseudohyphal, and true hyphal forms. The ability to convert between the budded and hyphal forms, termed the budded-to-hyphal-form transition, is important for virulence and is regulated by multiple environmental and cellular signals. To identify inhibitors of this morphological transition, a microplate-based morphological assay was developed. With this assay, the known actin-inhibiting drugs latrunculin-A and jasplakinolide were shown to inhibit the transition in a dose-dependent and reversible manner. Five novel small molecules that reversibly inhibited the transition and hyphal elongation without affecting budded growth were identified. These molecules inhibited hyphal growth induced by Spider, Lee's, M199 pH 8, and 10% serum-containing media, with two molecules having a synergistic effect. The molecules also differentially affected the hyphal form-specific gene expression of HWP1 and endocytosis without disrupting the actin cytoskeleton or septin organization. Structural derivatives of one of the molecules were more effective inhibiters than the original molecule, while other derivatives had decreased efficacies. Several of the small molecules were able to reduce C. albicans-dependent damage to endothelial cells by inhibiting the budded-to-hyphal-form transition. These studies substantiated the effectiveness of the morphological assay and identified several novel molecules that, by virtue of their ability to inhibit the budded-to-hyphal-form transition, may be exploited as starting points for effective antifungal therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Toenjes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 202 Stafford Hall, 95 Carrigan Dr., University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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44
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Meijer HJG, Latijnhouwers M, Ligterink W, Govers F. A transmembrane phospholipase D in Phytophthora; a novel PLD subfamily. Gene 2005; 350:173-82. [PMID: 15826868 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is a ubiquitous enzyme in eukaryotes that participates in various cellular processes. Its catalytic domain is characterized by two HKD motifs in the C-terminal part. Until now, two subfamilies were recognized based on their N-terminal domain structure. The first has a PX domain in combination with a PH domain and is designated as PXPH-PLD. Members of the second subfamily, named C2-PLD, have a C2 domain and have, so far, only been found in plants. Here we describe a novel PLD subfamily that we identified in Phytophthora, a genus belonging to the class oomycetes and comprising many important plant pathogens. We cloned Pipld1 from Phytophthora infestans and retrieved full-length sequences of its homologues from Phytophthora sojae and Phytophthora ramorum genome databases. Their promoters contain two putative regulatory elements, one of which is highly conserved in all three genes. The three Phytophthora pld1 genes encode nearly identical proteins of around 1807 amino acids, with the two characteristic HKD motifs in the C-terminal part. Homology of the predicted proteins with known PLDs however is restricted to the two catalytic HKD motifs and adjacent domains. In the N-terminal part Phytophthora PLD1 has a PX-like domain, but it lacks a PH domain. Instead the N-terminal region contains five putative membrane spanning domains suggesting that Phytophthora PLD1 is a transmembrane protein. Since Phytophthora PLD1 cannot be categorized in one of the two existing subfamilies we propose to create a novel subfamily named PXTM-PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold J G Meijer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, NL-6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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45
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Abstract
An increasingly diverse array of clinically relevant animal models of candidiasis have been established that mimic both the immune perturbations of the host and tissue-specific features of candidiasis in humans. Cause-and-effect analysis of Candida host-pathogen interactions using these animal models has made a quantum leap forward in the genomic era, with the concurrent construction of C. albicans mutants with targeted mutations of putative virulence factors, the application of microarrays and other emerging technologies to comprehensively assess C. albicans gene expression in vivo, and construction of transgenic and knockout mice to simulate specific host immunodeficiencies. The opportunity to combine these powerful tools will yield an unprecedented wealth of new information on the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis de Repentigny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sainte-Justine Hospital and University of Montreal, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1C5.
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Grab LT, Kearns MW, Morris AJ, Daniel LW. Differential role for phospholipase D1 and phospholipase D2 in 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate-stimulated MAPK activation, Cox-2 and IL-8 expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2004; 1636:29-39. [PMID: 14984736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Revised: 10/08/2003] [Accepted: 12/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is expressed in many tissues and stimulated by growth factors and cytokines. However, the role of PLD in signal transduction is still not well-understood. Human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells exhibit low levels of both PLD1 and PLD2 mRNA, however, only PLD1 protein was detected by Western blot. When either isoform of PLD was stably expressed in HEK-293 cells, we observed an increased PLD activity in a cell-free system and a 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate (TPA)-stimulated increase in PLD activity in intact cells. This system was then used to elucidate the effects of PLD activity on TPA-stimulated signaling pathways. Two such pathways, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) and p38 are activated by growth factors and cellular stress, respectively. We found that TPA stimulated ERK phosphorylation regardless of the expression status of PLD. In contrast to ERK kinase, HEK-293 cells were unable to induce p38 phosphorylation by TPA stimulation. When HEK-293 cells expressed either PLD1 or PLD2, we observed elevated p38 phosphorylation in response to TPA stimulation. The ERK and p38 MAPKs can also stimulate the expression of both cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). We used this system to differentiate the effect of PLD1 or PLD2 activity on the expression of Cox-2 and IL-8. Increased Cox-2 and IL-8 expression was found only in HEK-293 cells expressing PLD1. These data identify a novel role for the PLD1 isoform in the induction of gene expression and provide new insight into the differential role of PLD1 and PLD2 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie T Grab
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1016, USA
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47
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Leem YE, Ross IK, Choi HT. Tagging and localization of a phospholipase D gene in Coprinellus congregatus by restriction enzyme-mediated integration and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 225:285-9. [PMID: 12951254 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00556-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a phospholipase D gene (pld) fragment from a transformant generated by restriction enzyme-mediated integration in Coprinellus congregatus, which is a mushroom-forming basidiomycete. A fragment of pld of this fungus has been cloned from a transformant by gene tagging. The transformation vector has been inserted into pld and this has resulted in a decreased enzyme activity of the transformant compared with the wild strain. C. congregatus has seven chromosomes, the range of its genome size is 1.6-4.7 Mb and pld is located at chromosome 4 where the transformation vector has been inserted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Leem
- Microbial Physiology Lab, Division of Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea
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48
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Hong S, Horiuchi H, Ohta A. Molecular cloning of a phospholipase D gene from Aspergillus nidulans and characterization of its deletion mutants. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 224:231-7. [PMID: 12892887 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned a gene pldA encoding a protein containing phospholipase D (PLD) motifs from a filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. The deduced protein product of pldA consists of 833 amino acids and contains four conserved regions of a PLD gene family. Deletion mutants of pldA grew and formed conidia in a normal manner. Although PLD and transphosphatidylation activities against phosphatidylcholine of the mutant cell extract did not change, the Ca(2+)-dependent PLD activity against phosphatidylethanolamine was significantly reduced, but not in the wild-type cell extract. This activity was markedly enhanced by high osmotic growth conditions in the wild-type cells, and pldA of A. nidulans likely encodes a Ca(2+)-dependent phosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahyun Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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49
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50
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Niewerth M, Kunze D, Seibold M, Schaller M, Korting HC, Hube B. Ciclopirox olamine treatment affects the expression pattern of Candida albicans genes encoding virulence factors, iron metabolism proteins, and drug resistance factors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1805-17. [PMID: 12760852 PMCID: PMC155814 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.6.1805-1817.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroxypyridone ciclopirox olamine belongs to the antimycotic drugs used for the treatment of superficial mycoses. In contrast to the azoles and other antimycotic drugs, its specific mode of action is only poorly understood. To investigate the mode of action of ciclopirox olamine on fungal viability, pathogenicity, and drug resistance, we examined the expression patterns of 47 Candida albicans genes in cells grown in the presence of a subinhibitory concentration (0.6 micro g/ml) of ciclopirox olamine by reverse transcription-PCR. In addition, we used suppression-subtractive hybridization to further identify genes that are up-regulated in the presence of ciclopirox olamine. The expression of essential genes such as ACT1 was not significantly modified in cells exposed to ciclopirox olamine. Most putative and known virulence genes such as genes encoding secreted proteinases or lipases had no or only moderately reduced expression levels. In contrast, exposure of cells to ciclopirox olamine led to a distinct up- or down-regulation of genes encoding iron permeases or transporters (FTR1, FTR2, FTH1), a copper permease (CCC2), an iron reductase (CFL1), and a siderophore transporter (SIT1); these effects resembled those found under iron-limited conditions. Addition of FeCl(3) to ciclopirox olamine-treated cells reversed the effect of the drug. Addition of the iron chelator bipyridine to the growth medium induced similar patterns of expression of distinct iron-regulated genes (FTR1, FTR2). While serum-induced yeast-to-hyphal phase transition of C. albicans was not affected in ciclopirox olamine-treated cells in the presence of subinhibitory conditions, a dramatic increase in sensitivity to oxidative stress was noted, which may indicate the reduced activities of iron-containing gene products responsible for detoxification. Although the Candida drug resistance genes CDR1 and CDR2 were up-regulated, no change in resistance or increased tolerance could be observed even after an incubation period of 6 months. This was in contrast to control experiments with fluconazole, in which the MICs for cells incubated with this drug had noticeably increased after 2 months. These data support the view that the antifungal activity of ciclopirox olamine may at least be partially caused by iron limitation. Furthermore, neither the expression of certain multiple-drug resistance genes nor other resistance mechanisms caused C. albicans resistance to this drug even after long-term exposure.
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