1
|
Wang C, Zhu Q, Li Y, Guo J, Li L. Alterations in the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolic Profile of British Shorthair Kittens Fed with Milk Replacer. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2346. [PMID: 39199879 PMCID: PMC11350904 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rising popularity of pet cats as companion animals, the survival of newborn kittens is often threatened by factors such as inadequate nursing, maternal behavior and blood incompatibility. These challenges require the use of milk replacers for nurturing. To investigate the effects that feeding kittens with an experimental milk replacer (EMR) have on growth and development, intestinal microbiota, immune response and nutrient metabolism, 12 British shorthair kittens were randomly divided into two groups after nursing for the first week of life. Kittens were fed queen's milk or EMR, whereby kittens fed queen's milk served as the control (CON) group. The findings revealed that the CON group exhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.01) on day 7. However, the EMR group had better growth performance during the later stage of the experiment (p < 0.05); the immunocompetence and antioxidant capacity of the EMR group were not significantly different from those of the CON group in the middle and late stages of the experiment, and the mean values of all the indexes were slightly better than those of the control group. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in microbiota demonstrated that EMR increased the colonization of bacterial genera, including Lachnospiraceae, Enterococcus, Rothia and Ligilactobacillus. Compared to the CON group, acetate acid (p < 0.05), propionate acid (p < 0.01) and total SCFAs (p < 0.01) in the EMR group were significantly increased. Moreover, the intake of the EMR resulted in the production of distinct metabolites implicated in the metabolism of lipids and amino acids, among other nutrients, thus invigorating the associated metabolic pathways. These results elucidate the impact of administering a milk replacer on gastrointestinal health and nutrient assimilation in kittens. The study provides insights into the use of milk powder alternatives and sets the stage for future research on the formulation and effectiveness of kitten milk replacers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rong X, Shen C, Shu Q. Interplay between traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides and gut microbiota: The elusive "polysaccharides-bond-bacteria-enzyme" equation. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 39120443 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are one of the most important components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and have been extensively studied for their immunomodulatory properties. The functions and effects of TCM polysaccharides are closely related to the gut microbiota, making the study of their interaction a hot topic in the field of TCM metabolism. This review follows two main inquiries: first, how the gut microbiota breaks down TCM polysaccharides to produce bioactive metabolites; and second, how TCM polysaccharides reshape the gut microbiota as a carbon source. Understanding the interaction mechanism involves a challenging equation of the structural association of TCM polysaccharides with the metabolic activities of the microbiota. This review has meticulously searched, partially organized literature spanning the past decade, that delves into the interaction mechanism between TCM polysaccharides and gut microbiota. It also gives an overview of the complex factors of the elusive "polysaccharides-bond-bacteria-enzyme" equation: the complexity of polysaccharide structures, the diversity of glycosidic bond types, the communal nature of metabolizing microbiota, the enzymes involved in functional degradation by microbiota, and the hierarchical roles of polysaccharide utilization locus and gram-positive PULs. Finally, this review aims to facilitate discussion among peers in the field of TCM microbiota and offers prospects for research in related fields, paving the way for pharmacological studies on TCM polysaccharides and gut microbiota therapeutics, and providing a reference point for further clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XinQian Rong
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - CanTing Shen
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - QingLong Shu
- Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dong J, Cui Y, Qu X. Metabolism mechanism of glycosaminoglycans by the gut microbiota: Bacteroides and lactic acid bacteria: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121905. [PMID: 38431412 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), as a class of biopolymers, play pivotal roles in various biological metabolisms such as cell signaling, tissue development, cell apoptosis, immune modulation, and growth factor activity. They are mainly present in the colon in free forms, which are essential for maintaining the host's health by regulating the colonization and proliferation of gut microbiota. Therefore, it is important to explain the specific members of the gut microbiota for GAGs' degradation and their enzymatic machinery in vivo. This review provides an outline of GAGs-utilizing entities in the Bacteroides, highlighting their polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) and the enzymatic machinery involved in chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparin (Hep)/heparan sulfate (HS). While there are some variations in GAGs' degradation among different genera, we analyze the reputed GAGs' utilization clusters in lactic acid bacteria (LAB), based on recent studies on GAGs' degradation. The enzymatic machinery involved in Hep/HS and CS metabolism within LAB is also discussed. Thus, to elucidate the precise mechanisms utilizing GAGs by diverse gut microbiota will augment our understanding of their effects on human health and contribute to potential therapeutic strategies for diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Dong
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yanhua Cui
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xiaojun Qu
- Institute of Microbiology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150010, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zeng L, Ma J, Wei T, Wang H, Yang G, Han C, Zhu T, Tian H, Zhang M. The effect of canagliflozin on gut microbiota and metabolites in type 2 diabetic mice. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:541-555. [PMID: 38483772 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-024-01491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) represent a new type of hypoglycemic medicine that can cause massive loss of glucose from the urine, which have several benefits of reducing body weight and improving the prognosis of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Although they are oral medicated hypoglycemic agents, their effects on the gut microbiome and function have been unclear. OBJECTIVE In order to describe the effects of canagliflozin on intestinal flora and metabolites, diabetic mice were randomized to receive canagliflozin or isoconcentration carboxymethylcellulose sodium by gavage for 8 weeks. Feces were collected for 16 S rRNA gene and LC-MS/MS analysis and enriched metabolic pathways through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Liver, muscle, intestinal, fat were collected for qRT-PCR according to KEGG enriched metabolic pathways. RESULTS Our results showed that canagliflozin significantly increased GLP-1 level and impacted on the composition of gut microbiota and metabolites. It mainly increased Muribaculum, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014, Lachnospiraceae-UCG-001, decreased ursodeoxycholic acids (UDCA) and hyodeoxycholic acids (HDCA), and increased fatty acids metabolites in feces. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we analyzed the changes of intestinal microbial composition and metabolites in diabetic mice after canagliflozin intervention and found that canagliflozin influenced intestinal fatty acid and bile acid (BA) metabolism. This study will provide reference for subsequent SGLT2i and intestinal related research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jideng Ma
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tiantian Wei
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guitao Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongxiang Han
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bedu-Ferrari C, Biscarrat P, Pepke F, Vati S, Chaudemanche C, Castelli F, Chollet C, Rué O, Hennequet-Antier C, Langella P, Cherbuy C. In-depth characterization of a selection of gut commensal bacteria reveals their functional capacities to metabolize dietary carbohydrates with prebiotic potential. mSystems 2024; 9:e0140123. [PMID: 38441031 PMCID: PMC11019791 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01401-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbial utilization of dietary carbohydrates is closely linked to the pivotal role of the gut microbiome in human health. Inherent to the modulation of complex microbial communities, a prebiotic implies the selective utilization of a specific substrate, relying on the metabolic capacities of targeted microbes. In this study, we investigated the metabolic capacities of 17 commensal bacteria of the human gut microbiome toward dietary carbohydrates with prebiotic potential. First, in vitro experiments allowed the classification of bacterial growth and fermentation profiles in response to various carbon sources, including agave inulin, corn fiber, polydextrose, and citrus pectin. The influence of phylogenetic affiliation appeared to statistically outweigh carbon sources in determining the degree of carbohydrate utilization. Second, we narrowed our focus on six commensal bacteria representative of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla to perform an untargeted high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomic analysis: Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides intestinalis, Subdoligranulum variabile, Roseburia intestinalis, and Eubacterium rectale exhibited distinct metabolomic profiles in response to different carbon sources. The relative abundance of bacterial metabolites was significantly influenced by dietary carbohydrates, with these effects being strain-specific and/or carbohydrate-specific. Particularly, the findings indicated an elevation in short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites, including succinate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and nicotinic acid. These metabolites were associated with putative health benefits. Finally, an RNA-Seq transcriptomic approach provided deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms of carbohydrate metabolization. Restricting our focus on four commensal bacteria, including B. xylanisolvens, B. thetaiotaomicron, S. variabile, and R. intestinalis, carbon sources did significantly modulate the level of bacterial genes related to the enzymatic machinery involved in the metabolization of dietary carbohydrates. This study provides a holistic view of the molecular strategies induced during the dynamic interplay between dietary carbohydrates with prebiotic potential and gut commensal bacteria. IMPORTANCE This study explores at a molecular level the interactions between commensal health-relevant bacteria and dietary carbohydrates holding prebiotic potential. We showed that prebiotic breakdown involves the specific activation of gene expression related to carbohydrate metabolism. We also identified metabolites produced by each bacteria that are potentially related to our digestive health. The characterization of the functional activities of health-relevant bacteria toward prebiotic substances can yield a better application of prebiotics in clinical interventions and personalized nutrition. Overall, this study highlights the importance of identifying the impact of prebiotics at a low resolution of the gut microbiota to characterize the activities of targeted bacteria that can play a crucial role in our health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Bedu-Ferrari
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- General Mills France, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Paul Biscarrat
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Frederic Pepke
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sarah Vati
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Florence Castelli
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments,, CEA, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Céline Chollet
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments,, CEA, INRAE, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Rué
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE bioinformatics facility, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christelle Hennequet-Antier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE bioinformatics facility, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Cherbuy
- Micalis Institute, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kunnummal SP, Khan M. Diet-gut microbiome interaction and ferulic acid bioavailability: implications on neurodegenerative disorders. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:51-66. [PMID: 37747555 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Ferulic acid (FA), which occurs naturally as the feruloylated sugar ester in grains, fruits, and vegetables, is critical for combating oxidative stress and alleviating neurodegenerative diseases resulting from free radical-generated protein aggregates in brain cells. However, FA cannot be absorbed in conjugated form. Therefore, strategies to improve the bioavailability of FA are gaining more importance. Ferulic acid esterases (FAE) of the gut microbiota are critical enzymes that facilitate FA release from feruloylated sugar ester conjugates and influence systemic health. This review provides insight into a nutrition-based approach to preventing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's by altering the diversity of FAE-producing gut microbiota. RECENT FINDINGS The human gut is a niche for a highly dense microbial population. Nutrient components and the quality of food shape the gut microbiota. Microbiota-diet-host interaction primarily involves an array of enzymes that hydrolyse complex polysaccharides and release covalently attached moieties, thereby increasing their bio-accessibility. Moreover, genes encoding polysaccharide degrading enzymes are substrate inducible, giving selective microorganisms a competitive advantage in scavenging nutrients. Nutraceutical therapy using specific food components holds promise as a prophylactic agent and as an adjunctive treatment strategy in neurotherapeutics, as it results in upregulation of polysaccharide utilisation loci containing fae genes in the gut microbiota, thereby increasing the release of FA and other antioxidant molecules and combat neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saarika Pothuvan Kunnummal
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India
- CSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Mahejibin Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, 570020, India.
- CSIR-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao S, Lau R, Zhong Y, Chen MH. Lactate cross-feeding between Bifidobacterium species and Megasphaera indica contributes to butyrate formation in the human colonic environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0101923. [PMID: 38126785 PMCID: PMC10807433 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01019-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, a physiologically active molecule, can be synthesized through metabolic interactions among colonic microorganisms. Previously, in a fermenting trial of human fecal microbiota, we observed that the butyrogenic effect positively correlated with the increasing Bifidobacterium population and an unidentified Megasphaera species. Therefore, we hypothesized that a cross-feeding phenomenon exists between Bifidobacterium and Megasphaera, where Megasphaera is the butyrate producer, and its growth relies on the metabolites generated by Bifidobacterium. To validate this hypothesis, three bacterial species (B. longum, B. pseudocatenulatum, and M. indica) were isolated from fecal cultures fermenting hydrolyzed xylan; pairwise cocultures were conducted between the Bifidobacterium and M. indica isolates; the microbial interactions were determined based on bacterial genome information, cell growth, substrate consumption, metabolite quantification, and metatranscriptomics. The results indicated that two Bifidobacterium isolates contained distinct gene clusters for xylan utilization and expressed varying substrate preferences. In contrast, M. indica alone scarcely grew on the xylose-based substrates. The growth of M. indica was significantly elevated by coculturing it with bifidobacteria, while the two Bifidobacterium species responded differently in the kinetics of cell growth and substrate consumption. Coculturing led to the depletion of lactate and increased the formation of butyrate. An RNA-seq analysis further revealed the upregulation of M. indica genes involved in the lactate utilization and butyrate formation pathways. We concluded that lactate generated by Bifidobacterium through catabolizing xylose fueled the growth of M. indica and triggered the synthesis of butyrate. Our findings demonstrated a novel cross-feeding mechanism to generate butyrate in the human colon.IMPORTANCEButyrate is an important short-chain fatty acid that is produced in the human colon through microbial fermentation. Although many butyrate-producing bacteria exhibit a limited capacity to degrade nondigestible food materials, butyrate can be formed through cross-feeding microbial metabolites, such as acetate or lactate. Previously, the literature has explicated the butyrate-forming links between Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and between Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium rectale. In this study, we provided an alternative butyrate synthetic pathway through the interaction between Bifidobacterium and Megasphaera indica. M. indica is a species named in 2014 and is indigenous to the human intestinal tract. Scientific studies explaining the function of M. indica in the human colon are still limited. Our results show that M. indica proliferated based on the lactate generated by bifidobacteria and produced butyrate as its end metabolic product. The pathways identified here may contribute to understanding butyrate formation in the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sainan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Lau
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Zhong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Translational Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming-Hsu Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng J, Huang L, Yi H, Yan Y, Zhang X, Akresi J, Yin Y. Carbohydrate-active enzyme annotation in microbiomes using dbCAN. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.575125. [PMID: 38260309 PMCID: PMC10802576 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.575125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
CAZymes or carbohydrate-active enzymes are critically important for human gut health, lignocellulose degradation, global carbon recycling, soil health, and plant disease. We developed dbCAN as a web server in 2012 and actively maintain it for automated CAZyme annotation. Considering data privacy and scalability, we provide run_dbcan as a standalone software package since 2018 to allow users perform more secure and scalable CAZyme annotation on their local servers. Here, we offer a comprehensive computational protocol on automated CAZyme annotation of microbiome sequencing data, covering everything from short read pre-processing to data visualization of CAZyme and glycan substrate occurrence and abundance in multiple samples. Using a real-world metagenomic sequencing dataset, this protocol describes commands for dataset and software preparation, metagenome assembly, gene prediction, CAZyme prediction, CAZyme gene cluster (CGC) prediction, glycan substrate prediction, and data visualization. The expected results include publication-quality plots for the abundance of CAZymes, CGCs, and substrates from multiple CAZyme annotation routes (individual sample assembly, co-assembly, and assembly-free). For the individual sample assembly route, this protocol takes ∼33h on a Linux computer with 40 CPUs, while other routes will be faster. This protocol does not require programming experience from users, but it does assume a familiarity with the Linux command-line interface and the ability to run Python scripts in the terminal. The target audience includes the tens of thousands of microbiome researchers who routinely use our web server. This protocol will encourage them to perform more secure, rapid, and scalable CAZyme annotation on their local computer servers.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zaplana T, Miele S, Tolonen AC. Lachnospiraceae are emerging industrial biocatalysts and biotherapeutics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1324396. [PMID: 38239921 PMCID: PMC10794557 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1324396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The Lachnospiraceae is a family of anaerobic bacteria in the class Clostridia with potential to advance the bio-economy and intestinal therapeutics. Some species of Lachnospiraceae metabolize abundant, low-cost feedstocks such as lignocellulose and carbon dioxide into value-added chemicals. Others are among the dominant species of the human colon and animal rumen, where they ferment dietary fiber to promote healthy gut and immune function. Here, we summarize recent studies of the physiology, cultivation, and genetics of Lachnospiraceae, highlighting their wide substrate utilization and metabolic products with industrial applications. We examine studies of these bacteria as Live Biotherapeutic Products (LBPs), focusing on in vivo disease models and clinical studies using them to treat infection, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. We discuss key research areas including elucidation of intra-specific diversity and genetic modification of candidate strains that will facilitate the exploitation of Lachnospiraceae in industry and medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew C. Tolonen
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, University of Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Facimoto CT, Clements KD, White WL, Handley KM. Bacteroidia and Clostridia are equipped to degrade a cascade of polysaccharides along the hindgut of the herbivorous fish Kyphosus sydneyanus. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:ycae102. [PMID: 39165393 PMCID: PMC11333855 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycae102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota of the marine herbivorous fish Kyphosus sydneyanus are thought to play an important role in host nutrition by supplying short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through fermentation of dietary red and brown macroalgae. Here, using 645 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from wild fish, we determined the capacity of different bacterial taxa to degrade seaweed carbohydrates along the gut. Most bacteria (99%) were unclassified at the species level. Gut communities and CAZyme-related transcriptional activity were dominated by Bacteroidia and Clostridia. Both classes possess genes CAZymes acting on internal polysaccharide bonds, suggesting their role initiating glycan depolymerization, followed by rarer Gammaproteobacteria and Verrucomicrobiae. Results indicate that Bacteroidia utilize substrates in both brown and red algae, whereas other taxa, namely, Clostridia, Bacilli, and Verrucomicrobiae, utilize mainly brown algae. Bacteroidia had the highest CAZyme gene densities overall, and Alistipes were especially enriched in CAZyme gene clusters (n = 73 versus just 62 distributed across all other taxa), pointing to an enhanced capacity for macroalgal polysaccharide utilization (e.g., alginate, laminarin, and sulfated polysaccharides). Pairwise correlations of MAG relative abundances and encoded CAZyme compositions provide evidence of potential inter-species collaborations. Co-abundant MAGs exhibited complementary degradative capacities for specific substrates, and flexibility in their capacity to source carbon (e.g., glucose- or galactose-rich glycans), possibly facilitating coexistence via niche partitioning. Results indicate the potential for collaborative microbial carbohydrate metabolism in the K. sydneyanus gut, that a greater variety of taxa contribute to the breakdown of brown versus red dietary algae, and that Bacteroidia encompass specialized macroalgae degraders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar T Facimoto
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kendall D Clements
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - W Lindsey White
- Department of Environmental Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kim M Handley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
García-Pérez P, Tomas M, Rivera-Pérez A, Patrone V, Giuberti G, Cervini M, Capanoglu E, Lucini L. Pectin conformation influences the bioaccessibility of cherry laurel polyphenols and gut microbiota distribution following in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation. Food Chem 2024; 430:137054. [PMID: 37566983 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between dietary fiber and phenolic compounds in foods can influence their gastrointestinal fate. This study aimed to examine the effect of four types of pectin on the polyphenols of cherry laurel puree and human gut microbiota during a simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and large intestine fermentation. Results revealed that the combined addition of different pectins and pectinase to cherry laurel puree significantly affected the content and bioaccessibility of phenolics. The addition of pectins and pectinase distinctively impacted the phenolic subclasses in both raw and post-digested/fermented cherry laurel puree, suggesting differential interactions due to structural features. Both pectins and pectinase modulated the composition of fecal microbiota after in vitro fermentation, increasing bacterial diversity following pectinase treatment. The combined addition of pectins followed by pectinase had differential impacts on polyphenol bioaccessibility and gut microbiome diversity, hence having a potential outcome in terms of human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascual García-Pérez
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Merve Tomas
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, 34303 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Araceli Rivera-Pérez
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; Research Group "Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants", Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
| | - Vania Patrone
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giuberti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Mariasole Cervini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ji J, Jin W, Liu S, Jiao Z, Li X. Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in health and disease. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e420. [PMID: 37929014 PMCID: PMC10625129 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota and its homeostasis play a crucial role in human health. However, for some diseases related to the gut microbiota, current traditional medicines can only relieve symptoms, and it is difficult to solve the root causes or even cause side effects like disturbances in the gut microbiota. Increasing clinical studies and evidences have demonstrated that probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics can prevent and treat various diseases, but currently they can only be used as dietary supplements rather than medicines, which restricts the application of probiotics in the field of medicine. Here, this review analyzes the importance of gut microbiota in human health and the current problems of traditional medicines, and systematically summarizes the effectiveness and mechanisms of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in maintaining health and treating diseases based on animal models and clinical trials. And based on current research outcomes and development trends in this field, the challenges and prospects of their clinical application in maintaining health, alleviating and treating diseases are analyzed. It is hoped to promote the application of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in disease treatment and open up new frontiers in probiotic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress AdaptationsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Weilin Jin
- Institute of Cancer NeuroscienceMedical Frontier Innovation Research CenterThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityThe First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Shuang‐Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial ResourcesInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zuoyi Jiao
- Cuiying Biomedical Research CenterThe Second Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| | - Xiangkai Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress AdaptationsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouGansuChina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu W, Zhao Z, Zhao Z, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Fang Z, Bai Y, Guo X. Structure, Health Benefits, Mechanisms, and Gut Microbiota of Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharides: A Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4901. [PMID: 38068759 PMCID: PMC10708504 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOPs) are important active polysaccharides found in Dendrobium officinale, which is commonly used as a conventional food or herbal medicine and is well known in China. DOPs can influence the composition of the gut microbiota and the degradation capacity of these symbiotic bacteria, which in turn may determine the efficacy of dietary interventions. However, the necessary analysis of the relationship between DOPs and the gut microbiota is lacking. In this review, we summarize the extraction, structure, health benefits, and related mechanisms of DOPs, construct the DOPs-host axis, and propose that DOPs are potential prebiotics, mainly composed of 1,4-β-D-mannose, 1,4-β-D-glucose, and O-acetate groups, which induce an increase in the abundance of gut microbiota such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Bacteroides, and Prevotella. In addition, we found that when exposed to DOPs with different structural properties, the gut microbiota may exhibit different diversity and composition and provide health benefits, such as metabolism regulations, inflammation modulation, immunity moderation, and cancer intervention. This may contribute to facilitating the development of functional foods and health products to improve human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.B.)
| | - Ziqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.B.)
| | - Zhaoer Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.B.)
| | - Dandan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.B.)
| | - Qianyi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.B.)
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China;
| | - Zhengyi Fang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China;
| | - Yiling Bai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.B.)
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (Z.Z.); (D.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun Y, Zhang S, Nie Q, He H, Tan H, Geng F, Ji H, Hu J, Nie S. Gut firmicutes: Relationship with dietary fiber and role in host homeostasis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12073-12088. [PMID: 35822206 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2098249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the predominant bacterial phyla colonizing the healthy human gut. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary fiber plays a crucial role in host health, yet most studies have focused on how the dietary fiber affects health through gut Bacteroides. More recently, gut Firmicutes have been found to possess many genes responsible for fermenting dietary fiber, and could also interact with the intestinal mucosa and thereby contribute to homeostasis. Consequently, the relationship between dietary fiber and Firmicutes is of interest, as well as the role of Firmicutes in host health. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of dietary fiber degradation by gut Firmicutes and explain the communication pathway of the dietary fiber-Firmicutes-host axis, and the beneficial effects of dietary fiber-induced Firmicutes and their metabolites on health. A better understanding of the dialogue sustained by the dietary fiber-Firmicutes axis and the host could provide new insights into probiotic therapy and novel dietary interventions aimed at increasing the abundance of Firmicutes (such as Faecalibacterium, Lactobacillus, and Roseburia) to promote health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qixing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huizi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haihua Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jielun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu M, Chen C, Lei H, Cao Z, Zhang C, Du R, Zhang C, Song Y, Qin M, Zhou J, Lu Y, Wang X, Zhang L. Dietary Isoquercetin Ameliorates Bone Loss via Restoration of the Gut Microbiota and Lipopolysaccharide-Triggered Inflammatory Status in Ovariectomy Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15981-15990. [PMID: 37852299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is one of the skeletal degenerative diseases accompanied by bone loss and microstructure disruption. Given that the gut-bone signaling axis highly contributes to bone health, here, dietary isoquercetin (IQ) was shown to effectively improve postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) in an ovariectomy (OVX) mouse model through the modulation of the gut-bone cross-talk. An in vivo study showed that OVX induced striking disruption of the microbial community, subsequently causing gut leakage and gut barrier dysfunction. As a result, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered inflammatory cytokines released from the intestine to bone marrow were determined to be associated with bone loss in OVX mice. Long-term dietary IQ effectively improved microbial community and gut barrier function in the OVX mice and thus markedly improved bone loss and host inflammatory status by repressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. An in vitro study further revealed that IQ treatments dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced inflammation and partly promoted the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. These results provide new evidence that dietary IQ has the potential for osteoporosis treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hehua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruichen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ce Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuchen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengyu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Golden Health (Guangdong) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Foshan 528225, China
- Engineering Research Academy of High Value Utilization of Green Plants, Meizhou 514021, China
| | - Yujing Lu
- Golden Health (Guangdong) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Foshan 528225, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, CAS, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cao W, Guan S, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Mst Nushrat Y, Liu Y, Tong Y, Yu S, Hua X. The digestive behavior of pectin in human gastrointestinal tract: a review on fermentation characteristics and degradation mechanism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37665605 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2253547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is widely spread in nature and it develops an extremely complex structure in terms of monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage types, and non-glycosidic substituents. As a non-digestible polysaccharide, pectin exhibits resistance to human digestive enzymes, however, it is easily utilized by gut microbiota in the large intestine. Currently, pectin has been exploited as a novel functional component with numerous physiological benefits, and it shows a promising prospect in promoting human health. In this review, we introduce the regulatory effects of pectin on intestinal inflammation and metabolic syndromes. Subsequently, the digestive behavior of pectin in the upper gastrointestinal tract is summarized, and then it will be focused on pectin's fermentation characteristics in the large intestine. The fermentation selectivity of pectin by gut bacteria and the effects of pectin structure on intestinal microecology were discussed to highlight the interaction between pectin and bacterial community. Meanwhile, we also offer information on how gut bacteria orchestrate enzymes to degrade pectin. All of these findings provide insights into pectin digestion and advance the application of pectin in human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Cao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuyi Guan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuying Yuan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | | | - Yaxian Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yanjun Tong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuhuai Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Hua
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo Z, Yi D, Hu B, Zhu L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Liu C, Shi Y, Gu Z, Xin Y, Liu H, Zhang L. Supplementation with yak (Bos grunniens) bone collagen hydrolysate altered the structure of gut microbiota and elevated short-chain fatty acid production in mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
|
18
|
Fang J, Li YX, Luo HY, Zhang WH, Chan KC, Chan YM, Chen HB, Zhao ZZ, Li SL, Dong CX, Xu J. Impacts of sulfur fumigation on the chemistry and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides in ginseng. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125843. [PMID: 37460073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is widely regarded as a panacea in Oriental medicine mainly due to its immunomodulatory activity. We previously found that sulfur fumigation, a commonly used pesticidal and anti-bacterial processing practice, weakened the immunomodulatory activity of ginseng. However, if and how sulfur fumigation affects the polysaccharides in ginseng, the crucial components contributing to the immunomodulatory function, remain unknown. Here we report that polysaccharides extracted from sulfur-fumigated ginseng (SGP) presented different chemical properties with polysaccharides extracted with non-fumigated ginseng (NGP), particularly increased water extraction yield and decreased branching degree. SGP had weaker immunomodulatory activity than NGP in immunocompromised mice, as evidenced by less improved immunophenotypes involving body weight, immune organ indexes, white blood cells, lymphocyte cell populations and inflammation. The different immunomodulatory activities were accompanied by changes in the interaction between the polysaccharides and gut microbiota, in which SGP stimulated the growth of different bacteria but produced less SCFAs as compared to NGP. Fecal microbiota transplantation experiment suggested that gut microbiota played a central role in causing the weakened immunomodulatory activity in vivo. This study provides definite evidence that sulfur fumigation affects the chemistry and bioactivity of ginseng polysaccharides, thereby contributing to understanding how sulfur fumigation weakens the immunomodulatory activity of ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Yi-Xuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Han-Yan Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Wei-Hao Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Kam-Chun Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Yui-Man Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Zhong-Zhen Zhao
- Institute of Ben Cao Gang Mu, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Cai-Xia Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong; Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Albuquerque Pereira MDF, Morais de Ávila LG, Ávila Alpino GDC, Dos Santos Cruz BC, Almeida LF, Macedo Simões J, Ladeira Bernardes A, Xisto Campos I, de Oliveira Barros Ribon A, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Gouveia Peluzio MDC. Milk kefir alters fecal microbiota impacting gut and brain health in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12630-0. [PMID: 37389589 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Kefir is a fermented beverage made of a symbiotic microbial community that stands out for health benefits. Although its microbial profile is still little explored, its effects on modulation of gut microbiota and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) seems to act by improving brain health. This work aimed to analyze the microbiota profile of milk kefir and its effect on metabolism, oxidative stress, and in the microbiota-gut-brain axis in a murine model. The experimental design was carried out using C57BL-6 mice (n = 20) subdivided into groups that received 0.1 mL water or 0.1 mL (10% w/v) kefir. The kefir proceeded to maturation for 48 h, and then it was orally administered, via gavage, to the animals for 4 weeks. Physicochemical, microbiological, antioxidant analyzes, and microbial profiling of milk kefir beverage were performed as well as growth parameters, food intake, serum markers, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes, SCFAs, and metabarcoding were analyzed in the mice. Milk kefir had 76.64 ± 0.42% of free radical scavenging and the microbiota composed primarily by the genus Comamonas. Moreover, kefir increased catalase and superoxide dismutase (colon), and SCFAs in feces (butyrate), and in the brain (butyrate and propionate). Kefir reduced triglycerides, uric acid, and affected the microbiome of animals increasing fecal butyrate-producing bacteria (Lachnospiraceae and Lachnoclostridium). Our results on the brain and fecal SCFAs and the antioxidant effect found were associated with the change in the gut microbiota caused by kefir, which indicates that kefir positively influences the gut-microbiota-brain axis and contributes to the preservation of gut and brain health. KEY POINTS: • Milk kefir modulates fecal microbiota and SCFA production in brain and colon. • Kefir treatment increases the abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria. • Milk kefir increases antioxidant enzymes and influences the metabolism of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Larissa Gabriela Morais de Ávila
- Interunit Postgraduate Program in Bioinformatics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Cássia Ávila Alpino
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Dos Santos Cruz
- Biological Sciences and Health Institute, Universidade Federal de Viçosa Campus Rio Paranaíba, Rodovia BR230 KM 7, Rio Paranaíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Filipe Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N., Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jordana Macedo Simões
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N., Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Andressa Ladeira Bernardes
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Iasmim Xisto Campos
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Andréa de Oliveira Barros Ribon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N., Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N., Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Gouveia Peluzio
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen R, Zhang C, Xu F, Yu L, Tian F, Chen W, Zhai Q. Meta-analysis reveals gut microbiome and functional pathway alterations in response to resistant starch. Food Funct 2023. [PMID: 37194392 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00845b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) has the ability to improve the structure of the gut microbiota, regulate glucolipid metabolism and maintain the health of the human body, and has been extensively studied by many scholars in recent years. However, previous studies have provided a wide range of results on the differences in the gut microbiota after RS intake. In this article, we performed a meta-analysis of a total of 955 samples of 248 individuals from the seven studies included to compare the gut microbiota of the baseline and the end-point of RS intake. At the end-point, RS intake was related to a lower gut microbial α-diversity and higher relative abundance of Ruminococcus, Agathobacter, Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium, and the functional pathways of the gut microbiota related to the carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and genetic information processing were higher. Different types of resistant starch and different populations led to varied responses on the gut microbiome. The altered gut microbiome may contribute to improve the blood glucose level and insulin resistance, which may be a potential treatment route for diabetes, obesity and other metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Fusheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martin AJ, Serebrinsky-Duek K, Riquelme E, Saa PA, Garrido D. Microbial interactions and the homeostasis of the gut microbiome: the role of Bifidobacterium. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 2:17. [PMID: 38046822 PMCID: PMC10688804 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2023.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is home to trillions of microorganisms that influence several aspects of our health. This dense microbial community targets almost all dietary polysaccharides and releases multiple metabolites, some of which have physiological effects on the host. A healthy equilibrium between members of the gut microbiota, its microbial diversity, and their metabolites is required for intestinal health, promoting regulatory or anti-inflammatory immune responses. In contrast, the loss of this equilibrium due to antibiotics, low fiber intake, or other conditions results in alterations in gut microbiota composition, a term known as gut dysbiosis. This dysbiosis can be characterized by a reduction in health-associated microorganisms, such as butyrate-producing bacteria, enrichment of a small number of opportunistic pathogens, or a reduction in microbial diversity. Bifidobacterium species are key species in the gut microbiome, serving as primary degraders and contributing to a balanced gut environment in various ways. Colonization resistance is a fundamental property of gut microbiota for the prevention and control of infections. This community competes strongly with foreign microorganisms, such as gastrointestinal pathogens, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, or even probiotics. Resistance to colonization is based on microbial interactions such as metabolic cross-feeding, competition for nutrients, or antimicrobial-based inhibition. These interactions are mediated by metabolites and metabolic pathways, representing the inner workings of the gut microbiota, and play a protective role through colonization resistance. This review presents a rationale for how microbial interactions provide resistance to colonization and gut dysbiosis, highlighting the protective role of Bifidobacterium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J.M. Martin
- Laboratorio de Redes Biológicas, Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8580702, Chile
| | - Kineret Serebrinsky-Duek
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 833115, Chile
| | - Erick Riquelme
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Pedro A. Saa
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 833115, Chile
- Institute for Mathematical and Computational Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Daniel Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 833115, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Singh RP, Bhardwaj A. β-glucans: a potential source for maintaining gut microbiota and the immune system. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1143682. [PMID: 37215217 PMCID: PMC10198134 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract holds a complex and dynamic population of microbial communities, which exerts a marked influence on the host physiology during homeostasis and disease conditions. Diet is considered one of the main factors in structuring the gut microbiota across a lifespan. Intestinal microbial communities play a vital role in sustaining immune and metabolic homeostasis as well as protecting against pathogens. The negatively altered gut bacterial composition has related to many inflammatory diseases and infections. β-glucans are a heterogeneous assemblage of glucose polymers with a typical structure comprising a leading chain of β-(1,4) and/or β-(1,3)-glucopyranosyl units with various branches and lengths as a side chain. β-glucans bind to specific receptors on immune cells and initiate immune responses. However, β-glucans from different sources differ in their structures, conformation, physical properties, and binding affinity to receptors. How these properties modulate biological functions in terms of molecular mechanisms is not known in many examples. This review provides a critical understanding of the structures of β-glucans and their functions for modulating the gut microbiota and immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Pal Singh
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bhattacharjee D, Flores C, Woelfel-Monsivais C, Seekatz AM. Diversity and Prevalence of Clostridium innocuum in the Human Gut Microbiota. mSphere 2023; 8:e0056922. [PMID: 36541771 PMCID: PMC9942572 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00569-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridia are a polyphyletic group of Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobes in the Firmicutes phylum that significantly impact metabolism and functioning of the human gastrointestinal tract. Recently, Clostridia were divided into two separate classes, Clostridia and Erysipelotrichia, based on phenotypic and 16S rRNA gene-based differences. While Clostridia include many well-known pathogenic bacteria, Erysipelotrichia remain relatively uncharacterized, particularly regarding their role as a pathogen versus commensal. Despite wide recognition as a commensal, the erysipelotrichial species Clostridium innocuum has recently been associated with various disease states. To further understand the ecological and potential virulent role of C. innocuum, we conducted a genomic comparison across 38 C. innocuum isolates and 194 publicly available genomes. Based on colony morphology, we isolated multiple C. innocuum cultivars from the feces of healthy human volunteers (n = 5). Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene of our isolates against publicly available microbiota data sets in healthy individuals suggests a high prevalence of C. innocuum across the human population (>80%). Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across core genes and average nucleotide identify (ANI) revealed the presence of four clades among all available genomes (n = 232 total). Investigation of carbohydrate and protein utilization pathways, including comparison against the carbohydrate-activating enzyme (CAZyme) database, demonstrated inter- and intraclade differences that were further substantiated in vitro. Collectively, these data indicate genetic variance within the C. innocuum species that may help clarify its role in human disease and health. IMPORTANCE Clostridia are a group of medically important anaerobes as both commensals and pathogens. Recently, a new class of Erysipelotrichia containing a number of reassigned clostridial species has emerged, including Clostridium innocuum. Recent studies have implicated C. innocuum as a potential causative agent of diarrhea in patients from whom Clostridioides difficile could not be isolated. Using genomic and in vitro comparison, this study sought to characterize C. innocuum in the healthy human gut. Our analyses suggest that C. innocuum is a highly prevalent and diverse species, demonstrating clade-specific differences in metabolism and potential virulence. Collectively, this study is the first investigation into a broader description of C. innocuum as a human gut inhabitant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Disha Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Clara Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Anna M. Seekatz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xie NN, Wu CY, Ge Q, Zhou J, Long F, Mao Q, Li SL, Shen H. Structure-specific antitumor effects and potential gut microbiota-involved mechanisms of ginseng polysaccharides on B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:796-809. [PMID: 36607268 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03383f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng polysaccharides (GPs) have shown gut microbiota-related antitumor effects. However, the relation between their structures and antitumor functions remains unknown. Here, crude polysaccharide (GP-c) and its fractions neutral polysaccharide (GP-n) and pectin (GP-a) were prepared for structure characterization and anti-B16F10 melanoma effect evaluation, and their influence on gut microbiota diversities and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were also analyzed. Spearman correlations among the altered gut microbiota, SCFAs, and antitumor effects were conducted to elucidate the structure-function relationships. It was shown that the structures of GP-c, GP-n, and GP-a varied in monosaccharide composition and molecular weight distribution. GP-n and GP-c showed anti-melanoma effects, whereas GP-a promoted its growth slightly. GP-n and GP-c restored SCFAs levels such as acetic acid and butyric acid; moreover, it improved the gut microbiota ecosystem by upregulating the abundance of Allobaculum and Bifidobacterium. However, the restoration effect of GP-a was weak, or even worse. In addition, these two bacteria were negatively correlated with the tumor weight and related with the altered SCFAs. In conclusion, GP-n is essential for the anti-melanoma effects of GP, and the potential mechanisms might be related with its specific regulation of Allobaculum and Bifidobacterium abundance, and tumor-associated SCFAs levels. The outcomes highlighted here enable a deeper insight into the structure-function relationship of GP and propose new opinions on its antitumor effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Na Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cheng-Ying Wu
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiong Ge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fang Long
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Mao
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song-Lin Li
- Department of Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210028, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sheridan PO, Odat MA, Scott KP. Establishing genetic manipulation for novel strains of human gut bacteria. MICROBIOME RESEARCH REPORTS 2023; 2:1. [PMID: 38059211 PMCID: PMC10696588 DOI: 10.20517/mrr.2022.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen the development of high-accuracy and high-throughput genetic manipulation techniques, which have greatly improved our understanding of genetically tractable microbes. However, challenges remain in establishing genetic manipulation techniques in novel organisms, owing largely to exogenous DNA defence mechanisms, lack of selectable markers, lack of efficient methods to introduce exogenous DNA and an inability of genetic vectors to replicate in their new host. In this review, we describe some of the techniques that are available for genetic manipulation of novel microorganisms. While many reviews exist that focus on the final step in genetic manipulation, the editing of recipient DNA, we particularly focus on the first step in this process, the transfer of exogenous DNA into a strain of interest. Examples illustrating the use of these techniques are provided for a selection of human gut bacteria in which genetic tractability has been established, such as Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides and Roseburia. Ultimately, this review aims to provide an information source for researchers interested in developing genetic manipulation techniques for novel bacterial strains, particularly those of the human gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul O. Sheridan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Ma’en Al Odat
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Karen P. Scott
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland AB25 2ZD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hu R, Li S, Diao H, Huang C, Yan J, Wei X, Zhou M, He P, Wang T, Fu H, Zhong C, Mao C, Wang Y, Kuang S, Tang W. The interaction between dietary fiber and gut microbiota, and its effect on pig intestinal health. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1095740. [PMID: 36865557 PMCID: PMC9972974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1095740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal health is closely associated with overall animal health and performance and, consequently, influences the production efficiency and profit in feed and animal production systems. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the main site of the nutrient digestive process and the largest immune organ in the host, and the gut microbiota colonizing the GIT plays a key role in maintaining intestinal health. Dietary fiber (DF) is a key factor in maintaining normal intestinal function. The biological functioning of DF is mainly achieved by microbial fermentation, which occurs mainly in the distal small and large intestine. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main class of microbial fermentation metabolites, are the main energy supply for intestinal cells. SCFAs help to maintain normal intestinal function, induce immunomodulatory effects to prevent inflammation and microbial infection, and are vital for the maintenance of homeostasis. Moreover, because of its distinct characteristics (e.g. solubility), DF is able to alter the composition of the gut microbiota. Therefore, understanding the role that DF plays in modulating gut microbiota, and how it influences intestinal health, is essential. This review gives an overview of DF and its microbial fermentation process, and investigates the effect of DF on the alteration of gut microbiota composition in pigs. The effects of interaction between DF and the gut microbiota, particularly as they relate to SCFA production, on intestinal health are also illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Hu
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuwei Li
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Diao
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongbo Huang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayou Yan
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolan Wei
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengjia Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng He
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongsen Fu
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengbo Zhong
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chi Mao
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengyao Kuang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animtech Feed Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang Q, Van Haute M, Korth N, Sattler S, Rose D, Juritsch A, Shao J, Beede K, Schmaltz R, Price J, Toy J, Ramer-Tait AE, Benson AK. The waxy mutation in sorghum and other cereal grains reshapes the gut microbiome by reducing levels of multiple beneficial species. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2178799. [PMID: 37610979 PMCID: PMC9980621 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2178799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Waxy starches from cereal grains contain >90% amylopectin due to naturally occurring mutations that block amylose biosynthesis. Waxy starches have unique organoleptic characteristics (e.g. sticky rice) as well as desirable physicochemical properties for food processing. Using isogenic pairs of wild type sorghum lines and their waxy derivatives, we studied the effects of waxy starches in the whole grain context on the human gut microbiome. In vitro fermentations with human stool microbiomes show that beneficial taxonomic and metabolic signatures driven by grain from wild type parental lines are lost in fermentations of grain from the waxy derivatives and the beneficial signatures can be restored by addition of resistant starch. These undesirable effects are conserved in fermentations of waxy maize, wheat, rice and millet. We also demonstrate that humanized gnotobiotic mice fed low fiber diets supplemented with 20% grain from isogenic pairs of waxy vs. wild type parental sorghum have significant differences in microbiome composition and show increased weight gain. We conclude that the benefits of waxy starches on food functionality can have unintended tradeoff effects on the gut microbiome and host physiology that could be particularly relevant in human populations consuming large amounts of waxy grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinnan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Mallory Van Haute
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Nate Korth
- Nebraska Food for Health Center at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Complex Biosystems Graduate Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Scott Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum and Forage Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Devin Rose
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Anthony Juritsch
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jing Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Kristin Beede
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robert Schmaltz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jeff Price
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John Toy
- Wheat, Sorghum and Forage Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Andrew K. Benson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Trillions of microbes are indigenous to the human gastrointestinal tract, together forming an ecological community known as the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota is involved in dietary digestion to produce various metabolites. In healthy condition, microbial metabolites have unneglectable roles in regulating host physiology and intestinal homeostasis. However, increasing studies have reported the correlation between metabolites and the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), with the identification of oncometabolites. Meanwhile, metabolites can also influence the efficacy of cancer treatments. In this review, metabolites derived from microbes-mediated metabolism of dietary carbohydrates, proteins, and cholesterol, are introduced. The roles of pro-tumorigenic (secondary bile acids and polyamines) and anti-tumorigenic (short-chain fatty acids and indole derivatives) metabolites in CRC development are then discussed. The impacts of metabolites on chemotherapy and immunotherapy are further elucidated. Collectively, given the importance of microbial metabolites in CRC, therapeutic approaches that target metabolites may be promising to improve patient outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Harry Cheuk-Hay Lau
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Eliseev MS, Kharlamova EN, Zhelyabina OV, Lila AM. Microbiota as a new pathogenetic factor in the development of chronic hyperuricemia and gout. Part 2: gout therapy and the gut microbiota. MODERN RHEUMATOLOGY JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.14412/1996-7012-2022-6-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The article presents current data on the effect of drugs for the treatment of gout on the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. The potential possibilities of pre- and probiotics use for the prevention and complex therapy of gout are discussed, therapeutic effect may be associated with their impact on the uric acid synthesis and intestinal excretion, as well as with anti-inflammatory properties. The need for further research in this area is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. M. Lila
- V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Butyrate-producing colonic clostridia: picky glycan utilization specialists. Essays Biochem 2022; 67:415-428. [PMID: 36350044 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Butyrate-producing human gut microbiota members are recognized for their strong association with a healthy immune-homeostasis and protection from inflammatory disorders and colorectal cancer. These effects are attributed to butyrate, the terminal electron sink of glycan fermentation by prevalent and abundant colonic Firmicutes from the Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae families. Remarkably, our insight into the glycan utilization mechanisms and preferences of butyrogenic Firmicutes remains very limited as compared with other gut symbionts, especially from the Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus genera. Here, we summarize recent findings on the strategies that colonic butyrate producers have evolved to harvest energy from major dietary fibres, especially plant structural and storage glycans, such as resistant starch, xylans, and mannans. Besides dietary fibre, we also present the unexpected discovery of a conserved protein apparatus that confers the growth of butyrate producers on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are unique to mother’s milk. The dual dietary fibre/HMO utilization machinery attests the adaptation of this group to both the infant and adult guts. These finding are discussed in relation to the early colonization of butyrogenic bacteria and the maturation of the microbiota during the transition from mother’s milk to solid food. To date, the described butyrogenic Firmicutes are glycan utilization specialists that target only a few glycans in a highly competitive manner relying on co-regulated glycan utilization loci. We describe the common pillars of this machinery, highlighting butyrate producers as a source for discovery of biochemically and structurally novel carbohydrate active enzymes.
Collapse
|
31
|
Hungatella hathewayi, an Efficient Glycosaminoglycan-Degrading
Firmicutes
from Human Gut and Its Chondroitin ABC Exolyase with High Activity and Broad Substrate Specificity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0154622. [PMID: 36342199 PMCID: PMC9680638 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01546-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased understanding of GAG metabolism by intestinal bacteria is critical in identifying the driving factors for the composition, modulation, and homeostasis of the human gut microbiota. In addition, GAG-depolymerizing polysaccharide lyases are highly desired enzymes for the production of GAG oligosaccharides and as therapeutics.
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang X, Xu M, Xu D, Ma K, Zhang C, Wang G, Dong M, Li W. Structural and prebiotic activity analysis of the polysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus helveticus SNA12. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
33
|
Yang S, Luo J, Chen Y, Wu R, Liu H, Zhou Z, Akhtar M, Xiao Y, Shi D. A buffalo rumen-derived probiotic (SN-6) could effectively increase simmental growth performance by regulating fecal microbiota and metabolism. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:935884. [PMID: 36386716 PMCID: PMC9649902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.935884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms play a key role in ruminal digestion, some of which can be used as probiotics to promote growth in ruminants. However, which potential bacteria are responsible for ruminant growth and how they potentiate the basic mechanism is unclear. In this study, three bacterial strains, Bacillus pumilus (SN-3), Bacillus paralicheniformis (SN-6), and Bacillus altitudinis (SN-20) with multiple digestive enzymes were isolated from the rumen of healthy buffaloes. Among these strains, SN-6 secreted cellulase, laccase, and amylase, and significantly inhibited Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and Escherichia coli K99 in vitro. In addition, SN-6 exhibited strong tolerance to artificial gastric juice, intestinal juice, and high temperature. Antibiotic resistance test, virulence gene test, and mouse toxicity test confirmed the safety of SN-6. Further, SN-6 significantly increased the body weight (p < 0.01), affects the intestinal microbiota structure, and alters the metabolomic patterns of Simmental. There was a remarkable difference in the β diversity of fecal microflora between SN-6 and control groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, SN-6 significantly increased the abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, and Cellulolyticum, decreased the relative abundance of Monoglobus and norank_f_Ruminococcacea. Moreover, SN-6 feeding significantly enriched intestinal metabolites (i.e., 3-indoleacrylic acid, kynurenic acid) to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Finally, the microbial and metabolic functional analysis indicated that SN-6 could enhance amino acid metabolism (mainly tryptophan metabolism) and lipid metabolism pathways. Overall, these findings indicated that SN-6 could be used as a probiotic in ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Suining Mubiao Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Xuzhou, China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuncai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Long C, Qi XL, Venema K. Chemical and nutritional characteristics, and microbial degradation of rapeseed meal recalcitrant carbohydrates: A review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:948302. [PMID: 36245487 PMCID: PMC9554435 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.948302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 35% of rapeseed meal (RSM) dry matter (DM) are carbohydrates, half of which are water-soluble carbohydrates. The cell wall of rapeseed meal contains arabinan, galactomannan, homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I, type II arabinogalactan, glucuronoxylan, XXGG-type and XXXG-type xyloglucan, and cellulose. Glycoside hydrolases including in the degradation of RSM carbohydrates are α-L-Arabinofuranosidases (EC 3.2.1.55), endo-α-1,5-L-arabinanases (EC 3.2.1.99), Endo-1,4-β-mannanase (EC 3.2.1.78), β-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.25), α-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22), reducing-end-disaccharide-lyase (pectate disaccharide-lyase) (EC 4.2.2.9), (1 → 4)-6-O-methyl-α-D-galacturonan lyase (pectin lyase) (EC 4.2.2.10), (1 → 4)-α-D-galacturonan reducing-end-trisaccharide-lyase (pectate trisaccharide-lyase) (EC 4.2.2.22), α-1,4-D-galacturonan lyase (pectate lyase) (EC 4.2.2.2), (1 → 4)-α-D-galacturonan glycanohydrolase (endo-polygalacturonase) (EC 3.2.1.15), Rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase, Rhamnogalacturonan lyase (EC 4.2.2.23), Exo-β-1,3-galactanase (EC 3.2.1.145), endo-β-1,6-galactanase (EC 3.2.1.164), Endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), α-xylosidase (EC 3.2.1.177), β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), exo-β-1,4-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.91), and β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21). In conclusion, this review summarizes the chemical and nutritional compositions of RSM, and the microbial degradation of RSM cell wall carbohydrates which are important to allow to develop strategies to improve recalcitrant RSM carbohydrate degradation by the gut microbiota, and eventually to improve animal feed digestibility, feed efficiency, and animal performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Long
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University - Campus Venlo, Venlo, Netherlands
| | - Xiao-Long Qi
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Koen Venema
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University - Campus Venlo, Venlo, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Koen Venema
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Song Y, Chen K, Lv L, Xiang Y, Du X, Zhang X, Zhao G, Xiao Y. Uncovering the biogeography of the microbial commmunity and its association with nutrient metabolism in the intestinal tract using a pig model. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1003763. [PMID: 36238459 PMCID: PMC9552906 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1003763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that is essential for the metabolism, immunity and health of the host. The gut microbiota also plays a critical role in nutrient absorption and metabolism, and nutrients can influence the growth and composition of the gut microbiota. To gain a better understanding of the relationship between the gut microbial composition and nutrient metabolism, we used a pig model by collecting the contents of the different intestinal locations from six pigs to investigate microbial composition in different intestinal locations based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), amino acids, fat, and crude ash in different intestinal locations using gas chromatography and chemical analysis. The results showed that the richness and diversity of intestinal microbial communities gradually increased from the small intestine to the large intestine. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was higher in the jejunum and ileum, whereas the proportion of Firmicutes was higher in the cecum and colon. The concentrations of SCFAs were higher in the cecum and colon (P < 0.05). The concentrations of amino acids were higher in the small intestine than in the large intestine, while the amino acid content was significantly higher in the ascending colon than in the transverse colon and descending colon. The correlation analysis revealed that Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, Coriobacteriaceae_uncultured, [Eubacterium] hallii group, Mogibacterium and Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group had a higher positive correlation with SCFAs, crude ash and fat but had a negative correlation with amino acids in different gut locations of pigs. These findings may serve as fundamental data for using nutrient metabolism to regulate human and animal gut microbes and health and provide guidance for exploring host-microbe bidirectional interaction mechanisms and driving pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Quality and Safety of Animal Products Group, Zhejiang Center of Animal Disease Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, China
| | - Xizhong Du
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua, China
| | - Guangmin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yingping Xiao
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fei H, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Yu X, Yi S, Huang M, Yang S. Effect of Autolyzed Yarrowia lipolytica on the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Histology, Microbiota, and Transcriptome Profile of Juvenile Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810780. [PMID: 36142687 PMCID: PMC9503160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The improper components of formulated feed can cause the intestinal dysbiosis of juvenile largemouth bass and further affect fish health. A 28 day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of partially replacing fish meal (FM) with autolyzed Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) on juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). We considered four diets—control, YL25, YL50, and YL75—in which 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the FM content, respectively, was replaced with YL. According to results, the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish with the YL25 and YL50 diets were significantly higher than the WGR and SGR with the control diet, while the YL75 diet significantly reduced fish growth and antioxidant enzymes activities, and shortened the villus height in the intestinal mucosa. The 16S rRNA analysis of the intestinal microbiota showed that the relative abundance of Mycoplasma was significantly increased with the YL25 and YL50 diets, while the Enterobacteriacea content was increased with the YL75 diet. Moreover, our transcriptome analysis revealed that certain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are associated with growth, metabolism, and immunity were modulated by YL inclusion treatment. Dietary YL25 and YL50 significantly reduced the mRNA level of ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1 (errfi1) and dual-specificity phosphatases (dusp), while the expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (socs1), the transporter associated with antigen processing 2 subunit type a (tap2a), and the major histocompatibility complex class I-related gene (MHC-I-l) were sharply increased with YL75 treatment. We determined that the optimum dose of dietary YL required for maximum growth without any adverse influence on intestinal health was 189.82 g/kg (with 31.63% of the fishmeal replaced by YL), while an excessive substitution of YL for fishmeal led to suppressed growth and antioxidant capacity, as well as intestinal damage for juvenile largemouth bass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Zhejiang Development &Planning Institute, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Shunfa Yi
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mengmeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shun Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-8684-3199
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Jiang Y, Han X, Li M, Feng N, Yang P, Zhao H, Zhang C, Shi M, Huang Z, Sun R, Liu S, Hu D. Changes in the gut microbiota of forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) during ex situ conservation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:969593. [PMID: 36160192 PMCID: PMC9493438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.969593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex situ conservation is an important technique for protecting rare and endangered wildlife, and maintaining stable individual health is crucial to its success. Gut microbiota composition is a critical indicator of animal health and should therefore be closely monitored during ex situ conservation to track impacts on animal health. Forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) were historically distributed in Hebei Province, China, however, they are now extinct in the region. Thus, ex situ conservation efforts were conducted in 2016 whereby approximately 50 individuals were artificially migrated from Weinan, Shaanxi to Huailai, Hebei. To monitor gut health of these migrated individuals, we used 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology to examine the microbiota differences between Huailai juvenile and Weinan juvenile groups, and between Huailai adult and Weinan adult groups. Alpha diversity analysis indicated that the richness of microbiota significantly decreased after migration to the Huailai area, and the beta diversity results also showed significant dissimilarity in gut microbial communities, demonstrating the distinct microbial structure differences in the forest musk deer population from the two areas, for both juvenile and adult groups, respectively. In addition, PICRUSt functional profile prediction indicated that the functions of gut digestion and absorption, and degradation of toxic substances were significantly weakened after ex situ conservation. Differences in diet composition between the individuals of the two sites were also observed and the impact of food on gut microbiota compositions within forest musk deer during ex situ conservation was investigated. This study provides a theoretical basis for developing ex situ conservation measures, especially for the protection of forest musk deer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Jiang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Han
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Nuannuan Feng
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haoxi Zhao
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Shi
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Huang
- Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Rubin Sun
- Huailai Zhiyangtianbao Technical Development Co., Ltd., Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Shuqiang Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuqiang Liu,
| | - Defu Hu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Defu Hu,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fecal Microbiota Comparison between Healthy Teaching Horses and Client-Owned Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104105. [PMID: 36058504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the fecal microbiota of 2 healthy teaching horse herds with that of client-owned horses from the same geographic areas. The fecal microbiota of client-owned horses from Ontario Canada (n = 15) and Florida, USA (n = 11) was compared with that teaching horses from the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada (n = 10) and the University of Florida, Florida, USA (n = 15). The fecal microbiota was characterized by sequencing of bacterial DNA using the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The diversity (inverse Simpson index) of the fecal microbiota was significantly higher in teaching than client owned horses from the same geographical area (P < 0.05). The community membership (Jaccard Index) and structure (Yue and Clayton index) of teaching horses was also significantly different from that of client owned horses from the same geographical area (AMOVA P < 0.001). The bacterial membership and structure of the fecal microbiota of Ontario and Florida teaching horses were significantly different, while the bacterial membership, but not the structure of Ontario and Florida client owned horses was significantly different (AMOVA P < 0.001). In all 4 groups of healthy horses, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidales, Clostridiales, and Treponema were detected in high relative abundance. The fecal microbiota of healthy horses from teaching herds kept in the same environment with identical management practices differs significantly from that of horses housed in different facilities with dissimilar management practices. Our results suggest an effect of the environment and management practices on the gastrointestinal microbiota. Researchers should attempt to include healthy horses from the same farm with similar management as control groups when comparing with diseased horses.
Collapse
|
39
|
Holman DB, Kommadath A, Tingley JP, Abbott DW. Novel Insights into the Pig Gut Microbiome Using Metagenome-Assembled Genomes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0238022. [PMID: 35880887 PMCID: PMC9431278 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02380-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are among the most numerous and intensively farmed food-producing animals in the world. The gut microbiome plays an important role in the health and performance of swine and changes rapidly after weaning. Here, fecal samples were collected from pigs at 7 different times points from 7 to 140 days of age. These swine fecal metagenomes were used to assemble 1,150 dereplicated metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) that were at least 90% complete and had less than 5% contamination. These MAGs represented 472 archaeal and bacterial species, and the most widely distributed MAGs were the uncultured species Collinsella sp002391315, Sodaliphilus sp004557565, and Prevotella sp000434975. Weaning was associated with a decrease in the relative abundance of 69 MAGs (e.g., Escherichia coli) and an increase in the relative abundance of 140 MAGs (e.g., Clostridium sp000435835, Oliverpabstia intestinalis). Genes encoding for the production of the short-chain fatty acids acetate, butyrate, and propionate were identified in 68.5%, 18.8%, and 8.3% of the MAGs, respectively. Carbohydrate-active enzymes associated with the degradation of arabinose oligosaccharides and mixed-linkage glucans were predicted to be most prevalent among the MAGs. Antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in 327 MAGs, including 59 MAGs with tetracycline resistance genes commonly associated with pigs, such as tet(44), tet(Q), and tet(W). Overall, 82% of the MAGs were assigned to species that lack cultured representatives indicating that a large portion of the swine gut microbiome is still poorly characterized. The results here also demonstrate the value of MAGs in adding genomic context to gut microbiomes. IMPORTANCE Many of the bacterial strains found in the mammalian gut are difficult to culture and isolate due to their various growth and nutrient requirements that are frequently unknown. Here, we assembled strain-level genomes from short metagenomic sequences, so-called metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), that were derived from fecal samples collected from pigs at multiple time points. The genomic context of a number of antimicrobial resistance genes commonly detected in swine was also determined. In addition, our study connected taxonomy with potential metabolic functions such as carbohydrate degradation and short-chain fatty acid production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin B. Holman
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arun Kommadath
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey P. Tingley
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - D. Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G, Liaw J, Gundogdu O, Corcionivoschi N, Ilie I, Oprea L, Musat M, Chifiriuc MC. Effects of the Lipid Profile, Type 2 Diabetes and Medication on the Metabolic Syndrome—Associated Gut Microbiome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147509. [PMID: 35886861 PMCID: PMC9318871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is a major health problem affecting approximately 25% of the worldwide population. Since the gut microbiota is highly connected to the host metabolism, several recent studies have emerged to characterize the role of the microbiome in MetSyn development and progression. To this end, our study aimed to identify the microbiome patterns which distinguish MetSyn from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing on a cohort of 70 individuals among which 40 were MetSyn patients. The microbiome of MetSyn patients was characterised by reduced diversity, loss of butyrate producers (Subdoligranulum, Butyricicoccus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) and enrichment in the relative abundance of fungal populations. We also show a link between the gut microbiome and lipid metabolism in MetSyn. Specifically, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) display a positive effect on gut microbial diversity. When interrogating the signature of gut microbiota in a subgroup of patients harbouring both MetSyn and T2DM conditions, we observed a significant increase in taxa such as Bacteroides, Clostridiales, and Erysipelotrichaceae. This preliminary study shows for the first time that T2DM brings unique signatures of gut microbiota in MetSyn patients. We also highlight the impact of metformin treatment on the gut microbiota. Metformin administration was linked to changes in Prevotellaceae, Rickenellaceae, and Clostridiales. Further research focusing on the microbiome-metabolome patterns is needed to clarify the exact association of various gut microbial communities with the progression of T2DM and the occurrence of various complications in MetSyn patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janie Liaw
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
- Correspondence: (G.G.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK;
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine—King Michael I of Romania, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | | | - Luciana Oprea
- National Institute of Endocrinology C.I. Parhon, 011863 Bucharest, Romania; (L.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Madalina Musat
- National Institute of Endocrinology C.I. Parhon, 011863 Bucharest, Romania; (L.O.); (M.M.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana-Carmen Chifiriuc
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest (ICUB), 300645 Bucharest, Romania;
- Romanian Academy, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mason B, Petrzelkova KJ, Kreisinger J, Bohm T, Cervena B, Fairet E, Fuh T, Gomez A, Knauf S, Maloueki U, Modry D, Shirley MH, Tagg N, Wangue N, Pafco B. Gastrointestinal symbiont diversity in wild gorilla: a comparison of bacterial and strongylid communities across multiple localities. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4127-4145. [PMID: 35661299 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are Critically Endangered and show continued population decline. Consequently, pressure mounts to better understand their conservation threats and ecology. Gastrointestinal symbionts, such as bacterial and eukaryotic communities, are believed to play vital roles in the physiological landscape of the host. Gorillas host a broad spectrum of eucaryotes, so called parasites, with strongylid nematodes being particularly prevalent. While these communities are partially consistent, they are also shaped by various ecological factors, such as diet or habitat type. To investigate gastrointestinal symbionts of wild western lowland gorillas, we analysed 215 faecal samples from individuals in five distinct localities across the Congo Basin, using high-throughput sequencing techniques. We describe the gut bacterial microbiome and genetic diversity of strongylid communities, including strain-level identification of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). We identified strongylid ASVs from eight genera and bacterial ASVs from twenty phyla. We compared these communities across localities, with reference to varying environmental factors among populations, finding differences in alpha diversity and community compositions of both gastrointestinal components. Moreover, we also investigated covariation between strongylid nematodes and the bacterial microbiome, finding correlations between strongylid taxa and Prevotellaceae and Rikenellaceae ASVs that were consistent across multiple localities. Our research highlights complexity of the bacterial microbiome and strongylid communities in several gorilla populations and emphasizes potential interactions between these two symbiont communities. This study provides a framework for ongoing research into strongylid nematode diversity, and their interactions with the bacterial microbiome, amongst great apes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Mason
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences
| | - Klara J Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences.,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Torsten Bohm
- African Parks, Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of, Congo
| | | | - Emilie Fairet
- SFM Safari Gabon, Loango National Park, Gabon.,Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Institute of International Animal Health / One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrich Maloueki
- African Parks, Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of, Congo
| | - David Modry
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
| | - Matthew H Shirley
- SFM Safari Gabon, Loango National Park, Gabon.,Institute of Environment, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nikki Tagg
- Project Grands Singes, , Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp
| | | | - Barbora Pafco
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang B, Zhong Y, Dong D, Zheng Z, Hu J. Gut microbial utilization of xylan and its implication in gut homeostasis and metabolic response. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
43
|
Ameri R, García JL, Derenfed AB, Pradel N, Neifar S, Mhiri S, Mezghanni M, Jaouadi NZ, Barriuso J, Bejar S. Genome sequence and Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZymes) repertoire of the thermophilic Caldicoprobacter algeriensis TH7C1 T. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:91. [PMID: 35598016 PMCID: PMC9124407 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01818-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Omics approaches are widely applied in the field of biology for the discovery of potential CAZymes including whole genome sequencing. The aim of this study was to identify protein encoding genes including CAZymes in order to understand glycans-degrading machinery in the thermophilic Caldicoprobacter algeriensis TH7C1T strain. Results Caldicoprobacter algeriensis TH7C1T is a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium belonging to the Firmicutes phylum, which grows between the temperatures of 55 °C and 75 °C. Next generation sequencing using Illumina technology was performed on the C. algeriensis strain resulting in 45 contigs with an average GC content of 44.9% and a total length of 2,535,023 bp. Genome annotation reveals 2425 protein-coding genes with 97 ORFs coding CAZymes. Many glycoside hydrolases, carbohydrate esterases and glycosyltransferases genes were found linked to genes encoding oligosaccharide transporters and transcriptional regulators; suggesting that CAZyme encoding genes are organized in clusters involved in polysaccharides degradation and transport. In depth analysis of CAZomes content in C. algeriensis genome unveiled 33 CAZyme gene clusters uncovering new enzyme combinations targeting specific substrates. Conclusions This study is the first targeting CAZymes repertoire of C. algeriensis, it provides insight to the high potential of identified enzymes for plant biomass degradation and their biotechnological applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01818-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Ameri
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatic and Biomolecules, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sidi Mansour Road Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - José Luis García
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,IBISBA_ES_CSIC_Cell Factory_MM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amel Bouanane Derenfed
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (Équipe de Microbiologie), Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumédiènne, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nathalie Pradel
- Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Sawssan Neifar
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatic and Biomolecules, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sidi Mansour Road Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Mhiri
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatic and Biomolecules, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sidi Mansour Road Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Monia Mezghanni
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatic and Biomolecules, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sidi Mansour Road Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Zaraî Jaouadi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatic and Biomolecules, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sidi Mansour Road Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Jorge Barriuso
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), C/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,IBISBA_ES_CSIC_Cell Factory_MM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samir Bejar
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Enzymatic and Biomolecules, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sidi Mansour Road Km 6, P.O. Box 1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102096. [PMID: 35631237 PMCID: PMC9147914 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The colon harbours a dynamic and complex community of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiota, which constitutes the densest microbial ecosystem in the human body. These commensal gut microbes play a key role in human health and diseases, revealing the strong potential of fine-tuning the gut microbiota to confer health benefits. In this context, dietary strategies targeting gut microbes to modulate the composition and metabolic function of microbial communities are of increasing interest. One such dietary strategy is the use of prebiotics, which are defined as substrates that are selectively utilised by host microorganisms to confer a health benefit. A better understanding of the metabolic pathways involved in the breakdown of prebiotics is essential to improve these nutritional strategies. In this review, we will present the concept of prebiotics, and focus on the main sources and nature of these components, which are mainly non-digestible polysaccharides. We will review the breakdown mechanisms of complex carbohydrates by the intestinal microbiota and present short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as key molecules mediating the dialogue between the intestinal microbiota and the host. Finally, we will review human studies exploring the potential of prebiotics in metabolic diseases, revealing the personalised responses to prebiotic ingestion. In conclusion, we hope that this review will be of interest to identify mechanistic factors for the optimization of prebiotic-based strategies.
Collapse
|
45
|
Rawat PS, Seyed Hameed AS, Meng X, Liu W. Utilization of glycosaminoglycans by the human gut microbiota: participating bacteria and their enzymatic machineries. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2068367. [PMID: 35482895 PMCID: PMC9067506 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2068367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are consistently present in the human colon in free forms and as part of proteoglycans. Their utilization is critical for the colonization and proliferation of gut bacteria and also the health of hosts. Hence, it is essential to determine the GAG-degrading members of the gut bacteria and their enzymatic machinery for GAG depolymerization. In this review, we have summarized the reported GAG utilizers from Bacteroides and presented their polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL) and related enzymatic machineries for the degradation of chondroitin and heparin/heparan sulfate. Although similar comprehensive knowledge of GAG degradation is not available for other gut phyla, we have specified recently isolated GAG degraders from gut Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, and analyzed their genomes for the presence of putative GAG PULs. Deciphering the precise GAG utilization mechanism for various phyla will augment our understanding of their effects on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parkash Singh Rawat
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao266237, P. R. China
| | - Ahkam Saddam Seyed Hameed
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao266237, P. R. China,CONTACT Xiangfeng Meng State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao266237, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao266237, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an update regarding the gut barrier and its involvement with chronic diseases, as well as to review biomarkers for identification of gut barrier integrity. This review is timely and relevant as our knowledge is increasing regarding the role of the gut microbiome and the gut barrier in health and disease. RECENT FINDINGS This review provides an overview of: the gut barrier, which is complex and comprised of the mucus layer and the intestinal apical junctional protein complex; the gut microbiome in its relation to regulating the integrity of the gut barrier; select acute and chronic conditions that are known to be associated with gut dysbiosis and impaired gut integrity or 'leaky gut'; and current means for identifying loss in gut barrier integrity. SUMMARY Many chronic conditions are associated with gut dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. Identifying whether the gut barrier is compromised in these conditions could help to inform potential therapeutics as a means to correct losses in gut barrier integrity and mitigate associated medical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Santilli
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Stavros Stefanopoulos
- Department of General Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Gail A.M. Cresci
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Pediatric Institute, Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jangid A, Fukuda S, Suzuki Y, Taylor TD, Ohno H, Prakash T. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing revealed the prebiotic potential of a grain-based diet in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6748. [PMID: 35468931 PMCID: PMC9038746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10762-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we elucidated the effect of grain-based (GB) diet containing both soluble and insoluble fibers and purified ingredients-based (PIB) diet containing only insoluble fiber, namely cellulose on mice gut microbiome using whole shotgun based metagenomic sequencing. Although the fiber content in both diet types is the same (5%) the presence of soluble fiber only in the GB diet differentiates it from the PIB diet. The taxonomic analysis of sequenced reads reveals a significantly higher enrichment of probiotic Lactobacilli in the GB group as compared to the PIB group. Further, the enhancement of energy expensive cellular processes namely, cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning, and transcription is observed in the GB group which could be due to the metabolization of the soluble fiber for faster energy production. In contrast, a higher abundance of cellulolytic bacterial community namely, the members of family Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae and the metabolism functions are found in the PIB group. The PIB group shows a significant increase in host-derived oligosaccharide metabolism functions indicating that they might first target the host-derived oligosaccharides and self-stored glycogen in addition to utilising the available cellulose. In addition to the beneficial microbial community variations, both the groups also exhibited an increased abundance of opportunistic pathobionts which could be due to an overall low amount of fiber in the diet. Furthermore, backtracing analysis identified probiotic members of Lactobacillus, viz., L. crispatus ST1, L. fermentum CECT 5716, L. gasseri ATCC 33323, L. johnsonii NCC 533 and L. reuteri 100-23 in the GB group, while Bilophila wadsworthia 3_1_6, Desulfovibrio piger ATCC 29098, Clostridium symbiosum WAL-14163, and Ruminococcaceae bacterium D16 in the PIB group. These data suggest that Lactobacilli, a probiotic community of microorganisms, are the predominant functional contributors in the gut of GB diet-fed mice, whereas pathobionts too coexisted with commensals in the gut microbiome of the PIB group. Thus at 5% fiber, GB modifies the gut microbial ecology more effectively than PIB and the inclusion of soluble fiber in the GB diet may be one of the primary factors responsible for this impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Jangid
- BioX Centre and School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan.,Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Todd D Taylor
- Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tulika Prakash
- BioX Centre and School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175005, India. .,Laboratory for Microbiome Sciences, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kadyan S, Sharma A, Arjmandi BH, Singh P, Nagpal R. Prebiotic Potential of Dietary Beans and Pulses and Their Resistant Starch for Aging-Associated Gut and Metabolic Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091726. [PMID: 35565693 PMCID: PMC9100130 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary pulses, including dry beans, lentils, chickpeas, and dry peas, have the highest proportion of fiber among different legume cultivars and are inexpensive, easily accessible, and have a long shelf-life. The inclusion of pulses in regular dietary patterns is an easy and effective solution for achieving recommended fiber intake and maintaining a healthier gut and overall health. Dietary pulses-derived resistant starch (RS) is a relatively less explored prebiotic ingredient. Several in vitro and preclinical studies have elucidated the crucial role of RS in fostering and shaping the gut microbiota composition towards homeostasis thereby improving host metabolic health. However, in humans and aged animal models, the effect of only the cereals and tubers derived RS has been studied. In this context, this review collates literature pertaining to the beneficial effects of dietary pulses and their RS on gut microbiome-metabolome signatures in preclinical and clinical studies while contemplating their potential and prospects for better aging-associated gut health. In a nutshell, the incorporation of dietary pulses and their RS in diet fosters the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and significantly enhances the production of short-chain fatty acids in the colon.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ji Y, Dong X, Liu Z, Wang W, Yan H, Liu X. Effects of Bovine Pichia kudriavzevii T7, Candida glabrata B14, and Lactobacillus plantarum Y9 on Milk Production, Quality and Digestive Tract Microbiome in Dairy Cows. Microorganisms 2022; 10:842. [PMID: 35630288 PMCID: PMC9146454 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial administration has been used successfully to improve host health. However, the positive effects of endogenous microbials are still underexplored. This study investigated the effects of bovine Lactic acid bacteria and yeast on the milk production, quality and digestive tract microbiome of dairy cows. Lactobacillus plantarum Y9, Pichia kudriavzevii T7 and Candida glabrata B14 isolated from high-yielding dairy cows were selected to feed low-yielding Holstein cows. Pichia kudriavzevii T7 could significantly increase milk yield, meanwhile, Pichia kudriavzevii T7 and Candida glabrata B14 could obviously reduce the number of somatic cell counts (SCC). However, slight differences were found in milk fat, protein, lactose and SNF (solids not fat) percentage. High throughput sequencing showed that the dominant bacteria were Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae in rumen and feces, respectively, and the dominant fungi were Penicillium, Aspergillus and Trichoderma in both samples, before and after feeding the microbial addition. Nonetheless, microbial addition changed the abundance and structure of the microbiome in the digestive tract. Our data showed bovine yeast and LAB were beneficial for improving performance and regulating the microbial structure of dairy cows. This study was expected to enrich the knowledge of the digestive tract microbiome in dairy cows and provide a feasible strategy for the further utilization of bovine microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hai Yan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.J.); (X.D.); (Z.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.J.); (X.D.); (Z.L.); (W.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang Z, Tauzin AS, Laville E, Potocki-Veronese G. Identification of Glycoside Transporters From the Human Gut Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:816462. [PMID: 35401468 PMCID: PMC8990778 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.816462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport is a crucial step in the metabolism of glycosides by bacteria, which is itself key for microbiota function and equilibrium. However, most transport proteins are function-unknown or only predicted, limiting our understanding of how bacteria utilize glycosides. Here, we present an activity-based screening method to identify functional glycoside transporters from microbiomes. The method is based on the co-expression in Escherichia coli of genes encoding transporters and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) from metagenomic polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) cloned in fosmids. To establish the proof of concept of the methodology, we used two different metagenomic libraries derived from human gut microbiota to select 18 E. coli clones whose metagenomic sequence contained at least one putative glycoside transporter and one functional CAZyme, identified by screening for various glycoside-hydrolase activities. Growth tests were performed on plant-derived glycosides, which are the target substrates of the CAZymes identified in each PUL. This led to the identification of 10 clones that are able to utilize oligosaccharides as sole carbon sources, thanks to the production of transporters from the PTS, ABC, MFS, and SusCD families. Six of the 10 hit clones contain only one transporter, providing direct experimental evidence that these transporters are functional. In the six cases where two transporters are present in the sequence of a clone, the transporters’ function can be predicted from the flanking CAZymes or from similarity with transporters characterized previously, which facilitates further functional characterization. The results expand the understanding of how glycosides are selectively metabolized by bacteria and offers a new approach to screening for glycoside-transporter specificity toward oligosaccharides with defined structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- TBI, CNRS, INRA, INSAT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|