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Napoleoni M, Villa L, Barco L, Lucarelli C, Tiengo A, Baggio G, Dionisi AM, Angellotti A, Ferretti E, Ruggeri S, Staffolani M, Rocchegiani E, Silenzi V, Morandi B, Blasi G. Monophasic Variant of Salmonella Typhimurium 4,[5],12:i:- (ACSSuGmTmpSxt Type) Outbreak in Central Italy Linked to the Consumption of a Roasted Pork Product (Porchetta). Microorganisms 2023; 11:2567. [PMID: 37894225 PMCID: PMC10609469 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium 4,[5],12:i:- (MVST) is the third most commonly reported Salmonella serovar involved in human infections (8.8%) in the EU and ranks after S. Enteritidis (54.6%) and S. Typhimurium (11.4%). In Italy, in contrast, the MVST has achieved peculiar epidemiological and ecological success which has allowed it to be, since 2011, the serovar most frequently isolated from humans. In the summer of 2022, a foodborne outbreak of the MVST involving 63 people occurred in the Marche Region (Central Italy). A common food exposure source among some human cases was a roasted, ready-to-eat (RTE) pork product, porchetta, which is a typical product of Central Italy. This paper describes the results of investigations conducted to clarify this outbreak. The porchetta was produced by a local manufacturing plant and distributed to at least two local retail stores, one of which was the retail outlet for the manufacturing plant. The MVST was isolated from surface samples collected at the porchetta manufacturing plant and at both local retail stores via bacterial analysis, and the porchetta sampled at one store contained the MVST. These data confirm this type of RTE pork product can be a source of Salmonella infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Napoleoni
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici Marche, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (E.R.); (V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Laura Villa
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (L.V.); (C.L.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Lisa Barco
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale e Laboratorio di Referenza WOAH per le Salmonellosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (A.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Claudia Lucarelli
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (L.V.); (C.L.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Alessia Tiengo
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale e Laboratorio di Referenza WOAH per le Salmonellosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (A.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Giulia Baggio
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale e Laboratorio di Referenza WOAH per le Salmonellosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (L.B.); (A.T.); (G.B.)
| | - Anna Maria Dionisi
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy; (L.V.); (C.L.); (A.M.D.)
| | - Antonio Angellotti
- UOC Igiene degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Azienda Sanitaria Territoriale Fermo—Marche, Via Zeppilli, 22A, 63900 Fermo, Italy; (A.A.); (E.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Ezio Ferretti
- UOC Igiene degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Azienda Sanitaria Territoriale Fermo—Marche, Via Zeppilli, 22A, 63900 Fermo, Italy; (A.A.); (E.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Simonetta Ruggeri
- UOC Igiene degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Azienda Sanitaria Territoriale Fermo—Marche, Via Zeppilli, 22A, 63900 Fermo, Italy; (A.A.); (E.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Monica Staffolani
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici Marche, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (E.R.); (V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Elena Rocchegiani
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici Marche, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (E.R.); (V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Valentina Silenzi
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici Marche, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (E.R.); (V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Benedetto Morandi
- Laboratorio di Diagnostica Animale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy;
| | - Giuliana Blasi
- Centro di Riferimento Regionale Patogeni Enterici Marche, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Maestri del Lavoro, 7, 62029 Tolentino, Macerata, Italy; (M.S.); (E.R.); (V.S.); (G.B.)
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Qin X, Yang M, Cai H, Liu Y, Gorris L, Aslam MZ, Jia K, Sun T, Wang X, Dong Q. Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Variant 1,4,[5],12:i:- in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040532. [PMID: 35453283 PMCID: PMC9031511 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella is a global public health problem. Salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- (S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-), a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhmurium, is one of the leading Salmonella serovars in several countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of antibiotic resistance to this serovar in China through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nineteen eligible studies during 2011–2021 were included. A total of 4514 isolates from humans, animals, foods, and the environment were reported, which mainly concerned isolates found in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, and Shanghai. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled resistance rate of S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-. Rates were found to be very high (values ≥ 75%) for tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin; high (50–75%) for nalidixic acid, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol; and moderate (25–50%) for trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, trimethoprim, and gentamicin. The rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftazidime, and colistin were low (values ≤ 25%), but of great concern in terms of their current clinical importance. Furthermore, a high multidrug resistance rate (86%, 95% CI: 78–92%) was present in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, with the ASSuT pattern largely dominating. Subgroup analysis results showed that the high heterogeneity of resistance rates was not entirely dependent on isolated sources. Taken together, the severity of antibiotic resistance in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- urgently requires the rational use of antibiotics in future infection control and antibiotic stewardship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Qin
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Mingzhe Yang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Hua Cai
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Leon Gorris
- Food Safety Futures, 6524 BS Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Aslam
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Kai Jia
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Tianmei Sun
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Harrison OL, Rensing S, Jones CK, Trinetta V. Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i:-, an Emerging Threat for the Swine Feed and Pork Production Industry. J Food Prot 2022; 85:660-663. [PMID: 34936694 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmonella continues to be a significant cause of foodborne illnesses in human medicine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Salmonella as the second leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States and the leading cause of both hospitalizations and deaths. Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i:- (STM) is a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium, and it is an emerging threat to both human and animal health. STM was first identified in the 1980s from poultry products and has become increasingly prevalent in meat products including pork. STM has also been identified in swine farms as well as in feed manufacturing environments and feed itself. Similar pulse-field gel electrophoresis profiles have been observed between human clinical cases and the STM samples originating from swine feed. These related profiles suggest a link between ingestion of contaminated feed by swine and the source of foodborne illness in human. The objective of this article was to better understand the history of STM and the possible pathway from swine feed to table. Continued research is necessary to better understand how STM can enter both the feed supply chain and the pork production chain to avoid contamination of pork products destined for human consumption. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Harrison
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Susan Rensing
- Department of Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Cassandra K Jones
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Valentina Trinetta
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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Win AT, Supa-amornkul S, Orsi RH, Carey JH, Wolfgang WJ, Chaturongakul S. Sequence Analyses and Phenotypic Characterization Revealed Multidrug Resistant Gene Insertions in the Genomic Region Encompassing Phase 2 Flagellin Encoding fljAB Genes in Monophasic Variant Salmonella enterica Serovar 4,5,12:i:- Isolates From Various Sources in Thailand. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:720604. [PMID: 34675896 PMCID: PMC8524439 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.720604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- (S. 4,5,12:i:-), a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) lacking the phase 2 flagellin encoding genes fljAB, has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. The increasing trends in multidrug resistant (MDR) S. 4,5,12:i:- prevalence also pose an important global health threat. Though many reports have characterized phenotypic and genotypic drug resistance of this serovar, few studies have characterized antimicrobial resistance of this serovar in Thailand. In this study, 108 S. 4,5,12:i:- isolates from various sources in Thailand and four international S. 4,5,12:i:- isolates were screened using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of five target regions which are associated with antimicrobial resistant (AMR) genes, in the genomic region that contained fljAB genes in STm. We determined AMR phenotypes of all isolates by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on 53 representative isolates (based on differences in the pulsed filed gel electrophoresis profiles, the sources of isolate, and the PCR and AMR patterns) to characterize the genetic basis of AMR phenotype and to identify the location of AMR determinants. Based on PCR screening, nine PCR profiles showing distinct deletion patterns of the five target regions have been observed. Approximately 76% of isolates (or 85 of 112 isolates), all of which were Thai isolates, contained five target regions inserted between STM2759 and iroB gene. A total of 21 phenotypic AMR patterns were identified with the predominant AmpST resistant phenotype [i.e., 84% (or 94 of 112) tested positive for resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline], and 89% (or 100 of 112) were found to be MDR (defined here as resistant to at least three classes of tested antimicrobials). Using WGS data, a total of 24 genotypic AMR determinants belonging to seven different antimicrobial groups were found. AMR determinants (i.e., blaTEM - 1 , strB-A, sul2, and tetB, conferring resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline, respectively) were found to be inserted in a region typically occupied by the phase 2 flagellin encoding genes in STm. These resistant genes were flanked by a number of insertion sequences (IS), and co-localized with mercury tolerance genes. Our findings identify AMR genes, possibly associated with multiple IS26 copies, in the genetic region between STM2759 and iroB genes replacing phase 2 flagellin encoding fljAB genes in Thai S. 4,5,12:i:- isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Thida Win
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirirak Supa-amornkul
- Mahidol International Dental School, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Renato H. Orsi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jaclyn H. Carey
- Bacteriology Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - William J. Wolfgang
- Bacteriology Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Soraya Chaturongakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Microbial Genomics (CENMIG), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Cuenca-Arias P, Montaño LA, Villarreal JM, Wiesner M. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant (1,4,[5],12:i:-) from Colombian clinical isolates. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2020; 40:722-733. [PMID: 33275350 PMCID: PMC7808771 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant (1,4,[5],12:i:-) is currently the most commonly detected variant in Salmonella surveillance programs worldwide. In Colombia, the Salmonella enterica monophasic variant is the fourth most common clinical isolate recovered through the laboratory surveillance of the Grupo de Microbiología from the Instituto Nacional de Salud; however, it is unknown whether these isolates are closely related to the monophasic Typhimurium variant, which circulates globally, and their genetic and phenotypic characteristics have not been reported. Objective. To characterize monophasic Salmonella enterica isolates identified in Colombia from 2015 to 2018 by the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Materials and methods. Two hundred eighty-six clinical isolates of the monophasic Salmonella enterica variant were analyzed by PCR or whole-genome sequencing to confirm whether they corresponded to the Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic variant while the genetic structure of the operon encoding the second flagellar phase was determined in 54 isolates. Motility, growth, and expression of the outer membrane proteins were evaluated in 23 isolates. Results. During the study period in Colombia, 61% (n=174) of Salmonella monophasic isolates belonged to Salmonella Typhimurium serovar monophasic (1,4,[5],12:i-). Of these, 64.8% (n=35/54) were related to the European/Spanish clone and 13% (n=7/54) to the U.S. clone. Two isolates recovered from urine samples showed differences in motility, growth, and the absence of the OmpD porin in M9 minimal medium. Conclusions. Most of the monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium variants that have circulated in Colombia since 2015 lacked the second phase of operon fljAB, which is related to the European/Spanish clone. The results evidenced phenotypic changes in urine samples suggesting bacterial adaptation in the case of these invasive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Cuenca-Arias
- Grupo de Microbiología, Subdirección de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| | - Lucy Angeline Montaño
- Grupo de Microbiología, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia.
| | - José Miguel Villarreal
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia.
| | - Magdalena Wiesner
- Grupo de Microbiología, Subdirección de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
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Luo Y, Huang C, Ye J, Octavia S, Wang H, Dunbar SA, Jin D, Tang YW, Lan R. Comparison of xMAP Salmonella Serotyping Assay With Traditional Serotyping and Discordance Resolution by Whole Genome Sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:452. [PMID: 33014887 PMCID: PMC7504902 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are a major cause of foodborne illness throughout the world. Traditional serotyping by antisera agglutination has been used as a standard identification method for many years but newer nucleic acid-based tests have become available that may provide advantages in workflow and test turnaround time. In this study, we evaluated the Luminex® xMAP® Salmonella Serotyping Assay (SSA), a multiplex nucleic acid test capable of identifying 85% of the most common Salmonella serotypes, in comparison to the traditional serum agglutination test (SAT) on 4 standard strains and 255 isolates from human (224), environmental, and food (31) samples. Of the total of 259 isolates, 256 could be typed by the SSA. Of these, 197 (77.0%) were fully typed and 59 (23.0%) were partially typed. By SAT, 246 of the 259 isolates (95%) were successfully typed. Sixty isolates had discrepant results between SAT and SSA and were resolved using whole genome sequencing (WGS). By SAT, 80.0% (48/60) of the isolates were consistent with WGS while by SSA 91.7% (55/60) were partially consistent with WGS. By serovar, all 30 serovars except one tested were fully or partially typable. The workflow comparison showed that SSA provided advantages over SAT with a hands-on time (HOT) of 3.5 min and total turnaround time (TAT) of 6 h, as compared to 1 h HOT and 2–6 days TAT for SAT. Overall, this study showed that molecular serotyping is promising as a rapid method for Salmonella serotyping with good accuracy for typing most common Salmonella serovars circulating in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julian Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sophie Octavia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Huanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Microbiology, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Dazhi Jin
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Wei Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.,Cepheid, Danaher Diagnostic Platform, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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He J, Sun F, Sun D, Wang Z, Jin S, Pan Z, Xu Z, Chen X, Jiao X. Multidrug resistance and prevalence of quinolone resistance genes of Salmonella enterica serotypes 4,[5],12:i:- in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 330:108692. [PMID: 32521291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium, which is responsible for global foodborne disease outbreaks. Here, 255 S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains isolated from humans (11.0%) or food-borne animals (89.0%) between 2010 and 2018 were examined. Tests of susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents using the broth micro dilution method showed that 99.2% (n = 253) of the isolates were resistant to at least one compound. Antibiotic susceptibility analysis demonstrated that 91.8% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains with predominant resistance to tetracycline (90.6%), followed by resistance to ampicillin (86.3%), streptomycin (63.5%), chloramphenicol (62.7%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (55.3%). The 5 major distinct patterns of multi-resistance were identified as R-type AST, R-type ACTSxt, R-type ACSTSxt, R-type ACGSTSxt and R-type ASTSxt. Among the PMQR genes examined in this study, oqxAB and aac (6')-Ib-cr were the most prevalent resistance genes in the multi-resistant isolates. Our findings highlight the prevalence of the resistance of S. 4,[5],12:i:- in some regions of China, and several common types of multidrug resistance phenotypes, to provide valuable information for epidemiological studies, risk management, and public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dewei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Naberhaus SA, Krull AC, Arruda BL, Arruda P, Sahin O, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Magstadt DR, Matias Ferreyra F, Gatto IRH, Meiroz de Souza Almeida H, Wang C, Kreuder AJ. Pathogenicity and Competitive Fitness of Salmonella enterica Serovar 4,[5],12:i:- Compared to Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Derby in Swine. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:502. [PMID: 32083096 PMCID: PMC7002397 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2014, Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- has emerged as the most common serovar of Salmonella enterica identified from swine samples submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States. To compare the pathogenicity of S. 4,[5],12:i:- in swine to the known pathogenic Salmonella Typhimurium and lesser pathogenic Salmonella Derby, 72 pigs (20 per Salmonella serovar treatment and 12 controls) were inoculated with either S. Typhimurium, S. 4,[5],12:i:-, S. Derby, or sham-inoculated and followed for up to 28 days thereafter via rectal temperature, fecal scoring, and fecal culture. Animals were euthanized on days 2, 4, or 28 to determine the gross and histopathologic signs of disease and tissue colonization. The results clearly demonstrate that for the isolates selected, serovar 4,[5],12:i:- possesses similar ability as serovar Typhimurium to cause clinical disease, colonize the tonsils and ileocecal lymph nodes, and be shed in the feces of infected swine past resolution of clinical disease. To compare the competitive fitness of S. 4,[5],12:i:- to S. Typhimurium in swine when co-infected, 12 pigs were co-inoculated with equal concentrations of both S. Typhimurium and S. 4,[5],12:i and followed for up to 10 days thereafter. When co-inoculated, serovar 4,[5],12:i:- was consistently detected in the feces of a higher percentage of pigs and at higher concentrations than serovar Typhimurium, suggesting an increased competitive fitness of 4,[5],12:i:- relative to serovar Typhimurium when inoculated simultaneously into naïve pigs. Whole genome sequencing analysis of the isolates used in these studies revealed similar virulence factor presence in all S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium isolates, but not S. Derby, providing additional evidence for similar pathogenicity potential between serovars 4,[5],12:i:- and Typhimurium. Altogether, this data strongly supports the hypothesis that S. 4,[5],12:i:- is a pathogen of swine and suggests a mechanism through increased competitive fitness for the increasing identification of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- in swine diagnostic samples over the past several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Naberhaus
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Adam C Krull
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Drew R Magstadt
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Franco Matias Ferreyra
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Igor R H Gatto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Amanda J Kreuder
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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9
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Naberhaus SA, Krull AC, Bradner LK, Harmon KM, Arruda P, Arruda BL, Sahin O, Burrough ER, Schwartz KJ, Kreuder AJ. Emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- as the primary serovar identified from swine clinical samples and development of a multiplex real-time PCR for improved Salmonella serovar-level identification. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:818-827. [PMID: 31646949 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719883843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of the infecting Salmonella serovar from porcine diagnostic samples is vital to allow implementation of appropriate on-farm treatment and management decisions. Although identification at the serogroup level can be rapidly achieved at most veterinary diagnostic laboratories, final Salmonella serovar identification often takes several weeks because of the limited number of reference laboratories performing the complex task of serotyping. Salmonella serogroup B, currently the dominant serogroup identified from swine clinical samples in the United States, contains serovars that vary from highly pathogenic to minimally pathogenic in swine. We determined the frequency of detection of individual group B serovars at the Iowa State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2008 to 2017, and validated a multiplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) to distinguish pathogenic serogroup B serovars from those of lesser pathogenicity. Our results indicate that, since 2014, Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- has been the dominant serovar identified from swine clinical samples at the ISU-VDL, with S. Typhimurium now the second most common serovar identified. We developed a rtPCR to allow rapid differentiation of samples containing S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium from samples containing serovars believed to be of less pathogenicity, such as S. Agona and S. Derby. When combined with enrichment culture, this rtPCR has the ability to significantly improve the time to final serovar identification of the 2 most commonly identified pathogenic Salmonella serovars in swine, and allows rapid implementation of serovar-specific intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Naberhaus
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Adam C Krull
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Laura K Bradner
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Amanda J Kreuder
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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10
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Sun H, Wan Y, Du P, Bai L. The Epidemiology of Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:87-97. [PMID: 31532231 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica remains an important foodborne pathogen in all regions of the world, with Typhimurium as one of the most frequent serotypes causing foodborne disease. However, the past two decades have seen a rapid worldwide emergence of a new Salmonella serotype, namely monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium, whose antigenic formula is 1,4,[5],12:i:-. It has become one of the 2-5 most common Salmonella serotypes responsible for animal and human infections in different regions. The global epidemic of monophasic S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- has mainly been characterized by an increase in multidrug-resistant S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolated in Europe since 1997. The unexpected link to swine has escalated monophasic S. Typhimurium infections to the status of a global public health emergency. The large-scale application of whole genome sequencing (WGS) in the last 10 years has revealed the phylogenetic associations of the bacterium and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Local and global transmission reconstructed by WGS have shown that different clones have emerged following multiple independent events worldwide, and have elucidated the role of this zoonotic pathogen in the spread of AMR. This article discusses our current knowledge of the global ecology, epidemiology, transmission, bacterial adaptation, and evolution of this emerging Salmonella serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.,Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuping Wan
- Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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11
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Biswas S, Li Y, Elbediwi M, Yue M. Emergence and Dissemination of mcr-Carrying Clinically Relevant Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Clone ST34. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E298. [PMID: 31466338 PMCID: PMC6780495 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is one of the urgent threats to both public and global health. The Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic sequence type 34 (ST34) clone, with its rapid dissemination and resistance to numerous critical antimicrobials, has raised global concerns. Here, we present an updated overview on the emerging infections caused by mobile colistin resistance (mcr)-carrying colistin-resistant ST34 isolates, covering their global dissemination and virulence-associated efficacy. The higher rates of mcr-1-positive ST34 in children in China highlights the increasing threat caused by this pathogen. Most of the ST34 isolates carrying the mcr-1 gene were isolated from animals and food products, indicating the role of foodborne transmission of mcr-1. The emergence of multidrug resistance genes along with various virulence factors and many heavy metal resistance genes on the chromosome and plasmid from ST34 isolates will challenge available therapeutic options. The presence of the colistin resistance gene (mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-5) with the multidrug-resistant phenotype in ST34 has spread across different countries, and most of the mcr-1 genes in ST34 isolates were detected in plasmid type IncHI2 followed by IncI2, and IncX4. Together, mcr-carrying S. Typhimurium ST34 may become a new pandemic clone. The fast detection and active surveillance in community, hospital, animal herds, food products and environment are urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silpak Biswas
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Li
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mohammed Elbediwi
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Yue
- CATG Microbiology & Food Safety Laboratory, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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12
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Tassinari E, Duffy G, Bawn M, Burgess CM, McCabe EM, Lawlor PG, Gardiner G, Kingsley RA. Microevolution of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium during persistence on pig farms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8832. [PMID: 31222015 PMCID: PMC6586642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant S. 4,[5],12:i:- are the dominant serotypes associated with pigs in many countries. We investigated their population structure on nine farms using whole genome sequencing, and their genotypic and phenotypic variation. The population structure revealed the presence of phylogenetically distinct clades consisting of closely related clones of S. Typhimurium or S. 4,[5],12:i:- on each pig farm, that persisted between production cycles. All the S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains carried the Salmonella genomic island-4 (SGI-4), which confers resistance to heavy metals, and half of the strains contained the mTmV prophage, harbouring the sopE virulence gene. Most clonal groups were highly drug resistant due to the presence of multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and two clades exhibited evidence of recent on-farm plasmid-mediated acquisition of additional AMR genes, including an IncHI2 plasmid. Biofilm formation was highly variable but had a strong phylogenetic signature. Strains capable of forming biofilm with the greatest biomass were from the S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium DT104 clades, the two dominant pandemic clones found over the last 25 years. On-farm microevolution resulted in enhanced biofilm formation in subsequent production cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Tassinari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Duffy
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland.
| | - Matt Bawn
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland
| | - Gillian Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Robert A Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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13
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Murase T, Ozaki H, Phuektes P, Angkititrakul S. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variants isolated in Thailand and Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1839-1846. [PMID: 30369553 PMCID: PMC6305511 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Monophasic variants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated
in Thailand and Japan were characterized to elucidate the genetic basis of the monophasic
phenotype, genetic relatedness, and antimicrobial resistance. A total of 20
Salmonella isolates agglutinated with anti-O4 and anti-H:i serum and
not agglutinated with either anti-H:1 or anti-H:2 serum were identified as monophasic
variants of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium because they harbored
IS200, specific to this serovar, and lacked the fljB
gene. An allele-specific PCR-based genotyping method that detects a clade-specific single
nucleotide polymorphism indicated that seven swine isolates and one human isolate from
Thailand were grouped into clade 1; five isolates from layer chicken houses and layer
chicken feces from Japan were grouped into clade 8, together with two
Salmonella serovar Typhimurium isolates from chicken houses in Japan;
and five isolates from swine feces from Thailand and two isolates from layer chicken feces
from Japan were grouped into clade 9. Multilocus sequencing typing demonstrated that
sequence type (ST) 34 isolates were solely grouped into clade 9. Clade 1 and 8 isolates
were assigned as ST19. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed multiple types within
each of the clades. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmid replicon
type, of the clade 1 and 9 isolates were comparable to those reported for epidemic strains
of monophasic variants. Our results suggest that monitoring monophasic variants of serovar
Typhimurium is important for understanding of the spread of these variants in Thailand and
Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Murase
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Patchara Phuektes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 40002, Thailand
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14
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De Lucia A, Rabie A, Smith RP, Davies R, Ostanello F, Ajayi D, Petrovska L, Martelli F. Role of wild birds and environmental contamination in the epidemiology of Salmonella infection in an outdoor pig farm. Vet Microbiol 2018; 227:148-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Mastrorilli E, Pietrucci D, Barco L, Ammendola S, Petrin S, Longo A, Mantovani C, Battistoni A, Ricci A, Desideri A, Losasso C. A Comparative Genomic Analysis Provides Novel Insights Into the Ecological Success of the Monophasic Salmonella Serovar 4,[5],12:i:. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:715. [PMID: 29719530 PMCID: PMC5913373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- has rapidly emerged and it is isolated with high frequency in the swine food chain. Although many studies have documented the epidemiological success of this serovar, few investigations have tried to explain this phenomenon from a genetic perspective. Here a comparative whole-genome analysis of 50 epidemiologically unrelated S. 4,[5],12:i:-, isolated in Italy from 2010 to 2016 was performed, characterizing them in terms of genetic elements potentially conferring resistance, tolerance and persistence characteristics. Phylogenetic analyses indicated interesting distinctions among the investigated isolates. The most striking genetic trait characterizing the analyzed isolates is the widespread presence of heavy metals tolerance gene cassettes: most of the strains possess genes expected to confer resistance to copper and silver, whereas about half of the isolates also contain the mercury tolerance gene merA. A functional assay showed that these genes might be useful for preventing the toxic effects of metals, thus supporting the hypothesis that they can contribute to the success of S. 4,[5],12:i:- in farming environments. In addition, the analysis of the distribution of type II toxin-antitoxin families indicated that these elements are abundant in this serovar, suggesting that this is another factor that might favor its successful spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Mastrorilli
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Lisa Barco
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Serena Ammendola
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Petrin
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longo
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudio Mantovani
- Science Communication Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Ricci
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Carmen Losasso
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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16
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Shippy DC, Bearson BL, Holman DB, Brunelle BW, Allen HK, Bearson SMD. Porcine Response to a Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- Outbreak Isolate. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:253-261. [PMID: 29412766 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- has emerged as a common nontyphoidal Salmonella serovar to cause human foodborne illness. An interesting trait of serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- is that it only expresses the fliC gene for bacterial motility (i.e., monophasic), while most Salmonella strains alternately express two flagellin genes (fliC and fljB). The goal of this study was to characterize the porcine response following inoculation with a multidrug-resistant (MDR) serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- isolate associated with a multistate pork outbreak to determine if the increased prevalence of serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- in swine is due to enhanced pathogenicity. Pigs were inoculated and subsequently evaluated for the ability of the isolate to colonize intestinal tissues, cause clinical symptoms, induce an immune response, and alter the fecal microbiota over a 7-day period. Pigs exhibited a significant increase in rectal temperature (fever) (p < 0.01) and fecal moisture content (diarrhea) (p < 0.05) at 2 days postinoculation (d.p.i.) compared with preinoculation (day 0). Serum analyses revealed significantly increased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels at 2 (p ≤ 0.0001) and 3 (p < 0.01) d.p.i. compared with day 0, and antibodies against Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were present in all pigs by 7 d.p.i. Serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- colonized porcine intestinal tissues and was shed in the feces throughout the 7-day study. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences demonstrated that the fecal microbiota was significantly altered following MDR serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- inoculation, with the largest shift observed between 0 and 7 d.p.i. Our data indicate that the pork outbreak-associated MDR serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- isolate induced transient clinical disease in swine and perturbed the gastrointestinal microbial community. The porcine response to MDR serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- is similar to previous studies with virulent biphasic Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, suggesting that the absence of fljB does not substantially alter acute colonization or pathogenesis in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Shippy
- 1 Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Bradley L Bearson
- 2 Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Ames, Iowa
| | - Devin B Holman
- 1 Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Brian W Brunelle
- 1 Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Heather K Allen
- 1 Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Shawn M D Bearson
- 1 Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
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17
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Yu J, Zhu YH, Yang GY, Zhang W, Zhou D, Su JH, Wang JF. Anti-inflammatory capacity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in monophasic variant Salmonella infected piglets is correlated with impeding NLRP6-mediated host inflammatory responses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:91-100. [PMID: 29103703 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain (LGG) in ameliorating enteritis in newly weaned pigs following challenge with a monophasic variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (serotyped as 4,[5],12:i:-), which has been linked to disease in humans and livestocks over the past 10 years. In weaned pigs, S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- induced the mRNA expression of toll like receptor (TLR) 5 and TLR4, while increasing interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 mRNA expression in the jejunum. The monophasic variant Salmonella stimulated the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1/2 (NOD1/2) mRNA in the ileum, which was accompanied by phosphorylation of IκB-α, an inhibitor of NF-κB, activating the NF-κB pathway and promoting the release of inflammatory cytokines. Oral administration of LGG attenuated the Salmonella-induced increases in the expression of NOD1 mRNA of jejunal and ileal tissues. LGG promoted the secretion of immunoglobulin A in different intestinal segments but did not induce expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. LGG also impeded the activation of the Nod-like receptor protein (NLRP) 6/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein/caspase-1 inflammasome and decreased the production of IL-18 in the ileum during Salmonella infection. In contrast, activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was not altered. Our data indicate that LGG accelerated the clearance of Salmonella in the early phase of infection and prevented the excessive inflammatory responses in S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- model. LGG ameliorates inflammation induced by infection with the monophasic variant Salmonella via inhibition of the canonical NF-κB pathway and attenuation of the NLRP6-mediated inflammasome in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yao-Hong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gui-Yan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jin-Hui Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiu-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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18
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Mirhosseini SA, Fooladi AAI, Amani J, Sedighian H. Production of recombinant flagellin to develop ELISA-based detection of Salmonella Enteritidis. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:774-781. [PMID: 28739413 PMCID: PMC5628325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-borne diseases, caused by the pathogenic bacteria, are highly prevalent in the world. Salmonella is one of the most important bacterial genera responsible for this. Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is one of the non-typhoid Salmonellae that can be transmitted to human from poultry products, water, and contaminated food. In recent years, new and rapid detection methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been developed. In this study, recombinant FliC (rFliC) was produced to be used as an antigen. The immunization was conducted in mice with the purified recombinant FliC (rFliC). The mice were subcutaneously immunized with rFliC and elicited significant rFliC specific serum IgG antibodies. An indirect ELISA system was established for the detection of Salmonella Enteritidis. Our results confirmed that the recombinant flagellin can be one of the excellent indicators for the detection of Salmonella Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mirhosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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