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Del Pilar Angarita-Díaz M, Fong C, Medina D. Bacteria of healthy periodontal tissues as candidates of probiotics: a systematic review. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:328. [PMID: 38877601 PMCID: PMC11177362 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The use of probiotics could promote the balance of the subgingival microbiota to contribute to periodontal health. This study aimed to identify the potential of bacteria commonly associated with healthy periodontal tissues as probiotic candidates. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Ovid databases as well as the combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and non-MeSH terms. Based on the selection criteria, original studies published in English and identifying the microorganisms present in the periodontium of healthy individuals and patients with periodontitis using the high-throughput 16S ribosomal gene sequencing technique were included. RESULTS Out of 659 articles, 12 met the criteria for this review. These articles were published from 2012 to 2020 and mainly originated from the United States, China, and Spain. Most of these studies reported adequate criteria for selecting participants, using standardized clinical criteria, and compliance with quality based on the tools used. In periodontal healthy tissue were identified species like Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Rothia dentocariosa, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus intermedius, and Prevotella nigrescens which have recognized strains with a capacity to inhibit periodontopathogens. CONCLUSIONS S. sanguinis, S. oralis, S. mitis, and S. gordonii are among the bacterial species proposed as potential probiotics because some strains can inhibit periodontopathogens and have been reported as safe for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Pilar Angarita-Díaz
- GIOMET Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Campus Villavicencio, Carrera 35 # 36 99, Villavicencio, Colombia.
| | - Cristian Fong
- Ciencia y Pedagogía Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Campus Santa Marta, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Daniela Medina
- School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Campus Villavicencio, Villavicencio, Colombia
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Ismail A, Yogarajah A, Falconer JL, Dworakowski R, Watson S, Breeze J, Gunning M, Khan H, Hussain A, Howard JP, Cheong P, Shah M, Nibali L, Sousa V. Insights into microorganisms, associated factors, and the oral microbiome in infective endocarditis patients. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1270492. [PMID: 38665315 PMCID: PMC11043546 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1270492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Infective Endocarditis (IE) is a rare, life-threatening infection of the endocardium with multisystem effects. Culprit microorganisms derived from different niches circulate through the bloodstream and attach to the endocardium, particularly the heart valves. This study aimed to investigate culprit microorganisms among a cross-sectional cohort of IE patients, their associated factors, and to explore the potential relationship to the oral microbiome. Methods In this observational study, we undertook a cross-sectional analysis of 392 medical records from patients diagnosed with IE. The primary outcome of this study was to analyse the association between the IE culprit microorganisms and the underlying anatomical types of IE (native valve (NVE), prosthetic valve (PVE), or cardiac device-related (CDE)). Secondary outcomes encompassed a comparative analysis of additional factors, including: the treatment approaches for IE, and the categorisation of blood cultures, extending to both genus and species levels. Additionally, we cross-referenced and compared the species-level identification of IE bacteraemia outcome measures with data from the expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD). Results A culprit microorganism was identified in 299 (76.28%) case participants. Staphylococcal infections were the most common (p < 0.001), responsible for 130 (33.16%) hospitalisations. There were 277 (70.66%) cases of NVE, 104 (26.53%) cases of PVE, and 11 (2.81%) cases of CDE. The majority of PVE occurred on prosthetic aortic valves (78/104, 75%), of which 72 (93.5%) were surgical aortic valve replacements (SAVR), 6 (7.8%) were transcatheter aortic valve implants, and one transcatheter pulmonary valve implant. Overall, underlying anatomy (p = 0.042) as well as the treatment approaches for IE (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with IE culprit microorganisms. Cross-reference between IE bacteraemia outcomes with the eHOMD was observed in 267/392 (68.11%) cases. Conclusions This study demonstrated that IE patients with a history of stroke, smoking, intravenous drug use, or dialysis were more likely to be infected with Staphylococcus aureus. CDE case participants and patients who had previous SAVR were most associated with Staphylococcus epidermidis. IE patients aged 78+ were more likely to develop enterococci IE than other age groups. Oral microorganisms indicated by the eHOMD are significantly observed in the IE population. Further research, through enhanced dental and medical collaboration, is required to correlate the presence of oral microbiota as causative factor for IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayden Ismail
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London,London, United Kingdom
| | - Amieth Yogarajah
- Department of Anaesthesia, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Luke Falconer
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London,London, United Kingdom
- Department of Periodontology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafal Dworakowski
- Department of Cardiology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Watson
- Department of Cardiology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Breeze
- Department of Cardiology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Gunning
- Department of Cardiology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Habib Khan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Azhar Hussain
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Howard
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phoebe Cheong
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London,London, United Kingdom
| | - Mira Shah
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London,London, United Kingdom
- Department of Periodontology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Nibali
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London,London, United Kingdom
- Department of Periodontology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Sousa
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London,London, United Kingdom
- Department of Periodontology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Pignatelli P, Curia MC, Tenore G, Bondi D, Piattelli A, Romeo U. Oral bacteriome and oral potentially malignant disorders: A systematic review of the associations. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 160:105891. [PMID: 38295615 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal bacteria can infiltrate the epithelium, activate signaling pathways, induce inflammation, and block natural killer and cytotoxic cells, all of which contribute to the vicious circle of carcinogenesis. It is unknown whether oral dysbiosis has an impact on the etiology or prognosis of OPMD. AIMS Within this paradigm, this work systemically investigated and reported on the composition of oral microbiota in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) versus healthy controls. METHODS Observational studies that reported next generation sequencing analysis of oral tissue or salivary samples and found at least three bacterial species were included. Identification, screening, citation analysis, and graphical synthesis were carried out. RESULTS For oral lichen planus (OLP), the bacteria with the highest abundance were Fusobacterium, Capnocytophaga, Gemella, Granulicatella, Porphyromonas, and Rothia; for oral leukoplakia (OLK), Prevotella. Streptococci levels in OLK and OLP were lower. The usage of alcohol or smoke had no effect on the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS An increase in periodontal pathogenic bacteria could promote the development and exacerbation of lichen. Effective bacteriome-based biomarkers are worthy of further investigation and application, as are bacteriome-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Pignatelli
- COMDINAV DUE, Nave Cavour, Italian Navy, Stazione Navale Mar Grande, Viale Ionio, 74122 Taranto, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Curia
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tenore
- Department of Oral Sciences and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Caserta, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Bondi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- School of Dentistry, Saint Camillus International University for Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy; Facultad de Medicina, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Umberto Romeo
- Department of Oral Sciences and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Caserta, 00161 Rome, Italy
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4
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Hayashida N, Urano-Tashiro Y, Horie T, Saiki K, Yamanaka Y, Takahashi Y. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of Streptococcus gordonii DL1 under acidic conditions. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:112-118. [PMID: 38135272 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Streptococcus gordonii is associated with the formation of biofilms, especially those that comprise dental plaque. Notably, S. gordonii DL1 causes infective endocarditis (IE). Colonization of this bacterium requires a mechanism that can tolerate a drop in environmental pH by producing acid via its own sugar metabolism. The ability to survive acidic environmental conditions might allow the bacterium to establish vegetative colonization even in the endocardium due to inflammation-induced lowering of pH, increasing the risk of IE. At present, the mechanism by which S. gordonii DL1 survives under acidic conditions is not thoroughly elucidated. The present study was thus conducted to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which S. gordonii DL1 survives under acidic conditions. METHODS We analyzed dynamic changes in gene transcription and intracellular metabolites in S. gordonii DL1 exposed to acidic conditions, using transcriptome and metabolome analyses. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis revealed upregulation of genes involved in heat shock response and glycolysis, and down regulation of genes involved in phosphotransferase systems and biosynthesis of amino acids. The most upregulated genes were a beta-strand repeat protein of unknown function (SGO_RS06325), followed by copper-translocating P-type ATPase (SGO_RS09470) and malic enzyme (SGO_RS01850). The latter two of these contribute to cytoplasmic alkalinization. S. gordonii mutant strains lacking each of these genes showed significantly reduced survival under acidic conditions. Metabolome analysis revealed that cytoplasmic levels of several amino acids were reduced. CONCLUSIONS S. gordonii survives the acidic conditions by recovering the acidic cytoplasm using the various activities, which are regulated at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Hayashida
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Urano-Tashiro
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Horie
- Research Center for Odontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Keitarou Saiki
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yamanaka
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yukihiro Takahashi
- Department of Microbiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan.
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Alves LA, Naveed H, Franco EM, Garcia MT, Freitas VA, Junqueira JC, Bastos DC, Araujo TLS, Chen T, Mattos-Graner RO. PepO and CppA modulate Streptococcus sanguinis susceptibility to complement immunity and virulence. Virulence 2023; 14:2239519. [PMID: 37563831 PMCID: PMC10424592 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2239519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is a ubiquitous commensal species of the oral cavity commonly involved as an opportunistic pathogen in cardiovascular infections. In this study, we investigated the functions of endopeptidase O (PepO) and a C3-degrading protease (CppA) in the systemic virulence of S. sanguinis. Isogenic mutants of pepO and cppA obtained in strain SK36 showed increased susceptibility to C3b deposition and to opsonophagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). These mutants differ, however, in their profiles of binding to serum amyloid P component (SAP) and C1q, whereas both showed reduced interaction with C4b-binding protein (C4BP) and/or factor H (FH) regulators as compared to SK36. The two mutants showed defects in ex vivo persistence in human blood, serum-mediated invasion of HCAEC endothelial cells, and virulence in a Galleria mellonella infection model. The transcriptional activities of pepO and cppA, assessed by RT-qPCR in nine wild-type strains, further indicated strain-specific profiles of pepO/cppA expression. Moreover, non-conserved amino acid substitutions were detected among the strains, mostly in CppA. Phylogenetic comparisons with homologues of streptococcal species of the oral and oropharyngeal sites suggested that S. sanguinis PepO and CppA have independent ancestralities. Thus, this study showed that PepO and CppA are complement evasion proteins expressed by S. sanguinis in a strain-specific manner, which are required for multiple functions associated with cardiovascular virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia A. Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Hassan Naveed
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M. Franco
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Terra Garcia
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor A. Freitas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora C. Bastos
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, São Leopoldo Mandic Medical School, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís L. S. Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tsute Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Renata O. Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Franco EM, Alves LA, Naveed H, Freitas VAA, Bastos DC, Mattos-Graner RO. Amyloid Fibrils Produced by Streptococcus sanguinis Contribute to Biofilm Formation and Immune Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15686. [PMID: 37958670 PMCID: PMC10647432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial surface proteins assembled into amyloids contribute to biofilm formation and host immune evasion. Streptococcus sanguinis, a pioneer colonizer of teeth commonly involved in cardiovascular infections, expresses about thirty-three proteins anchored to the cell wall by sortase A. Here, we characterized the production of amyloid in S. sanguinis strains differing in biofilm and immune evasion phenotypes and investigated the role of sortase A in amyloidogenesis. Amyloid was identified in biofilms formed by nine strains, using Congo red (CR) staining and cross-polarized light microscopy. Additionally, EGCG, an amyloid inhibitor, impaired biofilm maturation in a strain-specific fashion. The amounts of amyloid-like components quantified in culture fluids of nine strains using thioflavin T and fluorimetry negatively correlated with bacterial binding to complement-activating proteins (SAP, C1q), C3b deposition and rates of opsonophagocytosis in PMNs, implying amyloid production in immune evasion. The deletion of the sortase A gene (srtA) in strain SK36 compromised amyloid production and sucrose-independent biofilm maturation. The srtA mutant further showed increased susceptibility to C3b deposition and altered interactions with PMNs as well as reduced persistence in human blood. These findings highlight the contribution of amyloids to biofilm formation and host immune evasion in S. sanguinis strains, further indicating the participation of sortase A substrates in amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo M. Franco
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (E.M.F.); (L.A.A.); (H.N.); (V.A.A.F.)
| | - Lívia A. Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (E.M.F.); (L.A.A.); (H.N.); (V.A.A.F.)
- School of Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Hassan Naveed
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (E.M.F.); (L.A.A.); (H.N.); (V.A.A.F.)
| | - Victor A. A. Freitas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (E.M.F.); (L.A.A.); (H.N.); (V.A.A.F.)
| | - Débora C. Bastos
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil;
- São Leopoldo Mandic Medical School, Campinas 13045-755, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata O. Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, SP, Brazil; (E.M.F.); (L.A.A.); (H.N.); (V.A.A.F.)
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Metcalfe S, Panasiewicz M, Kay JG. Inflammatory macrophages exploited by oral streptococcus increase IL-1B release via NLRP6 inflammasome. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:347-357. [PMID: 37497744 PMCID: PMC10533225 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory periodontal disease develops in part from the infiltration of a large number of classically activated inflammatory macrophages that release inflammatory cytokines important for disease progression, including inflammasome-dependent interleukin (IL)-1β. Streptococcus gordonii is a normally commensal oral microorganism; while not causative, recent evidence indicates that commensal oral microbes are required for the full development of periodontal disease. We have recently reported that inflammatory macrophages counterintuitively allow for the increased survival of phagocytosed S. gordonii over nonactivated or alternatively activated macrophages. This survival is dependent on increased reactive oxygen species production within the phagosome of the inflammatory macrophages, and resistance by the bacterium and can result in S. gordonii damaging the phagolysosomes. Here, we show that activated macrophages infected with live S. gordonii release more IL-1β than non-activated macrophages infected with either live or dead S. gordonii, and that the survival of oral Streptococci are more dependent on macrophage activation than other Gram positive microbes, both classical pathogens and commensals. We also find that S. gordonii-dependent inflammatory macrophage inflammasome activation requires the cytoplasmic NLRP6. Overall, our results suggest S. gordonii is capable of evading immune destruction, increasing inflammatory mediators, and increasing inflammatory macrophage response, and that this ability is increased under conditions of inflammation. This work reveals additional mechanisms by which normally commensal oral streptococci-macrophage interactions can change, resulting in increased release of mature IL-1β, potentially contributing to an environment that perpetuates inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Metcalfe
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main street, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Michelle Panasiewicz
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main street, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main street, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
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8
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Archambault L, Koshy-Chenthittayil S, Thompson A, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A, Laubenbacher R, Mendes P. Corrected and Republished from: "Understanding Lactobacillus paracasei and Streptococcus oralis Biofilm Interactions through Agent-Based Modeling". mSphere 2023; 8:e0065622. [PMID: 36942961 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00656-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As common commensals residing on mucosal tissues, Lactobacillus species are known to promote health, while some Streptococcus species act to enhance the pathogenicity of other organisms in those environments. In this study we used a combination of in vitro imaging of live biofilms and computational modeling to explore biofilm interactions between Streptococcus oralis, an accessory pathogen in oral candidiasis, and Lactobacillus paracasei, an organism with known probiotic properties. A computational agent-based model was created where the two species interact only by competing for space, oxygen, and glucose. Quantification of bacterial growth in live biofilms indicated that S. oralis biomass and cell numbers were much lower than predicted by the model. Two subsequent models were then created to examine more complex interactions between these species, one where L. paracasei secretes a surfactant and another where L. paracasei secretes an inhibitor of S. oralis growth. We observed that the growth of S. oralis could be affected by both mechanisms. Further biofilm experiments support the hypothesis that L. paracasei may secrete an inhibitor of S. oralis growth, although they do not exclude that a surfactant could also be involved. This contribution shows how agent-based modeling and experiments can be used in synergy to address multiple-species biofilm interactions, with important roles in mucosal health and disease. IMPORTANCE We previously discovered a role of the oral commensal Streptococcus oralis as an accessory pathogen. S. oralis increases the virulence of Candida albicans infections in murine oral candidiasis and epithelial cell models through mechanisms which promote the formation of tissue-damaging biofilms. Lactobacillus species have known inhibitory effects on biofilm formation of many microbes, including Streptococcus species. Agent-based modeling has great advantages as a means of exploring multifaceted relationships between organisms in complex environments such as biofilms. Here, we used an iterative collaborative process between experimentation and modeling to reveal aspects of the mostly unexplored relationship between S. oralis and L. paracasei in biofilm growth. The inhibitory nature of L. paracasei on S. oralis in biofilms may be exploited as a means of preventing or alleviating mucosal fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Archambault
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sherli Koshy-Chenthittayil
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Angela Thompson
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Pedro Mendes
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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9
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Abstract
Oral commensal streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity. These streptococci produce many adhesins, metabolites, and antimicrobials that modulate microbial succession and diversity within the oral cavity. Often, oral commensal streptococci antagonize cariogenic and periodontal pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively. Mechanisms of antagonism are varied and range from the generation of hydrogen peroxide, competitive metabolite scavenging, the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates, and bacteriocin production. Furthermore, several oral commensal streptococci have been shown to alter the host immune response at steady state and in response to oral pathogens. Collectively, these features highlight the remarkable ability of oral commensal streptococci to regulate the structure and function of the oral microbiome. In this review, we discuss mechanisms used by oral commensal streptococci to interact with diverse oral pathogens, both physically and through the production of antimicrobials. Finally, we conclude by exploring the critical roles of oral commensal streptococci in modulating the host immune response and maintaining health and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Baty
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sara N. Stoner
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessica A. Scoffield
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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10
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Pignatelli P, Romei FM, Bondi D, Giuliani M, Piattelli A, Curia MC. Microbiota and Oral Cancer as A Complex and Dynamic Microenvironment: A Narrative Review from Etiology to Prognosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158323. [PMID: 35955456 PMCID: PMC9368704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex balanced equilibrium of the bacterial ecosystems exists in the oral cavity that can be altered by tobacco smoking, psychological stressors, bad dietary habit, and chronic periodontitis. Oral dysbiosis can promote the onset and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) through the release of toxins and bacterial metabolites, stimulating local and systemic inflammation, and altering the host immune response. During the process of carcinogenesis, the composition of the bacterial community changes qualitatively and quantitatively. Bacterial profiles are characterized by targeted sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in tissue and saliva samples in patients with OSCC. Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Streptococcus mitis, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Prevotella tannerae, and Prevotella intermedia are the significantly increased bacteria in salivary samples. These have a potential diagnostic application to predict oral cancer through noninvasive salivary screenings. Oral lactic acid bacteria, which are commonly used as probiotic therapy against various disorders, are valuable adjuvants to improve the response to OSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Pignatelli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Caserta 6, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Federica Maria Romei
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.M.R.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Danilo Bondi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Michele Giuliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- School of Dentistry, Saint Camillus International University for Health Sciences (Unicamillus), 00131 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Villa Serena per la Ricerca, 65013 Città Sant’Angelo, Italy
- Casa di Cura Villa Serena, 65013 Città Saint’Angelo, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Curia
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (F.M.R.); (M.C.C.)
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11
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Nicholson JS, Landry KS. Oral Dysbiosis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Correlations and Potential Causations. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071326. [PMID: 35889043 PMCID: PMC9317272 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are a heterogenous complex community of vegetative cells and extracellular polymeric substances that can adhere to various surfaces and are responsible for a variety of chronic and acute diseases. The impact of bacterial biofilms on oral and intestinal health is well studied, but the correlation and causations of biofilms and neurodegenerative diseases are still in their infancy. However, the correlations between biofilms and diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and even Parkinson’s Disease are starting to demonstrate the role bacterial biofilms have in promoting and exasperating various illnesses. The review article provides insight into the role bacterial biofilms may have on the development and progression of various neurodegenerative diseases and hopefully shine a light on this very important area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine S. Nicholson
- Delavie Sciences, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kyle S. Landry
- Delavie Sciences, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Correspondence: or
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12
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Alves LA, Salvatierra GC, Freitas VA, Höfling JF, Bastos DC, Araujo TLS, Mattos-Graner RO. Diversity in Phenotypes Associated With Host Persistence and Systemic Virulence in Streptococcus sanguinis Strains. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:875581. [PMID: 35509310 PMCID: PMC9058168 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.875581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is a pioneer commensal species of dental biofilms, abundant in different oral sites and commonly associated with opportunist cardiovascular infections. In this study, we addressed intra-species functional diversity to better understand the S. sanguinis commensal and pathogenic lifestyles. Multiple phenotypes were screened in nine strains isolated from dental biofilms or from the bloodstream to identify conserved and strain-specific functions involved in biofilm formation and/or persistence in oral and cardiovascular tissues. Strain phenotypes of biofilm maturation were independent of biofilm initiation phenotypes, and significantly influenced by human saliva and by aggregation mediated by sucrose-derived exopolysaccharides (EPS). The production of H2O2 was conserved in most strains, and consistent with variations in extracellular DNA (eDNA) production observed in few strains. The diversity in complement C3b deposition correlated with the rates of opsonophagocytosis by human PMN and was influenced by culture medium and sucrose-derived EPS in a strain-specific fashion. Differences in C3b deposition correlated with strain binding to recognition proteins of the classical pathway, C1q and serum amyloid protein (SAP). Importantly, differences in strain invasiveness into primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) were significantly associated with C3b binding, and in a lesser extent, with binding to host glycoproteins (such as fibrinogen, plasminogen, fibronectin, and collagen). Thus, by identifying conserved and strain-specific phenotypes involved in host persistence and systemic virulence, this study indicates potential new functions involved in systemic virulence and highlights the need of including a wider panel of strains in molecular studies to understand S. sanguinis biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia A. Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Geovanny C. Salvatierra
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Victor A. Freitas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - José F. Höfling
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Débora C. Bastos
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
- São Leopoldo Mandic Medical School, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thaís L. S. Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata O. Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Renata O. Mattos-Graner,
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13
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Lemaire C, Le Gallou B, Lanotte P, Mereghetti L, Pastuszka A. Distribution, Diversity and Roles of CRISPR-Cas Systems in Human and Animal Pathogenic Streptococci. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828031. [PMID: 35173702 PMCID: PMC8841824 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci form a wide group of bacteria and are involved in both human and animal pathologies. Among pathogenic isolates, differences have been highlighted especially concerning their adaptation and virulence profiles. CRISPR-Cas systems have been identified in bacteria and many streptococci harbor one or more systems, particularly subtypes I-C, II-A, and III-A. Since the demonstration that CRISPR-Cas act as an adaptive immune system in Streptococcus thermophilus, a lactic bacteria, the diversity and role of CRISPR-Cas were extended to many germs and functions were enlarged. Among those, the genome editing tool based on the properties of Cas endonucleases is used worldwide, and the recent attribution of the Nobel Prize illustrates the importance of this tool in the scientific world. Another application is CRISPR loci analysis, which allows to easily characterize isolates in order to understand the interactions of bacteria with their environment and visualize species evolution. In this review, we focused on the distribution, diversity and roles of CRISPR-Cas systems in the main pathogenic streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Lemaire
- Université de Tours, INRAE, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, BRMF, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Brice Le Gallou
- Université de Tours, INRAE, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, BRMF, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Lanotte
- Université de Tours, INRAE, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, BRMF, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
- *Correspondence: Philippe Lanotte,
| | - Laurent Mereghetti
- Université de Tours, INRAE, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, BRMF, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Adeline Pastuszka
- Université de Tours, INRAE, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, BRMF, Tours, France
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
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14
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Understanding Lactobacillus paracasei and Streptococcus oralis Biofilm Interactions through Agent-Based Modeling. mSphere 2021; 6:e0087521. [PMID: 34908459 PMCID: PMC8673396 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00875-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As common commensals residing on mucosal tissues, Lactobacillus species are known to promote health, while some Streptococcus species act to enhance the pathogenicity of other organisms in those environments. In this study, we used a combination of in vitro imaging of live biofilms and computational modeling to explore biofilm interactions between Streptococcus oralis, an accessory pathogen in oral candidiasis, and Lactobacillus paracasei, an organism with known probiotic properties. A computational agent-based model was created where the two species interact only by competing for space, oxygen and glucose. Quantification of bacterial growth in live biofilms indicated that S. oralis biomass and cell numbers were much lower than predicted by the model. Two subsequent models were then created to examine more complex interactions between these species, one where L. paracasei secretes a surfactant, and another where L. paracasei secretes an inhibitor of S. oralis growth. We observed that the growth of S. oralis could be affected by both mechanisms. Further biofilm experiments support the hypothesis that L. paracasei may secrete an inhibitor of S. oralis growth, although they do not exclude that a surfactant could also be involved. This contribution shows how agent-based modeling and experiments can be used in synergy to address multiple species biofilm interactions, with important roles in mucosal health and disease. IMPORTANCE We previously discovered a role of the oral commensal Streptococcus oralis as an accessory pathogen. S. oralis increases the virulence of Candida albicans infections in murine oral candidiasis and epithelial cell models through mechanisms which promote the formation of tissue-damaging biofilms. Lactobacillus species have known inhibitory effects on biofilm formation of many microbes, including Streptococcus species. Agent-based modeling has great advantages as a means of exploring multifaceted relationships between organisms in complex environments such as biofilms. Here, we used an iterative collaborative process between experimentation and modeling to reveal aspects of the mostly unexplored relationship between S. oralis and L. paracasei in biofilm growth. The inhibitory nature of L. paracasei on S. oralis in biofilms may be exploited as a means of preventing or alleviating mucosal fungal infections.
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15
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Type IV Pili of Streptococcus sanguinis Contribute to Pathogenesis in Experimental Infective Endocarditis. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0175221. [PMID: 34756087 PMCID: PMC8579931 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01752-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is a common cause of infective endocarditis (IE). Efforts by research groups are aimed at identifying and characterizing virulence factors that contribute to the ability of this organism to cause IE. This Gram-positive pathogen causes heart infection by gaining access to the bloodstream, adhering to host extracellular matrix protein and/or platelets, colonizing the aortic endothelium, and incorporating itself into the aortic vegetation. While many virulence factors have been reported to contribute to the ability of S. sanguinis to cause IE, it is noteworthy that type IV pili (T4P) have not been described to be a virulence factor in this organism, although S. sanguinis strains typically encode these pili. Type IV pili are molecular machines that are capable of mediating diverse virulence functions and surface motility. T4P have been shown to mediate twitching motility in some strains of S. sanguinis, although in most strains it has been difficult to detect twitching motility. While we found that T4P are dispensable for direct in vitro platelet binding and aggregation phenotypes, we show that they are critical to the development of platelet-dependent biofilms representative of the cardiac vegetation. We also observed that T4P are required for in vitro invasion of S. sanguinis into human aortic endothelial cells, which indicates that S. sanguinis may use T4P to take advantage of an intracellular niche during infection. Importantly, we show that T4P of S. sanguinis are critical to disease progression (vegetation development) in a native valve IE rabbit model. The results presented here expand our understanding of IE caused by S. sanguinis and identify T4P as an important virulence factor for this pathogen. IMPORTANCE This work provides evidence that type IV pili produced by Streptococcus sanguinis SK36 are critical to the ability of these bacteria to attach to and colonize the aortic heart valve (endocarditis). We found that an S. sanguinis type IV pili mutant strain was defective in causing platelet-dependent aggregation in a 24-h infection assay but not in a 1-h platelet aggregation assay, suggesting that the type IV pili act at later stages of vegetation development. In a rabbit model of disease, a T4P mutant strain does not develop mature vegetations that form on the heart, indicating that this virulence factor is critical to disease and could be a target for IE therapy.
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16
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Renye JA, Steinberg DH. Thermophilin 110 inhibits growth and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 31:e00647. [PMID: 34307072 PMCID: PMC8258636 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
S. thermophilus B59671 naturally produces thermophilin 110, a bacteriocin that inhibits the growth of the oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans Thermophilin 110 was shown to prevent biofilm formation by S. mutans UA159 Co-culturing S. thermophilus B59671 with S. mutans UA159 prevented biofilm formation.
Dental caries continues to occur in both children and adults worldwide resulting in significant economic burden, and consumers have expressed interest in natural products that can prevent these recurrent infections. In this study, S. thermophilus B59671, which produces thermophilin 110, was shown to inhibit the growth of S. mutans UA159. A thermophilin concentration ≥ 80 AU ml−1 prevented the growth of S. mutans UA159 in batch culture, while ≥ 160 AU ml−1 was required to prevent biofilm growth. Co-culturing S. thermophilus B59671 and S. mutans UA159 also resulted in impaired biofilm growth. Thermophillin 110 was also shown inhibit additional S. mutans strains and commensal oral streptococci at higher concentrations (640-1280 AU ml−1). These results suggest that thermophilin 110 could be used as a natural antimicrobial in oral care products and support the need for additional studies to assess the probiotic potential of S. thermophilus B59671.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Renye
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
| | - Dennis H Steinberg
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
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17
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Li Y, Chen T, Li Y, Tang Y, Huang Z. Gut microbiota are associated with sex and age of host: Evidence from semi-provisioned rhesus macaques in southwest Guangxi, China. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8096-8122. [PMID: 34188874 PMCID: PMC8216961 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Host characteristics, such as sex and age, are closely associated with the structure and function of gut microbiota; however, less is known about the effects of age and sex on the gut microbiota of nonhuman primates, and therefore, our knowledge of interindividual variability in host gut microbiota is limited. In this study, 153 fecal samples from rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were analyzed using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing in order to explore associations between age and sex of the host and their gut microbiota. The results indicated that female macaques had higher alpha diversity and a more unique gut microbiota than did males. The proportion of Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, Cyanobacteria, unclassified bacteria, and Verrucomicrobia was higher in females than that in males. We also found that adults of both sexes had a higher alpha diversity, a higher proportion of norank Ruminococcaceae, Oscillospira, norank Lachnospiraceae, norank Clostridiales, and Succinivibrio, and a lower proportion of Enterococcus than immatures. Functional analyses revealed that the richness of metabolic pathways was higher in females than males and in adults compared with immatures. These results could be attributed to differences in the nutritional requirements and hormone levels of macaques of different sex and age classes. We conclude that variation in the gut microbiota of different sex and age classes of rhesus macaques may be linked to age- and sex-specific differences in nutrient requirements and hormone levels. These results highlight the importance of host age and sex on the structure and function of the gut microbiota and the need to consider physiological traits when conducting studies on the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
- College of Life SciencesGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
- College of Life SciencesGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Youbang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
- College of Life SciencesGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
| | - Yin Tang
- College of ArtsGuilin University of TechnologyGuilinChina
| | - Zhonghao Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
- College of Life SciencesGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinChina
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18
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Flowers RC, Rivera Rodriguez B, Corbitt K. Streptococcus gordonii septic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint following deltoid intramuscular vaccination. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/5/e243066. [PMID: 34035029 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 68-year-old woman presented for left shoulder pain, decreased range of motion (ROM) and fever 7 days following COVID-19 vaccination. Investigations showed a tender left deltoid mass, decreased shoulder ROM and elevated inflammatory markers. MRI demonstrated a large glenohumeral effusion with synovitis, and arthrocentesis confirmed septic arthritis (SA). She required subtotal bursectomy. Intraoperative joint cultures grew Streptococcus gordonii She completed 6 weeks of antibiotics and is undergoing physical therapy for post-infectious adhesive capsulitis. SA is most commonly due to Staphylococcus aureus and β-haemolytic streptococci, and rarely due to viridans group streptococci including S. gordonii To avoid inadvertent injection into the glenohumeral joint, vaccination should be performed posteriorly and inferiorly into the deltoid musculature. Progressive pain, fever or decreased passive ROM following vaccination should raise concern for SA. Given its rarity, however, concern for secondary SA should not affect the general population's consideration for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Costigan Flowers
- Internal Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA .,Internal Medicine, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Beatriz Rivera Rodriguez
- Internal Medicine, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA.,Internal Medicine, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Kelly Corbitt
- Internal Medicine, University of Miami Health System, Miami, Florida, USA
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19
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Streptococcal Infections in Marine Mammals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020350. [PMID: 33578962 PMCID: PMC7916692 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals are sentinels for the marine ecosystem and threatened by numerous factors including infectious diseases. One of the most frequently isolated bacteria are beta-hemolytic streptococci. However, knowledge on ecology and epidemiology of streptococcal species in marine mammals is very limited. This review summarizes published reports on streptococcal species, which have been detected in marine mammals. Furthermore, we discuss streptococcal transmission between and adaptation to their marine mammalian hosts. We conclude that streptococci colonize and/or infect marine mammals very frequently, but in many cases, streptococci isolated from marine mammals have not been further identified. How these bacteria disseminate and adapt to their specific niches can only be speculated due to the lack of respective research. Considering the relevance of pathogenic streptococci for marine mammals as part of the marine ecosystem, it seems that they have been neglected and should receive scientific interest in the future.
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Abstract
We report a case of a 42-year-old man who presented with acute epigastric and retrosternal chest pain and exertional dyspnoea, and was subsequently diagnosed with polyserositis secondary to post-Streptococcal mitis infection. A CT scan showed a large pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis, small bilateral pleural effusions and small amount of ascites. Several serological tests were done, which were all found to be normal. Pericardial and pleural fluid aspirates revealed an exudate. Culture of the pleural fluid yielded growth of S. mitis and this was deemed the cause of the polyserositis, which is rare. The patient made a spontaneous recovery. He was started on colchicine by the cardiologists to help prevent pericardial fluid recurrence and this was continued for 3 months. A dental review confirmed the presence of dental caries, the possible source of infection. On follow-up, the patient remained well with no further relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grech
- General Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Jessica Mangion
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
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21
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Uncovering Roles of Streptococcus gordonii SrtA-Processed Proteins in the Biofilm Lifestyle. J Bacteriol 2020; 203:JB.00544-20. [PMID: 33106345 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00544-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii is a commensal oral organism. Harmless in the oral cavity, S. gordonii is an opportunistic pathogen. S. gordonii adheres to body surfaces using surface adhesive proteins (adhesins), which are critical to subsequent formation of biofilm communities. As in most Gram-positive bacteria, S. gordonii surface proteins containing the C-terminal LPXTG motif cleavage sequence are processed by sortase A (SrtA) to become covalently attached to the cell wall. To characterize the functional diversity and redundancy in the family of SrtA-processed proteins, an S. gordonii DL1 markerless deletion mutant library was constructed of each of the 26 putative SrtA-processed proteins. Each library member was evaluated for growth in rich medium, biofilm formation on plastic, saliva and salivary fractions, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), hemagglutination, and integration into an ex vivo plaque biofilm community. Library members were compared to the non-SrtA-processed adhesins AbpA and AbpB. While no major growth differences in rich medium were observed, many S. gordonii LPXTG/A proteins impacted biofilm formation on one or more of the substrates. Several mutants showed significant differences in hemagglutination, hydrophobicity, or fitness in the ex vivo plaque model. From the identification of redundant and unique functions in these in vitro and ex vivo systems, functional stratification among the LPXTG/A proteins is apparent.IMPORTANCE S. gordonii interactions with its environment depend on the complement of cell wall proteins. A subset of these cell wall proteins requires processing by the enzyme sortase A (SrtA). The identification of SrtA-processed proteins and their functional characterization will help the community to better understand how S. gordonii engages with its surroundings, including other microbes, integrates into the plaque community, adheres to the tooth surface, and hematogenously disseminates to cause blood-borne infections. This study identified 26 putative SrtA-processed proteins through creation of a markerless deletion mutant library. The library was subject to functional screens that were chosen to better understand key aspects of S. gordonii physiology and pathogenesis.
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22
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Wei YS, Chang YR, Tsai YT, Yang YT, Weng SH, Tseng LF, Chou HC, Hu AT, Liao EC, Chen HY, Lin GY, Cheng WC, Chan HL. The distribution of cultivable oral anaerobic microbiota identified by MALDI-TOF MS in healthy subjects and in patients with periodontal disease. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 192:113647. [PMID: 33010501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to identify the cultivatable oral anaerobic bacterial distribution in oral cavity by MALDI-TOF Biotyper. The bacterial distribution of three groups, including subjects with/without periodontal disease, two clusters of age (60 years as the cutoff), and before/after treatment, were investigated in this study. There were 38 participants recruited in this study, involving 18 subjects with moderate to severe periodontal-infected patients and 20 healthy controls. Total number of 126 bacterial species were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The relative abundance of Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus intermedius in periodontal patients is higher than healthy controls indicating potential biomarkers for periodontal disease. Participants with periodontal disease were subdivided in to two clusters of age (60 years as the cutoff), 11 and 7 participants were age <60 years and>60 years, respectively. Meanwhile, the incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus oralis infection were higher in the subjects above 60 years old than below. Moreover, the bacterial distribution between pre-treatment and post-treatment was similar indicating that basic treatment without the ability to redistribute the microbiota. In summary, the cultivable oral anaerobic bacteria were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and the bacterial distribution shifting was shown to be associated with the progress of periodontal disease to aging and basic treatment. This study provided information for diagnosis and treatment guidelines for oral healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shan Wei
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Chang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; General Biologicals Corporation, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Yang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hui Weng
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Fang Tseng
- Life Science in Department of Applied Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Alice Tinyu Hu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - En-Chi Liao
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Cheng
- SDGs Teaching and Research Headquarters, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Lin Chan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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23
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DeCory HH, Sanfilippo CM, Proskin HM, Blondeau JM. Characterization of baseline polybacterial versus monobacterial infections in three randomized controlled bacterial conjunctivitis trials and microbial outcomes with besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237603. [PMID: 32841261 PMCID: PMC7447040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose To date, studies examining polymicrobial infections in ocular disease have mostly been limited to keratitis or endophthalmitis. We characterized polybacterial infections compared to monobacterial infections in prior clinical studies evaluating besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension 0.6% for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis and report on associated microbiological outcomes. Methods In this post-hoc analysis, microbiological data for subjects with conjunctivitis due to one or more than one bacterial species in three previous studies (two vehicle-, one active-controlled) of besifloxacin were extracted. Bacterial species identified at baseline were deemed causative if their colony count equaled or exceeded species-specific prespecified threshold criteria. In subjects with polybacterial infections, the fold-increase over threshold was used to rank order the contribution of individual species. Baseline pathogens and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for common ophthalmic antibiotics were compared by infection type, as were microbial eradication rates following treatment with besifloxacin. Results Of 1041 subjects with culture-confirmed conjunctivitis, 17% had polybacterial and 83% had monobacterial conjunctivitis at baseline. In polybacterial compared to monobacterial infections, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae were identified less frequently as the dominant infecting species (P = 0.042 and P<0.001, respectively), whereas Streptococcus mitis/S. mitis group was identified more frequently as dominant (P<0.001). Viral coinfection was also identified more frequently in polybacterial infections (P<0.001). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common coinfecting species in polybacterial infections and the second most common dominant species in such infections. With few exceptions, MICs for individual species were comparable regardless of infection type. Clinical microbial eradication rates with besifloxacin were high regardless of infection type (P≤0.016 vs vehicle at follow-up visits). Conclusions Approximately one in five subjects with bacterial conjunctivitis are infected with more than one bacterial species underscoring the need for a broad-spectrum antibiotic for such infections. Besifloxacin treatment resulted in robust eradication rates of these infections comparable to monobacterial infections. Trial registration NCT000622908, NCT00347932, NCT00348348
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H. DeCory
- Medical Affairs, Bausch + Lomb, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Howard M. Proskin
- Howard M. Proskin & Associates, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Blondeau
- Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Functional Analysis of a Fibronectin Binding Protein of Streptococcus parasanguinis FW213. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3430-3440. [PMID: 32761388 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus parasanguinis is a primary colonizer of dental plaque and an opportunistic pathogen for subacute endocarditis. A putative fibronectin binding protein (Spaf_1409) that lacks both an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal cell wall-anchoring motif was identified from the S. parasanguinis FW213 genome. Spaf_1409 was abundantly present in the cytoplasm and also was found in the cell wall preparation and culture supernatant. By using an isogenic mutant strain, MPH4, Spaf_1409 was found to mediate the binding of S. parasanguinis FW213 to fibronectin. Inactivation of Spaf_1409 did not significantly alter the mass of static biofilm, but reduced the resistance of S. parasanguinis against the shearing force in a flow cell biofilm system, resulting in scattered biofilm. The mortality in Galleria mellonella larvae infected with MPH4 was higher than in those infected with wild-type S. parasanguinis. However, fewer viable bacterial cells were recovered from larvae infected with MPH4, compared to those infected with wild-type S. parasanguinis, up to 42 h post infection, suggesting that the infection by MPH4, but not the growth, was responsible for the elevated mortality. The phagocytic analysis using flow cytometry indicated that Spaf_1409 participates in the recognition of S. parasanguinis FW213 by RAW264.7 macrophages, suggesting that inactivation of Spaf_1409 intensified the immune responses in larvae, leading to larval death. Taken together, the data indicate that Spaf_1409 plays different roles in the development of dental biofilm and in systemic infections.
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In Vitro Effects of Streptococcus oralis Biofilm on Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051226. [PMID: 32429151 PMCID: PMC7290395 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gingival epithelial cells (HGEps) and fibroblasts (HGFs) are the main cell types in peri-implant soft tissue. HGEps are constantly exposed to bacteria, but HGFs are protected by connective tissue as long as the mucosa-implant seal is intact. Streptococcus oralis is one of the commensal bacteria, is highly abundant at healthy implant sites, and might modulate soft tissue cells-as has been described for other streptococci. We have therefore investigated the effects of the S. oralis biofilm on HGEps and HGFs. HGEps or HGFs were grown separately on titanium disks and responded to challenge with S. oralis biofilm. HGFs were severely damaged after 4 h, exhibiting transcriptional inflammatory and stress responses. In contrast, challenge with S. oralis only induced a mild transcriptional inflammatory response in HGEps, without cellular damage. HGFs were more susceptible to the S. oralis biofilm than HGEps. The pro-inflammatory interleukin 6 (IL-6) was attenuated in HGFs, as was interleukin 8 (CXCL8) in HGEps. This indicates that S. oralis can actively protect tissue. In conclusion, commensal biofilms can promote homeostatic tissue protection, but only if the implant-mucosa interface is intact and HGFs are not directly exposed.
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Zhou J, Sun T, Kang W, Tang D, Feng Q. Pathogenic and antimicrobial resistance genes in Streptococcus oralis strains revealed by comparative genome analysis. Genomics 2020; 112:3783-3793. [PMID: 32334114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus oralis is an early colonizer bacterium in dental plaques and is considered a potential pathogen of infective endocarditis (IE) disease. In this study, we built a complete genome map of Streptococcus oralis strain SOT, Streptococcus oralis strain SOD and Streptococcus infantis strain SO and performed comparative genomic analysis among these three strains. The results showed that there are five genomic islands (GIs) in strain SOT and one CRISPR in strain SOD. Each genome harbors various pathogenic genes related to diseases and drug resistance, while the antibiotic resistance genes in strains SOT and SOD were quite similar but different from those in strain SO. In addition, we identified 17 main virulence factors and capsule-related genes in three strains. These results suggest the pathogenic potential of Streptococcus strains, which lay a foundation for the prevention and treatment of a Streptococcus oralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Zhou
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tianyong Sun
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenyan Kang
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Di Tang
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, No. 44-1 Wenhua Road West, 250012 Jinan, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University,266237 Qingdao, Shandong, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology (Shandong University), Jinan, Shandong, China.
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27
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Okahashi N, Nakata M, Hirose Y, Morisaki H, Kataoka H, Kuwata H, Kawabata S. Streptococcal H2O2 inhibits IgE-triggered degranulation of RBL-2H3 mast cell/basophil cell line by inducing cell death. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231101. [PMID: 32302339 PMCID: PMC7164662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are central players in allergic reactions triggered by immunoglobulin E (IgE). They have intracellular granules containing allergic mediators (e.g., histamine, serotonin, inflammatory cytokines, proteases and β-hexosaminidase), and stimulation by IgE-allergen complex leads to the release of such allergic mediators from the granules, that is, degranulation. Mast cells are residents of mucosal surfaces, including those of nasal and oral cavities, and play an important role in the innate defense system. Members of the mitis group streptococci such as Streptococcus oralis, are primary colonizers of the human oral cavity. They produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product of sugar metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of streptococcal infection on RBL-2H3 mast cell/basophil cell line. Infection by oral streptococci did not induce degranulation of the cells. Stimulation of the RBL-2H3 cells with anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) IgE and DNP-conjugated human serum albumin triggers degranulation with the release of β-hexosaminidase. We found that S. oralis and other mitis group streptococci inhibited the IgE-triggered degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells. Since mitis group streptococci produce H2O2, we examined the effect of S. oralis mutant strain deficient in producing H2O2, and found that they lost the ability to suppress the degranulation. Moreover, H2O2 alone inhibited the IgE-induced degranulation. Subsequent analysis suggested that the inhibition of degranulation was related to the cytotoxicity of streptococcal H2O2. Activated RBL-2H3 cells produce interleukin-4 (IL-4); however, IL-4 production was not induced by streptococcal H2O2. Furthermore, an in vivo study using the murine pollen-induced allergic rhinitis model suggested that the streptococcal H2O2 reduces nasal allergic reaction. These findings reveal that H2O2 produced by oral mitis group streptococci inhibits IgE-stimulated degranulation by inducing cell death. Consequently, streptococcal H2O2 can be considered to modulate the allergic reaction in mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okahashi
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yujiro Hirose
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Morisaki
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Kataoka
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kuwata
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Similar genomic patterns of clinical infective endocarditis and oral isolates of Streptococcus sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2728. [PMID: 32066773 PMCID: PMC7026040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis belong to the Mitis group streptococci, which mostly are commensals in the human oral cavity. Though they are oral commensals, they can escape their niche and cause infective endocarditis, a severe infection with high mortality. Several virulence factors important for the development of infective endocarditis have been described in these two species. However, the background for how the commensal bacteria, in some cases, become pathogenic is still not known. To gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms of the pathogenic potential, we performed a comparative analysis of 38 blood culture strains, S. sanguinis (n = 20) and S. gordonii (n = 18) from patients with verified infective endocarditis, along with 21 publicly available oral isolates from healthy individuals, S. sanguinis (n = 12) and S. gordonii (n = 9). Using whole genome sequencing data of the 59 streptococci genomes, functional profiles were constructed, using protein domain predictions based on the translated genes. These functional profiles were used for clustering, phylogenetics and machine learning. A clear separation could be made between the two species. No clear differences between oral isolates and clinical infective endocarditis isolates were found in any of the 675 translated core-genes. Additionally, random forest-based machine learning and clustering of the pan-genome data as well as amino acid variations in the core-genome could not separate the clinical and oral isolates. A total of 151 different virulence genes was identified in the 59 genomes. Among these homologs of genes important for adhesion and evasion of the immune system were found in all of the strains. Based on the functional profiles and virulence gene content of the genomes, we believe that all analysed strains had the ability to become pathogenic.
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29
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Martini AM, Moricz BS, Ripperger AK, Tran PM, Sharp ME, Forsythe AN, Kulhankova K, Salgado-Pabón W, Jones BD. Association of Novel Streptococcus sanguinis Virulence Factors With Pathogenesis in a Native Valve Infective Endocarditis Model. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:10. [PMID: 32082276 PMCID: PMC7005726 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis) is an abundant oral commensal which can cause disseminated human infection if it gains access to the bloodstream. The most important among these diseases is infective endocarditis (IE). While virulence phenotypes of S. sanguinis have been correlated to disease severity, genetic factors mediating these phenotypes, and contributing to pathogenesis are largely uncharacterized. In this report, we investigate the roles of 128 genes in virulence-related phenotypes of S. sanguinis and characterize the pathogenic potential of two selected mutants in a left-sided, native valve IE rabbit model. Assays determining the ability of our mutant strains to produce a biofilm, bind to and aggregate platelets, and adhere to or invade endothelial cells identified sixteen genes with novel association to these phenotypes. These results suggest the presence of many uncharacterized genes involved in IE pathogenesis which may be relevant for disease progression. Two mutants identified by the above screening process – SSA_1099, encoding an RTX-like protein, and mur2, encoding a peptidoglycan hydrolase – were subsequently evaluated in vivo. Wild type (WT) S. sanguinis reliably induced cardiac vegetations, while the SSA_1099 and mur2 mutants produced either no vegetation or vegetations of small size. Splenomegaly was reduced in both mutant strains compared to WT, while pathology of other distal organs was indistinguishable. Histopathology analyses suggest the cardiac lesions and vegetations in this model resemble those observed in humans. These data indicate that SSA_1099 and mur2 encode virulence factors in S. sanguinis which are integral to pathogenesis of IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Martini
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bridget S Moricz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Allison K Ripperger
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Phuong M Tran
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Molly E Sharp
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ana N Forsythe
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Katarina Kulhankova
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wilmara Salgado-Pabón
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bradley D Jones
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Graduate Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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30
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Lipničanová S, Chmelová D, Ondrejovič M, Frecer V, Miertuš S. Diversity of sialidases found in the human body - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:857-868. [PMID: 31945439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sialidases are enzymes essential for numerous organisms including humans. Hydrolytic sialidases (EC 3.2.1.18), trans-sialidases and anhydrosialidases (intramolecular trans-sialidases, EC 4.2.2.15) are glycoside hydrolase enzymes that cleave the glycosidic linkage and release sialic acid residues from sialyl substrates. The paper summarizes diverse sialidases present in the human body and their potential impact on development of antiviral compounds - inhibitors of viral neuraminidases. It includes a brief overview of catalytic mechanisms of action of sialidases and describes the origin of sialidases in the human body. This is followed by description of the structure and function of sialidase families with a special focus on the GH33 and GH34 families. Various effects of sialidases on human body are also briefly described. Modulation of sialidase activity may be considered a useful tool for effective treatment of various diseases. In some cases, it is desired to completely suppress the activity of sialidases by suitable inhibitors. Specific sialidase inhibitors are useful for the treatment of influenza, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, different types of cancer, or heart defects. Challenges and future directions are shortly depicted in the final part of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Lipničanová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Chmelová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Miroslav Ondrejovič
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Vladimír Frecer
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-83232 Bratislava, Slovakia; ICARST n.o., Jamnického 19, SK-84101, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Stanislav Miertuš
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia; ICARST n.o., Jamnického 19, SK-84101, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Kumari Yadav R, Krishnan V. The adhesive PitA pilus protein from the early dental plaque colonizer Streptococcus oralis: expression, purification, crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:8-13. [PMID: 31929180 PMCID: PMC6957113 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1901642x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PitA is the putative tip adhesin of the pilus islet 2 (PI-2)-encoded sortase-dependent pilus in the Gram-positive Streptococcus oralis, an opportunistic pathogen that often flourishes within the diseased human oral cavity. Early colonization by S. oralis and its interaction with Actinomyces oris seeds the development of oral biofilm or dental plaque. Here, the PI-2 pilus plays a vital role in mediating adherence to host surfaces and other bacteria. A recombinant form of the PitA adhesin has now been produced and crystallized. Owing to the large size (∼100 kDa), flexibility and complicated folding of PitA, obtaining diffraction-quality crystals has been a challenge. However, by the use of limited proteolysis with α-chymotrypsin, the diffraction quality of the PitA crystals was considerably enhanced to 2.16 Å resolution. These crystals belonged to space group P1, with unit-cell parameters a = 61.48, b = 70.87, c = 82.46 Å, α = 80.08, β = 87.02, γ = 87.70°. The anomalous signal from the terbium derivative of α-chymotrypsin-treated PitA crystals prepared with terbium crystallophore (Tb-Xo4) was sufficient to obtain an interpretable electron-density map via terbium SAD phasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnesh Kumari Yadav
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121 001, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Odisha 751 024, India
| | - Vengadesan Krishnan
- Laboratory of Structural Microbiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121 001, India
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Lima BP, Kho K, Nairn BL, Davies JR, Svensäter G, Chen R, Steffes A, Vreeman GW, Meredith TC, Herzberg MC. Streptococcus gordonii Type I Lipoteichoic Acid Contributes to Surface Protein Biogenesis. mSphere 2019; 4:e00814-19. [PMID: 31801844 PMCID: PMC6893214 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00814-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an abundant polymer of the Gram-positive bacterial cell envelope and is essential for many species. Whereas the exact function of LTA has not been elucidated, loss of LTA in some species affects hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, and cell division. Using a viable LTA-deficient strain of the human oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii, we demonstrated that LTA plays an important role in surface protein presentation. Cell wall fractions derived from the wild-type and LTA-deficient strains of S. gordonii were analyzed using label-free mass spectroscopy. Comparisons showed that the abundances of many proteins differed, including (i) SspA, SspB, and S. gordonii 0707 (SGO_0707) (biofilm formation); (ii) FtsE (cell division); (iii) Pbp1a and Pbp2a (cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling); and (iv) DegP (envelope stress response). These changes in cell surface protein presentation appear to explain our observations of altered cell envelope homeostasis, biofilm formation, and adhesion to eukaryotic cells, without affecting binding and coaggregation with other bacterial species, and provide insight into the phenotypes revealed by the loss of LTA in other species of Gram-positive bacteria. We also characterized the chemical structure of the LTA expressed by S. gordonii Similarly to Streptococcus suis, S. gordonii produced a complex type I LTA, decorated with multiple d-alanylations and glycosylations. Hence, the S. gordonii LTA appears to orchestrate expression and presentation of cell surface-associated proteins and functions.IMPORTANCE Discovered over a half-century ago, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an abundant polymer found on the surface of Gram-positive bacteria. Although LTA is essential for the survival of many Gram-positive species, knowledge of how LTA contributes to bacterial physiology has remained elusive. Recently, LTA-deficient strains have been generated in some Gram-positive species, including the human oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii The significance of our research is that we utilized an LTA-deficient strain of S. gordonii to address why LTA is physiologically important to Gram-positive bacteria. We demonstrate that in S. gordonii, LTA plays an important role in the presentation of many cell surface-associated proteins, contributing to cell envelope homeostasis, cell-to-cell interactions in biofilms, and adhesion to eukaryotic cells. These data may broadly reflect a physiological role of LTA in Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Lima
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kelvin Kho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brittany L Nairn
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Julia R Davies
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Svensäter
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Ruoqiong Chen
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amanda Steffes
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gerrit W Vreeman
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy C Meredith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Kondo Y, Hoshino T, Ogawa M, Hidaka K, Hasuwa T, Moriuchi H, Fujiwara T. Streptococcus mutans isolated from a 4-year-old girl diagnosed with infective endocarditis. Clin Exp Dent Res 2019; 5:534-540. [PMID: 31687188 PMCID: PMC6820803 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Infective endocarditis (IE) has an extremely high fatality rate. In this study, we isolated a strain of Streptococcus mutans, which we called HM, from the blood drawn from a 4-year-old girl diagnosed with IE. We aimed to fully type the HM strain and investigate its biological properties, including its virulence with respect to IE. Material and methods A 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree and glucosyltransferase gene sequences were used to type HM. Serotyping was performed using the Ouchterlony method. Morphological observations were made using phase contrast and electron microscopy. Fibrinogen adhesion and biofilm formation were investigated to examine the tissue colonization properties of HM, whereas its bodily origin was determined from its fingerprinting pattern. Results The isolated strain was S. mutans serotype e. However, its morphology was observed to be short chains, unlike that of the NCTC 10449 reference strain. Fibrinogen adhesion and biofilm formation were more apparent than in NCTC 10449. The fingerprinting pattern showed that HM came from the patient's saliva. Conclusions HM differs from NCTC 10449 in its higher fibrinogen affinity. HM was also found to be derived from the oral cavity. These results highlight the importance of good oral hygiene for the prevention of IE in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Kondo
- Department of Paediatric DentistryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasakiJapan
| | - Tomonori Hoshino
- Department of Paediatric DentistryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasakiJapan
- Department of Paediatric DentistryMeikai University School of DentistrySaitamaJapan
| | - Midori Ogawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental Health JapanKitakyushuJapan
| | - Kiyoshi Hidaka
- Department of Paediatric DentistryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasakiJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Hasuwa
- Department of PaediatricsNagasaki University Graduate School of Biochemical SciencesNagasakiJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Moriuchi
- Department of PaediatricsNagasaki University Graduate School of Biochemical SciencesNagasakiJapan
| | - Taku Fujiwara
- Department of Paediatric DentistryNagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasakiJapan
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Arredondo A, Àlvarez G, Nart J, Mor C, Blanc V, León R. Detection and expression analysis of tet(B) in Streptococcus oralis. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1643204. [PMID: 31448060 PMCID: PMC6691830 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1643204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracycline resistance can be achieved through tet genes, which code for efflux pumps, ribosomal protection proteins and inactivation enzymes. Some of these genes have only been described in either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. This is the case of tet(B), which codes for an efflux pump and, so far, had only been found in Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, tet(B) was detected in two clinical Streptococcus oralis strains isolated from the gingival sulci of two subjects. In both cases, the gene was completely sequenced, yielding 100% shared identity and coverage with other previously published sequences of tet(B). Moreover, we studied the expression of tet(B) using RT-qPCR in the isolates grown with and without tetracycline, detecting constitutive expression in only one of the isolates, with no signs of expression in the other one. This is the first time that the presence and expression of the tet(B) gene has been confirmed in Gram-positive bacteria, which highlights the potential of the genus Streptococcus to become a reservoir and a disseminator of antibiotic resistance genes in an environment so prone to horizontal gene transfer as is the oral biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Arredondo
- Department of Microbiology, Dentaid Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gerard Àlvarez
- Department of Microbiology, Dentaid Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - José Nart
- Department of Periodontology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Mor
- Department of Periodontology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Blanc
- Department of Microbiology, Dentaid Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rubén León
- Department of Microbiology, Dentaid Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Bensing BA, Li L, Yakovenko O, Wong M, Barnard KN, Iverson TM, Lebrilla CB, Parrish CR, Thomas WE, Xiong Y, Sullam PM. Recognition of specific sialoglycan structures by oral streptococci impacts the severity of endocardial infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007896. [PMID: 31233555 PMCID: PMC6611644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis are primary colonizers of the tooth surface. Although generally non-pathogenic in the oral environment, they are a frequent cause of infective endocarditis. Both streptococcal species express a serine-rich repeat surface adhesin that mediates attachment to sialylated glycans on mucin-like glycoproteins, but the specific sialoglycan structures recognized can vary from strain to strain. Previous studies have shown that sialoglycan binding is clearly important for aortic valve infections caused by some S. gordonii, but this process did not contribute to the virulence of a strain of S. sanguinis. However, these streptococci can bind to different subsets of sialoglycan structures. Here we generated isogenic strains of S. gordonii that differ only in the type and range of sialoglycan structures to which they adhere and examined whether this rendered them more or less virulent in a rat model of endocarditis. The findings indicate that the recognition of specific sialoglycans can either enhance or diminish pathogenicity. Binding to sialyllactosamine reduces the initial colonization of mechanically-damaged aortic valves, whereas binding to the closely-related trisaccharide sialyl T-antigen promotes higher bacterial densities in valve tissue 72 hours later. A surprising finding was that the initial attachment of streptococci to aortic valves was inversely proportional to the affinity of each strain for platelets, suggesting that binding to platelets circulating in the blood may divert bacteria away from the endocardial surface. Importantly, we found that human and rat platelet GPIbα (the major receptor for S. gordonii and S. sanguinis on platelets) display similar O-glycan structures, comprised mainly of a di-sialylated core 2 hexasaccharide, although the rat GPIbα has a more heterogenous composition of modified sialic acids. The combined results suggest that streptococcal interaction with a minor O-glycan on GPIbα may be more important than the over-all affinity for GPIbα for pathogenic effects. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening infection of heart valves, and streptococci that normally reside in the mouth are a leading cause of this disease. Some oral streptococcal species express a protein on their surface that enables attachment to glycan (sugar) modifications on saliva proteins, an interaction that may be important for colonization of the tooth and other oral surfaces. These "Siglec-like adhesins" are hypervariable in the type and number of glycan structures they bind, ranging from just one to more than six of the structures displayed on the saliva proteins. If streptococci enter into the bloodstream, the Siglec-like adhesin can mediate attachment to similar glycans that decorate platelet or plasma proteins, which can impact the overall virulence of the organism. This study highlights how recognition of a specific type of glycan structure can cause a generally beneficial or neutral microbe to create damage to specific tissues—in this case the heart valves, illustrating one means by which commensal bacteria can become opportunistic or accidental pathogens. The findings further indicate that certain glycan-binding streptococci among the oral microbiota may be predisposed to produce infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A. Bensing
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Liang Li
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Olga Yakovenko
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maurice Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Karen N. Barnard
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - T. M. Iverson
- Departments of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Colin R. Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Wendy E. Thomas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yan Xiong
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Sullam
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Alves LA, de Carli TR, Harth-Chu EN, Mariano FS, Höfling JF, Stipp RN, Mattos-Graner RO. Oral streptococci show diversity in resistance to complement immunity. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:600-608. [PMID: 30843785 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mechanisms underlying systemic infections by oral species of Mitis (Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis) and Sanguinis (Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus sanguinis) commensal streptococci are poorly understood. This study investigates profiles of susceptibility to complement-mediated host immunity in representative strains of these four species, which were isolated from oral sites or from the bloodstream. METHODOLOGY Deposition of complement opsonins (C3b/iC3b), and surface binding to C-reactive protein (CRP) and to IgG antibodies were quantified by flow cytometry in 34 strains treated with human serum (HS), and compared to rates of opsonophagocytosis by human PMN mediated by complement (CR1/3) and/or IgG Fc (FcγRII/III) receptors. RESULTS S. sanguinis strains showed reduced susceptibility to complement opsonization and low binding to CRP and to IgG compared to other species. Surface levels of C3b/iC3b in S. sanguinis strains were 4.5- and 7.8-fold lower than that observed in S. gordonii and Mitis strains, respectively. Diversity in C3b/iC3b deposition was evident among Mitis species, in which C3b/iC3b deposition was significantly associated with CR/FcγR-dependent opsonophagocytosis by PMN (P<0.05). Importantly, S. gordonii and Mitis group strains isolated from systemic infections showed resistance to complement opsonization when compared to oral isolates of the respective species (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study establishes species-specific profiles of susceptibility to complement immunity in Mitis and Sanguinis streptococci, and indicates that strains associated with systemic infections have increased capacity to evade complement immunity. These findings highlight the need for studies identifying molecular functions involved in complement evasion in oral streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia A Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís R de Carli
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Erika N Harth-Chu
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia S Mariano
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - José F Höfling
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael N Stipp
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata O Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School - State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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The activation of the oxidative stress response transcription factor SKN-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans by mitis group streptococci. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202233. [PMID: 30114261 PMCID: PMC6095534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitis group, a member of the genetically diverse viridans group streptococci, predominately colonizes the human oropharynx. This group has been shown to cause a wide range of infectious complications in humans, including bacteremia in patients with neutropenia, orbital cellulitis and infective endocarditis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been identified as a virulence factor produced by this group of streptococci. More importantly, it has been shown that Streptococcus oralis and S. mitis induce epithelial cell and macrophage death via the production of H2O2. Previously, H2O2 mediated killing was observed in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in response to S. oralis and S. mitis. The genetically tractable model organism C. elegans is an excellent system to study mechanisms of pathogenicity and stress responses. Using this model, we observed rapid H2O2 mediated killing of the worms by S. gordonii in addition to S. mitis and S. oralis. Furthermore, we observed colonization of the intestine of the worms when exposed to S. gordonii suggesting the involvement of an infection-like process. In response to the H2O2 produced by the mitis group, we demonstrate the oxidative stress response is activated in the worms. The oxidative stress response transcription factor SKN-1 is required for the survival of the worms and provides protection against H2O2 produced by S. gordonii. We show during infection, H2O2 is required for the activation of SKN-1 and is mediated via the p38-MAPK pathway. The activation of the p38 signaling pathway in the presence of S. gordonii is not mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane protein kinase IRE-1. However, IRE-1 is required for the survival of worms in response to S. gordonii. These finding suggests a parallel pathway senses H2O2 produced by the mitis group and activates the phosphorylation of p38. Additionally, the unfolded protein response plays an important role during infection.
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Role of Neuraminidase-Producing Bacteria in Exposing Cryptic Carbohydrate Receptors for Streptococcus gordonii Adherence. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00068-18. [PMID: 29661931 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00068-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii is an early colonizer of the oral cavity. Although a variety of S. gordonii adherence mechanisms have been described, current dogma is that the major receptor for S. gordonii is sialic acid. However, as many bacterial species in the oral cavity produce neuraminidase that can cleave terminal sialic acid, it is unclear whether S. gordonii relies on sialic acid for adherence to oral surfaces or if this species has developed alternative binding strategies. Previous studies have examined adherence to immobilized glycoconjugates and identified binding to additional glycans, but no prior studies have defined the contribution of these different glycan structures in adherence to oral epithelial cells. We determined that the majority of S. gordonii strains tested did not rely on sialic acid for efficient adherence. In fact, adherence of some strains was significantly increased following neuraminidase treatment. Further investigation of representative strains that do not rely on sialic acid for adherence revealed binding not only to sialic acid via the serine-rich repeat protein GspB but also to β-1,4-linked galactose. Adherence to this carbohydrate occurs via an unknown adhesin distinct from those utilized by Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus pneumoniae Demonstrating the potential biological relevance of binding to this cryptic receptor, we established that S. oralis increases S. gordonii adherence in a neuraminidase-dependent manner. These data suggest that S. gordonii has evolved to simultaneously utilize both terminal and cryptic receptors in response to the production of neuraminidase by other species in the oral environment.
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Novel Two-Component System of Streptococcus sanguinis Affecting Functions Associated with Viability in Saliva and Biofilm Formation. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00942-17. [PMID: 29339459 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00942-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is a pioneer species of teeth and a common opportunistic pathogen of infective endocarditis. In this study, we identified a two-component system, S. sanguinis SptRS (SptRS Ss ), affecting S. sanguinis survival in saliva and biofilm formation. Isogenic mutants of sptRSs (SKsptR) and sptSSs (SKsptS) showed reduced cell counts in ex vivo assays of viability in saliva compared to those of parent strain SK36 and complemented mutants. Reduced counts of the mutants in saliva were associated with reduced growth rates in nutrient-poor medium (RPMI) and increased susceptibility to the deposition of C3b and the membrane attach complex (MAC) of the complement system, a defense component of saliva and serum. Conversely, sptRSs and sptSSs mutants showed increased biofilm formation associated with higher levels of production of H2O2 and extracellular DNA. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) comparisons of strains indicated a global role of SptRS Ss in repressing genes for H2O2 production (2.5- to 15-fold upregulation of spxB, spxR, vicR, tpk, and ackA in sptRSs and sptSSs mutants), biofilm formation, and/or evasion of host immunity (2.1- to 11.4-fold upregulation of srtA, pcsB, cwdP, iga, and nt5e). Compatible with the homology of SptR Ss with AraC-type regulators, duplicate to multiple conserved repeats were identified in 1,000-bp regulatory regions of downstream genes, suggesting that SptR Ss regulates transcription by DNA looping. Significant transcriptional changes in the regulatory genes vicR, spxR, comE, comX, and mecA in the sptRSs and sptSSs mutants further indicated that SptRS Ss is part of a regulatory network that coordinates cell wall homeostasis, H2O2 production, and competence. This study reveals that SptRS Ss is involved in the regulation of crucial functions for S. sanguinis persistence in the oral cavity.
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Macrophage Polarization Alters Postphagocytosis Survivability of the Commensal Streptococcus gordonii. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00858-17. [PMID: 29229734 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00858-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral streptococci are generally considered commensal organisms; however, they are becoming recognized as important associate pathogens during the development of periodontal disease as well as being associated with several systemic diseases, including as a causative agent of infective endocarditis. An important virulence determinant of these bacteria is an ability to evade destruction by phagocytic cells, yet how this subversion occurs is mostly unknown. Using Streptococcus gordonii as a model commensal oral streptococcus that is also associated with disease, we find that resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) with an active ability to damage phagosomes allows the bacterium to avoid destruction within macrophages. This ability to survive relies not only on the ROS resistance capabilities of the bacterium but also on ROS production by macrophages, with both being required for maximal survival of internalized bacteria. Importantly, we also show that this dependence on ROS production by macrophages for resistance has functional significance: S. gordonii intracellular survival increases when macrophages are polarized toward an activated (M1) profile, which is known to result in prolonged phagosomal ROS production compared to that of alternatively (M2) polarized macrophages. We additionally find evidence of the bacterium being capable of both delaying the maturation of and damaging phagosomes. Taken together, these results provide essential insights regarding the mechanisms through which normally commensal oral bacteria can contribute to both local and systemic inflammatory disease.
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Haworth JA, Mears RG, Jenkinson HF, Kerrigan SW, Nobbs AH. Oral hygiene as a risk factor in infective endocarditis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.12968/denu.2017.44.9.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Haworth
- Academic Clinical Lecturer, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, BS1 2LY, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard G Mears
- General Dental Practitioner, Combe Road Dental Practice, 6 Combe Road, Portishead, BS20 6BJ and Clinical Teaching Fellow, Restorative Dentistry, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, BS1 2LY, Bristol, UK
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- Professor of Oral Microbiology, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, BS1 2LY, Bristol, UK
| | - Steve W Kerrigan
- Senior Lecturer in Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- Senior Lecturer in Oral Microbiology, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, BS1 2LY, Bristol, UK
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Current challenges in the accurate identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae and its serogroups/serotypes in the vaccine era. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 141:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sitkiewicz I. How to become a killer, or is it all accidental? Virulence strategies in oral streptococci. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 33:1-12. [PMID: 28727895 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Streptococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive microorganisms sharing common virulence traits and similar strategies to escape the oral niche and establish an infection in other parts of the host organism. Invasive infection with oral streptococci is "a perfect storm" that requires the concerted action of multiple biotic and abiotic factors. Our understanding of streptococcal pathogenicity and infectivity should probably be less mechanistic and driven not only by the identification of novel virulence factors. The observed diversity of the genus, including the range of virulence and pathogenicity mechanisms, is most likely the result of interspecies interactions, a massive horizontal gene transfer between streptococci within a shared oral niche, recombination events, selection of specialized clones, and modification of regulatory circuits. Selective pressure by the host and bacterial communities is a driving force for the selection of virulence traits and shaping the streptococcal genome. Global regulatory events driving niche adaptation and interactions with bacterial communities and the host steer research interests towards attempts to define the oral interactome on the transcriptional level and define signal cross-feeding and co-expression and co-regulation of virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sitkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Assessment of periodontitis and its role in viridans streptococcal bacteremia and infective endocarditis. Indian Heart J 2017; 70:225-232. [PMID: 29716699 PMCID: PMC5993913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the role of periodontitis in viridans group streptococci (VGS) bacteremia and infective endocarditis (IE). METHODS A total of 200 subjects including two groups. Group A- 34 subjects undergoing tooth extraction with periodontitis, 46 subjects undergoing tooth extraction without periodontitis and 40 healthy controls. Group B: 40 confirmed cases of IE (17 with and 23 without periodontitis) and 40 healthy controls. Subgingival plaque and blood samples were obtained and processed by standard procedures. RESULTS A total of 53 blood samples (66.25%) yielded positive cultures after tooth extraction. The relationship between the presence of periodontitis and a positive blood culture was significantly higher (p=0.05) for tooth extraction cases with periodontitis (79.40%) than tooth extraction cases without periodontitis (56.50%). Periodontitis was observed in 42.5% of IE cases. Out of the 40 patients of IE, the blood samples yielded 40 different isolates, majority were viridans streptococci 15 (37.5%) and staphylococci nine (22.5%). No statistically significant difference was observed between the subgingival plaque and blood isolates of periodontitis in both the groups, indicating similarity of biotypes of viridans streptococci isolated from the blood and the subgingival plaque. Similarity was also observed between the antibiogram profiles of viridans streptococci from both the groups. CONCLUSIONS Periodontitis enhances viridans streptococcal bacteremia and may be a potential risk factor for IE.
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Haase EM, Kou Y, Sabharwal A, Liao YC, Lan T, Lindqvist C, Scannapieco FA. Comparative genomics and evolution of the amylase-binding proteins of oral streptococci. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:94. [PMID: 28427348 PMCID: PMC5399409 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Successful commensal bacteria have evolved to maintain colonization in challenging environments. The oral viridans streptococci are pioneer colonizers of dental plaque biofilm. Some of these bacteria have adapted to life in the oral cavity by binding salivary α-amylase, which hydrolyzes dietary starch, thus providing a source of nutrition. Oral streptococcal species bind α-amylase by expressing a variety of amylase-binding proteins (ABPs). Here we determine the genotypic basis of amylase binding where proteins of diverse size and function share a common phenotype. Results ABPs were detected in culture supernatants of 27 of 59 strains representing 13 oral Streptococcus species screened using the amylase-ligand binding assay. N-terminal sequences from ABPs of diverse size were obtained from 18 strains representing six oral streptococcal species. Genome sequencing and BLAST searches using N-terminal sequences, protein size, and key words identified the gene associated with each ABP. Among the sequenced ABPs, 14 matched amylase-binding protein A (AbpA), 6 matched amylase-binding protein B (AbpB), and 11 unique ABPs were identified as peptidoglycan-binding, glutamine ABC-type transporter, hypothetical, or choline-binding proteins. Alignment and phylogenetic analyses performed to ascertain evolutionary relationships revealed that ABPs cluster into at least six distinct, unrelated families (AbpA, AbpB, and four novel ABPs) with no phylogenetic evidence that one group evolved from another, and no single ancestral gene found within each group. AbpA-like sequences can be divided into five subgroups based on the N-terminal sequences. Comparative genomics focusing on the abpA gene locus provides evidence of horizontal gene transfer. Conclusion The acquisition of an ABP by oral streptococci provides an interesting example of adaptive evolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-1005-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Haase
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Yurong Kou
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Amarpreet Sabharwal
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Chieh Liao
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tianying Lan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte Lindqvist
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Frank A Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Arrigucci R, Pozzi G. Identification of the chain-dispersing peptidoglycan hydrolase LytB of Streptococcus gordonii. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176117. [PMID: 28414782 PMCID: PMC5393624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell division ends with the separation of the daughter cells, a process that requires peptidoglycan hydrolases (PGHs). Bacteria lacking cell separating PGHs are impaired in cell separation with the formation of long chains or clusters. We identified a gene in Streptococcus gordonii encoding for a putative glucosaminidase (lytB). The lytB isogenic mutant grew in long bacterial chains and resulted in impaired biofilm formation. Purified recombinant LytB showed a murolytic activity on Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell suspension and was able to disperse the long chains of the mutant, restoring the wild type diplococci/short chain phenotype. LytB protein was localized only in culture supernatant cell fraction of S. gordonii, and co-cultures of wild type and lytB mutant showed a significant reduction of bacterial chain length, indicating that LytB is a secreted enzyme. Our results demonstrate that LytB is a secreted peptidoglycan hydrolase required for S. gordonii cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Arrigucci
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- LAMMB, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Sumioka R, Nakata M, Okahashi N, Li Y, Wada S, Yamaguchi M, Sumitomo T, Hayashi M, Kawabata S. Streptococcus sanguinis induces neutrophil cell death by production of hydrogen peroxide. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172223. [PMID: 28222125 PMCID: PMC5319702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus is the dominant bacterial genus in the human oral cavity and a leading cause of infective endocarditis. Streptococcus sanguinis belongs to the mitis group of streptococci and produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the action of SpxB, a pyruvate oxidase. In this study, we investigated the involvement of SpxB in survival of S. sanguinis in human blood and whether bacterial H2O2 exhibits cytotoxicity against human neutrophils. Results of a bactericidal test with human whole blood revealed that the spxB mutation in S. sanguinis is detrimental to its survival in blood. When S. sanguinis strains were exposed to isolated neutrophils, the bacterial survival rate was significantly decreased by spxB deletion. Furthermore, human neutrophils exposed to the S. sanguinis wild-type strain, in contrast to those exposed to an spxB mutant strain, underwent cell death with chromatin de-condensation and release of web-like extracellular DNA, reflecting induction of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Since reactive oxygen species-mediated NET induction requires citrullination of arginine residues in histone proteins and subsequent chromatin de-condensation, we examined citrullination levels of histone in infected neutrophils. It is important to note that the citrullinated histone H3 was readily detected in neutrophils infected with the wild-type strain, as compared to infection with the spxB mutant strain. Moreover, decomposition of streptococcal H2O2 with catalase reduced NET induction. These results suggest that H2O2 produced by S. sanguinis provokes cell death of neutrophils and NET formation, thus potentially affecting bacterial survival in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sumioka
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nobuo Okahashi
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikako Hayashi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
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Matsushima H, Kumagai Y, Vandenbon A, Kataoka H, Kadena M, Fukamachi H, Arimoto T, Morisaki H, Fujiwara N, Okahashi N, Kuwata H. Microarray analysis of macrophage response to infection with Streptococcus oralis reveals the immunosuppressive effect of hydrogen peroxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:461-467. [PMID: 28202416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral streptococci including mitis group streptococci are commensal residents and are also the first to colonize the oral cavity. However, various species of these oral streptococci have the potential to invade the host and occasionally lead to severe infectious disease such as cardiovascular diseases. Oral streptococci have close interactions with the host immune system including macrophages at the oral mucosal surface. One notable common trait of oral streptococcus including Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis) is the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Using a comprehensive microarray approach, we sought to understand the innate immune response profiling affected by H2O2 production from oral streptococci. We compared the gene expression patterns of macrophages infected with S. oralis wild type (WT) and streptococcal pyruvate oxidase knockout (SpxB-KO), a strain that does not produce H2O2. We found that H2O2 from S. oralis suppressed proinflammatory gene expression such as TNF-α, that is induced in response to infection, and activated the cellular stress genes such as Egr-1 in response to oxidative stress. A comparative gene ontology analysis of S. oralis WT and SpxB-KO strains revealed that during infection, down regulated genes were closely related to the processes involved in the host defense reaction and up regulated genes were related with the cellular stress responses. Using qPCR analysis, we also confirmed the same pattern of expression changes such as TNF-α, IL-6 and Egr-1. Furthermore, supernatant from SpxB-KO could not suppress the expression of TNF-α in macrophages stimulated with LPS. These findings suggested that H2O2 production from S. oralis leads to the suppression of inflammatory responses and NF-κB signaling pathways in macrophages as well as the induction of the oxidative stress response. We concluded that streptococcal H2O2 production has the beneficial effects of modulating the innate immune response, thereby stabilizing streptococcal colonization at the mucosal surface and even in the bloodstream leading to cardiovascular disease after invasion, in addition to the commensal role to compete other bacterial species as initial colonizer at oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsushima
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 2-1-1 Kitasenzoku, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kumagai
- Quantitative Immunology Research Unit, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Alexis Vandenbon
- Immuno-Genomics Research Unit, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideo Kataoka
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Miki Kadena
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan; Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Division of Dentistry for Persons with Disabilities, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Kitasenzoku 2-1-1, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 145-8515, Japan
| | - Haruka Fukamachi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Arimoto
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hirobumi Morisaki
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Nagatoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Contemporary Human Life Science, Tezukayama University, Tezukayama 7-1-1, Nara City, Nara 631-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuo Okahashi
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kuwata
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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49
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Rath H, Stumpp SN, Stiesch M. Development of a flow chamber system for the reproducible in vitro analysis of biofilm formation on implant materials. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172095. [PMID: 28187188 PMCID: PMC5302373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of modern dental implants in the 1980s, the number of inserted implants has steadily increased. Implant systems have become more sophisticated and have enormously enhanced patients’ quality of life. Although there has been tremendous development in implant materials and clinical methods, bacterial infections are still one of the major causes of implant failure. These infections involve the formation of sessile microbial communities, called biofilms. Biofilms possess unique physical and biochemical properties and are hard to treat conventionally. There is a great demand for innovative methods to functionalize surfaces antibacterially, which could be used as the basis of new implant technologies. Present, there are few test systems to evaluate bacterial growth on these surfaces under physiological flow conditions. We developed a flow chamber model optimized for the assessment of dental implant materials. As a result it could be shown that biofilms of the five important oral bacteria Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, can be reproducibly formed on the surface of titanium, a frequent implant material. This system can be run automatically in combination with an appropriate microscopic device and is a promising approach for testing the antibacterial effect of innovative dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryke Rath
- Department for Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sascha Nico Stumpp
- Department for Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department for Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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50
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Back CR, Sztukowska MN, Till M, Lamont RJ, Jenkinson HF, Nobbs AH, Race PR. The Streptococcus gordonii Adhesin CshA Protein Binds Host Fibronectin via a Catch-Clamp Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:1538-1549. [PMID: 27920201 PMCID: PMC5290933 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.760975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence of bacteria to biotic or abiotic surfaces is a prerequisite for host colonization and represents an important step in microbial pathogenicity. This attachment is facilitated by bacterial adhesins at the cell surface. Because of their size and often elaborate multidomain architectures, these polypeptides represent challenging targets for detailed structural and functional characterization. The multifunctional fibrillar adhesin CshA, which mediates binding to both host molecules and other microorganisms, is an important determinant of colonization by Streptococcus gordonii, an oral commensal and opportunistic pathogen of animals and humans. CshA binds the high-molecular-weight glycoprotein fibronectin (Fn) via an N-terminal non-repetitive region, and this protein-protein interaction has been proposed to promote S. gordonii colonization at multiple sites within the host. However, the molecular details of how these two proteins interact have yet to be established. Here we present a structural description of the Fn binding N-terminal region of CshA, derived from a combination of X-ray crystallography, small angle X-ray scattering, and complementary biophysical methods. In vitro binding studies support a previously unreported two-state "catch-clamp" mechanism of Fn binding by CshA, in which the disordered N-terminal domain of CshA acts to "catch" Fn, via formation of a rapidly assembled but also readily dissociable pre-complex, enabling its neighboring ligand binding domain to tightly clamp the two polypeptides together. This study presents a new paradigm for target binding by a bacterial adhesin, the identification of which will inform future efforts toward the development of anti-adhesive agents that target S. gordonii and related streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Back
- From the School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
| | - Maryta N Sztukowska
- the Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202; the Department of Dentistry, University of Information Technology and Management, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Marisa Till
- the School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom; the BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Lamont
- the Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Howard F Jenkinson
- From the School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- From the School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul R Race
- the School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom; the BrisSynBio Synthetic Biology Research Centre, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
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