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Kapitan M, Niemiec MJ, Millet N, Brandt P, Chowdhury MEK, Czapka A, Abdissa K, Hoffmann F, Lange A, Veleba M, Nietzsche S, Mosig AS, Löffler B, Marquet M, Makarewicz O, Kline KA, Vylkova S, Swidergall M, Jacobsen ID. Synergistic cross-kingdom host cell damage between Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.11.612452. [PMID: 39314435 PMCID: PMC11419042 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.11.612452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The fungus Candida albicans and the Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis share mucosal niches in the human body. As opportunistic pathogens, both are found to expand population size during dysbiosis, and can cause severe systemic infections in susceptible individuals. Here, we show that the presence of C. albicans results in increased host cell damage by E. faecalis . Furthermore, E. faecalis aggravates oropharyngeal candidiasis in mice. Increased damage is mediated by enterococcal cytolysin, and involves both physical interaction and altered glucose availability. Physical interaction promotes accumulation of bacteria on host cells, facilitating contact of cytolysin with host cells. Glucose depletion by the metabolic activity of the fungus sensitized host cells to cytolysin. This work illustrates how a complex interplay between fungi and bacteria can result in detrimental consequences for the host.
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Chamas A, Svensson CM, Maneira C, Sporniak M, Figge MT, Lackner G. Engineering Adhesion of the Probiotic Strain Escherichia coli Nissle to the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans. ACS Synth Biol 2024. [PMID: 39265099 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Engineering live biotherapeutic products against fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans has been suggested as a means to tackle the increasing threat of fungal infections and the development of resistance to classical antifungal treatments. One important challenge in the design of live therapeutics is to control their localization inside the human body. The specific binding capability to target organisms or tissues would greatly increase their effectiveness by increasing the local concentration of effector molecules at the site of infection. In this study, we utilized surface display of carbohydrate binding domains to enable the probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 to adhere specifically to the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Binding was quantified using a newly developed method based on the automated analysis of microscopic images. In addition to a rationally selected chitin binding domain, a synthetic peptide of identical length but distinct sequence also conferred binding. Efficient binding was specific to fungal hyphae, the invasive form of C. albicans, while the yeast form, as well as abiotic cellulose and PET particles, was only weakly recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chamas
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Carl-Magnus Svensson
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Carla Maneira
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
- Chair of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Faculty of Life Sciences: Food Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Marta Sporniak
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Gerald Lackner
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena 07745, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
- Chair of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Faculty of Life Sciences: Food Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
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Pasman R, Zhang J, Zaat SAJ, Brul S, Krom BP. A customizable and defined medium supporting culturing of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and human oral epithelial cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0036024. [PMID: 39072650 PMCID: PMC11337806 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00360-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, an opportunistic oral pathogen, synergizes with Staphylococcus aureus, allowing bacteria to co-invade and systemically disseminate within the host. Studying human-microbe interactions creates the need for a universal culture medium that supports fungal, bacterial, and human cell culturing, while allowing sensitive analytical approaches such as OMICs and chromatography techniques. In this study, we established a fully defined, customizable adaptation of Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), allowing multi-kingdom culturing of S. aureus, C. albicans, and human oral cell lines, whereas minimal version of DMEM (mDMEM) did not support growth of S. aureus, and neither did supplementation with dextrose, MEM non-essential amino acids, pyruvate, and Glutamax. This new medium composition, designated as "mDMEM-DMP," promoted growth of all tested S. aureus strains. Addition of 25 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) further improved growth, while higher concentrations did not improve growth any further. Higher concentrations of HEPES did result in prolonged stabilization of medium pH. mDMEM-DMP promoted (hyphal) C. albicans monoculturing and co-culturing on both solid and semi-solid surfaces. In contrast to S. aureus, addition of HEPES reduced C. albicans maximum culture optical density (OD). Finally, only buffered mDMEM-DMP (100 mM HEPES) was successful in maintaining the metabolic activity of human oral Ca9-22 and HO1N1 cell lines for 24 hours. Altogether, our findings show that mDMEM-DMP is a versatile and potent culture medium for both microbial and human cell culturing, providing a customizable platform to study human as well as microbial molecular physiology and putative interactions. IMPORTANCE Interaction between microbes and the host are in the center of interest both in disease and in health. In order to study the interactions between microbes of different kingdoms and the host, alternative media are required. Synthetic media are useful as they allow addition of specific components. In addition, well-defined media are required if high-resolution analyses such as metabolomics and proteomics are desired. We describe the development of a synthetic medium to study the interactions between C. albicans, S. aureus, and human oral epithelial cells. Our findings show that mDMEM-DMP is a versatile and potent culture medium for both microbial and human cell culturing, providing a customizable platform to study human as well as microbial molecular physiology and putative interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Pasman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian A. J. Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stanley Brul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Evirgen Ş, Kahraman EN, Korcan SE, Yıldırım B, Şimşek AT, Aydın B, Ünal M. Intake of probiotics as an option for reducing oral and prosthetic microbiota: A clinical study. J Prosthet Dent 2024:S0022-3913(24)00470-0. [PMID: 39174381 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The accumulation of microorganisms on complete dentures has adverse effects on general health. Precautions should be taken to prevent colonization by these harmful pathogens, but whether an intake of probiotics effectively reduces microbiota is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this clinical study was to examine the effectiveness of probiotics against the microbial colonization of dentures and the oral regions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty-one edentulous participants with dentures were recruited, and samples were collected from the palate, cheek, tongue, and denture surface using sterile erasers before and after applying probiotics containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium bifidum. The count of bacterial species in the original culture was calculated by multiplying the number of colonies by the dilution factor of cells per mL [log10 (CFU/mL)] for different media. Spread plating was used to colonize in vitro. A Wilcoxon test was used to compare the groups according to time reveal. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to compare the values in the various regions studied (α=.05). RESULTS A statistical difference in microbial count was found before and after probiotic intake (P<.05). For each medium, the microbial count values were statistically lower on the tongue, palate, dentures, and cheek after probiotic intake (P<.05), except for in malt medium on dentures (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS Probiotics reduced the microbial count in the oral region and showed promising results for oral health and denture hygiene. Since the oral microbiota has among the highest levels of species diversity in the human body, further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şehrazat Evirgen
- Professor and Department Head, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey
| | - Emine Nur Kahraman
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istinye University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Safiye Elif Korcan
- Professor, Health Services Vocational School Medical Laboratory Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey
| | - Bengisu Yıldırım
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey
| | - Aysıla Tekeli Şimşek
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey.
| | - Büşra Aydın
- Research Assistant, Health Services Vocational School Medical Laboratory Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey
| | - Merve Ünal
- Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Usak, Usak, Turkey
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Jing Q, Liu R, Jiang Q, Liu Y, He J, Zhou X, Yu OY, Chu CH, Cheng L, Ren B, Li M. Staphylococcus aureus wraps around Candida albicans and synergistically escapes from Neutrophil extracellular traps. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422440. [PMID: 39050841 PMCID: PMC11266059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background NETs, a unique neutrophil immune mechanism, are vital in defending against microbial invasions. Understanding the mechanisms of co-infection by Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, which often leads to higher mortality and poorer prognosis, is crucial for studying infection progression. Methods In our study, we established a mouse model of subcutaneous infection to characterize the inflammation induced by co-infection. By purifying and extracting NETs to interact with microorganisms, we delve into the differences in their interactions with various microbial species. Additionally, we investigated the differences in NETs production by neutrophils in response to single or mixed microorganisms through the interaction between neutrophils and these microorganisms. Furthermore, we analyzed the gene expression differences during co-infection using transcriptomics. Results In vivo, C. albicans infections tend to aggregate, while S. aureus infections are more diffuse. In cases of co-infection, S. aureus adheres to and wraps C. albicans. NETs exhibit strong killing capability against C. albicans but weaker efficacy against S. aureus. When NETs interact with mixed microorganisms, they preferentially target and kill the outer layer of S. aureus. In the early stages, neutrophils primarily rely on phagocytosis to kill S. aureus, but as the bacteria accumulate, they stimulate neutrophils to produce NETs. Interestingly, in the presence of neutrophils, S. aureus promotes the proliferation and hyphal growth of C. albicans. Conclusion Our research has showed substantial differences in the progression of co-infections compared to single-microbial infections, thereby providing scientific evidence for NETs as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingsong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingshuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ollie Yiru Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun-Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Immordino A, Dispenza F, Sireci F, Anzalone R, Immordino P, Calà C, Gallina S, Lorusso F. Is Oral Microflora Related to Development of Malfunction in Patients Using Voice Prosthesis? J Clin Med 2024; 13:3492. [PMID: 38930023 PMCID: PMC11204478 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: this prospective study investigated the correlation between the oral bacterial microflora and the microflora found in voice prostheses (VPs) among 20 patients who had undergone laryngectomy. The aim was to explore the associations between the microflora's presence and the malfunction of VPs, along with the association between the predominant microorganism and the longevity of VPs. Methods: the research process included gathering medical histories, conducting ENT examinations, replacing VPs, and performing check-ups every four months for a period of 15.5 months. Additionally, microbiological examinations, blood tests, and voice change surveys were conducted. Results: a correlation between the microflora isolated from VPs and that from oral rinses was demonstrated in a large percentage of patients who experienced a loss of prosthetic functional efficiency. The correlation analysis between the type of microorganism and the lifespan of VPs showed a non-significant Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.043, p = 0.678). Conclusions: there is no significant linear correlation between the predominant microorganism and the average lifespan of VPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Immordino
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.D.); (R.A.); (S.G.)
| | - Francesco Dispenza
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.D.); (R.A.); (S.G.)
| | - Federico Sireci
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department Precision Medicine in Medical, Surgical and Critical Care (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Anzalone
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.D.); (R.A.); (S.G.)
| | - Palmira Immordino
- Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Section, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine, and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Calà
- Microbiology and Virology Complex Operative Unit, University Hospital “P. Giaccone”, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Gallina
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.D.); (R.A.); (S.G.)
| | - Francesco Lorusso
- Otorhinolaryngology Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.D.); (R.A.); (S.G.)
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Bényei ÉB, Nazeer RR, Askenasy I, Mancini L, Ho PM, Sivarajan GAC, Swain JEV, Welch M. The past, present and future of polymicrobial infection research: Modelling, eavesdropping, terraforming and other stories. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 85:259-323. [PMID: 39059822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two centuries, great advances have been made in microbiology as a discipline. Much of this progress has come about as a consequence of studying the growth and physiology of individual microbial species in well-defined laboratory media; so-called "axenic growth". However, in the real world, microbes rarely live in such "splendid isolation" (to paraphrase Foster) and more often-than-not, share the niche with a plethora of co-habitants. The resulting interactions between species (and even between kingdoms) are only very poorly understood, both on a theoretical and experimental level. Nevertheless, the last few years have seen significant progress, and in this review, we assess the importance of polymicrobial infections, and show how improved experimental traction is advancing our understanding of these. A particular focus is on developments that are allowing us to capture the key features of polymicrobial infection scenarios, especially as those associated with the human airways (both healthy and diseased).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Askenasy
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Mancini
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pok-Man Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jemima E V Swain
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Esfandiary MA, Khosravi AR, Asadi S, Nikaein D, Hassan J, Sharifzadeh A. Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of oleuropein against Escherichia coli and fluconazole-resistant isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:154. [PMID: 38704559 PMCID: PMC11069153 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs, as well as their high cost, have prompted a search for low-cost herbal medicinal substances with fewer side effects. These substances can be used as supplements to medicine or to strengthen their effects. The current study investigated the effect of oleuropein on the inhibition of fungal and bacterial biofilm in-vitro and at the molecular level. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, antimicrobial properties were evaluated using microbroth dilution method. The effect of oleuropein on the formation and eradication of biofilm was assessed on 96-well flat bottom microtiter plates and their effects were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Its effect on key genes (Hwp1, Als3, Epa1, Epa6, LuxS, Pfs) involved in biofilm formation was investigated using the quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal/bactericidal concentration (MFC/MBC) for oleuropein were found to be 65 mg/ml and 130 mg/ml, respectively. Oleuropein significantly inhibited biofilm formation at MIC/2 (32.5 mg/ml), MIC/4 (16.25 mg/ml), MIC/8 (8.125 mg/ml) and MIC/16 (4.062 mg/ml) (p < 0.0001). The anti-biofilm effect of oleuropein was confirmed by SEM. RT-qPCR indicated significant down regulation of expression genes involved in biofilm formation in Candida albicans (Hwp1, Als3) and Candida glabrata (Epa1, Epa6) as well as Escherichia coli (LuxS, Pfs) genes after culture with a MIC/2 of oleuropein (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that oleuropein has antifungal and antibacterial properties that enable it to inhibit or destroy the formation of fungal and bacterial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Esfandiary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khosravi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Asadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Donya Nikaein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, PO Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
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Feng Z, Lu H, Jiang Y. Promising immunotherapeutic targets for treating candidiasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1339501. [PMID: 38404288 PMCID: PMC10884116 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1339501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last twenty years, there has been a significant increase in invasive fungal infections, which has corresponded with the expanding population of individuals with compromised immune systems. As a result, the mortality rate linked to these infections remains unacceptably high. The currently available antifungal drugs, such as azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins, face limitations in terms of their diversity, the escalating resistance of fungi and the occurrence of significant adverse effects. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop new antifungal medications. Vaccines and antibodies present a promising avenue for addressing fungal infections due to their targeted antifungal properties and ability to modulate the immune response. This review investigates the structure and function of cell wall proteins, secreted proteins, and functional proteins within C. albicans. Furthermore, it seeks to analyze the current advancements and challenges in macromolecular drugs to identify new targets for the effective management of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Kurakado S, Matsumoto Y, Eshima S, Sugita T. Antimicrobial Tolerance in Cross-Kingdom Dual-Species Biofilms Formed by Fungi and Bacteria. Med Mycol J 2024; 65:49-57. [PMID: 39218647 DOI: 10.3314/mmj.24.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans, the most common pathogenic fungus, can form biofilms on the surface of medical devices and often causes bloodstream infections. Biofilms have a complex structure composed of microorganisms and a surrounding extracellular matrix. Biofilms are difficult to treat because they are resistant to antifungal drugs and the host environment. Nearly one in four patients with candidemia have a polymicrobial infection. These polymicrobial biofilms, especially those comprising cross-kingdom species of fungi and bacteria, can lead to long hospital stays and high mortality rates. This review outlines the unique interactions of dual-species biofilms with Candida albicans and the clinically important bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kurakado
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
| | | | | | - Takashi Sugita
- Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
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11
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Baxter KJ, Sargison FA, Fitzgerald JR, McConnell G, Hoskisson PA. Time-lapse mesoscopy of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus dual-species biofilms reveals a structural role for the hyphae of C. albicans in biofilm formation. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2024; 170:001426. [PMID: 38261525 PMCID: PMC10866020 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Polymicrobial infection with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus may result in a concomitant increase in virulence and resistance to antimicrobial drugs. This enhanced pathogenicity phenotype is mediated by numerous factors, including metabolic processes and direct interaction of S. aureus with C. albicans hyphae. The overall structure of biofilms is known to contribute to their recalcitrance to treatment, although the dynamics of direct interaction between species and how it contributes to pathogenicity is poorly understood. To address this, a novel time-lapse mesoscopic optical imaging method was developed to enable the formation of C. albicans/S. aureus whole dual-species biofilms to be followed. It was found that yeast-form or hyphal-form C. albicans in the biofilm founder population profoundly affects the structure of the biofilm as it matures. Different sub-populations of C. albicans and S. aureus arise within each biofilm as a result of the different C. albicans morphotypes, resulting in distinct sub-regions. These data reveal that C. albicans cell morphology is pivotal in the development of global biofilm architecture and the emergence of colony macrostructures and may temporally influence synergy in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Baxter
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Fiona A. Sargison
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J. Ross Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Gail McConnell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Paul A. Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
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Tabassum N, Jeong GJ, Jo DM, Khan F, Kim YM. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans polymicrobial biofilms by phloroglucinol-gold nanoparticles. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106416. [PMID: 37866550 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The co-isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans from host tissues and organs and their in vitro and in vivo interaction studies suggest a synergistic relationship in forming polymicrobial biofilms. In particular, during polymicrobial biofilm formation, S. aureus becomes coated in the extracellular matrix secreted by C. albicans, leading to enhanced resistance to antibiotics. Accordingly, understanding the interactions between S. aureus and C. albicans in polymicrobial biofilms is of utmost importance in establishing treatment strategies for polymicrobial infections. As an alternate technique, nanoparticles were used in this investigation to suppress polymicrobial biofilm. The current study aims to manufacture gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using phloroglucinol (PG), a natural chemical, and test their inhibitory capabilities against S. aureus and C. albicans biofilms in standard and host-mimicking media (like saliva and sputum). PG-AuNPs have a spherical form with an average size of 46.71 ± 6.40 nm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values differed when PG-AuNPs were evaluated in the standard and host-mimicking artificial media. The MIC of PG-AuNPs against S. aureus and C. albicans was 2048 μg/mL in both the standard and artificial sputum media. However, the MIC in saliva was only 128 μg/mL. The initial stage polymicrobial biofilm of S. aureus and C. albicans was dramatically decreased at the sub-MIC of PG-AuNPs in both standard and host-mimicking media. S. aureus and C. albicans mature polymicrobial biofilms were more effectively eliminated by MIC and sub-MIC of PG-AuNPs. This study indicates that PG-AuNPs have the ability to limit the formation of polymicrobial biofilms caused by bacterial and fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Tabassum
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Jae Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Min Jo
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, The National Key Research Institutes in Universities, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Delaney C, Alapati S, Alshehri M, Kubalova D, Veena CLR, Abusrewil S, Short B, Bradshaw D, Brown JL. Investigating the role of Candida albicans as a universal substrate for oral bacteria using a transcriptomic approach: implications for interkingdom biofilm control? APMIS 2023; 131:601-612. [PMID: 37170476 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is frequently identified as a colonizer of the oral cavity in health and has recently been termed a "keystone" commensal due to its role on the bacterial communities. However, the role that C. albicans plays in such interactions is not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the relationship between C. albicans and bacteria associated with oral symbiosis and dysbiosis. To do this, we evaluated the ability of C. albicans to support the growth of the aerobic commensal Streptococcus gordonii and the anaerobic pathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis in the biofilm environment. RNA-Sequencing with the Illumina platform was then utilized to identify C. albicans gene expression and functional pathways involved during such interactions in dual-species and a 4-species biofilm model. Results indicated that C. albicans was capable of supporting growth of all three bacteria, with a significant increase in colony counts of each bacteria in the dual-species biofilm (p < 0.05). We identified specific functional enrichment of pathways in our 4-species community as well as transcriptional profiles unique to the F. nucleatum and S. gordonii dual-species biofilms, indicating a species-specific effect on C. albicans. Candida-related hemin acquisition and heat shock protein mediated processes were unique to the organism following co-culture with anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, respectively, suggestive that such pathways may be feasible options for therapeutic targeting to interfere with these fungal-bacterial interactions. Targeted antifungal therapy may be considered as an option for biofilm destabilization and treatment of complex communities. Moving forward, we propose that further studies must continue to investigate the role of this fungal organism in the context of the interkingdom nature of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Delaney
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Susanth Alapati
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Muhanna Alshehri
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Dominika Kubalova
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Chandra Lekha Ramalingham Veena
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Sumaya Abusrewil
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | - Bryn Short
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Jason L Brown
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Biofilm Research Network (www.glasgowbiofilms.ac.uk), Glasgow, UK
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14
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Rapala-Kozik M, Surowiec M, Juszczak M, Wronowska E, Kulig K, Bednarek A, Gonzalez-Gonzalez M, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Zawrotniak M, Satała D, Kozik A. Living together: The role of Candida albicans in the formation of polymicrobial biofilms in the oral cavity. Yeast 2023; 40:303-317. [PMID: 37190878 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity of humans is colonized by diversity of microbial community, although dominated by bacteria, it is also constituted by a low number of fungi, often represented by Candida albicans. Although in the vast minority, this usually commensal fungus under certain conditions of the host (e.g., immunosuppression or antibiotic therapy), can transform into an invasive pathogen that adheres to mucous membranes and also to medical or dental devices, causing mucosal infections. This transformation is correlated with changes in cell morphology from yeast-like cells to hyphae and is supported by numerous virulence factors exposed by C. albicans cells at the site of infection, such as multifunctional adhesins, degradative enzymes, or toxin. All of them affect the surrounding host cells or proteins, leading to their destruction. However, at the site of infection, C. albicans can interact with different bacterial species and in its filamentous form may produce biofilms-the elaborated consortia of microorganisms, that present increased ability to host colonization and resistance to antimicrobial agents. In this review, we highlight the modification of the infectious potential of C. albicans in contact with different bacterial species, and also consider the mutual bacterial-fungal relationships, involving cooperation, competition, or antagonism, that lead to an increase in the propagation of oral infection. The mycofilm of C. albicans is an excellent hiding place for bacteria, especially those that prefer low oxygen availability, where microbial cells during mutual co-existence can avoid host recognition or elimination by antimicrobial action. However, these microbial relationships, identified mainly in in vitro studies, are modified depending on the complexity of host conditions and microbial dominance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Surowiec
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Juszczak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wronowska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kulig
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miriam Gonzalez-Gonzalez
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Satała
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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15
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Satala D, Karkowska-Kuleta J, Bras G, Rapala-Kozik M, Kozik A. Candida parapsilosis cell wall proteins-CPAR2_404800 and CPAR2_404780-Are adhesins that bind to human epithelial and endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins. Yeast 2023; 40:377-389. [PMID: 36851809 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the initial steps necessary for the development of Candida infections is the adherence to the host tissues and cells. Recent transcriptomic studies suggest that, in Candida parapsilosis-a fungal infectious agent that causes systemic candidiasis in immunosuppressed individuals-the adhesion is mediated by pathogen cell-exposed proteins belonging to the agglutinin-like sequence (Als) family. However, to date, the actual interactions of individual members of this family with human cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) have not been characterized in detail. In the current study, we focused attention on two of these C. parapsilosis Als proteins-CPAR2_404800 and CPAR2_404780-that were proteomically identified in the fungal cell wall of yeasts grown in the media suitable for culturing human epithelial and endothelial cells. Both proteins were extracted from the cell wall and purified, and using a microplate binding assay and a fluorescence microscopic analysis were shown to adhere to human cells of A431 (epithelial) and HMEC-1 (endothelial) lines. The human extracellular matrix components that are also plasma proteins-fibronectin and vitronectin-enhanced these interactions, and also could directly bind to CPAR2_404800 and CPAR2_404780 proteins, with a high affinity (KD in a range of 10-7 to 10-8 M) as determined by surface plasmon resonance measurements. Our findings highlight the role of proteins CPAR2_404800 and CPAR2_404780 in adhesion to host cells and proteins, contributing to the knowledge of the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions during C. parapsilosis-caused infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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16
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Schena NC, Baker KM, Stark AA, Thomas DP, Cleary IA. Constitutive ALS3 expression in Candida albicans enhances adhesion and biofilm formation of efg1, but not cph1 mutant strains. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286547. [PMID: 37440498 PMCID: PMC10343153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to living and non-living surfaces is an important virulence trait of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Biofilm formation in this organism depends on the expression of a number of cell surface proteins including the hypha-specific protein Als3p. Loss of ALS3 impairs biofilm formation and decreases cell-cell adhesion. We wanted to test whether constitutively expressing ALS3 could compensate for defects in adhesion and biofilm formation observed in mutant strains that lack key transcriptional regulators of biofilm formation Efg1p and Cph1p. We found that ALS3 improved adhesion and biofilm formation in the efg1Δ and efg1Δ cph1Δ mutant strains, but had less effect on the cph1Δ strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Schena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kassandra M. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anna A. Stark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Derek P. Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Cleary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, United States of America
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17
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Chen YH, Yeung F, Lacey KA, Zaldana K, Lin JD, Bee GCW, McCauley C, Barre RS, Liang SH, Hansen CB, Downie AE, Tio K, Weiser JN, Torres VJ, Bennett RJ, Loke P, Graham AL, Cadwell K. Rewilding of laboratory mice enhances granulopoiesis and immunity through intestinal fungal colonization. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadd6910. [PMID: 37352372 PMCID: PMC10350741 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.add6910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The paucity of blood granulocyte populations such as neutrophils in laboratory mice is a notable difference between this model organism and humans, but the cause of this species-specific difference is unclear. We previously demonstrated that laboratory mice released into a seminatural environment, referred to as rewilding, display an increase in blood granulocytes that is associated with expansion of fungi in the gut microbiota. Here, we find that tonic signals from fungal colonization induce sustained granulopoiesis through a mechanism distinct from emergency granulopoiesis, leading to a prolonged expansion of circulating neutrophils that promotes immunity. Fungal colonization after either rewilding or oral inoculation of laboratory mice with Candida albicans induced persistent expansion of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow. This increase in granulopoiesis conferred greater long-term protection from bloodstream infection by gram-positive bacteria than by the trained immune response evoked by transient exposure to the fungal cell wall component β-glucan. Consequently, introducing fungi into laboratory mice may restore aspects of leukocyte development and provide a better model for humans and free-living mammals that are constantly exposed to environmental fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Han Chen
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute
| | - Frank Yeung
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute
| | - Keenan A. Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kimberly Zaldana
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute
| | - Jian-Da Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Gavyn Chern Wei Bee
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Caroline McCauley
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ramya S. Barre
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shen-Huan Liang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Christina B. Hansen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexander E Downie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kyle Tio
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute
| | - Jeffrey N. Weiser
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Program
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard J. Bennett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea L. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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18
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Chow EWL, Mei Pang L, Wang Y. Impact of the host microbiota on fungal infections: new possibilities for intervention? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 198:114896. [PMID: 37211280 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many human fungal pathogens are opportunistic. They are primarily benign residents of the human body and only become infectious when the host's immunity and microbiome are compromised. Bacteria dominate the human microbiome, playing an essential role in keeping fungi harmless and acting as the first line of defense against fungal infection. The Human Microbiome Project, launched by NIH in 2007, has stimulated extensive investigation and significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the interaction between bacteria and fungi, providing valuable insights for developing future antifungal strategies by exploiting the interaction. This review summarizes recent progress in this field and discusses new possibilities and challenges. We must seize the opportunities presented by researching bacterial-fungal interplay in the human microbiome to address the global spread of drug-resistant fungal pathogens and the drying pipelines of effective antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve W L Chow
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Li Mei Pang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Yue Wang
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories (ID Labs), Agency for Science and Technology Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore.
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19
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Mosaddad SA, Mahootchi P, Safari S, Rahimi H, Aghili SS. Interactions between systemic diseases and oral microbiota shifts in the aging community: A narrative review. J Basic Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 37173818 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
As a gateway to general health and a diverse microbial habitat, the oral cavity is colonized by numerous microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Oral microbiota plays an essential role in preserving oral health. Besides, the oral cavity also significantly contributes to systemic health. Physiological aging influences all body systems, including the oral microbial inhabitants. The cited effect can cause diseases by forming dysbiotic communities. Since it has been demonstrated that microbial dysbiosis could disturb the symbiosis state between the host and the resident microorganism, shifting the condition toward a more pathogenic one, this study investigated how the oral microbial shifts in aging could associate with the development or progression of systemic diseases in older adults. The current study focused on the interactions between variations in the oral microbiome and prevalent diseases in older adults, including diabetes mellitus, Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, oral candidiasis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and glaucoma. Underlying diseases can dynamically modify the oral ecology and the composition of its resident oral microbiome. Clinical, experimental, and epidemiological research suggests the associations of systemic disorders with bacteremia and inflammation after oral microbial changes in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pegah Mahootchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sajedeh Safari
- Department of Prosthodontics, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hussein Rahimi
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sara Aghili
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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20
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Li Y, Huang S, Du J, Wu M, Huang X. Current and prospective therapeutic strategies: tackling Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans cross-kingdom biofilm. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1106231. [PMID: 37249973 PMCID: PMC10213903 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most frequent strain associated with cross-kingdom infections in the oral cavity. Clinical evidence shows the co-existence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and C. albicans in the carious lesions especially in children with early childhood caries (ECC) and demonstrates the close interaction between them. During the interaction, both S. mutans and C. albicans have evolved a complex network of regulatory mechanisms to boost cariogenic virulence and modulate tolerance upon stress changes in the external environment. The intricate relationship and unpredictable consequences pose great therapeutic challenges in clinics, which indicate the demand for de novo emergence of potential antimicrobial therapy with multi-targets or combinatorial therapies. In this article, we present an overview of the clinical significance, and cooperative network of the cross-kingdom interaction between S. mutans and C. albicans. Furthermore, we also summarize the current strategies for targeting cross-kingdom biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minjing Wu
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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21
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Sampaio C, Pessan JP, Nunes GP, Magno MB, Maia LC, Exterkate R, Deng D, Monteiro DR. Are the counts of Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus changed in complete denture wearers carrying denture stomatitis? A systematic review with meta-analyses. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00180-4. [PMID: 37080861 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Despite the importance of Candida spp. on the etiology of denture stomatitis (DS), information on the role of the bacterial component is still scarce. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate whether the counts of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans were changed in complete denture wearers diagnosed with Candida-associated DS. MATERIAL AND METHODS The literature search was performed in 8 databases and by hand searching. The risk of bias was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa qualifier. Meta-analyses were performed considering the microorganism evaluated (S. aureus or S. mutans) and the collection area (mucosa or dentures). The certainty of evidence was assessed according to the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluations (GRADE) criteria. RESULTS Participants with DS presented higher counts of S. aureus in the mucosa compared with those from the control group (OR, 3.16 [1.62, 6.15]; P<.001). No significant difference between the groups was observed for samples collected from dentures (OR, 0.73 [0.50, 1.07]; P=.110). Conversely, participants without DS presented higher counts of S. mutans both in the mucosa (OR, 0.19 [0.06, 0.63]; P=.006) and dentures (OR, 0.64 [0.41, 1.0]; P=.050). CONCLUSIONS Microbial counts in participants with DS changed as a function of the type of microorganism and collection site. The certainty of evidence ranged from very low to low. The findings reinforce the fact that bacteria also play a relevant role in DS and should be more extensively studied. Such information may be useful to guide further therapies to prevent or control DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Sampaio
- PhD, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano P Pessan
- Associate Professor, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel P Nunes
- PhD student, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcela B Magno
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucianne C Maia
- Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rob Exterkate
- Research Staff Member, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- Associate Professor, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douglas R Monteiro
- Professor, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Gaálová-Radochová B, Kendra S, Jordao L, Kursawe L, Kikhney J, Moter A, Bujdáková H. Effect of Quorum Sensing Molecule Farnesol on Mixed Biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030441. [PMID: 36978309 PMCID: PMC10044556 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural bioactive molecule farnesol (FAR) is widely studied mainly for its antibiofilm and antimicrobial properties. In addition, it increases the effectiveness of some antimicrobial substances, which makes it interesting for the development of combined therapy. In the present work, the effect of FAR either alone or in combination with oxacillin (OXA) on mixed biofilms formed by clinically relevant pathogens, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, was studied. S. aureus isolates used for biofilm formation originated from blood cultures and central venous catheters (CVC) were characterized in terms of antimicrobial resistance. The minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC50) for FAR of 48 h mixed biofilms formed by the C. albicans and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) was determined to be 125 μM, and for the mixed biofilms with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was determined to be 250 μM. Treatment of mixed biofilms with OXA (2 mg/mL) showed ≤4% inhibition; however, the combination of OXA (2 mg/mL) and FAR (300 μM) resulted in 80% inhibition of biofilms. In addition, planktonic cells of S. aureus exhibited an increased susceptibility to OXA, cefoxitin and kanamycin in the presence of FAR (150 and 300 μM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs confirmed patchy biofilm and lack of candidal hyphae in the samples treated with FAR and FAR/OXA in comparison to control and mixed biofilms treated only with OXA. Intriguingly, in a pilot experiment using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), considerable differences in activity (as indicated by ribosome content) of staphylococcal cells were detected. While the activity rate of the staphylococci in mixed biofilms treated with FAR was high, no FISH-positive signal for staphylococcal cells was found in the biofilm treated with FAR/OXA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Gaálová-Radochová
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-9014-9480
| | - Samuel Kendra
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Luisa Jordao
- Department of Environmental Health, Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laura Kursawe
- Biofilmcenter, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Kikhney
- Biofilmcenter, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Moter
- Biofilmcenter, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Moter Diagnostics, Marienplatz 9, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Bujdáková
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
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23
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Immunopathologic Role of Fungi in Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032366. [PMID: 36768687 PMCID: PMC9917138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Airborne fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and are commonly associated with airway inflammatory diseases. The innate immune defense system eliminates most inhaled fungi. However, some influence the development of chronic rhinosinusitis. Fungal CRS is thought of as not a common disease, and its incidence increases over time. Fungi are present in CRS patients and in healthy sinonasal mucosa. Although the immunological mechanisms have not been entirely explained, CRS patients may exhibit different immune responses than healthy people against airborne fungi. Fungi can induce Th1 and Th2 immune responses. In CRS, Th2-related immune responses against fungi are associated with pattern recognition receptors in nasal epithelial cells, the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from nasal epithelial cells, and interaction with innate type 2 cells, lymphocytes, and inflammatory cells. Fungi also interact with neutrophils and eosinophils and induce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs). NETs and EETs are associated with antifungal properties and aggravation of chronic inflammation in CRS by releasing intracellular granule proteins. Fungal and bacterial biofilms are commonly found in CRS and may support chronic and recalcitrant CRS infection. The fungal-bacterial interaction in the sinonasal mucosa could affect the survival and virulence of fungi and bacteria and host immune responses. The interaction between the mycobiome and microbiome may also influence the host immune response, impacting local inflammation and chronicity. Although the exact immunopathologic role of fungi in the pathogenesis of CRS is not completely understood, they contribute to the development of sinonasal inflammatory responses in CRS.
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24
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de Jongh CA, de Vries TJ, Bikker FJ, Gibbs S, Krom BP. Mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis to translocate over the oral mucosa and other tissue barriers. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2205291. [PMID: 37124549 PMCID: PMC10134951 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2205291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is not only associated with periodontitis but also with systemic diseases elsewhere in the body. The mechanisms by which P. gingivalis travels from the oral cavity to other organs in the body are largely unknown. This review describes the four putative mechanisms supported by experimental evidence, which enable translocation of P. gingivalis over the oral mucosa, endothelial barriers and subsequent dissemination into the bloodstream. Mechanisms The first mechanism: proteolytic enzymes secreted by P. gingivalis degrade adhesion molecules between tissue cells, and the extracellular matrix. This weakens the structural integrity of the mucosa and allows P. gingivalis to penetrate the tissue. The second is transcytosis: bacteria actively enter tissue cells and transfer to the next layer or the extracellular space. By travelling from cell to cell, P. gingivalis reaches deeper structures. Thirdly, professional phagocytes take up P. gingivalis and travel to the bloodstream where P. gingivalis is released. Lastly, P. gingivalis can adhere to the hyphae forming Candida albicans. These hyphae can penetrate the mucosal tissue, which may allow P. gingivalis to reach deeper structures. Conclusion More research could elucidate targets to inhibit P. gingivalis dissemination and prevent the onset of various systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. de Jongh
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Gibbs
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- CONTACT Bastiaan P. Krom Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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25
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Gould SJ, Foey AD, Salih VM. An organotypic oral mucosal infection model to study host-pathogen interactions. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231197310. [PMID: 37873034 PMCID: PMC10590543 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231197310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Early in vitro oral mucosal infection models (OMMs) failed to consider the suitability of the model environment to represent the host immune response. Denture stomatitis (DS) is mediated by Candida albicans, but the role of Staphylococcus aureus remains uncertain. A collagen hydrogel-based OMM containing HaCaT and HGF cell types was developed, characterised and employed to study of tissue invasion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in response to pathogens. Models formed a robust epithelium. Despite their inflammatory baseline, 24-h infection with C. albicans, and/or S. aureus led to tissue invasion, and significantly upregulated IL-6 and IL-8 production by OMMs when compared to the unstimulated control. No significant difference in IL-6 or IL-8 production by OMMs was observed between single and dual infections. These attributes indicate that this newly developed OMM is suitable for the study of DS and could be implemented for the wider study of oral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Gould
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Andrew D Foey
- School of Biomedical Health Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Vehid M Salih
- Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon, UK
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26
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Sulaiman R, Trizna E, Kolesnikova A, Khabibrakhmanova A, Kurbangalieva A, Bogachev M, Kayumov A. Antimicrobial and Biofilm-Preventing Activity of l-Borneol Possessing 2(5H)-Furanone Derivative F131 against S. aureus—C. albicans Mixed Cultures. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010026. [PMID: 36678375 PMCID: PMC9866062 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are human pathogens that are able to form mixed biofilms on the surface of mucous membranes, implants and catheters. In biofilms, these pathogens have increased resistance to antimicrobials, leading to extreme difficulties in the treatment of mixed infections. The growing frequency of mixed infections caused by S. aureus and C. albicans requires either the development of new antimicrobials or the proposal of alternative approaches to increase the efficiency of conventional ones. Here, we show the antimicrobial, biofilm-preventing and biofilm-eradicating activity of 2(5H)-furanone derivative F131, containing an l-borneol fragment against S. aureus-C. albicans mixed biofilms. Furanone F131 is also capable of inhibiting the formation of monospecies and mixed biofilms by S. aureus and C. albicans. The minimal biofilm-prevention concentration (MBPC) of this compound was 8-16 μg/mL for S. aureus and C. albicans mono- and two-species biofilms. While the compound demonstrates slightly lower activity compared to conventional antimicrobials (gentamicin, amikacin, fluconazole, terbinafine and benzalkonium chloride), F131 also increases the antimicrobial activity of fluconazole-gentamicin and benzalkonium chloride against mixed biofilms of S. aureus-C. albicans, thus reducing MBPC of fluconazole-gentamicin by 4-16 times and benzalkonium chloride twofold. F131 does not affect the transcription of the MDR1, CDR1 and CDR2 genes, thus suggesting a low risk of micromycete resistance to this compound. Altogether, combined use of antibiotics with a F131 could be a promising option to reduce the concentration of fluconazole used in antiseptic compositions and reduce the toxic effect of benzalkonium chloride and gentamicin. This makes them an attractive starting point for the development of alternative antimicrobials for the treatment of skin infections caused by S. aureus-C. albicans mixed biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Sulaiman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena Trizna
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alena Kolesnikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alsu Khabibrakhmanova
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Almira Kurbangalieva
- Biofunctional Chemistry Laboratory, Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Bogachev
- Biomedical Engineering Research Centre, St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Airat Kayumov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Microorganisms, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
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27
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Metagenomic insights into taxonomic, functional diversity and inhibitors of microbial biofilms. Microbiol Res 2022; 265:127207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Du Q, Ren B, Zhou X, Zhang L, Xu X. Cross-kingdom interaction between Candida albicans and oral bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911623. [PMID: 36406433 PMCID: PMC9668886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a symbiotic fungus that commonly colonizes on oral mucosal surfaces and mainly affects immuno-compromised individuals. Polymicrobial interactions between C. albicans and oral microbes influence the cellular and biochemical composition of the biofilm, contributing to change clinically relevant outcomes of biofilm-related oral diseases, such as pathogenesis, virulence, and drug-resistance. Notably, the symbiotic relationships between C. albicans and oral bacteria have been well-documented in dental caries, oral mucositis, endodontic and periodontal diseases, implant-related infections, and oral cancer. C. albicans interacts with co-existing oral bacteria through physical attachment, extracellular signals, and metabolic cross-feeding. This review discusses the bacterial-fungal interactions between C. albicans and different oral bacteria, with a particular focus on the underlying mechanism and its relevance to the development and clinical management of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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29
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Durand BARN, Pouget C, Magnan C, Molle V, Lavigne JP, Dunyach-Remy C. Bacterial Interactions in the Context of Chronic Wound Biofilm: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081500. [PMID: 35893558 PMCID: PMC9332326 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds, defined by their resistance to care after four weeks, are a major concern, affecting millions of patients every year. They can be divided into three types of lesions: diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), pressure ulcers (PU), and venous/arterial ulcers. Once established, the classical treatment for chronic wounds includes tissue debridement at regular intervals to decrease biofilm mass constituted by microorganisms physiologically colonizing the wound. This particular niche hosts a dynamic bacterial population constituting the bed of interaction between the various microorganisms. The temporal reshuffle of biofilm relies on an organized architecture. Microbial community turnover is mainly associated with debridement (allowing transitioning from one major representant to another), but also with microbial competition and/or collaboration within wounds. This complex network of species and interactions has the potential, through diversity in antagonist and/or synergistic crosstalk, to accelerate, delay, or worsen wound healing. Understanding these interactions between microorganisms encountered in this clinical situation is essential to improve the management of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. R. N. Durand
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections, UMR 1047, Université Montpellier, INSERM, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30908 Nîmes, France; (B.A.R.N.D.); (C.P.); (C.M.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Cassandra Pouget
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections, UMR 1047, Université Montpellier, INSERM, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30908 Nîmes, France; (B.A.R.N.D.); (C.P.); (C.M.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Chloé Magnan
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections, UMR 1047, Université Montpellier, INSERM, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30908 Nîmes, France; (B.A.R.N.D.); (C.P.); (C.M.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5235, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections, UMR 1047, Université Montpellier, INSERM, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30908 Nîmes, France; (B.A.R.N.D.); (C.P.); (C.M.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections, UMR 1047, Université Montpellier, INSERM, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Nîmes, 30908 Nîmes, France; (B.A.R.N.D.); (C.P.); (C.M.); (J.-P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-466-683-202
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30
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Tran VN, Khan F, Han W, Luluil M, Truong VG, Yun HG, Choi S, Kim YM, Shin JH, Kang HW. Real-time monitoring of mono- and dual-species biofilm formation and eradication using microfluidic platform. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9678. [PMID: 35690659 PMCID: PMC9188611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13699-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a human host, bacterial Staphylococcus aureus and fungal Candida albicans pathogens form a mixed biofilm that causes severe mortality and morbidity. However, research on the formation and eradication of mixed biofilms under dynamic conditions is lacking. Thus, this study employed a microfluidic technique to analyze the real-time formation of mono- and dual-species (S. aureus and C. albicans) biofilms and noninvasive optical treatment of the established mature biofilm using 405-nm laser light. A herringbone mixer thoroughly mixed both bacterial and fungal cells in the growth media before being injected into the observation channels on the microfluidic chip. At a flow rate of 1.0 µL/min of growth media for 24 h, the bacterial biofilm coverage was up to 15% higher than that of the fungal biofilm (50% for bacteria vs. 35% for fungus). On the other hand, the dual-species biofilm yielded the highest coverage of ~ 96.5% because of the collective interaction between S. aureus and C. albicans. The number of cell proliferation events in S. aureus was higher than that of C. albicans for 12 h, which indicates that the S. aureus biofilm was developed faster than C. albicans. The novel in situ test platform showed a significant bactericidal effect (80%) of the 405-nm laser light at 1080 J/cm2 towards the established S. aureus biofilm, whereas the same treatment removed approximately 69% of the mixed cells in the dual-species biofilm. This study revealed that the developed microfluidic platform could be utilized to monitor the formation of dual-species biofilms in real-time and laser-induced antimicrobial effects on dual-species biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Nam Tran
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering and Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Won Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Maknuna Luluil
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering and Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Van Gia Truong
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering and Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Hyo Geun Yun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Joong Ho Shin
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering and Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
| | - Hyun Wook Kang
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering and Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea. .,Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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31
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Beema Shafreen RM, Seema S, Alagu Lakshmi S, Srivathsan A, Tamilmuhilan K, Shrestha A, Balasubramanian B, Dhandapani R, Paramasivam R, Al Obaid S, Salmen SH, Mohd Amin MF, Muthupandian S. In Vitro and In Vivo Antibiofilm Potential of Eicosane Against Candida albicans. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4800-4816. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hwang G. In it together: Candida-bacterial oral biofilms and therapeutic strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 14:183-196. [PMID: 35218311 PMCID: PMC8957517 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Under natural environmental settings or in the human body, the majority of microorganisms exist in complex polymicrobial biofilms adhered to abiotic and biotic surfaces. These microorganisms exhibit symbiotic, mutualistic, synergistic, or antagonistic relationships with other species during biofilm colonization and development. These polymicrobial interactions are heterogeneous, complex and hard to control, thereby often yielding worse outcomes than monospecies infections. Concerning fungi, Candida spp., in particular, Candida albicans is often detected with various bacterial species in oral biofilms. These Candida-bacterial interactions may induce the transition of C. albicans from commensal to pathobiont or dysbiotic organism. Consequently, Candida-bacterial interactions are largely associated with various oral diseases, including dental caries, denture stomatitis, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and oral cancer. Given the severity of oral diseases caused by cross-kingdom consortia that develop hard-to-remove and highly drug-resistant biofilms, fundamental research is warranted to strategically develop cost-effective and safe therapies to prevent and treat cross-kingdom interactions and subsequent biofilm development. While studies have shed some light, targeting fungal-involved polymicrobial biofilms has been limited. This mini-review outlines the key features of Candida-bacterial interactions and their impact on various oral diseases. In addition, current knowledge on therapeutic strategies to target Candida-bacterial polymicrobial biofilms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geelsu Hwang
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding Author: Geelsu Hwang,
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Li H, Dong M, Xie W, Qi W, Teng F, Li H, Yan Y, Wang C, Han C, Xue F. Mixed Vaginitis in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy Is Associated With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:798738. [PMID: 35419297 PMCID: PMC8995747 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.798738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed vaginitis is a complex vaginal dysbiosis that differs from single vaginitis. Vaginitis in the third trimester may lead to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The clinical characteristics, microbiological characteristics, and adverse pregnancy outcomes of mixed vaginitis in late pregnancy are worth studying. Therefore, this study investigated the clinical and microbiological characteristics of vaginitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes of patients with mixed vaginitis. We studied 1,674 women in late pregnancy who attended the Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from November, 2019 to October, 2021. We administered standardized questionnaires, performed vaginal examination and sampling plus microscope examinations, and assessed follow-up pregnancy outcomes. We cultured the vaginal discharge of the patients with mixed vaginitis to isolate pathogens and performed antimicrobial susceptibility tests of the isolated pathogens. For the patients with peripartum infection, we collected a sample to isolate pathogens. Among the 1,674 women, 66 (3.9%) had mixed vaginitis. The independent risk factor for mixed vaginitis in late pregnancy was a history of vaginitis during early and middle pregnancy (OR = 5.637, 95% CI: 3.314–9.580). The signs of vaginal erythema (63.6% vs. 42.0%), yellow discharge (81.8% vs. 59.6%), and malodor (31.8% vs. 18.8%) (P <0.05) were significantly higher in patients with mixed vaginitis than in patients with single vaginitis. Bacterial isolates of the vaginal secretions of patients with mixed bacterial vaginitis were mainly the pathogens of aerobic vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Streptococcus anginosus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Pathogen isolation of the vaginal secretions of patients with mixed fungus and bacteria vaginitis mainly included Candida albicans, followed by S. anginosus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus hemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus simulans. Women with mixed vaginitis had an increased incidence and risk of peripartum infections (6.1% vs. 1.4%, P <0.05; OR = 3.985, 95% CI:1.214–13.079). Escherichia coli is the main pathogen that causes peripartum infection. Mixed vaginitis in late pregnancy is characterized by a severe and complex phenotype, complex vaginal dysbiosis, and a long course of vaginal dysbiosis. This can lead to an increased incidence and risk of peripartum infection. Therefore, more attention should be paid to patients with mixed vaginitis in the third trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanrong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengting Dong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjuan Xie
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhui Qi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiyang Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Yan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Cha Han
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Cha Han, ; Fengxia Xue,
| | - Fengxia Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Cha Han, ; Fengxia Xue,
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Yang S, Lyu X, Zhang J, Shui Y, Yang R, Xu X. The Application of Small Molecules to the Control of Typical Species Associated With Oral Infectious Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:816386. [PMID: 35265531 PMCID: PMC8899129 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.816386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral microbial dysbiosis is the major causative factor for common oral infectious diseases including dental caries and periodontal diseases. Interventions that can lessen the microbial virulence and reconstitute microbial ecology have drawn increasing attention in the development of novel therapeutics for oral diseases. Antimicrobial small molecules are a series of natural or synthetic bioactive compounds that have shown inhibitory effect on oral microbiota associated with oral infectious diseases. Novel small molecules, which can either selectively inhibit keystone microbes that drive dysbiosis of oral microbiota or inhibit the key virulence of the microbial community without necessarily killing the microbes, are promising for the ecological management of oral diseases. Here we discussed the research progress in the development of antimicrobial small molecules and delivery systems, with a particular focus on their antimicrobial activity against typical species associated with oral infectious diseases and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoying Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusen Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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La Y, Kwon DE, Jeon S, Lee S, Lee KH, Han SH, Song YG. Clinical Implication of Candida Score in Multidrug-Resistant Pneumonia with Airway Candida Colonization. Infect Chemother 2022; 54:287-297. [PMID: 35706075 PMCID: PMC9259915 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2022.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The growth of Candida in respiratory secretions is usually considered colonization, and antifungal therapy is rarely required. The role of Candida colonization in the progression of bacterial pneumonia remains controversial. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical implication of Candida score by analyzinge the relationship with multidrug-resistant (MDR) pneumonia and prognosis in patients with airway Candida colonization. Materials and Methods This study was a retrospective review of patients with airway Candida colonization by bronchial washing or bronchoalveolar lavage. The Candida score was calculated according to the four factors (severe sepsis, surgery at baseline, total parenteral nutrition, and multifocal Candida colonization). Pneumonia related mortality or hopeless discharge expecting death was defined as a poor outcome. Results A total of 148 patients were enrolled in the study. In a multivariate analysis model, Candida score was identified as an independent predictor of poor outcomes (odds ratio 2.23; 95% confidential interval 1.57 – 3.17; P <0.001) in pneumonia patients with airway Candida colonization. With a Candida score of three or higher compared with low score group, it was associated with bacterial pneumonia, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection (0.0% vs. 15.2%, P = 0.004). In addition, patients with a high Candida score had a longer hospital stay (13 vs. 38 days, P <0.001), longer duration of intensive care (7 vs. 18 days, P <0.001), and higher pneumonia-related mortality (0.0% vs. 45.5%, P <0.001) as compared to the low Candida score group. The Candida score showed a positive correlation with other pneumonia severity scales such as CURB-65 (Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, and age ≥65 years) (r = 0.461, P <0.001), Pneumonia Severity Index (r = 0.397, P <0.001), and predisposition, insult, response, and organ dysfunction (PIRO) score (r = 0.425, P <0.001). Conclusion This study revealed that Candida is no longer a bystander of airway colonization, and that it affects the progression of bacterial pneumonia, including multidrug-resistant pathogens, particularly MRSA infection. Also Candida score can be used to predict the prognosis of patients with pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju La
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Da Eun Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoung Jeon
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujee Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Han
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Goo Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Enz A, Müller S, Mittelmeier W, Klinder A. Severe polymicrobial and fungal periprosthetic osteomyelitis persisting after hip disarticulations treated with caspofungin in risk patients: a case series. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:86. [PMID: 34972536 PMCID: PMC8720203 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-021-00490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periprosthetic fungal infections are considered rare and opportunistic infections. Treatment is difficult, and established standards do not yet exist. The choice of the appropriate antifungal drug might affect the patient outcome. CASES All the three cases presented showed polybacterial recurrent infection of the revision hip arthroplasty. All patients were of younger age, had multiple revisions of the endoprosthesis, each had a large partial femoral replacement greater than 40% of the femoral length, gentamycin-loaded cement, and a long anchoring distance of the used intramedullary stem. Due to the severe life-threatening infection with deep osteomyelitis, an amputation had to be performed. However, despite surgical intervention, the fungal dominated infection persisted. Finally, only the use of caspofungin allowed permanent infection control. CONCLUSION The polybacterial infection is driven by the symbiosis between fungi and bacteria. Therefore, eradication of the fungus is required to achieve elimination of the bacteria. Antimycotics of the echinocandin-class, such as caspofungin, may be considered as initial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Enz
- Orthopedic Clinic and Policlinic, University Medical Center Rostock, Doberaner Str. 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Silke Müller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University medical center Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfram Mittelmeier
- Orthopedic Clinic and Policlinic, University Medical Center Rostock, Doberaner Str. 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Annett Klinder
- Orthopedic Clinic and Policlinic, University Medical Center Rostock, Doberaner Str. 142, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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Oh SH, Schliep K, Isenhower A, Rodriguez-Bobadilla R, Vuong VM, Fields CJ, Hernandez AG, Hoyer LL. Using Genomics to Shape the Definition of the Agglutinin-Like Sequence ( ALS) Family in the Saccharomycetales. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:794529. [PMID: 34970511 PMCID: PMC8712946 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.794529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) family is studied because of its contribution to cell adhesion, fungal colonization, and polymicrobial biofilm formation. The goal of this work was to derive an accurate census and sequence for ALS genes in pathogenic yeasts and other closely related species, while probing the boundaries of the ALS family within the Order Saccharomycetales. Bioinformatic methods were combined with laboratory experimentation to characterize 47 novel ALS loci from 8 fungal species. AlphaFold predictions suggested the presence of a conserved N-terminal adhesive domain (NT-Als) structure in all Als proteins reported to date, as well as in S. cerevisiae alpha-agglutinin (Sag1). Lodderomyces elongisporus, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and Scheffersomyces stipitis were notable because each species had genes with C. albicans ALS features, as well as at least one that encoded a Sag1-like protein. Detection of recombination events between the ALS family and gene families encoding other cell-surface proteins such as Iff/Hyr and Flo suggest widespread domain swapping with the potential to create cell-surface diversity among yeast species. Results from the analysis also revealed subtelomeric ALS genes, ALS pseudogenes, and the potential for yeast species to secrete their own soluble adhesion inhibitors. Information presented here supports the inclusion of SAG1 in the ALS family and yields many experimental hypotheses to pursue to further reveal the nature of the ALS family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hwan Oh
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Klaus Schliep
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Allyson Isenhower
- Department of Biology, Millikin University, Decatur, IL, United States
| | | | - Vien M. Vuong
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Christopher J. Fields
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alvaro G. Hernandez
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Lois L. Hoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Short B, Delaney C, McKloud E, Brown JL, Kean R, Litherland GJ, Williams C, Martin SL, MacKay WG, Ramage G. Investigating the Transcriptome of Candida albicans in a Dual-Species Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:791523. [PMID: 34888261 PMCID: PMC8650683 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.791523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen found throughout multiple body sites and is frequently co-isolated from infections of the respiratory tract and oral cavity with Staphylococcus aureus. Herein we present the first report of the effects that S. aureus elicits on the C. albicans transcriptome. Dual-species biofilms containing S. aureus and C. albicans mutants defective in ALS3 or ECE1 were optimised and characterised, followed by transcriptional profiling of C. albicans by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). Altered phenotypes in C. albicans mutants revealed specific interaction profiles between fungus and bacteria. The major adhesion and virulence proteins Als3 and Ece1, respectively, were found to have substantial effects on the Candida transcriptome in early and mature biofilms. Despite this, deletion of ECE1 did not adversely affect biofilm formation or the ability of S. aureus to interact with C. albicans hyphae. Upregulated genes in dual-species biofilms corresponded to multiple gene ontology terms, including those attributed to virulence, biofilm formation and protein binding such as ACE2 and multiple heat-shock protein genes. This shows that S. aureus pushes C. albicans towards a more virulent genotype, helping us to understand the driving forces behind the increased severity of C. albicans-S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Short
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Delaney
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emily McKloud
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jason L Brown
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Kean
- Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gary J Litherland
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Williams
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - S Lorraine Martin
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | - William G MacKay
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Glasgow Biofilms Research Network, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Eichelberger KR, Cassat JE. Metabolic Adaptations During Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans Co-Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:797550. [PMID: 34956233 PMCID: PMC8692374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.797550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful pathogens require metabolic flexibility to adapt to diverse host niches. The presence of co-infecting or commensal microorganisms at a given infection site can further influence the metabolic processes required for a pathogen to cause disease. The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the polymorphic fungus Candida albicans are microorganisms that asymptomatically colonize healthy individuals but can also cause superficial infections or severe invasive disease. Due to many shared host niches, S. aureus and C. albicans are frequently co-isolated from mixed fungal-bacterial infections. S. aureus and C. albicans co-infection alters microbial metabolism relative to infection with either organism alone. Metabolic changes during co-infection regulate virulence, such as enhancing toxin production in S. aureus or contributing to morphogenesis and cell wall remodeling in C. albicans. C. albicans and S. aureus also form polymicrobial biofilms, which have greater biomass and reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials relative to mono-microbial biofilms. The S. aureus and C. albicans metabolic programs induced during co-infection impact interactions with host immune cells, resulting in greater microbial survival and immune evasion. Conversely, innate immune cell sensing of S. aureus and C. albicans triggers metabolic changes in the host cells that result in an altered immune response to secondary infections. In this review article, we discuss the metabolic programs that govern host-pathogen interactions during S. aureus and C. albicans co-infection. Understanding C. albicans-S. aureus interactions may highlight more general principles of how polymicrobial interactions, particularly fungal-bacterial interactions, shape the outcome of infectious disease. We focus on how co-infection alters microbial metabolism to enhance virulence and how infection-induced changes to host cell metabolism can impact a secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara R. Eichelberger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Kara R. Eichelberger, ; James E. Cassat,
| | - James E. Cassat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Kara R. Eichelberger, ; James E. Cassat,
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Phuengmaung P, Panpetch W, Singkham-In U, Chatsuwan T, Chirathaworn C, Leelahavanichkul A. Presence of Candida tropicalis on Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms Facilitated Biofilm Production and Candida Dissemination: An Impact of Fungi on Bacterial Biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:763239. [PMID: 34746032 PMCID: PMC8569676 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.763239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) is a common cause of infections in implanted prostheses and other indwelling devices, partly due to the biofilm formation, Candida tropicalis (CT) is an emerging Candida spp. with a potent biofilm-producing property. Due to the possible coexistence between SE and CT infection in the same patient, characteristics of the polymicrobial biofilms from both organisms might be different from those of the biofilms of each organism. Then, the exploration on biofilms, from SE with or without CT, and an evaluation on l-cysteine (an antibiofilm against both bacteria and fungi) were performed. As such, Candida incubation in preformed SE biofilms (SE > CT) produced higher biofilms than the single- (SE or CT) or mixed-organism (SE + CT) biofilms as determined by crystal violet staining and fluorescent confocal images with z-stack thickness analysis. In parallel, SE > CT biofilms demonstrated higher expression of icaB and icaC than other groups at 20 and 24 h of incubation, suggesting an enhanced matrix polymerization and transportation, respectively. Although organism burdens (culture method) from single-microbial biofilms (SE or CT) were higher than multi-organism biofilms (SE + CT and SE > CT), macrophage cytokine responses (TNF-α and IL-6) against SE > CT biofilms were higher than those in other groups in parallel to the profound biofilms in SE > CT. Additionally, sepsis severity in mice with subcutaneously implanted SE > CT catheters was more severe than in other groups as indicated by mortality rate, fungemia, serum cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), and kidney and liver injury. Although CT grows upon preformed SE-biofilm production, the biofilm structures interfered during CT morphogenesis leading to the frailty of biofilm structure and resulting in the prominent candidemia. However, l-cysteine incubation together with the organisms in catheters reduced biofilms, microbial burdens, macrophage responses, and sepsis severity. In conclusion, SE > CT biofilms prominently induced biofilm matrix, fungemia, macrophage responses, and sepsis severity, whereas the microbial burdens were lower than in the single-organism biofilms. All biofilms were attenuated by l-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Phuengmaung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wimonrat Panpetch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Uthaibhorn Singkham-In
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanittha Chatsuwan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Antimicrobial Resistance and Stewardship Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chintana Chirathaworn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit (TRIRU), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Scheunemann G, Fortes BN, Lincopan N, Ishida K. Caspofungin Inhibits Mixed Biofilms of Candida albicans and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Displays Effectiveness in Coinfected Galleria mellonella Larvae. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0074421. [PMID: 34643410 PMCID: PMC8515925 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00744-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are pathogens commonly isolated from bloodstream infections worldwide. While coinfection by both pathogens is associated with mixed biofilms and more severe clinical manifestations, due to the combined expression of virulence and resistance factors, effective treatments remain a challenge. In this study, we evaluated the activity of echinocandins, especially caspofungin, against mixed biofilms of C. albicans and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) or methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and their effectiveness in vivo using the Galleria mellonella coinfection model. Although caspofungin (CAS) and micafungin (MFG) inhibited the mixed biofilm formation, with CAS exhibiting inhibitory activity at lower concentrations, only CAS was active against preformed mixed biofilms. CAS significantly decreased the total biomass of mixed biofilms at concentrations of ≥2 μg/ml, whereas the microbial viability was reduced at high concentrations (32 to 128 μg/ml), leading to fungus and bacterium cell wall disruption and fungal cell enlargement. Notably, CAS (20 or 50 mg/kg of body weight) treatment led to an increased survival and improved outcomes of G. mellonella larvae coinfected with C. albicans and MRSA, since a significant reduction of fungal and bacterial burden in larval tissues was achieved with induction of granuloma formation. Our results reveal that CAS can be a therapeutic option for the treatment of mixed infections caused by C. albicans and S. aureus, supporting additional investigation. IMPORTANCE Infections by microorganisms resistant to antimicrobials is a major challenge that leads to high morbidity and mortality rates and increased time and cost with hospitalization. It was estimated that 27 to 56% of bloodstream infections by C. albicans are polymicrobial, with S. aureus being one of the microorganisms commonly coisolated worldwide. About 80% of infections are associated with biofilms by single or mixed species that can be formed on invasive medical devices, e.g., catheter, and are considered a dissemination source. The increased resistance to antimicrobials in bacterial and fungal cells when they are in biofilms is the most medically relevant behavior that frequently results in therapeutic failure. Although there are several studies evaluating treatments for polymicrobial infections associated or not with biofilms, there is still no consensus on an effective antimicrobial therapy to combat the coinfection by bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Scheunemann
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna N. Fortes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly Ishida
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fatahi Dehpahni M, Chehri K, Azadbakht M. Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and L-Carnitine Supplement on Mixed Vaginitis Caused by Candida albicans/ Staphylococcus aureus in Mouse Models: An Experimental Study. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3945-3956. [PMID: 34542662 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens is a global health and development threat. Nanomedicine is rapidly becoming the main driving force behind ongoing changes in antimicrobial studies. Among nanoparticles, silver (AgNPs) have attracted attention due to their versatile properties. The study aimed to investigate the effects of AgNPs and L-carnitine (LC) on mixed Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus in the mice vaginitis model. Study of antimicrobial activity of AgNPs evaluated by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Biocidal Concentration (MBC) assays. AgNPs inhibited biofilm formation of microbial strains, which was tested by using crystal violet staining. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of AgNPs and LC in NMRI mice infected intravaginally with C. albicans/ S. aureus for two weeks. The proportion of mice in each stage of the estrous cycle (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus) was examined. Histological properties were assessed by hematoxylin/ eosin (H&E) staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded vaginal tissue sections. Based on the results, MICs of AgNPs against S. aureus, C. albicans, and their combination were 252.3, 124.8, and 501.8 ppm, and their minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) was 500, 250, and 1000 ppm, respectively. The estrous cycle in the treated group was similar to the control. Vaginal histology and cytology showed that LC can improve tissue damages caused by vaginitis and AgNPs. This study demonstrates the promising use of AgNPs as antimicrobial agents and the combination of AgNPs/ LC could be a great future alternative in the control of vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khosrow Chehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mehri Azadbakht
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Villar CC, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Fungal diseases: Oral dysbiosis in susceptible hosts. Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:166-180. [PMID: 34463992 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity is colonized by a large number of microorganisms that are referred to collectively as the oral microbiota. These indigenous microorganisms have evolved in symbiotic relationships with the oral mucosal immune system and are involved in maintaining homeostasis in the oral cavity. Although Candida species are commonly found in the healthy oral cavity without causing infection, these fungi can become pathogenic. Recents advances indicate that the development of oral candidiasis is driven both by Candida albicans overgrowth in a dysbiotic microbiome and by disturbances in the host's immune system. Perturbation of the oral microbiota triggered by host-extrinsic (ie, medications), host-intrinsic (ie, host genetics), and microbiome-intrinsic (ie, microbial interactions) factors may increase the risk of oral candidiasis. In this review, we provide an overview of the oral mycobiome, with a particular focus on the interactions of Candida albicans with some of the most common oral bacteria and the oral mucosal immune system. Also, we present a summary of our current knowledge of the host-intrinsic and host-extrinsic factors that can predispose to oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cunha Villar
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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Patil A, Banerji R, Kanojiya P, Saroj SD. Foodborne ESKAPE Biofilms and Antimicrobial Resistance: lessons Learned from Clinical Isolates. Pathog Glob Health 2021; 115:339-356. [PMID: 33851566 PMCID: PMC8592604 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2021.1916158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) are identified to be multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pan drug-resistant (PDR); thereby, imposing severe challenges in the treatment of associated infections. ESKAPE pathogens colonize on various biotic and abiotic surfaces; biofilms formed by these pathogens are a potential source for food contamination. Moreover, biofilms play a pivotal role in the development of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains. Hence, the frequent isolation of antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPE pathogens from food products across the globe imposes a threat to public health. A comprehensive understanding of the adhesion signaling involved in the polymicrobial and single-species biofilm will assist in developing alternative preservation techniques and novel therapeutic strategies to combat ESKAPE pathogens. The review provides a comprehensive overview of the signaling mechanisms that prevail in the ESKAPE pathogens for adhesion to abiotic and biotic surfaces and molecular mechanisms associated with poly-microbial biofilm-assisted AMR in ESKAPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Patil
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, PuneMaharashtra, India
| | - Rajashri Banerji
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, PuneMaharashtra, India
| | - Poonam Kanojiya
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, PuneMaharashtra, India
| | - Sunil D. Saroj
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, PuneMaharashtra, India
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Hu Y, Niu Y, Ye X, Zhu C, Tong T, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Cheng L, Ren B. Staphylococcus aureus Synergized with Candida albicans to Increase the Pathogenesis and Drug Resistance in Cutaneous Abscess and Peritonitis Murine Models. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081036. [PMID: 34451500 PMCID: PMC8398722 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mixed species of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans can cause infections on skin, mucosa or bloodstream; however, mechanisms of their cross-kingdom interactions related to pathogenesis and drug resistance are still not clear. Here an increase of S. aureus proliferation and biofilm formation was observed in S. aureus and C. albicans dual-species culture, and the synergistic pathogenic effect was then confirmed in both local (cutaneous abscess) and systemic infection (peritonitis) murine models. According to the transcriptome analysis of the dual-species culture, virulence factors of S. aureus were significantly upregulated. Surprisingly, the beta-lactams and vancomycin-resistant genes in S. aureus as well as azole-resistant genes in C. albicans were also significantly increased. The synergistic effects on drug resistance to both antibacterial and antifungal agents were further proved both in vitro and in cutaneous abscess and peritonitis murine models treated by methicillin, vancomycin and fluconazole. The synergistic interactions between S. aureus and C. albicans on pathogenesis and drug resistance highlight the importance of targeting the microbial interactions in polyspecies-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yulong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Xingchen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chengguang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ting Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yujie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (L.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (L.C.); (B.R.)
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (Y.H.); (X.Y.); (C.Z.); (T.T.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (L.C.); (B.R.)
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Bonvicini F, Belluti F, Bisi A, Gobbi S, Manet I, Gentilomi GA. Improved eradication efficacy of a combination of newly identified antimicrobial agents in C. albicans and S. aureus mixed-species biofilm. Res Microbiol 2021; 172:103873. [PMID: 34389439 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus are common human pathogens, frequently isolated independently or co-isolated from bloodstream infections, and able to form dense polymicrobial biofilms on various medical devices resulting in strong resistance to conventionally used antimicrobials. New and innovative approaches are therefore needed to ensure the successful management of biofilm related infections. In this study, a chalcone-based derivative and a polycyclic anthracene-maleimide adduct, previously ascertained by us as inhibitors of C. albicans and S. aureus growths, respectively, were reconsidered in a new perspective by evaluating the efficacy of a combined treatment against a polymicrobial biofilm. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out to delve into their inhibitory potential on the polymicrobial population. Our results indicate that these newly identified antimicrobials are effective in reducing the biomass of the mixed C. albicans-S. aureus biofilm and the viability of fungal-bacterial cells within the polymicrobial community; in addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrate that compounds 1 and 2 treatment thoroughly modifies the architecture of the dual-species biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonvicini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ilse Manet
- Institute for Organic and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Angela Gentilomi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
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Tambone E, Marchetti A, Ceresa C, Piccoli F, Anesi A, Nollo G, Caola I, Bosetti M, Fracchia L, Ghensi P, Tessarolo F. Counter-Acting Candida albicans- Staphylococcus aureus Mixed Biofilm on Titanium Implants Using Microbial Biosurfactants. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152420. [PMID: 34372023 PMCID: PMC8348062 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to grow a fungal-bacterial mixed biofilm on medical-grade titanium and assess the ability of the biosurfactant R89 (R89BS) coating to inhibit biofilm formation. Coated titanium discs (TDs) were obtained by physical absorption of R89BS. Candida albicans-Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on TDs was grown in Yeast Nitrogen Base, supplemented with dextrose and fetal bovine serum, renewing growth medium every 24 h and incubating at 37 °C under agitation. The anti-biofilm activity was evaluated by quantifying total biomass, microbial metabolic activity and microbial viability at 24, 48, and 72 h on coated and uncoated TDs. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate biofilm architecture. R89BS cytotoxicity on human primary osteoblasts was assayed on solutions at concentrations from 0 to 200 μg/mL and using eluates from coated TDs. Mixed biofilm was significantly inhibited by R89BS coating, with similar effects on biofilm biomass, cell metabolic activity and cell viability. A biofilm inhibition >90% was observed at 24 h. A lower but significant inhibition was still present at 48 h of incubation. Viability tests on primary osteoblasts showed no cytotoxicity of coated TDs. R89BS coating was effective in reducing C. albicans-S. aureus mixed biofilm on titanium surfaces and is a promising strategy to prevent dental implants microbial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Tambone
- Department of Industrial Engineering & BIOtech, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (E.T.); (G.N.)
| | - Alice Marchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Chiara Ceresa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Federico Piccoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, 38122 Trento, Italy; (F.P.); (A.A.); (I.C.)
| | - Adriano Anesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, 38122 Trento, Italy; (F.P.); (A.A.); (I.C.)
| | - Giandomenico Nollo
- Department of Industrial Engineering & BIOtech, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (E.T.); (G.N.)
| | - Iole Caola
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, 38122 Trento, Italy; (F.P.); (A.A.); (I.C.)
| | - Michela Bosetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Letizia Fracchia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.M.); (C.C.); (M.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Paolo Ghensi
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Francesco Tessarolo
- Department of Industrial Engineering & BIOtech, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (E.T.); (G.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0461-282775
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Liu C, Xu C, Du Y, Liu J, Ning Y. Role of agglutinin-like sequence protein 3 (Als3) in the structure and antifungal resistance of Candida albicans biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6316779. [PMID: 34232317 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agglutinin-like sequence protein 3 (Als3) is a cell surface glycoprotein of Candida albicans that plays essential roles in the processes of adherence and biofilm formation in vitro. In this study, we focused on the contribution of Als3 to the structure and drug susceptibility of biofilms. The C. albicans wild-type (WT) strain DAY185, the als3Δ/Δ null strain and the als3Δ/Δ + pALS3 complemented strain were used. Colony-forming unit enumeration, crystal violet and cell surface hydrophobicity assays, scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy coupled with analyses using COMSTAT software were performed to evaluate the biomass and architecture of the biofilms. The detailed architectural analysis showed a significant variation in the biofilm parameters of the als3Δ/Δ biofilms compared with those of the WT biofilms. Fluconazole, miconazole and amphotericin B were selected as the antifungal agents for the antimycotic susceptibility test, and increased susceptibility was found with the ALS3 deletion biofilms. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed downregulation of biofilm formation-related genes (ALS1, EFG1, HWP1 and CSH1) and drug resistance-related genes (ERG11, CDR1, CDR2 and MDR1) in the als3Δ/Δ biofilms. We concluded that Als3 contributes to biofilm formation by changing the biofilm architecture and is involved in the antifungal resistance of C. albicans biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Yu Du
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Yang Ning
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Lingyuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510055, China
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50
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Cheong JZA, Johnson CJ, Wan H, Liu A, Kernien JF, Gibson ALF, Nett JE, Kalan LR. Priority effects dictate community structure and alter virulence of fungal-bacterial biofilms. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2012-2027. [PMID: 33558690 PMCID: PMC8245565 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymicrobial biofilms are a hallmark of chronic wound infection. The forces governing assembly and maturation of these microbial ecosystems are largely unexplored but the consequences on host response and clinical outcome can be significant. In the context of wound healing, formation of a biofilm and a stable microbial community structure is associated with impaired tissue repair resulting in a non-healing chronic wound. These types of wounds can persist for years simmering below the threshold of classically defined clinical infection (which includes heat, pain, redness, and swelling) and cycling through phases of recurrent infection. In the most severe outcome, amputation of lower extremities may occur if spreading infection ensues. Here we take an ecological perspective to study priority effects and competitive exclusion on overall biofilm community structure in a three-membered community comprised of strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Citrobacter freundii, and Candida albicans derived from a chronic wound. We show that both priority effects and inter-bacterial competition for binding to C. albicans biofilms significantly shape community structure on both abiotic and biotic substrates, such as ex vivo human skin wounds. We further show attachment of C. freundii to C. albicans is mediated by mannose-binding lectins. Co-cultures of C. freundii and C. albicans trigger the yeast-to-hyphae transition, resulting in a significant increase in neutrophil death and inflammation compared to either species alone. Collectively, the results presented here facilitate our understanding of fungal-bacterial interactions and their effects on host-microbe interactions, pathogenesis, and ultimately, wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Alex Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chad J Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hanxiao Wan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aiping Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John F Kernien
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Angela L F Gibson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lindsay R Kalan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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