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Spruijtenburg B, Meis JF, Verweij PE, de Groot T, Meijer EFJ. Short Tandem Repeat Genotyping of Medically Important Fungi: A Comprehensive Review of a Powerful Tool with Extensive Future Potential. Mycopathologia 2024; 189:72. [PMID: 39096450 PMCID: PMC11297828 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-024-00877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections pose an increasing threat to public health. New pathogens and changing epidemiology are a pronounced risk for nosocomial outbreaks. To investigate clonal transmission between patients and trace the source, genotyping is required. In the last decades, various typing assays have been developed and applied to different medically important fungal species. While these different typing methods will be briefly discussed, this review will focus on the development and application of short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping. This method relies on the amplification and comparison of highly variable STR markers between isolates. For most common fungal pathogens, STR schemes were developed and compared to other methods, like multilocus sequence typing (MLST), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The pros and cons of STR typing as compared to the other methods are discussed, as well as the requirements for the development of a solid STR typing assay. The resolution of STR typing, in general, is higher than MLST and AFLP, with WGS SNP analysis being the gold standard when it comes to resolution. Although most modern laboratories are capable to perform STR typing, little progress has been made to standardize typing schemes. Allelic ladders, as developed for Aspergillus fumigatus, facilitate the comparison of STR results between laboratories and develop global typing databases. Overall, STR genotyping is an extremely powerful tool, often complimentary to whole genome sequencing. Crucial details for STR assay development, its applications and merit are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Spruijtenburg
- Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ)/Dicoon, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Cologne Excellence Cluster On Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Institute of Translational Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theun de Groot
- Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ)/Dicoon, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco F J Meijer
- Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ)/Dicoon, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Han M, Chae M, Han S. Assessment of fungal contamination and biosecurity risk factors in duck-breeding farms in South Korea. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103197. [PMID: 37925771 PMCID: PMC10652118 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are pathogens that infect all types of poultry and farmers, leading to economic losses in poultry production. Fungi can be isolated from environmental samples and are ubiquitous in the air. This study aimed to evaluate fungal contamination in domestic duck farm environments and analyze biosecurity risk factors associated with fungal infection incidence to assess the vulnerability of the farms to fungal infection. The average fungal concentration was 203 colony-forming units (CFU)/m3 in the air and 365 × 103 CFU/m2 in the wall surface samples. Sixteen fungal genera were recovered from air and wall surface samples from 19 duck-breeding farms, Aspergillus being the most frequently isolated (air: 43.2%; wall surface: 40%). Eleven additional fungal genera (Acrophialophora, Byssochlamys, Fusarium, Lichtheimia, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Polycephalomyces, Rhizomucor, Scopulariopsis, Talaromyces, and Thermoascus) were isolated from air samples. Also, 8 additional fungal genera (Chaetomium, Lichtheimia, Penicillium, Petriella, Rhizomucor, Rhizopus, Talaromyces, and Trichosporon) were isolated from wall surface samples. The characteristics of the poultry farms (geographic region, stocking density, breeding house type, affiliate, duck age, and season) and fungal concentrations in the air and wall surface samples were analyzed to evaluate the biosecurity risk of the farms. Fungal infections were significantly affected by high stocking density (>2 ducks/m2), duck age (18-25 wk and >60 wk), and high fungal concentration in the wall surface samples (>300 × 103 CFU/m2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Han
- Institute of Chungbuk Provincial Veterinary Service and Research, Cheongju 28153, South Korea.
| | - Munhui Chae
- Institute of Chungbuk Provincial Veterinary Service and Research, Cheongju 28153, South Korea
| | - Seongtae Han
- Institute of Chungbuk Provincial Veterinary Service and Research, Cheongju 28153, South Korea
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Cherif G, Hadrich I, Harrabi M, Kallel A, Fakhfekh N, Messaoud M, Abdallah HB, Azeiz O, Kallel K, Ranque S. Aspergillus flavus genetic structure at a turkey farm. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:234-241. [PMID: 36445341 PMCID: PMC9857098 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitous environmental fungus Aspergillus flavus is also a life-threatening avian pathogen. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of A. flavus isolated from turkey lung biopsy or environmental samples collected in a poultry farm. METHODS A. flavus isolates were identified using both morphological and ITS sequence features. Multilocus microsatellite genotyping was performed by using a panel of six microsatellite markers. Population genetic indices were computed using FSTAT and STRUCTURE. A minimum-spanning tree (MST) and UPGMA dendrogram were drawn using BioNumerics and NTSYS-PC, respectively. RESULTS The 63 environmental (air, surfaces, eggshells and food) A. flavus isolates clustered in 36 genotypes (genotypic diversity = 0.57), and the 19 turkey lung biopsies isolates clustered in 17 genotypes (genotypic diversity = 0.89). The genetic structure of environmental and avian A. flavus populations were clearly differentiated, according to both F-statistics and Bayesian model-based analysis' results. The Bayesian approach indicated gene flow between both A. flavus populations. The MST illustrated the genetic structure of this A. flavus population split in nine clusters, including six singletons. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the distinct genetic structure of environmental and avian A. flavus populations, indicative of a genome-based adaptation of isolates involved in avian aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaya Cherif
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology UR17SP 03La Rabta HospitalTunisTunisia,Higher Institute of Nursing Sciences of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
| | - Ines Hadrich
- Fungi and Parasitic Molecular Biology LaboratorySchool of MedicineUniversity of SfaxSfaxTunisia
| | - Myriam Harrabi
- Higher Institute of Nursing Sciences of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia,Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics UR16IPT09Pasteur Institute of TunisTunisTunisia
| | - Aicha Kallel
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology UR17SP 03La Rabta HospitalTunisTunisia,Higher Institute of Nursing Sciences of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
| | - Nejla Fakhfekh
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology UR17SP 03La Rabta HospitalTunisTunisia,Higher Institute of Nursing Sciences of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
| | - Mariem Messaoud
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology UR17SP 03La Rabta HospitalTunisTunisia,Higher Institute of Nursing Sciences of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
| | | | - Ons Azeiz
- Research Platform in Medicine Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of MedicineTunisTunisia
| | - Kalthoum Kallel
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology UR17SP 03La Rabta HospitalTunisTunisia,Higher Institute of Nursing Sciences of TunisUniversity Tunis El ManarTunisTunisia
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- Aix‐Marseille Université, IRD, AP‐HM, SSAVITROMEMarseilleFrance,IHU Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
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Azmanis P, Pappalardo L, Sara ZAJ, Silvanose C, Naidoo V. Disposition of posaconazole after single oral administration in large falcons (Falco spp): Effect of meal and dosage and a non-compartmental model to predict effective dosage. Med Mycol 2021; 59:901-908. [PMID: 33891699 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Posaconazole has been used anecdotally to treat aspergillosis in falcons resistant to voriconazole. In human medicine, it is used prophylactically in immunosuppressed human subjects with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. So far, no studies have been performed in birds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of oral posaconazole after a single administration in six large falcons (i.e gyrfalcons, saker falcons). Posaconazole oral suspension (Noxafil, 40 mg/ml, Schering-Plough) was administered per os without meal in a single dosage of 12.5 mg/kg in 3 falcons. A comparison was done in two more falcons, one with a natural fatty meal at the same single dose, and one with a natural fatty meal and a higher dosage (20 mg/kg). Finally, six falcons received posaconazole pre-dissolved in corn oil with a natural low-fat meal in the higher single dose (20 mg/kg). No side effects were observed in the falcons in any of the experiments. In starved state posaconazole was poorly absorbed, more so than in other species. As expected, absorption of posaconazole was higher with the administration of meal or in the presence of plant (corn) oil, with a fourfold increase in apparent bioavailability. Despite the preferential absorption in the presence of fat, for both dosing schemes the AUC24 : MIC ratio was lower than described in human medicine to achieve a therapeutic effect. The AUCinf : MIC which is an indicator of efficacy after steady-state, while variable, did indicate that the drug is worth trying when susceptibility testing shows to be the only effective drug. LAY ABSTRACT The focus of this work is to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral posaconazole in large falcons for the first time after a single dose. Posaconazole has higher bioavailability when administered with meal and fatty components. No adverse reactions have been observed. The ratio of the area under the curve (AUC24) to minimum inhibitory concentration was lower compared to the therapeutic level in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Azmanis
- Dubai Falcon Hospital, 23919, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Azmanis, Silvanose)
| | - Lucia Pappalardo
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Studies, American University of Sharjah (AUS), United Arab Emirates (Pappalardo, Sara)
| | - Ziad A J Sara
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Studies, American University of Sharjah (AUS), United Arab Emirates (Pappalardo, Sara)
| | | | - Vinny Naidoo
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa (Naidoo)
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Azmanis P, Pappalardo L, Sara ZAJ, Silvanose C, Naidoo V. Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after a single intramuscular injection in large falcons (Falco spp.). Med Mycol 2021; 58:661-666. [PMID: 31608415 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Voriconazole is one of the main azoles used to treat invasive aspergillosis in falconry raptors and birds. Despite the fact that there are studies for oral and intravenous use of voriconazole in birds, there are none for its effect after intramuscular use. Empirical use of intramuscular voriconazole in falcons, indicated quicker therapy response than the oral one. Aim of this study is to evaluate the in vivo pharmacokinetic disposition of injectable voriconazole after a single intramuscular injection in large falcons (i.e., Gyrfalcons, Saker falcons, Peregrine falcons). No clinical side effects were observed in the falcons. Absorption of voriconazole was rapid (0.5-2 hours) and reached a plasma level (>1 μg/ml) which is above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for all known Aspergillus strains. This level was maintained for 16 to 20 hours, thus indicating that a single injection of 12.5 mg/kg is not enough if T > MIC is taken into consideration. On a newer aspect, according to the AUC24 unbound: MIC parameter would be indicated that this dose would be rather sufficient for most Aspergillus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Azmanis
- Dubai Falcon Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Azmanis, Silvanose)
| | - L Pappalardo
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Studies, American University of Sharjah (AUS), United Arab Emirates (Pappalardo, Sara)
| | - Ziad A J Sara
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Studies, American University of Sharjah (AUS), United Arab Emirates (Pappalardo, Sara)
| | - C Silvanose
- Dubai Falcon Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (Azmanis, Silvanose)
| | - V Naidoo
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoriaz, Republic of South Africa (Naidoo)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruediger Hauck
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Carolyn Cray
- Division of Comparative Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Monique França
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Ghorbel D, Hadrich I, Neji S, Trabelsi H, Belaaj H, Sellami H, Cheikhrouhou F, Makni F, Ayadi A. Detection of virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility of human and avian Aspergillusflavus isolates. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:292-302. [PMID: 31570304 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillusflavus is the second leading cause of invasive and non-invasive aspergillosis. Secretion of hydrolytic enzymes is considered as a virulence factor in this species. Our work aimed to study in vitro production of some virulence factors, to evaluate the biofilm production against human and avian A. flavus isolates and to investigate the antifungal susceptibility agents. Hydrolytic enzymes, biofilm production and molecular typing were studied for 62 human and 36 avian A. flavus isolates by specific solid media and six microsatellite markers. The susceptibility to antifungal agents was evaluated for 37 human isolates. All human and avian A. flavus isolates showed positive activities of extracellular hydrolase: phospholipase, protease and hemolysin. A positive elastase activity was seen in 64.51% of human A. flavus isolates and 86.1% of avian A. flavus isolates. All A. flavus in these two populations formed biofilms. Statistical significant difference was observed for the mean phospholipase activities (P=0.025) and biofilm quantification (P=0.0001) between human and avian A. flavus isolates. The in vitro susceptibility results showed a resistance in 83.7%, 81.08% and 16.21% of A. flavus isolates respectively to amphotericin B, itraconazole and posaconazole. No association was noted between all virulence factors and the genotypes of human and avian isolates. Our study allowed us to show that human strains have a higher production of extracellular hydrolases and biofilm then avian strains. These virulence factors appear to act synergistically to contribute to the virulence of A. flavus strains. Moreover, significant correlation between virulence patterns and antifungal susceptibility profiles was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ghorbel
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - I Hadrich
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - S Neji
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - H Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - H Belaaj
- Hematology department, UH Hedi Chaker, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - H Sellami
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - F Cheikhrouhou
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - F Makni
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - A Ayadi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, university of Sfax, Tunisia.
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Investigating Clinical Issues by Genotyping of Medically Important Fungi: Why and How? Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:671-707. [PMID: 28490578 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00043-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping studies of medically important fungi have addressed elucidation of outbreaks, nosocomial transmissions, infection routes, and genotype-phenotype correlations, of which secondary resistance has been most intensively investigated. Two methods have emerged because of their high discriminatory power and reproducibility: multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and microsatellite length polymorphism (MLP) using short tandem repeat (STR) markers. MLST relies on single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the coding regions of housekeeping genes. STR polymorphisms are based on the number of repeats of short DNA fragments, mostly outside coding regions, and thus are expected to be more polymorphic and more rapidly evolving than MLST markers. There is no consensus on a universal typing system. Either one or both of these approaches are now available for Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and endemic mycoses. The choice of the method and the number of loci to be tested depend on the clinical question being addressed. Next-generation sequencing is becoming the most appropriate method for fungi with no MLP or MLST typing available. Whatever the molecular tool used, collection of clinical data (e.g., time of hospitalization and sharing of similar rooms) is mandatory for investigating outbreaks and nosocomial transmission.
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Baranyi N, Kocsubé S, Jakšić Despot D, Šegvić Klarić M, Szekeres A, Bencsik O, Kecskeméti A, Manikandan P, Tóth B, Kredics L, Khaled JM, Alharbi NS, Vágvölgyi C, Varga J. Combined genotyping strategy reveals structural differences between Aspergillus flavus lineages from different habitats impacting human health. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:899-909. [PMID: 28902962 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a filamentous fungus which is widespread on agricultural products and also able to cause various human diseases. This species is frequently isolated from indoor air as well, furthermore, it is known as a common causal agent of keratomycosis, particularly in subtropical and tropical areas. It is also able to produce aflatoxins, one of the most carcinogenic mycotoxins which are harmful to animals and humans. In this study, 59 A. flavus isolates from four different habitats and 1 A. minisclerotigenes isolate were investigated. The isolates were identified and confirmed at the species level by the sequence analysis of a part of their calmodulin gene. Applying a combined analysis of UP-PCR, microsatellite, and calmodulin sequence data, the four group of isolates formed separate clusters on the phylogenetic tree. Examining the distribution of mating type genes MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, a ratio of approximately 3:1 was determined, and no correlation was found between the carried mating type gene and the aflatoxin production capability. HPLC analysis revealed that none of the examined isolates collected from indoor air or maize in Central Europe were able to produce aflatoxins, while about half of the isolates from India produced these mycotoxins under the test conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Baranyi
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Daniela Jakšić Despot
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - András Szekeres
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ottó Bencsik
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Kecskeméti
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Palanisamy Manikandan
- Greenlink Analytical and Research Laboratory India Private Ltd, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Beáta Tóth
- National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center, NÖKO, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kredics
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jamal M Khaled
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naiyf S Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - János Varga
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Genetic Diversity and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of 200 Clinical and Environmental Aspergillus flavus Isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00004-17. [PMID: 28264849 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00004-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus has been frequently reported as the leading cause of invasive aspergillosis in certain tropical and subtropical countries. Two hundred A. flavus strains originating from clinical and environmental sources and collected between 2008 and 2015 were phylogenetically identified at the species level by analyzing partial β-tubulin and calmodulin genes. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing was performed against antifungals using the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) broth microdilution method. In addition, genotyping was performed using a short-tandem-repeat (STR) assay of a panel of six microsatellite markers (A. flavus 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, and 3C), in order to determine the genetic variation and the potential relationship between clinical and environmental isolates. The geometric means of the minimum inhibitory concentrations/minimum effective concentrations (MICs/MECs) of the antifungals across all isolates were (in increasing order): posaconazole, 0.13 mg/liter; anidulafungin, 0.16 mg/liter; itraconazole, 0.29 mg/liter; caspofungin, 0.42 mg/liter; voriconazole, 0.64 mg/liter; isavuconazole, 1.10 mg/liter; amphotericin B, 3.35 mg/liter; and flucytosine, 62.97 mg/liter. All of the clinical isolates were genetically different. However, an identical microsatellite genotype was found between a clinical isolate and two environmental strains. In conclusion, posaconazole and anidulafungin showed the greatest in vitro activity among systemic azoles and echinocandins, respectively. However, the majority of the A. flavus isolates showed reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B. Antifungal susceptibility of A. flavus was not linked with the clinical or environmental source of isolation. Microsatellite genotyping may suggest an association between clinical and environmental strains, although this requires further investigation.
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Fischer D, Lierz M. Diagnostic Procedures and Available Techniques for the Diagnosis of Aspergillosis in Birds. J Exot Pet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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