1
|
Al-Eitan L, Mihyar A, Zhang L, Bisht P, Jaenisch R. Genomic and biological variation in bat IFNs: An antiviral treatment approach. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2488. [PMID: 37921610 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Bat-borne viruses have attracted considerable research, especially in relation to the Covid-19 pandemic. Although bats can carry multiple zoonotic viruses that are lethal to many mammalian species, they appear to be asymptomatic to viral infection despite the high viral loads contained in their bodies. There are several differences between bats and other mammals. One of the major differences between bats and other mammals is the bats' ability to fly, which is believed to have induced evolutionary changes. It may have also favoured them as suitable hosts for viruses. This is related to their tolerance to viral infection. Innate immunity is the first line of defence against viral infection, but bats have metamorphosed the type of responses induced by innate immunity factors such as interferons. The expression patterns of interferons differ, as do those of interferon-related genes such as interferon regulatory factors and interferon-stimulated genes that contribute to the antiviral response of infected cells. In addition, the signalling pathways related to viral infection and immune responses have been subject to evolutionary changes, including mutations compared to their homologues in other mammals and gene selection. This article discusses the differences in the interferon-mediated antiviral response in bats compared to that of other mammals and how these differences are correlated to viral tolerance in bats. The effect of bat interferons related genes on human antiviral response against bat-borne viruses is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laith Al-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ahmad Mihyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Punam Bisht
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Donnelly CM, Stewart M, Roby JA, Sundaramoorthy V, Forwood JK. Structural Determination of the Australian Bat Lyssavirus Nucleoprotein and Phosphoprotein Complex. Viruses 2023; 16:33. [PMID: 38229694 PMCID: PMC7615531 DOI: 10.3390/v16010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) shows similar clinical symptoms as rabies, but there are currently no protein structures available for ABLV proteins. In lyssaviruses, the interaction between nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (N) in the absence of RNA generates a complex (N0P) that is crucial for viral assembly, and understanding the interface between these two proteins has the potential to provide insight into a key feature: the viral lifecycle. In this study, we used recombinant chimeric protein expression and X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of ABLV nucleoprotein bound to residues 1-40 of its phosphoprotein chaperone. Comparison of our results with the recently generated structure of RABV CVS-11 N0P demonstrated a highly conserved interface in this complex. Because the N0P interface is conserved in the lyssaviruses of phylogroup I, it is an attractive therapeutic target for multiple rabies-causing viral species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M. Donnelly
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (C.M.D.); (J.A.R.)
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- Diagnostics, Surveillance and Response, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia;
| | - Murray Stewart
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Ave., Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK;
| | - Justin A. Roby
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (C.M.D.); (J.A.R.)
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Vinod Sundaramoorthy
- Diagnostics, Surveillance and Response, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Jade K. Forwood
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (C.M.D.); (J.A.R.)
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Substitution of S179P in the Lyssavirus Phosphoprotein Impairs Its Interferon Antagonistic Function. J Virol 2022; 96:e0112522. [PMID: 36326274 PMCID: PMC9683011 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01125-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) and the IFN-induced cellular antiviral response constitute the first line of defense against viral invasion. Evading host innate immunity, especially IFN signaling, is the key step required for lyssaviruses to establish infection.
Collapse
|
4
|
Manokaran G, Audsley MD, Funakoda H, David CT, Garnham KA, Rawlinson SM, Deffrasnes C, Ito N, Moseley GW. Deactivation of the antiviral state by rabies virus through targeting and accumulation of persistently phosphorylated STAT1. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010533. [PMID: 35576230 PMCID: PMC9135343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of the interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral state is critical to infection by rabies virus (RABV) and other viruses, and involves interference in the IFN induction and signaling pathways in infected cells, as well as deactivation of the antiviral state in cells previously activated by IFN. The latter is required for viral spread in the host, but the precise mechanisms involved and roles in RABV pathogenesis are poorly defined. Here, we examined the capacity of attenuated and pathogenic strains of RABV that differ only in the IFN-antagonist P protein to overcome an established antiviral state. Importantly, P protein selectively targets IFN-activated phosphorylated STAT1 (pY-STAT1), providing a molecular tool to elucidate specific roles of pY-STAT1. We find that the extended antiviral state is dependent on a low level of pY-STAT1 that appears to persist at a steady state through ongoing phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycles, following an initial IFN-induced peak. P protein of pathogenic RABV binds and progressively accumulates pY-STAT1 in inactive cytoplasmic complexes, enabling recovery of efficient viral replication over time. Thus, P protein-pY-STAT1 interaction contributes to ‘disarming’ of the antiviral state. P protein of the attenuated RABV is defective in this respect, such that replication remains suppressed over extended periods in cells pre-activated by IFN. These data provide new insights into the nature of the antiviral state, indicating key roles for residual pY-STAT1 signaling. They also elucidate mechanisms of viral deactivation of antiviral responses, including specialized functions of P protein in selective targeting and accumulation of pY-STAT1. Following viral infection, the host activates multiple antiviral defenses. The ability of viruses to overcome these defenses is critical to disease. The earliest antiviral response involves the production of interferon messenger molecules. Interferons act on infected cells to inhibit viral proliferation, as well as on non-infected cells to establish an antiviral state before infection and so limit viral spread through the host organism. Many strategies used by viruses to overcome the former are well understood, but mechanisms important to the latter, and their importance to disease, are less well defined. In this study, we investigated how rabies virus overcomes a pre-established antiviral state in target cells. We found that the capacity to disable the antiviral state correlates with the ability to cause disease, and involves binding of a viral protein to cellular signaling proteins, which our data indicate are responsible for the maintenance of a prolonged antiviral state. This advances our understanding of antiviral responses, and identifies a key step in lethal infection by rabies virus that causes approximately 60,000 human deaths per year. The findings may contribute to new approaches for the development of vaccines or antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Manokaran
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Audsley
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Haruka Funakoda
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Cassandra T. David
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine A. Garnham
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Rawlinson
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Celine Deffrasnes
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Naoto Ito
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- * E-mail: (NI); (GWM)
| | - Gregory W. Moseley
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail: (NI); (GWM)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Papies J, Sieberg A, Ritz D, Niemeyer D, Drosten C, Müller MA. Reduced IFN-ß inhibitory activity of Lagos bat virus phosphoproteins in human compared to Eidolon helvum bat cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264450. [PMID: 35259191 PMCID: PMC8903296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eidolon helvum bats are reservoir hosts for highly pathogenic lyssaviruses often showing limited disease upon natural infection. An enhanced antiviral interferon (IFN) response combined with reduced inflammation might be linked to the apparent virus tolerance in bats. Lyssavirus phosphoproteins inhibit the IFN response with virus strain-specific efficiency. To date, little is known regarding the lyssavirus P-dependent anti-IFN countermeasures in bats, mainly due to a lack of in vitro tools. By using E. helvum bat cell cultures in a newly established bat-specific IFN-promoter activation assay, we analyzed the IFN-ß inhibitory activity of multiple lyssavirus P in E. helvum compared to human cells. Initial virus infection studies with a recently isolated E. helvum-borne Lagos bat virus street strain from Ghana showed enhanced LBV propagation in an E. helvum lung cell line compared to human A549 lung cells at later time points suggesting effective viral countermeasures against cellular defense mechanisms. A direct comparison of the IFN-ß inhibitory activity of the LBV-GH P protein with other lyssavirus P proteins showed that LBV-GH P and RVP both strongly inhibited the bat IFN-β promotor activation (range 75–90%) in EidLu/20.2 and an E. helvum kidney cell line. Conversely, LBV-GH P blocked the activation of the human IFN-β promoter less efficiently compared to a prototypic Rabies virus P protein (range LBV P 52–68% vs RVP 71–95%) in two different human cell lines (HEK-293T, A549). The same pattern was seen for two prototypic LBV P variants suggesting an overall reduced LBV P IFN-ß inhibitory activity in human cells as compared to E. helvum bat cells. Increased IFN-ß inhibition by lyssavirus P in reservoir host cells might be a result of host-specific adaptation processes towards an enhanced IFN response in bat cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Papies
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Sieberg
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Ritz
- Institute of Virology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Niemeyer
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel A. Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feige L, Sáenz-de-Santa-María I, Regnault B, Lavenir R, Lepelletier A, Halacu A, Rajerison R, Diop S, Nareth C, Reynes JM, Buchy P, Bourhy H, Dacheux L. Transcriptome Profile During Rabies Virus Infection: Identification of Human CXCL16 as a Potential New Viral Target. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:761074. [PMID: 34804996 PMCID: PMC8602097 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.761074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV), the causative agent for rabies disease is still presenting a major public health concern causing approximately 60,000 deaths annually. This neurotropic virus (genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae) induces an acute and almost always fatal form of encephalomyelitis in humans. Despite the lethal consequences associated with clinical symptoms of rabies, RABV limits neuro-inflammation without causing major histopathological lesions in humans. Nevertheless, information about the mechanisms of infection and cellular response in the central nervous system (CNS) remain scarce. Here, we investigated the expression of inflammatory genes involved in immune response to RABV (dog-adapted strain Tha) in mice, the most common animal model used to study rabies. To better elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms during natural RABV infection, we compared the inflammatory transcriptome profile observed at the late stage of infection in the mouse brain (cortex and brain stem/cerebellum) with the ortholog gene expression in post-mortem brain biopsies of rabid patients. Our data indicate that the inflammatory response associated with rabies is more pronounced in the murine brain compared to the human brain. In contrast to murine transcription profiles, we identified CXC motif chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) as the only significant differentially expressed gene in post-mortem brains of rabid patients. This result was confirmed in vitro, in which Tha suppressed interferon alpha (IFN-α)-induced CXCL16 expression in human CNS cell lines but induced CXCL16 expression in IFN-α-stimulated murine astrocytes. We hypothesize that RABV-induced modulation of the CXCL16 pathway in the brain possibly affects neurotransmission, natural killer (NK) and T cell recruitment and activation. Overall, we show species-specific differences in the inflammatory response of the brain, highlighted the importance of understanding the potential limitations of extrapolating data from animal models to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Feige
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, National Reference Center for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Department of Global Health, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Rachel Lavenir
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, National Reference Center for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Department of Global Health, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Lepelletier
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, National Reference Center for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Department of Global Health, Paris, France
| | - Ala Halacu
- National Agency for Public Health, Chișinău, Moldova
| | | | - Sylvie Diop
- Infectious Diseases Department, National and University Hospital Center of Fann-Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Jean-Marc Reynes
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, National Reference Center for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Department of Global Health, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, National Reference Center for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Department of Global Health, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that use cell proteins to take the control of the cell functions in order to accomplish their life cycle. Studying the viral-host interactions would increase our knowledge of the viral biology and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Studies on pathogenesis mechanisms of lyssaviruses, which are the causative agents of rabies, have revealed some important host protein partners for viral proteins, especially for most studied species, i.e. RABV. In this review article, the key physical lyssavirus-host protein interactions, their contributions to rabies infection, and their exploitation are discussed to improve the knowledge about rabies pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Hossain MA, Larrous F, Rawlinson SM, Zhan J, Sethi A, Ibrahim Y, Aloi M, Lieu KG, Mok YF, Griffin MDW, Ito N, Ose T, Bourhy H, Moseley GW, Gooley PR. Structural Elucidation of Viral Antagonism of Innate Immunity at the STAT1 Interface. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1934-1945.e8. [PMID: 31722208 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To evade immunity, many viruses express interferon antagonists that target STAT transcription factors as a major component of pathogenesis. Because of a lack of direct structural data, these interfaces are poorly understood. We report the structural analysis of full-length STAT1 binding to an interferon antagonist of a human pathogenic virus. The interface revealed by transferred cross-saturation NMR is complex, involving multiple regions in both the viral and cellular proteins. Molecular mapping analysis, combined with biophysical characterization and in vitro/in vivo functional assays, indicates that the interface is significant in disease caused by a pathogenic field-strain lyssavirus, with critical roles for contacts between the STAT1 coiled-coil/DNA-binding domains and specific regions within the viral protein. These data elucidate the potentially complex nature of IFN antagonist/STAT interactions, and the spatial relationship of protein interfaces that mediate immune evasion and replication, providing insight into how viruses can regulate these essential functions via single multifunctional proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Florence Larrous
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Unité Lyssavirus, Epidémiologie et Neuropathologie - CNR de la RAGE, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Stephen M Rawlinson
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jingyu Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ashish Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Youssef Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Maria Aloi
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kim G Lieu
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yee-Foong Mok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Naoto Ito
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Ose
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, 060-0810 Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Unité Lyssavirus, Epidémiologie et Neuropathologie - CNR de la RAGE, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton Campus, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu X, Zhang J, Li F, Hagoss YT, Tesfagaber W, Wang L, Wang Z, Zhao D, Bu Z. Host protein ABCE1 interacts with the viral phosphoprotein and promotes rabies virus replication. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
10
|
Fang P, Fang L, Xia S, Ren J, Zhang J, Bai D, Zhou Y, Peng G, Zhao S, Xiao S. Porcine Deltacoronavirus Accessory Protein NS7a Antagonizes IFN-β Production by Competing With TRAF3 and IRF3 for Binding to IKKε. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:257. [PMID: 32656094 PMCID: PMC7326017 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) not only causes serious diarrhea in suckling piglets but also possesses the potential for cross-species transmission, which has sparked growing interest when studying this emerging virus. We previously identified a novel accessory protein NS7a encoded by PDCoV; however, the function of NS7a was not resolved. In this study, we demonstrated that PDCoV NS7a is an interferon antagonist. Overexpression of NS7a notably inhibited Sendai virus (SeV)-induced interferon-β (IFN-β) production and the activation of IRF3 rather than NF-κB. NS7a also inhibited IFN-β promoter activity induced by RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS, TBK1, and IKKε, which are key components of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway but not IRF3, the transcription factor downstream of TBK1/IKKε. Surprisingly, NS7a specifically interacts with IKKε but not with the closely related TBK1. Furthermore, NS7a interacts simultaneously with the kinase domain (KD) and the scaffold dimerization domain (SDD) of IKKε, competing with TRAF3, and IRF3 for binding to IKKε, leading to the reduction of RLR-mediated IFN-β production. The interactions of TRAF3-IKKε and IKKε-IRF3 are also attenuated in PDCoV-infected cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PDCoV NS7a inhibits IFN-β production by disrupting the association of IKKε with both TRAF3 and IRF3, revealing a new mechanism utilized by a PDCoV accessory protein to evade the host antiviral innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Sijin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongcheng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu Y, Cheng L, Liu J. Optimization of Inhibitory Peptides Targeting Phosphoprotein of Rabies Virus. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020; 26:1043-1049. [PMID: 32431572 PMCID: PMC7222161 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a serious zoonosis caused by rabies virus (RABV) of the genus Lyssavirus, and immunotherapy is now the only approved, effective method for post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies in humans, whereas an effective antiviral therapy is still unavailable if the central nervous system is invaded. Phosphoprotein (P) is known to play pivotal roles in the life cycle of RABV, and has been regarded as a prime target for inhibitors of viral replication. This study aimed to carry out intracellular administration of a kind of P-binding peptide for RABV inhibition. A group of reported P-binding peptides were focused on for activity improvement by quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) method, and then were mediated by cell penetrating peptide (CPP) for intracellular activity evaluation. The QSAR models had good performance in reliability and predictability (R2 ≥ 0.852, Q2 ≥ 0.601, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\text{Q}}_{\text{ext}}^{2}$$\end{document}Qext2 ≥ 0.595), and the peptide screened by partial least squares (PLS) QSAR model (R2 = 0.994, Q2 = 0.937, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\text{Q}}_{\text{ext}}^{2}$$\end{document}Qext2 = 0.981) exhibited even higher antiviral activity when it was delivered into the cells by CPP. Above all, this study provided an effective way for development of peptide drug against RABV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 53, Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, China
| | - Linyue Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 53, Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, No. 53, Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kinome-Wide RNA Interference Screening Identifies Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Phosphatidylinositol Metabolism as Key Factors for Rabies Virus Infection. mSphere 2019; 4:4/3/e00047-19. [PMID: 31118297 PMCID: PMC6531879 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00047-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus relies on cellular machinery for its replication while simultaneously evading the host immune response. Despite their importance, little is known about the key host factors required for rabies virus infection. Here, we focused on the human kinome, at the core of many cellular pathways, to unveil a new understanding of the rabies virus infectious cycle and to discover new potential therapeutic targets in a small interfering RNA screening. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and phosphatidylinositol metabolism were identified as prominent factors involved in rabies virus infection, and those findings were further confirmed in human neurons. While bringing a new insight into rabies virus biology, we also provide a new list of host factors involved in rabies virus infection. Throughout the rabies virus (RABV) infectious cycle, host-virus interactions define its capacity to replicate, escape the immune response, and spread. As phosphorylation is a key regulatory mechanism involved in most cellular processes, kinases represent a target of choice to identify host factors required for viral replication. A kinase and phosphatase small interfering RNA (siRNA) high-content screening was performed on a fluorescent protein-recombinant field isolate (Tha RABV). We identified 57 high-confidence key host factors important for RABV replication with a readout set at 18 h postinfection and 73 with a readout set at 36 h postinfection, including 24 common factors at all stages of the infection. Amongst them, gene clusters of the most prominent pathways were determined. Up to 15 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and effectors, including MKK7 (associated with Jun N-terminal protein kinase [JNK] signalization) and DUSP5, as well as 17 phosphatidylinositol (PI)-related proteins, including PIP5K1C and MTM1, were found to be involved in the later stage of RABV infection. The importance of these pathways was further validated, as small molecules Ro 31-8820 and PD 198306 inhibited RABV replication in human neurons. IMPORTANCE Rabies virus relies on cellular machinery for its replication while simultaneously evading the host immune response. Despite their importance, little is known about the key host factors required for rabies virus infection. Here, we focused on the human kinome, at the core of many cellular pathways, to unveil a new understanding of the rabies virus infectious cycle and to discover new potential therapeutic targets in a small interfering RNA screening. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and phosphatidylinositol metabolism were identified as prominent factors involved in rabies virus infection, and those findings were further confirmed in human neurons. While bringing a new insight into rabies virus biology, we also provide a new list of host factors involved in rabies virus infection.
Collapse
|
13
|
El-Sayed A. Advances in rabies prophylaxis and treatment with emphasis on immunoresponse mechanisms. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:8-15. [PMID: 30255072 PMCID: PMC6149183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable fatal disease in man and most mammals. Although rabies is recorded in 150 territories and is responsible for at least 60,000 human deaths every year worldwide, it is a neglected tropical problem. Most of the rabies free countries are considered to be fragile free as the disease may re-emerge easily through wild mammals. For the performance of effective rabies eradication programs, a complex set of strategies and activities is required. At the time, a joint project of WHO-OIE-FAO which was announced in 2015, plans to control animal-human-ecosystems rabies interface. For effective rabies control, prophylactic policies must be applied. These include various educational outreaches for farmers and people living in endemic areas, enforced legislation for responsible dog ownership, control programs for the free-ranging stray dog and cat populations, field large-scale vaccination campaigns, and the development of new vaccine delivery strategies for both humans and animals. The present work presents the advances in the development of new safe, effective and economic vaccines for domestic dogs, and oral vaccines for the control of the disease in wild animals. It presents also some therapeutic protocols used for the treatment of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Koraka P, Martina BEE, van den Ham HJ, Zaaraoui-Boutahar F, van IJcken W, Roose J, van Amerongen G, Andeweg A, Osterhaus ADME. Analysis of Mouse Brain Transcriptome After Experimental Duvenhage Virus Infection Shows Activation of Innate Immune Response and Pyroptotic Cell Death Pathway. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:397. [PMID: 29615985 PMCID: PMC5869263 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is an important neglected disease, characterized by invariably fatal encephalitis. Several studies focus on understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of the prototype lyssavirus rabies virus (RABV) infection, and little is known about the pathogenesis of rabies caused by other lyssaviruses. We sought to characterize the host response to Duvenhage virus infection and compare it with responses observed during RABV infection by gene expression profiling of brains of mice with the respective infections. We found in both infections differentially expressed genes leading to increased expression of type I interferons (IFNs), chemokines, and proinflammatory cytokines. In addition several genes of the IFN signaling pathway are up-regulated, indicating a strong antiviral response and activation of the negative feedback mechanism to limit type I IFN responses. Furthermore we provide evidence that in the absence of significant neuronal apoptotic death, cell death of neurons is mediated via the pyroptotic pathway in both infections. Taken together, we have identified several genes and/or pathways for both infections that could be used to explore novel approaches for intervention strategies against rabies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Koraka
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Byron E E Martina
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wilfred van IJcken
- Erasmus Centre for Genomics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jouke Roose
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Arno Andeweg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Albertus D M E Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, Netherlands.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schulz KS, Mossman KL. Viral Evasion Strategies in Type I IFN Signaling - A Summary of Recent Developments. Front Immunol 2016; 7:498. [PMID: 27891131 PMCID: PMC5104748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects the organism against infections and the damage associated with them. The first line of defense against pathogens is the innate immune response. In the case of a viral infection, it induces the interferon (IFN) signaling cascade and eventually the expression of type I IFN, which then causes an antiviral state in the cells. However, many viruses have developed strategies to counteract this mechanism and prevent the production of IFN. In order to modulate or inhibit the IFN signaling cascade in their favor, viruses have found ways to interfere at every single step of the cascade, for example, by inducing protein degradation or cleavage, or by mediate protein polyubiquitination. In this article, we will review examples of viruses that modulate the IFN response and describe the mechanisms they use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina S Schulz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miao FM, Zhang SF, Wang SC, Liu Y, Zhang F, Hu RL. Comparison of immune responses to attenuated rabies virus and street virus in mouse brain. Arch Virol 2016; 162:247-257. [PMID: 27722994 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal neurological disease caused by the neurotropic rabies virus (RABV). To investigate the innate immune response in the brain during rabies infection, key gene transcripts indicative of innate immunity in a mouse model system were measured using real-time RT-PCR. Mice were infected via the intracerebral or intramuscular route with either attenuated rabies virus (SRV9) or pathogenic rabies virus (BD06). Infection with SRV9 resulted in the early detection of viral replication and the rapid induction of innate immune response gene expression in the brain. BD06 infection elicited innate immune response gene expression during only the late stage of infection. We measured Na-fluorescein uptake to assess blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, which was enhanced during the early stage of SRV9 infection and significantly enhanced during the late stage of BD06 infection. Furthermore, early SRV9 replication increased the maturation and differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells in the inguinal lymph nodes and initiated the generation of virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs), which cooperate with the innate immune response to eliminate virus from the CNS. However, BD06 infection did not stimulate VNA production; thus, the virus was able to evade the host immune response and cause encephalitis. The rabies virus phosphoprotein has been reported to counteract IFN activation. In an in vitro study of the relationship between IFN antagonism and RABV pathogenicity, we demonstrated that SRV9 more strongly antagonized IFN activity than did BD06. Therefore, there is no positive relationship between the IFN antagonist activity of the virus and its pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Ming Miao
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Shou-Feng Zhang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Shu-Chao Wang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China
| | - Rong-Liang Hu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun, 130122, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brice A, Whelan DR, Ito N, Shimizu K, Wiltzer-Bach L, Lo CY, Blondel D, Jans DA, Bell TDM, Moseley GW. Quantitative Analysis of the Microtubule Interaction of Rabies Virus P3 Protein: Roles in Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33493. [PMID: 27649849 PMCID: PMC5030706 DOI: 10.1038/srep33493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microtubules (MTs) are known to have important roles in intracellular transport of many viruses, a number of reports suggest that specific viral MT-associated proteins (MAPs) target MTs to subvert distinct MT-dependent cellular processes. The precise functional importance of these interactions and their roles in pathogenesis, however, remain largely unresolved. To assess the association with disease of the rabies virus (RABV) MAP, P3, we quantitatively compared the phenotypes of P3 from a pathogenic RABV strain, Nishigahara (Ni) and a non-pathogenic Ni-derivative strain, Ni-CE. Using confocal/live-cell imaging and dSTORM super-resolution microscopy to quantify protein interactions with the MT network and with individual MT filaments, we found that the interaction by Ni-CE-P3 is significantly impaired compared with Ni-P3. This correlated with an impaired capacity to effect association of the transcription factor STAT1 with MTs and to antagonize interferon (IFN)/STAT1-dependent antiviral signaling. Importantly, we identified a single mutation in Ni-CE-P3 that is sufficient to inhibit MT-association and IFN-antagonist function of Ni-P3, and showed that this mutation alone attenuates the pathogenicity of RABV. These data provide evidence that the viral protein-MT interface has important roles in pathogenesis, suggesting that this interface could provide targets for vaccine/antiviral drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Brice
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Donna R Whelan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Naoto Ito
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kenta Shimizu
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Linda Wiltzer-Bach
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Camden Y Lo
- Monash Micro Imaging, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Danielle Blondel
- Unité de Virologie Moleculaire et Structurale, CNRS, UPR 3296, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - David A Jans
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Toby D M Bell
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Audsley MD, Jans DA, Moseley GW. Roles of nuclear trafficking in infection by cytoplasmic negative-strand RNA viruses: paramyxoviruses and beyond. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2463-2481. [PMID: 27498841 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome replication and virion production by most negative-sense RNA viruses (NSVs) occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm, but many NSV-expressed proteins undergo active nucleocytoplasmic trafficking via signals that exploit cellular nuclear transport pathways. Nuclear trafficking has been reported both for NSV accessory proteins (including isoforms of the rabies virus phosphoprotein, and V, W and C proteins of paramyxoviruses) and for structural proteins. Trafficking of the former is thought to enable accessory functions in viral modulation of antiviral responses including the type I IFN system, but the intranuclear roles of structural proteins such as nucleocapsid and matrix proteins, which have critical roles in extranuclear replication and viral assembly, are less clear. Nevertheless, nuclear trafficking of matrix protein has been reported to be critical for efficient production of Nipah virus and Respiratory syncytial virus, and nuclear localization of nucleocapsid protein of several morbilliviruses has been linked to mechanisms of immune evasion. Together, these data point to the nucleus as a significant host interface for viral proteins during infection by NSVs with otherwise cytoplasmic life cycles. Importantly, several lines of evidence now suggest that nuclear trafficking of these proteins may be critical to pathogenesis and thus could provide new targets for vaccine development and antiviral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Audsley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIO21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ito N, Moseley GW, Sugiyama M. The importance of immune evasion in the pathogenesis of rabies virus. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1089-98. [PMID: 27041139 PMCID: PMC4976263 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic disease caused by the Lyssavirus rabies virus
(RABV) that can infect most mammals, including humans, where it has a case-fatality rate
of almost 100%. Although preventable by vaccination, rabies causes c. 59,000 human
fatalities every year worldwide. Thus, there exists an urgent need to establish an
effective therapy and/or improve dissemination of vaccines for humans and animals. These
outcomes require greater understanding of the mechanisms of RABV pathogenesis to identify
new molecular targets for the development of therapeutics and/or live vaccines with high
levels of safety. Importantly, a number of studies in recent years have indicated that
RABV specifically suppresses host immunity through diverse mechanisms and that this is a
key process in pathogenicity. Here, we review current understanding of immune modulation
by RABV, with an emphasis on its significance to pathogenicity and the potential
exploitation of this knowledge to develop new vaccines and antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ito
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|