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Xiao L, Jin J, Song K, Qian X, Wu Y, Sun Z, Xiong Z, Li Y, Zhao Y, Shen L, Cui Y, Yao W, Cui Y, Song Y. Regulatory Functions of PurR in Yersinia pestis: Orchestrating Diverse Biological Activities. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2801. [PMID: 38004812 PMCID: PMC10673613 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Yersinia pestis has developed various strategies to sense and respond to the complex stresses encountered during its transmission and pathogenic processes. PurR is a common transcriptional regulator of purine biosynthesis among microorganisms, and it modulates the transcription level of the pur operon to suppress the production of hypoxanthine nucleotide (IMP). This study aims to understand the functions and regulatory mechanisms of purR in Y. pestis. Firstly, we constructed a purR knockout mutant of Y. pestis strain 201 and compared certain phenotypes of the null mutant (201-ΔpurR) and the wild-type strain (201-WT). The results show that deleting purR has no significant impact on the biofilm formation, growth rate, or viability of Y. pestis under different stress conditions (heat and cold shock, high salinity, and hyperosmotic pressure). Although the cytotoxicity of the purR knockout mutant on HeLa and 293 cells is reduced, the animal-challenging test found no difference of the virulence in mice between 201-ΔpurR and 201-WT. Furthermore, RNA-seq and EMSA analyses demonstrate that PurR binds to the promoter regions of at least 15 genes in Y. pestis strain 201, primarily involved in purine biosynthesis, along with others not previously observed in other bacteria. Additionally, RNA-seq results suggest the presence of 11 potential operons, including a newly identified co-transcriptional T6SS cluster. Thus, aside from its role as a regulator of purine biosynthesis, purR in Y. pestis may have additional regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Xiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (L.X.); (X.Q.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Junyan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Kai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Xiuwei Qian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (L.X.); (X.Q.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yarong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Zhulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Ziyao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yanbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yanting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Leiming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yiming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wenwu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yujun Cui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (L.X.); (X.Q.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yajun Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (L.X.); (X.Q.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; (J.J.); (Y.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.S.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.)
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Price SL, Thibault D, Garrison TM, Brady A, Guo H, Kehl‐Fie TE, Garneau‐Tsodikova S, Perry RD, van Opijnen T, Lawrenz MB. Droplet Tn-Seq identifies the primary secretion mechanism for yersiniabactin in Yersinia pestis. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57369. [PMID: 37501563 PMCID: PMC10561177 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity includes sequestration of transition metals from invading pathogens. Yersinia pestis overcomes nutritional immunity by secreting yersiniabactin to acquire iron and zinc during infection. While the mechanisms for yersiniabactin synthesis and import are well-defined, those responsible for yersiniabactin secretion are unknown. Identification of this mechanism has been difficult because conventional mutagenesis approaches are unable to inhibit trans-complementation by secreted factors between mutants. To overcome this obstacle, we utilized a technique called droplet Tn-seq (dTn-seq), which uses microfluidics to isolate individual transposon mutants in oil droplets, eliminating trans-complementation between bacteria. Using this approach, we first demonstrated the applicability of dTn-seq to identify genes with secreted functions. We then applied dTn-seq to identify an AcrAB efflux system as required for growth in metal-limited conditions. Finally, we showed this efflux system is the primary yersiniabactin secretion mechanism and required for virulence during bubonic and pneumonic plague. Together, these studies have revealed the yersiniabactin secretion mechanism that has eluded researchers for over 30 years and identified a potential therapeutic target for bacteria that use yersiniabactin for metal acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Price
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | | | - Taylor M Garrison
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Amanda Brady
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Haixun Guo
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious DiseasesUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Thomas E Kehl‐Fie
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignILUSA
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUrbanaILUSA
| | | | - Robert D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA
| | | | - Matthew B Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious DiseasesUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
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3
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Chaaban T, Mohsen Y, Ezzeddine Z, Ghssein G. Overview of Yersinia pestis Metallophores: Yersiniabactin and Yersinopine. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040598. [PMID: 37106798 PMCID: PMC10136090 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic anaerobic bacteria Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis), which is well known as the plague causative agent, has the ability to escape or inhibit innate immune system responses, which can result in host death even before the activation of adaptive responses. Bites from infected fleas in nature transmit Y. pestis between mammalian hosts causing bubonic plague. It was recognized that a host's ability to retain iron is essential in fighting invading pathogens. To proliferate during infection, Y. pestis, like most bacteria, has various iron transporters that enable it to acquire iron from its hosts. The siderophore-dependent iron transport system was found to be crucial for the pathogenesis of this bacterium. Siderophores are low-molecular-weight metabolites with a high affinity for Fe3+. These compounds are produced in the surrounding environment to chelate iron. The siderophore secreted by Y. pestis is yersiniabactin (Ybt). Another metallophore produced by this bacterium, yersinopine, is of the opine type and shows similarities with both staphylopine and pseudopaline produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. This paper sheds light on the most important aspects of the two Y. pestis metallophores as well as aerobactin a siderophore no longer secreted by this bacterium due to frameshift mutation in its genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghrid Chaaban
- Nursing Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon, Khalde P.O. Box 30014, Lebanon
- Nursing Sciences Research Chair, Laboratory Educations and Health Practices (LEPS), (EA 3412), UFR SMBH, University Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cite, F-93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Yehya Mohsen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health and Medical Technologies, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah 64001, Iraq
| | - Zeinab Ezzeddine
- Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde P.O. Box 30014, Lebanon
- Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh 1700, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Ghssein
- Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde P.O. Box 30014, Lebanon
- Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh 1700, Lebanon
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Variability of <i>pgm</i>‑Region Genes in <i>Yersinia pestis</i> Strains from the Caspian Sandy and Adjacent Plague Foci. PROBLEMS OF PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS INFECTIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.21055/0370-1069-2022-4-57-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the nucleotide sequences of pgm‑region genes in Yersinia pestis strains isolated on the territory of the Caspian sandy and adjacent plague foci in 1925–2015. Materials and methods. 65 Y. pestis strains from the Caspian sandy and adjacent plague foci were used in the work. DNA isolation was performed using the PureLink Genomic DNA Mini Kit. Whole genome sequencing was conducted in Ion S5 XL System (Thermo Fischer Scientific). Data processing was carried out using Ion Torrent Suite software package 3.4.2 and NewblerGS Assembler 2.6. To compare the obtained sequences with the NCBI GenBank database, the Blast algorithm was used. The phylogenetic analysis was performed according to the data of whole genome SNP analysis based on 1183 identified SNPs. The search for marker SNPs was performed using the Snippy 4.6 program. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Maximum Likelihood algorithm, the GTR nucleotide substitution model. Results and discussion. The nucleotide sequences of pgm‑region genes of 65 Y. pestis strains from the Caspian sandy and adjacent plague foci have been assessed. Single nucleotide substitutions have been identified in Y. pestis strains from the Caspian sandy and Kobystan plain-foothill foci in the hmsR, astB, ybtS, ypo1944, ypo1943, ypo1936 genes, as well as a deletion of 5 bp in the ypo1945 gene, which is characteristic of strains of one of the phylogenetic lines of Y. pestis from the foci of Caucasus and Transcaucasia, isolated in 1968–2001. The data obtained can be used to differentiate Y. pestis strains from the Caspian sandy focus, as well as to establish the directions of microevolution of the plague pathogen in this region and adjacent foci.
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Shi YM, Hirschmann M, Shi YN, Bode HB. Cleavage Off-Loading and Post-assembly-Line Conversions Yield Products with Unusual Termini during Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2221-2228. [PMID: 35860925 PMCID: PMC9396620 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Piscibactins and photoxenobactins are metallophores and
virulence
factors, whose biosynthetic gene cluster, termed pxb, is the most prevalent polyketide synthase/non-ribosomal peptide
synthetase hybrid cluster across entomopathogenic bacteria. They are
structurally similar to yersiniabactin, which contributes to the virulence
of the human pathogen Yersinia pestis. However, the pxb-derived products feature various
chain lengths and unusual carboxamide, thiocarboxylic acid, and dithioperoxoate
termini, which are rarely found in thiotemplated biosyntheses. Here,
we characterize the pxb biosynthetic logic by gene
deletions, site-directed mutagenesis, and isotope labeling experiments.
Notably, we propose that it involves (1) heterocyclization domains
with various catalytic efficiencies catalyzing thiazoline and amide/thioester
bond formation and (2) putative C–N and C–S bond cleavage
off-loading manners, which lead to products with different chain lengths
and usual termini. Additionally, the post-assembly-line spontaneous
conversions of the biosynthetic end product contribute to production
titers of the other products in the culture medium. This study broadens
our knowledge of thiotemplated biosynthesis and how bacterial host
generate a chemical arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Shi
- Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Merle Hirschmann
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yan-Ni Shi
- Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helge B Bode
- Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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The Yersinia High-Pathogenicity Island Encodes a Siderophore-Dependent Copper Response System in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. mBio 2022; 13:e0239121. [PMID: 35089085 PMCID: PMC8725597 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02391-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are iron chelators used by microbes to bind and acquire iron, which, once in the cell, inhibits siderophore production through feedback repression mediated by the ferric uptake repressor (Fur). Yersiniabactin (Ybt), a siderophore associated with enhanced pathogenic potential among Enterobacteriaceae, also binds copper ions during human and experimental murine infections. In contrast to iron, we found that extracellular copper ions rapidly and selectively stimulate Ybt production in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. The stimulatory pathway requires formation of an extracellular copper-Ybt (Cu(II)-Ybt) complex, internalization of Cu(II)-Ybt entry through the canonical TonB-dependent outer membrane transporter, and Fur-independent transcriptional regulation by the specialized transcription factor YbtA. Dual regulation by iron and copper is consistent with a multifunctional metallophore role for Ybt. Feed-forward regulation is typical of stress responses, implicating Ybt in prevention of, or response to, copper stress during infection pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Interactions between bacteria and transition metal ions play an important role in encounters between humans and bacteria. Siderophore systems have long been prominent mediators of these interactions. These systems secrete small-molecule chelators that bind oxidized iron(III) and express proteins that specifically recognize and import these complexes as a nutritional iron source. While E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae secrete enterobactin, clinical isolates often secrete an additional siderophore, yersiniabactin (Ybt), which has been found to also bind copper and other non-iron metal ions. The observation here that an extraintestinal E. coli isolate secretes Ybt in a copper-inducible manner suggests an important gain of function over the enterobactin system. Copper recognition involves using Ybt to bind Cu(II) ions, consistent with a distinctively extracellular mode of copper detection. The resulting Cu(II)-Ybt complex signals upregulation of Ybt biosynthesis genes as a rapid response against potentially toxic extracellular copper ions. The Ybt system is distinguishable from other copper response systems that sense cytosolic and periplasmic copper ions. The Ybt dependence of the copper response presents an implicit feed-forward regulatory scheme that is typical of bacterial stress responses. The distinctive extracellular copper recognition-response functionality of the Ybt system may enhance the pathogenic potential of infection-associated Enterobacteriaceae.
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Behnsen J, Zhi H, Aron AT, Subramanian V, Santus W, Lee MH, Gerner RR, Petras D, Liu JZ, Green KD, Price SL, Camacho J, Hillman H, Tjokrosurjo J, Montaldo NP, Hoover EM, Treacy-Abarca S, Gilston BA, Skaar EP, Chazin WJ, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Lawrenz MB, Perry RD, Nuccio SP, Dorrestein PC, Raffatellu M. Siderophore-mediated zinc acquisition enhances enterobacterial colonization of the inflamed gut. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7016. [PMID: 34853318 PMCID: PMC8636617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential cofactor for bacterial metabolism, and many Enterobacteriaceae express the zinc transporters ZnuABC and ZupT to acquire this metal in the host. However, the probiotic bacterium Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (or "Nissle") exhibits appreciable growth in zinc-limited media even when these transporters are deleted. Here, we show that Nissle utilizes the siderophore yersiniabactin as a zincophore, enabling Nissle to grow in zinc-limited media, to tolerate calprotectin-mediated zinc sequestration, and to thrive in the inflamed gut. We also show that yersiniabactin's affinity for iron or zinc changes in a pH-dependent manner, with increased relative zinc binding as the pH increases. Thus, our results indicate that siderophore metal affinity can be influenced by the local environment and reveal a mechanism of zinc acquisition available to commensal and pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hui Zhi
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Allegra T Aron
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Vivekanandan Subramanian
- University of Kentucky PharmNMR Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
| | - William Santus
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael H Lee
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Petras
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Janet Z Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Keith D Green
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
| | - Sarah L Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jose Camacho
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Hannah Hillman
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joshua Tjokrosurjo
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicola P Montaldo
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Evelyn M Hoover
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sean Treacy-Abarca
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Gilston
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
| | - Matthew B Lawrenz
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Robert D Perry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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8
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Price SL, Vadyvaloo V, DeMarco JK, Brady A, Gray PA, Kehl-Fie TE, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Perry RD, Lawrenz MB. Yersiniabactin contributes to overcoming zinc restriction during Yersinia pestis infection of mammalian and insect hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104073118. [PMID: 34716262 PMCID: PMC8612365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104073118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis causes human plague and colonizes both a mammalian host and a flea vector during its transmission cycle. A key barrier to bacterial infection is the host's ability to actively sequester key biometals (e.g., iron, zinc, and manganese) required for bacterial growth. This is referred to as nutritional immunity. Mechanisms to overcome nutritional immunity are essential virulence factors for bacterial pathogens. Y. pestis produces an iron-scavenging siderophore called yersiniabactin (Ybt) that is required to overcome iron-mediated nutritional immunity and cause lethal infection. Recently, Ybt has been shown to bind to zinc, and in the absence of the zinc transporter ZnuABC, Ybt improves Y. pestis growth in zinc-limited medium. These data suggest that, in addition to iron acquisition, Ybt may also contribute to overcoming zinc-mediated nutritional immunity. To test this hypothesis, we used a mouse model defective in iron-mediated nutritional immunity to demonstrate that Ybt contributes to virulence in an iron-independent manner. Furthermore, using a combination of bacterial mutants and mice defective in zinc-mediated nutritional immunity, we identified calprotectin as the primary barrier for Y. pestis to acquire zinc during infection and that Y. pestis uses Ybt to compete with calprotectin for zinc. Finally, we discovered that Y. pestis encounters zinc limitation within the flea midgut, and Ybt contributes to overcoming this limitation. Together, these results demonstrate that Ybt is a bona fide zinc acquisition mechanism used by Y. pestis to surmount zinc limitation during the infection of both the mammalian and insect hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Viveka Vadyvaloo
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Jennifer K DeMarco
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Amanda Brady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Phoenix A Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Thomas E Kehl-Fie
- Department of Microbiology and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Robert D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Matthew B Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202;
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
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Sora VM, Meroni G, Martino PA, Soggiu A, Bonizzi L, Zecconi A. Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli: Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111355. [PMID: 34832511 PMCID: PMC8618662 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The One Health approach emphasizes the importance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a major concern both in public health and in food animal production systems. As a general classification, E. coli can be distinguished based on the ability to cause infection of the gastrointestinal system (IPEC) or outside of it (ExPEC). Among the different pathogens, E. coli are becoming of great importance, and it has been suggested that ExPEC may harbor resistance genes that may be transferred to pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria. ExPEC strains are versatile bacteria that can cause urinary tract, bloodstream, prostate, and other infections at non-intestinal sites. In this context of rapidly increasing multidrug-resistance worldwide and a diminishingly effective antimicrobial arsenal to tackle resistant strains. ExPEC infections are now a serious public health threat worldwide. However, the clinical and economic impact of these infections and their optimal management are challenging, and consequently, there is an increasing awareness of the importance of ExPECs amongst healthcare professionals and the general public alike. This review aims to describe pathotype characteristics of ExPEC to increase our knowledge of these bacteria and, consequently, to increase our chances to control them and reduce the risk for AMR, following a One Health approach.
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10
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Dos Santos AMP, Panzenhagen P, Ferrari RG, Rodrigues GL, Conte-Junior CA. The pESI megaplasmid conferring virulence and multiple-drug resistance is detected in a Salmonella Infantis genome from Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:104934. [PMID: 34029725 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria M P Dos Santos
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil; Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Pedro Panzenhagen
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil; Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Rafaela G Ferrari
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil; Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil.
| | - Grazielle L Rodrigues
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil; Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil; Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LAABBM), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil; Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil; Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niterói, RJ 24230-340, Brazil; Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
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11
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Dos Santos AMP, Ferrari RG, Panzenhagen P, Rodrigues GL, Conte-Junior CA. Virulence genes identification and characterization revealed the presence of the Yersinia High Pathogenicity Island (HPI) in Salmonella from Brazil. Gene 2021; 787:145646. [PMID: 33848574 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is one of the major agents of foodborne disease worldwide, and its virulence genes are responsible for the main pathogenic mechanisms of this micro-organism. The whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of pathogens has become a lower-cost and more accessible genotyping tool providing many gene analysis possibilities. This study provided an in silico investigation of 129 virulence genes, including plasmidial and bacteriophage genes from Brazilian strains' public Salmonella genomes. The frequency analysis of the four most sequenced serovars and a temporal analysis over the past four decades was also performed. The NCBI sequence reads archive (SRA) database comprised 1077 Salmonella public whole-genome sequences of strains isolated in Brazil between 1968 and 2018. Among the 1077 genomes, 775 passed in Salmonella in silico Typing (SISTR) quality control, which also identified 41 different serovars in which the four most prevalent were S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Dublin, and S. Heidelberg. Among these, S. Heidelberg presented the most distinct virulence profile, besides presenting Yersinia High Pathogenicity Island (HPI), rare and first reported in Salmonella from Brazil. The genes mgtC, csgC, ssaI and ssaS were the most prevalent within the 775 genomes with more than 99% prevalence. On the other hand, the less frequent genes were astA, iucBCD, tptC and shdA, with less than 1% frequency. All of the plasmids and bacteriophages virulence genes presented a decreasing trend between the 2000 s and 2010 s decades, except for the phage gene grvA, which increased in this period. This study provides insights into Salmonella virulence genes distribution in Brazil using freely available bioinformatics tools. This approach could guide in vivo and in vitro studies besides being an interesting method for the investigation and surveillance of Salmonella virulence. Moreover, here we propose the genes mgtC, csgC, ssaI and ssaS as additional targets for PCR identification of Salmonella in Brazil due to their very high frequency in the studied genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria M P Dos Santos
- Molecular & Analytical Laboratory Center, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL-LADETEC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafaela G Ferrari
- Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Panzenhagen
- Molecular & Analytical Laboratory Center, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL-LADETEC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Grazielle L Rodrigues
- Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL-LADETEC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Conte-Junior
- Molecular & Analytical Laboratory Center, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Food Technology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil; Chemistry Institute, Food Science Program, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL-LADETEC), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Health Quality Control, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Kumar A, Harjai K, Chhibber S. A multiepitopic theoretical fusion construct based on in-silico epitope screening of known vaccine candidates for protection against wide range of enterobacterial pathogens. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:493-502. [PMID: 30769032 PMCID: PMC7115567 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacterial pathogens that have acquired antibiotic resistance genes are a leading cause of community and hospital acquired infections. In such a situation vaccination is considered as a better option to prevent such infections. In the current study reverse vaccinology approach has been used to select peptides from already known immunogenic proteins to design a chimeric construct. We selected Yersiniabactin receptor of Escherichia coli UMN026 and Flagellin of Stenotrophomonas maltophila. B-cell linear epitopes were predicted using Bepipred prediction tool. Peptide binding with reference sets of 27 alleles of MHC class I and class II was also analyzed. The predicted peptides-MHC complexes were further validated using simulation dynamics. The in-silico construction of chimera was done by restriction mapping and codon optimization. Chimera was evaluated using the immunoinformatic approach as done for the selected proteins. From the 673 amino acids of FyuA protein, a region from 1 to 492 was selected for containing more linear epitopes and the processing scores obtained were significant for MHC class I and class II binding. Similarly, from Flagellin, a region between 60 and 328 amino acids was selected and the peptides present in the selected region showed lower percentile ranks for binding with MHC molecules. The simulation studies validated the predictions of peptide-MHC complexes. The selected gene fragments accommodating maximum part of these peptides were used to design a chimaeric construct of 2454 bp. From the immunoinformatic analysis, the chimera was found to be more immunogenic in terms of increased number of B-cell and T-cell epitopes along with increased coverage of global populations with allelic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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13
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Ohlemacher SI, Xu Y, Kober DL, Malik M, Nix JC, Brett TJ, Henderson JP. YbtT is a low-specificity type II thioesterase that maintains production of the metallophore yersiniabactin in pathogenic enterobacteria. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19572-19585. [PMID: 30355735 PMCID: PMC6314147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical isolates of Yersinia, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli frequently secrete the small molecule metallophore yersiniabactin (Ybt), which passivates and scavenges transition metals during human infections. YbtT is encoded within the Ybt biosynthetic operon and is critical for full Ybt production in bacteria. However, its biosynthetic function has been unclear because it is not essential for Ybt production by the in vitro reconstituted nonribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase (NRPS/PKS) pathway. Here, we report the structural and biochemical characterization of YbtT. YbtT structures at 1.4-1.9 Å resolution possess a serine hydrolase catalytic triad and an associated substrate chamber with features similar to those previously reported for low-specificity type II thioesterases (TEIIs). We found that YbtT interacts with the two major Ybt biosynthetic proteins, HMWP1 (high-molecular-weight protein 1) and HMWP2 (high-molecular-weight protein 2), and hydrolyzes a variety of aromatic and acyl groups from their phosphopantetheinylated carrier protein domains. In vivo YbtT titration in uropathogenic E. coli revealed a distinct optimum for Ybt production consistent with a tradeoff between clearing both stalled inhibitory intermediates and productive Ybt precursors from HMWP1 and HMWP2. These results are consistent with a model in which YbtT maintains cellular Ybt biosynthesis by removing nonproductive, inhibitory thioesters that form aberrantly at multiple sites on HMWP1 and HMWP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon I Ohlemacher
- From the Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Yiquan Xu
- From the Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Daniel L Kober
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Mahnoor Malik
- From the Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Jay C Nix
- the Molecular Biology Consortium, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Tom J Brett
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 and
| | - Jeffrey P Henderson
- From the Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research,
- Division of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Internal Medicine, and
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14
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Nikiforov KA, Morozov OA, Nosov NY, Kukleva LM, Yeroshenko GA, Kutyrev VV. Population Structure, Taxonomy, and Genetic Features of Yersinia pestis Strains of the Central Asian Subspecies. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Bobrov AG, Kirillina O, Fosso MY, Fetherston JD, Miller MC, VanCleave TT, Burlison JA, Arnold WK, Lawrenz MB, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Perry RD. Zinc transporters YbtX and ZnuABC are required for the virulence of Yersinia pestis in bubonic and pneumonic plague in mice. Metallomics 2018; 9:757-772. [PMID: 28540946 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00126f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A number of bacterial pathogens require the ZnuABC Zinc (Zn2+) transporter and/or a second Zn2+ transport system to overcome Zn2+ sequestration by mammalian hosts. Previously we have shown that in addition to ZnuABC, Yersinia pestis possesses a second Zn2+ transporter that involves components of the yersiniabactin (Ybt), siderophore-dependent iron transport system. Synthesis of the Ybt siderophore and YbtX, a member of the major facilitator superfamily, are both critical components of the second Zn2+ transport system. Here we demonstrate that a ybtX znu double mutant is essentially avirulent in mouse models of bubonic and pneumonic plague while a ybtX mutant retains high virulence in both plague models. While sequestration of host Zn is a key nutritional immunity factor, excess Zn appears to have a significant antimicrobial role in controlling intracellular bacterial survival. Here, we demonstrate that ZntA, a Zn2+ exporter, plays a role in resistance to Zn toxicity in vitro, but that a zntA zur double mutant retains high virulence in both pneumonic and bubonic plague models and survival in macrophages. We also confirm that Ybt does not directly bind Zn2+in vitro under the conditions tested. However, we detect a significant increase in Zn2+-binding ability of filtered supernatants from a Ybt+ strain compared to those from a strain unable to produce the siderophore, supporting our previously published data that Ybt biosynthetic genes are involved in the production of a secreted Zn-binding molecule (zincophore). Our data suggest that Ybt or a modified Ybt participate in or promote Zn-binding activity in culture supernatants and is involved in Zn acquisition in Y. pestis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Bobrov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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16
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Ohlemacher SI, Giblin DE, d'Avignon DA, Stapleton AE, Trautner BW, Henderson JP. Enterobacteria secrete an inhibitor of Pseudomonas virulence during clinical bacteriuria. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4018-4030. [PMID: 28945201 DOI: 10.1172/jci92464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae are among the most common pathogens of the human urinary tract. Among the genetic gains of function associated with urinary E. coli isolates is the Yersinia high pathogenicity island (HPI), which directs the biosynthesis of yersiniabactin (Ybt), a virulence-associated metallophore. Using a metabolomics approach, we found that E. coli and other Enterobacteriaceae expressing the Yersinia HPI also secrete escherichelin, a second metallophore whose chemical structure matches a known synthetic inhibitor of the virulence-associated pyochelin siderophore system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We detected escherichelin during clinical E. coli urinary tract infection (UTI) and experimental human colonization with a commensal, potentially probiotic E. coli bacteriuria strain. Escherichelin production by colonizing enterobacteria may help human hosts resist opportunistic infections by Pseudomonas and other pyochelin-expressing bacteria. This siderophore-based mechanism of microbial antagonism may be one of many elements contributing to the protective effects of the human microbiome. Future UTI-preventive probiotic strains may benefit by retaining the escherichelin biosynthetic capacity of the Yersinia HPI while eliminating the Ybt biosynthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon I Ohlemacher
- Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research.,Division of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Internal Medicine, and
| | - Daryl E Giblin
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - D André d'Avignon
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ann E Stapleton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barbara W Trautner
- The Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Henderson
- Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research.,Division of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Internal Medicine, and
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17
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The Tat Substrate SufI Is Critical for the Ability of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis To Cause Systemic Infection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00867-16. [PMID: 28115509 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00867-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The twin arginine translocation (Tat) system targets folded proteins across the inner membrane and is crucial for virulence in many important human-pathogenic bacteria. Tat has been shown to be required for the virulence of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and we recently showed that the system is critical for different virulence-related stress responses as well as for iron uptake. In this study, we wanted to address the role of the Tat substrates in in vivo virulence. Therefore, 22 genes encoding potential Tat substrates were mutated, and each mutant was evaluated in a competitive oral infection of mice. Interestingly, a ΔsufI mutant was essentially as attenuated for virulence as the Tat-deficient strain. We also verified that SufI was Tat dependent for membrane/periplasmic localization in Y. pseudotuberculosisIn vivo bioluminescent imaging of orally infected mice revealed that both the ΔsufI and ΔtatC mutants were able to colonize the cecum and Peyer's patches (PPs) and could spread to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Importantly, at this point, neither the ΔtatC mutant nor the ΔsufI mutant was able to spread systemically, and they were gradually cleared. Immunostaining of MLNs revealed that both the ΔtatC and ΔsufI mutants were unable to spread from the initial infection foci and appeared to be contained by neutrophils, while wild-type bacteria readily spread to establish multiple foci from day 3 postinfection. Our results show that SufI alone is required for the establishment of systemic infection and is the major cause of the attenuation of the ΔtatC mutant.
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18
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Perry RD, Bobrov AG, Fetherston JD. The role of transition metal transporters for iron, zinc, manganese, and copper in the pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis. Metallomics 2016; 7:965-78. [PMID: 25891079 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00332b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic plague, encodes a multitude of Fe transport systems. Some of these are defective due to frameshift or IS element insertions, while others are functional in vitro but have no established role in causing infections. Indeed only 3 Fe transporters (Ybt, Yfe and Feo) have been shown to be important in at least one form of plague. The yersiniabactin (Ybt) system is essential in the early dermal/lymphatic stages of bubonic plague, irrelevant in the septicemic stage, and critical in pneumonic plague. Two Mn transporters have been characterized (Yfe and MntH). These two systems play a role in bubonic plague but the double yfe mntH mutant is fully virulent in a mouse model of pneumonic plague. The same in vivo phenotype occurs with a mutant lacking two (Yfe and Feo) of four ferrous transporters. A role for the Ybt siderophore in Zn acquisition has been revealed. Ybt-dependent Zn acquisition uses a transport system completely independent of the Fe-Ybt uptake system. Together Ybt components and ZnuABC play a critical role in Zn acquisition in vivo. Single mutants in either system retain high virulence in a mouse model of septicemic plague while the double mutant is completely avirulent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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19
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Ahmadi MK, Fawaz S, Fang L, Yu Z, Pfeifer BA. Molecular variation of the nonribosomal peptide-polyketide siderophore yersiniabactin through biosynthetic and metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1067-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Kamal Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Buffalo New York
| | - Samar Fawaz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Buffalo New York
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Buffalo New York
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- Department of Chemistry; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Buffalo New York
| | - Blaine A Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University at Buffalo; The State University of New York; Buffalo New York
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20
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Johnstone TC, Nolan EM. Beyond iron: non-classical biological functions of bacterial siderophores. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:6320-39. [PMID: 25764171 PMCID: PMC4375017 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03559c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria secrete small molecules known as siderophores to acquire iron from their surroundings. For over 60 years, investigations into the bioinorganic chemistry of these molecules, including fundamental coordination chemistry studies, have provided insight into the crucial role that siderophores play in bacterial iron homeostasis. The importance of understanding the fundamental chemistry underlying bacterial life has been highlighted evermore in recent years because of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the need to prevent the global rise of these superbugs. Increasing reports of siderophores functioning in capacities other than iron transport have appeared recently, but reports of "non-classical" siderophore functions have long paralleled those of iron transport. One particular non-classical function of these iron chelators, namely antibiotic activity, was documented before the role of siderophores in iron transport was established. In this Perspective, we present an exposition of past and current work into non-classical functions of siderophores and highlight the directions in which we anticipate that this research is headed. Examples include the ability of siderophores to function as zincophores, chalkophores, and metallophores for a variety of other metals, sequester heavy metal toxins, transport boron, act as signalling molecules, regulate oxidative stress, and provide antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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21
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In vivo transcriptional profiling of Yersinia pestis reveals a novel bacterial mediator of pulmonary inflammation. mBio 2015; 6:e02302-14. [PMID: 25691593 PMCID: PMC4337571 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02302-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of Yersinia pestis results in primary pneumonic plague, a highly lethal and rapidly progressing necrotizing pneumonia. The disease begins with a period of extensive bacterial replication in the absence of disease symptoms, followed by the sudden onset of inflammatory responses that ultimately prove fatal. Very little is known about the bacterial and host factors that contribute to the rapid biphasic progression of pneumonic plague. In this work, we analyzed the in vivo transcription kinetics of 288 bacterial open reading frames previously shown by microarray analysis to be dynamically regulated in the lung. Using this approach combined with bacterial genetics, we were able to identify five Y. pestis genes that contribute to the development of pneumonic plague. Deletion of one of these genes, ybtX, did not alter bacterial survival but attenuated host inflammatory responses during late-stage disease. Deletion of ybtX in another lethal respiratory pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae, also resulted in diminished host inflammation during infection. Thus, our in vivo transcriptional screen has identified an important inflammatory mediator that is common to two Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that cause severe pneumonia. Yersinia pestis is responsible for at least three major pandemics, most notably the Black Death of the Middle Ages. Due to its pandemic potential, ease of dissemination by aerosolization, and a history of its weaponization, Y. pestis is categorized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a tier 1 select agent most likely to be used as a biological weapon. To date, there is no licensed vaccine against Y. pestis. Importantly, an early “silent” phase followed by the rapid onset of nondescript influenza-like symptoms makes timely treatment of pneumonic plague difficult. A more detailed understanding of the bacterial and host factors that contribute to pathogenesis is essential to understanding the progression of pneumonic plague and developing or enhancing treatment options.
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22
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Yan L, Nie W, Lv H. Metabolic phenotyping of the Yersinia high-pathogenicity island that regulates central carbon metabolism. Analyst 2015; 140:3356-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02223h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory effects of the HPI virulence genes on central carbon metabolism differentiate UPEC from non-UPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyu Yan
- Laboratory for Functional Omics and Innovative Chinese Medicines
- Chongqing University Innovative Drug Research Centre
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - Wenna Nie
- Laboratory for Functional Omics and Innovative Chinese Medicines
- Chongqing University Innovative Drug Research Centre
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing 401331
- China
| | - Haitao Lv
- Laboratory for Functional Omics and Innovative Chinese Medicines
- Chongqing University Innovative Drug Research Centre
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing 401331
- China
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Kotowska M, Pawlik K. Roles of type II thioesterases and their application for secondary metabolite yield improvement. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7735-46. [PMID: 25081554 PMCID: PMC4147253 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large number of antibiotics and other industrially important microbial secondary metabolites are synthesized by polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). These multienzymatic complexes provide an enormous flexibility in formation of diverse chemical structures from simple substrates, such as carboxylic acids and amino acids. Modular PKSs and NRPSs, often referred to as megasynthases, have brought about a special interest due to the colinearity between enzymatic domains in the proteins working as an “assembly line” and the chain elongation and modification steps. Extensive efforts toward modified compound biosynthesis by changing organization of PKS and NRPS domains in a combinatorial manner laid good grounds for rational design of new structures and their controllable biosynthesis as proposed by the synthetic biology approach. Despite undeniable progress made in this field, the yield of such “unnatural” natural products is often not satisfactory. Here, we focus on type II thioesterases (TEIIs)—discrete hydrolytic enzymes often encoded within PKS and NRPS gene clusters which can be used to enhance product yield. We review diverse roles of TEIIs (removal of aberrant residues blocking the megasynthase, participation in substrate selection, intermediate, and product release) and discuss their application in new biosynthetic systems utilizing PKS and NRPS parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kotowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland,
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Bobrov AG, Kirillina O, Fetherston JD, Miller MC, Burlison JA, Perry RD. The Yersinia pestis siderophore, yersiniabactin, and the ZnuABC system both contribute to zinc acquisition and the development of lethal septicaemic plague in mice. Mol Microbiol 2014; 93:759-75. [PMID: 24979062 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens must overcome host sequestration of zinc (Zn(2+) ), an essential micronutrient, during the infectious disease process. While the mechanisms to acquire chelated Zn(2+) by bacteria are largely undefined, many pathogens rely upon the ZnuABC family of ABC transporters. Here we show that in Yersinia pestis, irp2, a gene encoding the synthetase (HMWP2) for the siderophore yersiniabactin (Ybt) is required for growth under Zn(2+) -deficient conditions in a strain lacking ZnuABC. Moreover, growth stimulation with exogenous, purified apo-Ybt provides evidence that Ybt may serve as a zincophore for Zn(2+) acquisition. Studies with the Zn(2+) -dependent transcriptional reporter znuA::lacZ indicate that the ability to synthesize Ybt affects the levels of intracellular Zn(2+) . However, the outer membrane receptor Psn and TonB as well as the inner membrane (IM) ABC transporter YbtPQ, which are required for Fe(3+) acquisition by Ybt, are not needed for Ybt-dependent Zn(2+) uptake. In contrast, the predicted IM protein YbtX, a member of the Major Facilitator Superfamily, was essential for Ybt-dependent Zn(2+) uptake. Finally, we show that the ZnuABC system and the Ybt synthetase HMWP2, presumably by Ybt synthesis, both contribute to the development of a lethal infection in a septicaemic plague mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Bobrov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Kage H, Kreutzer MF, Wackler B, Hoffmeister D, Nett M. An iterative type I polyketide synthase initiates the biosynthesis of the antimycoplasma agent micacocidin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:764-71. [PMID: 23790487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Micacocidin is a thiazoline-containing natural product from the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum that shows significant activity against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The presence of a pentylphenol moiety distinguishes micacocidin from the structurally related siderophore yersiniabactin, and this residue also contributes to the potent antimycoplasma effects. The biosynthesis of the pentylphenol moiety, as deduced from bioinformatic analysis and stable isotope feeding experiments, involves an iterative type I polyketide synthase (iPKS), which generates a linear tetraketide intermediate from acyl carrier protein-tethered hexanoic acid by three consecutive, decarboxylative Claisen condensations with malonyl-coenzyme A. The final conversion into 6-pentylsalicylic acid depends on a ketoreductase domain within the iPKS, as demonstrated by heterologous expression in E. coli and subsequent site-directed mutagenesis experiments. Our results unveil the early steps in micacocidin biosynthesis and illuminate a bacterial enzyme that functionally resembles fungal polyketide synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kage
- Junior Research Group Secondary Metabolism of Predatory Bacteria, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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26
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Gold biomineralization by a metallophore from a gold-associated microbe. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:241-3. [PMID: 23377039 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce and secrete secondary metabolites to assist in their survival. We report that the gold resident bacterium Delftia acidovorans produces a secondary metabolite that protects from soluble gold through the generation of solid gold forms. This finding is the first demonstration that a secreted metabolite can protect against toxic gold and cause gold biomineralization.
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Rakin A, Schneider L, Podladchikova O. Hunger for iron: the alternative siderophore iron scavenging systems in highly virulent Yersinia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:151. [PMID: 23226687 PMCID: PMC3510459 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight siderophores are used by many living organisms to scavenge scarcely available ferric iron. Presence of at least a single siderophore-based iron acquisition system is usually acknowledged as a virulence-associated trait and a pre-requisite to become an efficient and successful pathogen. Currently, it is assumed that yersiniabactin (Ybt) is the solely functional endogenous siderophore iron uptake system in highly virulent Yersinia (Yersinia pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica biotype 1B). Genes responsible for biosynthesis, transport, and regulation of the yersiniabactin (ybt) production are clustered on a mobile genetic element, the High-Pathogenicity Island (HPI) that is responsible for broad dissemination of the ybt genes in Enterobacteriaceae. However, the ybt gene cluster is absent from nearly half of Y. pseudotuberculosis O3 isolates and epidemic Y. pseudotuberculosis O1 isolates responsible for the Far East Scarlet-like Fever. Several potential siderophore-mediated iron uptake gene clusters are documented in Yersinia genomes, however, neither of them have been proven to be functional. It has been suggested that at least two siderophores alternative to Ybt may operate in the highly virulent Yersinia pestis/Y. pseudotuberculosis group, and are referred to as pseudochelin (Pch) and yersiniachelin (Ych). Furthermore, most sporadic Y. pseudotuberculosis O1 strains possess gene clusters encoding all three iron scavenging systems. Thus, the Ybt system appears not to be the sole endogenous siderophore iron uptake system in the highly virulent yersiniae and may be efficiently substituted and/or supplemented by alternative iron siderophore scavenging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rakin
- Phylogenomics of the Enteropathogenic Yersinia, Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, LMU Munich, Germany.
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Miller MC, DeMoll E. Extraction, purification, and identification of yersiniabactin, the siderophore of Yersinia pestis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 5:Unit5B.3. [PMID: 22045585 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc05b03s23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes in detail the extraction, purification, and identification of Yersiniabactin the siderophore of Yersinia pestis. Iron is essential for bacterial growth. Although relatively abundant, access to iron is limited in nature by low solubility. This problem is exacerbated for pathogenic bacteria, which must also defeat the host organism's innate defenses, including mechanisms to sequester iron. One solution to these problems is production of water soluble, small molecules with high affinities for iron called siderophores. This protocol has been fine tuned for Yersiniabactin purification but may be easily modified for use in isolating other siderophores or similar molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clarke Miller
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Lv H, Henderson JP. Yersinia high pathogenicity island genes modify the Escherichia coli primary metabolome independently of siderophore production. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:5547-54. [PMID: 22035238 DOI: 10.1021/pr200756n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial siderophores may enhance pathogenicity by scavenging iron, but their expression has been proposed to exert a substantial metabolic cost. Here we describe a combined metabolomic-genetic approach to determine how mutations affecting the virulence-associated siderophore yersiniabactin affect the Escherichia coli primary metabolome. Contrary to expectations, we did not find yersiniabactin biosynthesis to correspond to consistent metabolomic shifts. Instead, we found that targeted deletion of ybtU or ybtA, dissimilar genes with similar roles in regulating yersiniabactin expression, were associated with a specific shift in arginine pathway metabolites during growth in minimal media. This interaction was associated with high arginine levels in the model uropathogen Escherichia coli UTI89 compared to its ybtU and ybtA mutants and the K12 strain MG1655, which lacks yersiniabactin-associated genes. Because arginine is not a direct yersiniabactin biosynthetic substrate, these findings show that virulence-associated secondary metabolite systems may shape bacterial primary metabolism independently of substrate consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Lv
- Center for Women's Infectious Diseases Research, Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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The Ins and Outs of siderophore mediated iron uptake by extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:89-98. [PMID: 21680117 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) are responsible for many infectious diseases in livestock, such as airsacculitis in poultry, acute mastitis in dairy animals and neonatal septicaemia and urinary tract infections (UTI) in pigs and cattle. In their animal hosts, ExPEC have to cope with low iron availability. By using different strategies, ExPEC strains are able to retrieve iron sequestered by host proteins. One of these strategies is the use of siderophores, which are small secreted molecules with high affinity for iron. ExPEC are known to synthesize up to four different types of siderophores: enterobactin, salmochelins, yersiniabactin and aerobactin. Steps required for iron acquisition by siderophores include (1) siderophore synthesis in the cytoplasm, (2) siderophore secretion, (3) ferri-siderophore reception, (4) ferri-siderophore internalization and (5) iron release in the cytoplasm. Each siderophore has specific properties and may be differentially regulated to provide different advantages, potentially allowing ExPEC to adapt to different environmental conditions or to overcome host innate immunity. Iron acquisition by siderophores plays a significant role in ExPEC virulence and, as it requires outer membrane receptors, it constitutes an interesting target for the development of vaccines that could be used to limit the number of infectious diseases due to ExPEC in livestock.
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Perry RD, Fetherston JD. Yersiniabactin iron uptake: mechanisms and role in Yersinia pestis pathogenesis. Microbes Infect 2011; 13:808-17. [PMID: 21609780 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Yersiniabactin (Ybt) is a siderophore-dependent iron uptake system encoded on a pathogenicity island that is widespread among pathogenic bacteria including the Yersiniae. While biosynthesis of the siderophore has been elucidated, the secretion mechanism and a few components of the uptake/utilization pathway are unidentified. ybt genes are transcriptionally repressed by Fur but activated by YbtA, likely in combination with the siderophore itself. The Ybt system is essential for the ability of Yersinia pestis to cause bubonic plague and important in pneumonic plague as well. However, the ability to cause fatal septicemic plague is independent of Ybt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, MS415 Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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