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da Silva JR, Silva JFM, Pereira MF, Torres AR, Gonçalves MS, de Azevedo Prata MC, Vasconcelos Paiva E Brito MA, da Costa GM, Ribeiro JB. Is Galleria mellonella model a good alternative to study virulence in Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis? Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:889-900. [PMID: 38049660 PMCID: PMC10920502 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the agents of bovine mastitis of hardest control due to a complex pathogenesis comprising a variety of virulence factors, which ensures its persistence in the mammary gland, causing significant health and economic losses. Therefore, understanding the pathogenesis of this agent is imperative. Galleria mellonella has stood out as an invertebrate animal model for the study of infectious diseases that affect several hosts. This work aimed to evaluate G. mellonella larvae as an experimental model for the study of virulence phenotypes in an S. aureus population isolated from bovine mastitis. Thirty genetically divergent S. aureus strains were chosen based on PFGE analysis. After experimental infection, larvae survival rates, bacterial growth in hemolymph, melanization intensity of the dorsal vessel, and histological characteristics of the infected tissues were evaluated. The G. mellonella model showed a clear diversity in the S. aureus pathogenicity pattern, allowing the differentiation of strains with virulence phenotypes ranging from high to low degrees. Histological analysis confirmed that the strains tested were capable of inducing the formation of nodules and melanization spots in the dorsal vessels of the larvae in different magnitudes. The strains 16S-717, 19C-828, and 31S-1443 presented the highest virulence intensity among the bacteria tested and will be used further for the generation of S. aureus mutant populations to prospect genetic targets aimed to develop control strategies of bovine mastitis. Altogether, our results suggest that G. mellonella is an attractive and low-cost animal model for characterizing virulence phenotypes of large S. aureus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rosa da Silva
- Department of Veterinay Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | - Monalessa Fábia Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Minas Gerais, Carangola, MG, 36800-000, Brazil
| | | | - Maysa Serpa Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinay Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geraldo Márcio da Costa
- Department of Veterinay Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - João Batista Ribeiro
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36038-330, Brazil.
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2
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Tenk M, Tóth G, Márton Z, Sárközi R, Szórádi A, Makrai L, Pálmai N, Szalai T, Albert M, Fodor L. Examination of the Virulence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serovar 16 in Pigs. Vet Sci 2024; 11:62. [PMID: 38393080 PMCID: PMC10892955 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Different virulence variants of A. pleuropneumoniae are involved in the etiology of porcine pleuropneumonia. The purpose of the present trial was examination of the virulence of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae A-85/14 strain, the type strain of serovar 16, in an animal challenge experiment. Thirty 12-week-old piglets seronegative for A. pleuropneumoniae were allocated into three trial groups each of 10 animals, and they were infected intranasally with 106, 107, or 108 colony forming units (cfu) of the strain, respectively. Clinical signs were recorded twice a day, and the animals were euthanized 6 days after the infection. Typical clinical signs and postmortem lesions of porcine pleuropneumonia were seen in the animals of each trial group; however, they were generally mild, and no significant differences could be seen between the three groups. Even 106 colony forming units of A. pleuropneumoniae A-85/14 strain could induce clinical signs and lesions. Based on these results, the type strain of serovar 16 of A. pleuropneumoniae must be regarded as a typical pathogenic strain of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Tenk
- CEVA-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., Szállás u. 5, H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (M.T.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.P.); (T.S.); (M.A.)
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária Krt. 23-25, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (G.T.); (R.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Gergely Tóth
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária Krt. 23-25, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (G.T.); (R.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Márton
- CEVA-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., Szállás u. 5, H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (M.T.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.P.); (T.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Rita Sárközi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária Krt. 23-25, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (G.T.); (R.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Alejandra Szórádi
- CEVA-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., Szállás u. 5, H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (M.T.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.P.); (T.S.); (M.A.)
| | - László Makrai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária Krt. 23-25, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (G.T.); (R.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Nimród Pálmai
- CEVA-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., Szállás u. 5, H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (M.T.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.P.); (T.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Tamás Szalai
- CEVA-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., Szállás u. 5, H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (M.T.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.P.); (T.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mihály Albert
- CEVA-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., Szállás u. 5, H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (M.T.); (Z.M.); (A.S.); (N.P.); (T.S.); (M.A.)
| | - László Fodor
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária Krt. 23-25, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (G.T.); (R.S.); (L.M.)
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3
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Serrano I, Verdial C, Tavares L, Oliveira M. The Virtuous Galleria mellonella Model for Scientific Experimentation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030505. [PMID: 36978373 PMCID: PMC10044286 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first research on the insect Galleria mellonella was published 85 years ago, and the larva is now widely used as a model to study infections caused by bacterial and fungal pathogens, for screening new antimicrobials, to study the adjacent immune response in co-infections or in host-pathogen interaction, as well as in a toxicity model. The immune system of the G. mellonella model shows remarkable similarities with mammals. Furthermore, results from G. mellonella correlate positively with mammalian models and with other invertebrate models. Unlike other invertebrate models, G. mellonella can withstand temperatures of 37 °C, and its handling and experimental procedures are simpler. Despite having some disadvantages, G. mellonella is a virtuous in vivo model to be used in preclinical studies, as an intermediate model between in vitro and mammalian in vivo studies, and is a great example on how to apply the bioethics principle of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) in animal experimentation. This review aims to discuss the progress of the G. mellonella model, highlighting the key aspects of its use, including experimental design considerations and the necessity to standardize them. A different score in the “cocoon” category included in the G. mellonella Health Index Scoring System is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Serrano
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Cláudia Verdial
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA—Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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4
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da Silva GC, Rossi CC, Rosa JN, Sanches NM, Cardoso DL, Li Y, Witney AA, Gould KA, Fontes PP, Callaghan AJ, Bossé JT, Langford PR, Bazzolli DMS. Identification of small RNAs associated with RNA chaperone Hfq reveals a new stress response regulator in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1017278. [PMID: 36267174 PMCID: PMC9577009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1017278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA chaperone Hfq promotes the association of small RNAs (sRNAs) with cognate mRNAs, controlling the expression of bacterial phenotype. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae hfq mutants strains are attenuated for virulence in pigs, impaired in the ability to form biofilms, and more susceptible to stress, but knowledge of the extent of sRNA involvement is limited. Here, using A. pleuropneumoniae strain MIDG2331 (serovar 8), 14 sRNAs were identified by co-immunoprecipitation with Hfq and the expression of eight, identified as trans-acting sRNAs, were confirmed by Northern blotting. We focused on one of these sRNAs, named Rna01, containing a putative promoter for RpoE (stress regulon) recognition. Knockout mutants of rna01 and a double knockout mutant of rna01 and hfq, both had decreased biofilm formation and hemolytic activity, attenuation for virulence in Galleria mellonella, altered stress susceptibility, and an altered outer membrane protein profile. Rna01 affected extracellular vesicle production, size and toxicity in G. mellonella. qRT-PCR analysis of rna01 and putative cognate mRNA targets indicated that Rna01 is associated with the extracytoplasmic stress response. This work increases our understanding of the multilayered and complex nature of the influence of Hfq-dependent sRNAs on the physiology and virulence of A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giarlã Cunha da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária—Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Ciro César Rossi
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária—Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Nogueira Rosa
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária—Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Newton Moreno Sanches
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária—Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Daniela Lopes Cardoso
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam A. Witney
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate A. Gould
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anastasia J. Callaghan
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Thérèse Bossé
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Richard Langford
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Mara Soares Bazzolli
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária—Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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5
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Mulkern AJ, Oyama LB, Cookson AR, Creevey CJ, Wilkinson TJ, Olleik H, Maresca M, da Silva GC, Fontes PP, Bazzolli DMS, Mantovani HC, Damaris BF, Mur LAJ, Huws SA. Microbiome-derived antimicrobial peptides offer therapeutic solutions for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:70. [PMID: 36038584 PMCID: PMC9424236 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00332-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiomes are rife for biotechnological exploitation, particularly the rumen microbiome, due to their complexicity and diversity. In this study, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from the rumen microbiome (Lynronne 1, 2, 3 and P15s) were assessed for their therapeutic potential against seven clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All AMPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against all strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 4–512 µg/mL. Time-kill kinetics of all AMPs at 3× MIC values against strains PAO1 and LES431 showed complete kill within 10 min to 4 h, although P15s was not bactericidal against PAO1. All AMPs significantly inhibited biofilm formation by strains PAO1 and LES431, and induction of resistance assays showed no decrease in activity against these strains. AMP cytotoxicity against human lung cells was also minimal. In terms of mechanism of action, the AMPs showed affinity towards PAO1 and LES431 bacterial membrane lipids, efficiently permeabilising the P. aeruginosa membrane. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis revealed increased catalytic activity at the cell membrane and promotion of β-oxidation of fatty acids. Finally, tests performed with the Galleria mellonella infection model showed that Lynronne 1 and 2 were efficacious in vivo, with a 100% survival rate following treatment at 32 mg/kg and 128 mg/kg, respectively. This study illustrates the therapeutic potential of microbiome-derived AMPs against P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mulkern
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Wales, UK. .,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany.
| | - Linda B Oyama
- Institute for Global Food Security, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5DP, UK
| | - Alan R Cookson
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Wales, UK
| | - Christopher J Creevey
- Institute for Global Food Security, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5DP, UK
| | - Toby J Wilkinson
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Wales, UK.,The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hamza Olleik
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Maresca
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Giarla C da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Fontes
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Denise M S Bazzolli
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Hilario C Mantovani
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Bamu F Damaris
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Luis A J Mur
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Wales, UK
| | - Sharon A Huws
- Institute for Global Food Security, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5DP, UK.
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6
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Oyama LB, Olleik H, Teixeira ACN, Guidini MM, Pickup JA, Hui BYP, Vidal N, Cookson AR, Vallin H, Wilkinson T, Bazzolli DMS, Richards J, Wootton M, Mikut R, Hilpert K, Maresca M, Perrier J, Hess M, Mantovani HC, Fernandez-Fuentes N, Creevey CJ, Huws SA. In silico identification of two peptides with antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:58. [PMID: 35835775 PMCID: PMC9283466 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), HG2 and HG4 identified from a rumen microbiome metagenomic dataset, with activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, a major hospital and community-acquired pathogen. We employed the classifier model design to analyse, visualise, and interpret AMP activities. This approach allowed in silico discrimination of promising lead AMP candidates for experimental evaluation. The lead AMPs, HG2 and HG4, are fast-acting and show anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and demonstrated little toxicity to human primary cell lines. The peptides were effective in vivo within a Galleria mellonella model of MRSA USA300 infection. In terms of mechanism of action, HG2 and HG4 appear to interact with the cytoplasmic membrane of target cells and may inhibit other cellular processes, whilst preferentially binding to bacterial lipids over human cell lipids. Therefore, these AMPs may offer additional therapeutic templates for MDR bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda B. Oyama
- grid.4777.30000 0004 0374 7521Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5DL UK
| | - Hamza Olleik
- grid.6227.10000000121892165CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Universités, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, CS 60319, CEDEX, 60203 Compiègne, France
| | - Ana Carolina Nery Teixeira
- grid.12799.340000 0000 8338 6359Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900 Brasil
| | - Matheus M. Guidini
- grid.12799.340000 0000 8338 6359Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900 Brasil
| | - James A. Pickup
- grid.4777.30000 0004 0374 7521Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5DL UK
| | - Brandon Yeo Pei Hui
- University College Fairview (UCF), 4178, Jalan 1/27D, Section 6, Wangsa Maju, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nicolas Vidal
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Yelen Analytics, Aix-Marseille University ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Alan R. Cookson
- grid.8186.70000 0001 2168 2483Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DA UK
| | - Hannah Vallin
- grid.8186.70000 0001 2168 2483Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DA UK
| | - Toby Wilkinson
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Denise M. S. Bazzolli
- grid.12799.340000 0000 8338 6359Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900 Brasil
| | - Jennifer Richards
- grid.241103.50000 0001 0169 7725Specialist Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Unit, Public Health Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW UK
| | - Mandy Wootton
- grid.241103.50000 0001 0169 7725Specialist Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Unit, Public Health Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW UK
| | - Ralf Mikut
- grid.7892.40000 0001 0075 5874Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein, Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Kai Hilpert
- grid.4464.20000 0001 2161 2573Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Marc Maresca
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Josette Perrier
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Matthias Hess
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, California, 95616 CA USA
| | - Hilario C. Mantovani
- grid.12799.340000 0000 8338 6359Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900 Brasil
| | - Narcis Fernandez-Fuentes
- grid.8186.70000 0001 2168 2483Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DA UK
| | - Christopher J. Creevey
- grid.4777.30000 0004 0374 7521Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5DL UK
| | - Sharon A. Huws
- grid.4777.30000 0004 0374 7521Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5DL UK
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7
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An Experimental Dermal Oedema Model for Apx Toxins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. J Comp Pathol 2022; 195:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Kaczmarek A, Wrońska AK, Kazek M, Boguś MI. Octanoic Acid-An Insecticidal Metabolite of Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomopthorales) That Affects Two Majors Antifungal Protection Systems in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera): Cuticular Lipids and Hemocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095204. [PMID: 35563592 PMCID: PMC9101785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The food flavour additive octanoic acid (C8:0) is also a metabolite of the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus, which efficiently infects and rapidly kills Galleria mellonella. GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of C8:0 in insecticidal fraction FR3 extracted from C. coronatus filtrate. Topical administration of C8:0 had a dose-dependent effect on survival rates of larvae but not on pupation or adult eclosion times of the survivors. Topically applied C8:0 was more toxic to adults than larvae (LD100 for adults 18.33 ± 2.49 vs. 33.56 ± 2.57 µg/mg of body mass for larvae). The administration of C8:0 on the cuticle of larvae and adults, in amounts corresponding to their LD50 and LD100 doses, had a considerable impact on the two main defense systems engaged in protecting against pathogens, causing serious changes in the developmental-stage-specific profiles of free fatty acids (FFAs) covering the cuticle of larvae and adults and damaging larval hemocytes. In vitro cultures of G. mellonella hemocytes, either directly treated with C8:0 or taken from C8:0 treated larvae, revealed deformation of hemocytes, disordered networking, late apoptosis, and necrosis, as well as caspase 1-9 activation and elevation of 8-OHdG level. C8:0 was also confirmed to have a cytotoxic effect on the SF-9 insect cell line, as determined by WST-1 and LDH tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-875 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.W.); (M.K.); (M.I.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-875 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.W.); (M.K.); (M.I.B.)
| | - Michalina Kazek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-875 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.W.); (M.K.); (M.I.B.)
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-875 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.W.); (M.K.); (M.I.B.)
- Biomibo, 04-872 Warsaw, Poland
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Ménard G, Rouillon A, Cattoir V, Donnio PY. Galleria mellonella as a Suitable Model of Bacterial Infection: Past, Present and Future. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:782733. [PMID: 35004350 PMCID: PMC8727906 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.782733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest for Galleria mellonella larvae as an infection model is evidenced by the number of papers reporting its use, which increases exponentially since the early 2010s. This popularity was initially linked to limitation of conventional animal models due to financial, technical and ethical aspects. In comparison, alternative models (e.g. models using Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster or G. mellonella) were cheap, simple to use and not limited by ethical regulation. Since then, similar results have been established with G. mellonella model comparatively to vertebrates, and it is more and more often used as a robust model per se, not only as an alternative to the murine model. This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge supporting the development of this model, both on immunological and microbiological aspects. For that, we focus on investigation of virulence and new therapies for the most important pathogenic bacteria. We also discuss points out directions for standardization, as well as recent advances and new perspectives for monitoring host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ménard
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine (BRM), service de Bactériologie Hygiène-Hospitalière (SB2H), UMR_S 1230, Rennes, France
| | - Astrid Rouillon
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine (BRM), UMR_S 1230, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Cattoir
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine (BRM), service de Bactériologie Hygiène-Hospitalière (SB2H), UMR_S 1230, Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Donnio
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, Bacterial Regulatory RNAs and Medicine (BRM), service de Bactériologie Hygiène-Hospitalière (SB2H), UMR_S 1230, Rennes, France
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10
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Radwan MH, Alaidaroos BA, Jastaniah SD, Abu el-naga MN, El-Gohary EGE, Barakat EM, ElShafie AM, Abdou MA, Mostafa NG, El-Saadony MT, Momen SA. Evaluation of antibacterial activity induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Ent A in the hemolymph of Spodoptera littoralis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2892-2903. [PMID: 35531219 PMCID: PMC9073143 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of antibiotic resistance considers one of the most dangerous challenges facing the medical field. So, it is necessary to find substitutions to conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a bio-functional derivative that have been observed as one of the important solutions to such upcoming crisis. Owing to their role as the first line of defense against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This study was conducted to induce the immune response of Spodoptera littoralis larvae by inoculation of sub lethal doses of Staphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxin. Since Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) considers the major causative agents of Staphylococcal food poisoning, our study oriented to purify and characterize this toxin to provoke its role in yielding AMPs with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. A great fluctuation was recorded in the biochemical properties of immunized hemolymph not only in the total protein content but also protein banding pattern. Protein bands of ∼22 kDa (attacin-like) and ∼15 kDa (lysozyme-like) were found to be common between the AMPs induced as a result of both treatments. While protein bands of molecular weight ∼70 kDa (phenoloxidase-like) and ∼14 kDa (gloverin-like) were found specific for SEA treatment. Chromatographic analysis using HPLC for the induced AMPs showed different types of amino acids appeared with differences in their quantities and velocities. These peptides exhibited noticeable antimicrobial activity against certain Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, the antimicrobial potential of the antimicrobial peptides (AMP) induced in the larval hemolymph of S. littoralis will be a promising molecule for the development of new therapeutic alternatives.
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11
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Dijokaite A, Humbert MV, Borkowski E, La Ragione RM, Christodoulides M. Establishing an invertebrate Galleria mellonella greater wax moth larval model of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. Virulence 2021; 12:1900-1920. [PMID: 34304706 PMCID: PMC8312596 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1950269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) causes the human sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. Studying gonococcal pathogenesis and developing new vaccines and therapies to combat the increasing prevalence of multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria has made use of many ex vivo models based on human cells and tissues, and in vivo vertebrate models, for example, rodent, pig and human. The focus of the current study was to examine the utility of the invertebrate greater wax moth Galleria mellonella as an in vivo model of gonococcal infection. We observed that a threshold of ~106 - 107 gonococci/larva was required to kill >50% of larvae (P < 0.05), and increased toxicity correlated with reduced health index scores and pronounced histopathological changes such as increases in the total lesion grade, melanized nodules, hemocyte reaction, and multifocal adipose body degeneration. Larval death was independent of the expression of pilus or Opa protein or LOS sialylation within a single gonococcal species studied, but the model could demonstrate relative toxicity of different isolates. N. meningitidis, N. lacatamica and gonococci all killed larvae equally, but were significantly less toxic (P > 0.05) than Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Larvae primed with nontoxic doses of gonococci were more susceptible to subsequent challenge with homologous and heterologous bacteria, and larval survival was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in infected larvae after depletion of their hemocytes with clodronate-liposomes. The model was used to test the anti-gonococcal properties of antibiotics and novel antimicrobials. Ceftriaxone (P < 0.05) protected larvae from infection with different gonococcal isolates, but not azithromycin or monocaprin or ligand-coated silver nanoclusters (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiste Dijokaite
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, Academic School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Maria Victoria Humbert
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, Academic School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Emma Borkowski
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, Academic School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
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12
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Pereira MF, Rossi CC, da Silva GC, Rosa JN, Bazzolli DMS. Galleria mellonella as an infection model: an in-depth look at why it works and practical considerations for successful application. Pathog Dis 2021; 78:5909969. [PMID: 32960263 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The larva of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella is an increasingly popular model for assessing the virulence of bacterial pathogens and the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. In this review, we discuss details of the components of the G. mellonella larval immune system that underpin its use as an alternative infection model, and provide an updated overview of the state of the art of research with G. mellonella infection models to study bacterial virulence, and in the evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy. Emphasis is given to virulence studies with relevant human and veterinary pathogens, especially Escherichia coli and bacteria of the ESKAPE group. In addition, we make practical recommendations for larval rearing and testing, and overcoming potential limitations of the use of the model, which facilitate intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalessa Fábia Pereira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, 36800-000, Carangola, MG, Brazil
| | - Ciro César Rossi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Giarlã Cunha da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Nogueira Rosa
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Denise Mara Soares Bazzolli
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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13
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Ahlawat S, Singh AK, Shankar A, Yadav A, Sharma KK. Infected insect gut reveals differentially expressed proteins for cellular redox, metal resistance and secretion system in Yersinia enterocolitica-Helicoverpa armigera pathogenic model. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1845-1867. [PMID: 34165641 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mouse infection models are frequently used to study the host-pathogen interaction studies. However, due to several constraints, there is an urgent need for a simple, rapid, easy to handle, inexpensive, and ethically acceptable in vivo model system for studying the virulence of enteropathogens. Thus, the present study was performed to develop the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera as a rapid-inexpensive in vivo model system to evaluate the effect of Yersinia enterocolitica strain 8081 on its midgut via a label-free proteomic approach. RESULTS Helicoverpa armigera larvae fed with Yersinia enterocolitica strain 8081 manifested significant reduction in body weight and damage in midgut. On performing label-free proteomic study, secretory systems, putative hemolysin, and two-component system emerged as the main pathogenic proteins. Further, proteome comparison between control and Yersinia added diet-fed (YADF) insects revealed altered cytoskeletal proteins in response to increased melanization (via a prophenoloxidase cascade) and free radical generation. In concurrence, FTIR-spectroscopy, and histopathological and biochemical analysis confirmed gut damage in YADF insects. Finally, the proteome data suggests that the mechanism of infection and the host response in Y. enterocolitica-H. armigera system mimics Yersinia-mammalian gut interactions. CONCLUSIONS All data from current study collectively suggest that H. armigera larva can be considered as a potential in vivo model system for studying the enteropathogenic infection by Y. enterocolitica strain 8081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Ahlawat
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Amarjeet Kumar Singh
- Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Akshay Shankar
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Asha Yadav
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Krishna Kant Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
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14
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Luiz de Freitas L, Pereira da Silva F, Fernandes KM, Carneiro DG, Licursi de Oliveira L, Martins GF, Dantas Vanetti MC. The virulence of Salmonella Enteritidis in Galleria mellonella is improved by N-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone. Microb Pathog 2021; 152:104730. [PMID: 33444697 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a food and waterborne pathogen responsible for outbreaks worldwide, and it can survive during passage through the stomach and inside host phagocytic cells. Virulence genes are required for infection and survival in macrophages, and some are under the regulation of the quorum sensing (QS) system. This study investigated the influence of the autoinducer 1 (AI-1), N-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone (C12-HSL), on the virulence of Salmonella PT4 using Galleria mellonella as an infection model. Salmonella PT4 was grown in the presence and absence of C12-HSL under anaerobic conditions for 7 h, and the expression of rpoS, arcA, arcB, and invA genes was evaluated. After the inoculation of G. mellonella with the median lethal dose (LD50) of Salmonella PT4, the survival of bacteria inside the larvae and their health status (health index scoring) were monitored, as well as the pigment, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) production. Also, the hemocyte viability, the induction of caspase-3, and microtubule-associated light chain 3 (LC3) protein in hemocytes were evaluated. Salmonella PT4 growing in the presence of C12-HSL showed increased rpoS, arcA, arcB, and invA expression and promoted higher larvae mortality and worse state of health after 24 h of infection. The C12-HSL also increased the persistence of Salmonella PT4 in the hemolymph and in the hemocytes. The highest pigmentation, NO production, and antioxidant enzymes were verified in the larva hemolymph infected with Salmonella PT4 grown with C12-HSL. Hemocytes from larvae infected with Salmonella PT4 grown with C12-HSL showed lower viability and higher production of caspase-3 and LC3. Taken together, these findings suggest that C12-HSL could be involved in the virulence of Salmonella PT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Luiz de Freitas
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Deisy Guimarães Carneiro
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Yan Y, Hillyer JF. The immune and circulatory systems are functionally integrated across insect evolution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/48/eabb3164. [PMID: 33239286 PMCID: PMC7688319 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb3164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The immune and circulatory systems of mammals are functionally integrated, as exemplified by the immune function of the spleen and lymph nodes. Similar functional integration exists in the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, as exemplified by the infection-induced aggregation of hemocytes around the heart valves. Whether this is specific to mosquitoes or a general characteristic of insects remained unknown. We analyzed 68 species from 51 families representing 16 orders and found that infection induces the aggregation of hemocytes and pathogens on the heart of insects from all major branches of the class Insecta. An expanded analysis in the holometabolous mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the hemimetabolous bed bug, Cimex lectularius, showed that infection induces the aggregation of phagocytic hemocytes on the hearts of distantly related insects, with aggregations mirroring the patterns of hemolymph flow. Therefore, the functional integration of the immune and circulatory systems is conserved across the insect tree of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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16
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Crispim JS, da Silva TF, Sanches NM, da Silva GC, Pereira MF, Rossi CC, Li Y, Terra VS, Vohra P, Wren BW, Langford PR, Bossé JT, Bazzolli DMS. Serovar-dependent differences in Hfq-regulated phenotypes inActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:5936557. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe RNA chaperone Hfq regulates diverse processes in numerous bacteria. In this study, we compared phenotypes (growth rate, adherence, response to different stress conditions and virulence in Galleria mellonella) of wild-type (WT) and isogenic hfq mutants of three serovars (1, 8 and 15) of the porcine pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Similar growth in rich broth was seen for all strains except Ap1∆hfq, which showed slightly reduced growth throughout the 24 h time course, and the complemented Ap8∆hfqC mutant had a prolonged lag phase. Differences were seen between the three serovar WT strains regarding adherence, stress response and virulence in G. mellonella, and deletion of hfq affected some, but not all of these phenotypes, depending on serovar. Complementation by expression of cloned hfq from an endogenous promoter only restored some WT phenotypes, indicating that complex regulatory networks may be involved, and that levels of Hfq may be as important as presence/absence of the protein regarding its contribution to gene regulation. Our results support that Hfq is a pleiotropic global regulator in A. pleuropneumoniae, but serovar-related differences exist. These results highlight the importance of testing multiple strains/serovars within a given species when determining contributions of global regulators, such as Hfq, to expression of complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josicelli Souza Crispim
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária – BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570–900, Brazil
| | - Thyara Ferreira da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária – BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570–900, Brazil
| | - Newton Moreno Sanches
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária – BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570–900, Brazil
| | - Giarlã Cunha da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária – BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570–900, Brazil
| | - Monalessa Fábia Pereira
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária – BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570–900, Brazil
| | - Ciro César Rossi
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária – BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570–900, Brazil
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Vanessa Sofia Terra
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Prerna Vohra
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Denise Mara Soares Bazzolli
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Bactérias, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária – BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570–900, Brazil
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Pereira MF, Rossi CC. Overview of rearing and testing conditions and a guide for optimizing Galleria mellonella breeding and use in the laboratory for scientific purposes. APMIS 2020; 128:607-620. [PMID: 32970339 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella is an increasingly popular and consolidated alternative infection model to assess microbial virulence and the effectiveness of antimicrobial compounds. The lack of G. mellonella suppliers aiming at scientific purposes and a lack of well-established protocols for raising and testing these animals may impact results and reproducibility between different laboratories. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of rearing the larvae in situ, providing an overview of breeding and testing conditions commonly used and their influence on larval health and experiments results, from setting up the environment, providing the ideal diet, understanding the effects of pretreatments, choosing the best testing conditions, to exploring the most from the results obtained. Meanwhile, we guide the reader through the most practical ways of dealing with G. mellonella to achieve successful experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalessa Fábia Pereira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Carangola, MG, Brazil
| | - Ciro César Rossi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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18
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Vergis J, Malik SS, Pathak R, Kumar M, Ramanjaneya S, Kurkure NV, Barbuddhe SB, Rawool DB. Exploiting Lactoferricin (17-30) as a Potential Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Candidate Against Multi-Drug-Resistant Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:575917. [PMID: 33072040 PMCID: PMC7531601 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.575917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), lactoferricin (17–30) [Lfcin (17–30)], against biofilm-forming multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC), and subsequently, the in vivo antimicrobial efficacy was assessed in a Galleria mellonella larval model. Initially, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; 32 μM), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC; 32 μM), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC; 32 μM) of Lfcin (17–30) were determined against MDR-EAEC field isolates (n = 3). Lfcin (17–30) was tested stable against high-end temperatures (70 and 90°C), physiological concentration of cationic salts (150 mM NaCl and 2 mM MgCl2), and proteases (proteinase-K and lysozyme). Further, at lower MIC, Lfcin (17–30) proved to be safe for sheep RBCs, secondary cell lines (HEp-2 and RAW 264.7), and beneficial gut lactobacilli. In the in vitro time-kill assay, Lfcin (17–30) inhibited the MDR-EAEC strains 3 h post-incubation, and the antibacterial effect was due to membrane permeation of Lfcin (17–30) in the inner and outer membranes of MDR-EAEC. Furthermore, in the in vivo experiments, G. mellonella larvae treated with Lfcin (17–30) exhibited an increased survival rate, lower MDR-EAEC counts (P < 0.001), mild to moderate histopathological changes, and enhanced immunomodulatory effect and were safe to larval cells when compared with infection control. Besides, Lfcin (17–30) proved to be an effective antibiofilm agent, as it inhibited and eradicated the preformed biofilm formed by MDR-EAEC strains in a significant (P < 0.05) manner both by microtiter plate assay and live/dead bacterial quantification-based confocal microscopy. We recommend further investigation of Lfcin (17–30) in an appropriate animal model before its application in target host against MDR-EAEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Satyaveer Singh Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Sunitha Ramanjaneya
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | | | | | - Deepak Bhiwa Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.,ICAR-National Research Centre on Meat, Hyderabad, India
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19
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Estévez-Lao TY, Sigle LT, Gomez SN, Hillyer JF. Nitric oxide produced by periostial hemocytes modulates the bacterial infection-induced reduction of the mosquito heart rate. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb225821. [PMID: 32561636 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.225821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The circulatory and immune systems of mosquitoes are functionally integrated. An infection induces the migration of hemocytes to the dorsal vessel, and specifically, to the regions surrounding the ostia of the heart. These periostial hemocytes phagocytose pathogens in the areas of the hemocoel that experience the highest hemolymph flow. Here, we investigated whether a bacterial infection affects cardiac rhythmicity in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae We discovered that infection with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, but not Micrococcus luteus, reduces the mosquito heart rate and alters the proportional directionality of heart contractions. Infection does not alter the expression of genes encoding crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), FMRFamide, corazonin, neuropeptide F or short neuropeptide F, indicating that they do not drive the cardiac phenotype. Infection upregulates the transcription of two superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes, catalase and a glutathione peroxidase, but dramatically induces upregulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in both the heart and hemocytes. Within the heart, nitric oxide synthase is produced by periostial hemocytes, and chemically inhibiting the production of nitric oxide using l-NAME reverses the infection-induced cardiac phenotype. Finally, infection induces the upregulation of two lysozyme genes in the heart and other tissues, and treating mosquitoes with lysozyme reduces the heart rate in a manner reminiscent of the infection phenotype. These data demonstrate an exciting new facet of the integration between the immune and circulatory systems of insects, whereby a hemocyte-produced factor with immune activity, namely nitric oxide, modulates heart physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Y Estévez-Lao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Leah T Sigle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Scherly N Gomez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Basal-Level Effects of (p)ppGpp in the Absence of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00640-19. [PMID: 32015147 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00640-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent response (SR) is a highly conserved regulatory mechanism in bacterial pathogens, enabling adaptation to adverse environments, and is linked to pathogenesis. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae can cause damage to the lungs of pigs, its only known natural host. Pig lungs are known to have a low concentration of free branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) compared to the level in plasma. We had investigated the role for (p)ppGpp in viability and biofilm formation of A. pleuropneumoniae Now, we sought to determine whether (p)ppGpp was a trigger signal for the SR in A. pleuropneumoniae in the absence of BCAAs. Combining transcriptome and phenotypic analyses of the wild type (WT) and an relA spoT double mutant [which does not produce (p)ppGpp], we found that (p)ppGpp could repress de novo purine biosynthesis and activate antioxidant pathways. There was a positive correlation between GTP and endogenous hydrogen peroxide content. Furthermore, the growth, viability, morphology, and virulence were altered by the inability to produce (p)ppGpp. Genes involved in the biosynthesis of BCAAs were constitutively upregulated, regardless of the existence of BCAAs, without accumulation of (p)ppGpp beyond a basal level. Collectively, our study shows that the absence of BCAAs was not a sufficient signal to trigger the SR in A. pleuropneumoniae (p)ppGpp-mediated regulation in A. pleuropneumoniae is different from that described for the model organism Escherichia coli Further work will establish whether the (p)ppGpp-dependent SR mechanism in A. pleuropneumoniae is conserved among other veterinary pathogens, especially those in the Pasteurellaceae family.IMPORTANCE (p)ppGpp is a key player in reprogramming transcriptomes to respond to nutritional challenges. Here, we present transcriptional and phenotypic differences of A. pleuropneumoniae grown in different chemically defined media in the absence of (p)ppGpp. We show that the deprivation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) does not elicit a change in the basal-level (p)ppGpp, but this level is sufficient to regulate the expression of BCAA biosynthesis. The mechanism found in A. pleuropneumoniae is different from that of the model organism Escherichia coli but similar to that found in some Gram-positive bacteria. This study not only broadens the research scope of (p)ppGpp but also further validates the complexity and multiplicity of (p)ppGpp regulation in microorganisms that occupy different biological niches.
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Comparative Genomics of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 8 Reveals the Importance of Prophages in the Genetic Variability of the Species. Int J Genomics 2020; 2020:9354204. [PMID: 32149072 PMCID: PMC7049842 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9354204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiologic agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Currently, there are 18 different serotypes; the serotype 8 is the most widely distributed in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and southeastern Brazil. In this study, genomes of seven A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 8 clinical isolates were compared to the other genomes of twelve serotypes. The analyses of serotype 8 genomes resulted in a set of 2352 protein-coding sequences. Of these sequences, 76.6% are present in all serotypes, 18.5% are shared with some serotypes, and 4.9% were differential. This differential portion was characterized as a series of hypothetical and regulatory protein sequences: mobile element sequence. Synteny analysis demonstrated possible events of gene recombination and acquisition by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in this species. A total of 30 sequences related to prophages were identified in the genomes. These sequences represented 0.3 to 3.5% of the genome of the strains analyzed, and 16 of them contained complete prophages. Similarity analysis between complete prophage sequences evidenced a possible HGT with species belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae. Thus, mobile genetic elements, such as prophages, are important components of the differential portion of the A. pleuropneumoniae genome and demonstrate a central role in the evolution of the species. This study represents the first study done to understand the genome of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 8.
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Romero-Gutiérrez KJ, Dourado MN, Garrido LM, Olchanheski LR, Mano ET, Dini-Andreote F, Valvano MA, Araújo WL. Phenotypic traits of Burkholderia spp. associated with ecological adaptation and plant-host interaction. Microbiol Res 2020; 236:126451. [PMID: 32146294 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia species have different lifestyles establishing mutualist or pathogenic associations with plants and animals. Changes in the ecological behavior of these bacteria may depend on genetic variations in response to niche adaptation. Here, we studied 15 Burkholderia strains isolated from different environments with respect to genetic and phenotypic traits. By Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) these isolates fell into 6 distinct groups. MLSA clusters did not correlate with strain antibiotic sensitivity, but with the bacterial ability to produce antimicrobial compounds and control orchid necrosis. Further, the B. seminalis strain TC3.4.2R3, a mutualistic bacterium, was inoculated into orchid plants and the interaction with the host was evaluated by analyzing the plant response and the bacterial oxidative stress response in planta. TC3.4.2R3 responded to plant colonization by increasing its own growth rate and by differential gene regulation upon oxidative stress caused by the plant, while reducing the plant's membrane lipid peroxidation. The bacterial responses to oxidative stress were recapitulated by bacterial exposure to the herbicide paraquat. We suggest that the ability of Burkholderia species to successfully establish in the rhizosphere correlates with genetic variation, whereas traits associated with antibiotic resistance are more likely to be categorized as strain specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karent J Romero-Gutiérrez
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Manuella N Dourado
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro M Garrido
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Olchanheski
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Emy T Mano
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, University Park, PA, USA; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Miguel A Valvano
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Welington L Araújo
- Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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23
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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Wu Q, Lin J, Fang R, Bi W, Dong G, Li J, Zhang Y, Cao J, Zhou T. Zebrafish and Galleria mellonella: Models to Identify the Subsequent Infection and Evaluate the Immunological Differences in Different Klebsiella pneumoniae Intestinal Colonization Strains. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2750. [PMID: 31849893 PMCID: PMC6900958 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is the main reservoir of bacterial pathogens in most organisms. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial bacterial infections. Intestinal colonization with K. pneumoniae has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of subsequent infections. However, not all K. pneumoniae strains in the intestine cause further infection, and the distinction of the difference among strains that cause infection after colonization and the ones causing only asymptomatic colonization is unclear. In this study, we report a case of a hospitalized patient from the ICU. We screened out two intestine colonization strains (FK4111, FK4758) to analyze the subsequent infection conditions. We set up infection models of zebrafish and Galleria mellonella to establish the differences in the potential for causing subsequent infection and the immunological specificities after K. pneumoniae intestine colonization. Sudan Black B and neutral red staining results indicated that FK4758 was more responsive to neutrophil recruitment and phagocytosis of macrophages than FK4111. The results of the assessment of the organ bacterial load revealed that FK4111 and FK4758 both had the highest bacterial loads in the zebrafish intestine compared to those in other organs. However, in the zebrafish spleen, liver, and heart, the FK4758 load was significantly higher than that of FK4111. The ST37 strain FK4111, which does not produce carbapenemase, did not cause infection after colonization, whereas the ST11 strain FK4758, which produces carbapenemase, caused infection after intestinal colonization. Our finding demonstrated that not all intestinal colonization of K. pneumoniae subsequently caused infections, and the infections of K. pneumoniae after colonization are different. Therefore, the infection models we established provided possibility for the estimation of host-microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiucai Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yajie Zhao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Renchi Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenzi Bi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Guofeng Dong
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianming Cao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tieli Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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24
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Guerrieri CG, Pereira MF, Galdino ACM, Dos Santos ALS, Elias WP, Schuenck RP, Spano LC. Typical and Atypical Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Are Both Virulent in the Galleria mellonella Model. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1791. [PMID: 31456762 PMCID: PMC6700222 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an emerging pathotype responsible for acute and persistent diarrhea. It can be classified as typical and atypical strains, respectively, based on the presence or absence of the AggR regulon, suggesting a higher virulence for typical EAEC. This study aims to evaluate in the Galleria mellonella model if there are differences in the virulence profiles among clinical strains of typical and atypical EAEC, prototype strains EAEC C1096, 042 and its aggR mutant. The clinical EAEC strains (n = 20) were analyzed for the presence of 22 putative virulence factors of EAEC or extraintestinal E. coli by PCR, as well as phenotypic characteristics of virulence (enzymes, siderophore, and biofilm). The survival of the larvae was analyzed after inoculation of 104-107 CFU/larva; the monitoring of bacterial growth in vivo and hemocyte quantification was determined after inoculation of the prototype strains (105 CFU/larva) at different periods after infection. The strains of typical and atypical EAEC presented the same virulence profile for the larva, regardless of the amount or type of genes and phenotypic aspects of virulence analyzed. In addition, the EAEC 042 aggR mutant strain showed a significant reduction in the mortality of the inoculated larvae compared to the wild-type strain. In conclusion, the results obtained herein demonstrate that the virulence of EAEC seems to be related to the AggR regulon, but not exclusively, and atypical EAEC strains may be as virulent as typical ones in vivo in the G. mellonella model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gastaldi Guerrieri
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Monalessa Fábia Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Anna Clara Milesi Galdino
- Laboratory of Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Advanced Studies of Emerging and Resistant Microorganisms, Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Pinto Schuenck
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Liliana Cruz Spano
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Gastroenteritis, Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
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Barbosa da Silva H, Godoy RSM, Martins GF. The Basic Plan of the Adult Heart Is Conserved Across Different Species of Adult Mosquitoes, But the Morphology of Heart-Associated Tissues Varies. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:984-996. [PMID: 31245826 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The heart is a pivotal organ in insects because it performs a number of different tasks, such as circulating nutrients, hormones, and excreta. In this study, the morphologies of the heart and associated tissues, including pericardial cells (PCs) and alary muscles (AMs), in the hematophagous mosquitoes Anopheles aquasalis Curry (Diptera: Culicidae), Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae), and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae), and the phytophagous Toxorhynchites theobaldi Dyar & Knab (Diptera: Culicidae) were compared using different microscopy techniques. Mosquito hearts are located across the median dorsal region of the whole abdomen. Paired incurrent openings in the heart wall (ostia) are found in the intersegmental regions (segments 2-7) of the abdomen, while an excurrent opening is located in the terminal cone of Ae. aegypti. The sides of the heart contain PC that are more numerous in An. aquasalis and Th. theobaldi. In these two species, PC form a cord of as closely aggregated cells, but in Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, PC occur in pairs with two or four PC pairs per intersegmental region. In Th. theobaldi, AM binds to all regions of the heart, whereas in other mosquitoes they only bind in the intersegmental regions. The basic plan of the adult heart was conserved across all the adult mosquitoes investigated in this study. This conserved organization was expected because this organ plays an important role in the maintenance of individual homeostasis. However, the species had different PC and of AM morphologies. These morphological differences seem to be related to distinct physiological requirements of mosquito circulatory system.
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26
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Environmental interactions are regulated by temperature in Burkholderia seminalis TC3.4.2R3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5486. [PMID: 30940839 PMCID: PMC6445077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia seminalis strain TC3.4.2R3 is an endophytic bacterium isolated from sugarcane roots that produces antimicrobial compounds, facilitating its ability to act as a biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic bacteria. In this study, we investigated the thermoregulation of B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3 at 28 °C (environmental stimulus) and 37 °C (host-associated stimulus) at the transcriptional and phenotypic levels. The production of biofilms and exopolysaccharides such as capsular polysaccharides and the biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi were enhanced at 28 °C. At 37 °C, several metabolic pathways were activated, particularly those implicated in energy production, stress responses and the biosynthesis of transporters. Motility, growth and virulence in the Galleria mellonella larvae infection model were more significant at 37 °C. Our data suggest that the regulation of capsule expression could be important in virulence against G. mellonella larvae at 37 °C. In contrast, B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3 failed to cause death in infected BALB/c mice, even at an infective dose of 107 CFU.mL-1. We conclude that temperature drives the regulation of gene expression in B. seminalis during its interactions with the environment.
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27
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Yan Y, Hillyer JF. Complement-like proteins TEP1, TEP3 and TEP4 are positive regulators of periostial hemocyte aggregation in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 107:1-9. [PMID: 30690067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito immune and circulatory systems are functionally integrated. During an infection, hemocytes aggregate around the ostia (valves) of the dorsal vessel - areas of the heart called the periostial regions - where they phagocytose live and melanized pathogens. Although periostial hemocyte aggregation is an immune response that occurs following infection with bacteria and malaria parasites, the molecular basis of this process remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the thioester-containing proteins, TEP1, TEP3 and TEP4 are positive regulators of periostial hemocyte aggregation in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. RNAi-based knockdown of TEP1, TEP3 and TEP4 resulted in fewer periostial hemocytes following Escherichia coli infection, without affecting the adjacent population of non-periostial, sessile hemocytes. Moreover, knockdown of TEP1, TEP3 and TEP4 expression resulted in reduced bacterial accumulation and melanin deposition at the periostial regions. Finally, this study confirmed the role that TEP1 plays in reducing infection intensity in the hemocoel. Overall, this research shows that the complement-like proteins, TEP1, TEP3 and TEP4, are positive regulators of the functional integration between the immune and circulatory systems of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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28
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Rodrigues de Almeida N, Han Y, Perez J, Kirkpatrick S, Wang Y, Sheridan MC. Design, Synthesis, and Nanostructure-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Cationic Peptide Amphiphiles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:2790-2801. [PMID: 30588791 PMCID: PMC7199185 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of bacterial resistant strains is a global health concern. Designing antibiotics that limit the rise of pathogenic resistance is essential to efficiently treat pathogenic infections. Self-assembling amphiphilic molecules are an intriguing platform for the treatment of pathogens because of their ability to disrupt bacterial membranes and function as drug nanocarriers. We have designed cationic peptide amphiphiles (PAs) that can form micelles, nanofibers, and twisted ribbons with the aim of understanding antimicrobial activity at the supramolecular level. We have found that micelle-forming PAs possess excellent antimicrobial activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 1 and 8 μg/mL, when compared to nanofibers with MICs >32 μg/mL. The data suggest that the antimicrobial activity of the PAs depends on their morphology, amino acid sequence, the length of the alkyl tail, and the overall hydrophobicity of the PA. Scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry studies using MRSA and Escherichia coli K12 strains showed that PAs increase cell membrane permeability and disrupt the integrity of pathogen's membrane, leading to cell lysis and death. PAs are a promising platform to develop new antimicrobials that could work as nanocarriers to develop synergistic antibacterial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Rodrigues de Almeida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
| | - Yuchun Han
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Yilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Science, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Martin Conda Sheridan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska 68198 , United States
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29
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Bao CT, Xiao JM, Liu BJ, Liu JF, Zhu RN, Jiang P, Li L, Langford PR, Lei LC. Establishment and comparison of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae experimental infection model in mice and piglets. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:381-389. [PMID: 30664928 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) causes porcine pleuropneumonia, a disease responsible for substantial losses in the worldwide pig industry. In this study, outbred Kunming (KM) and Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were evaluated as alternative mice models for APP research. After intranasal infection of serotype 5 reference strain L20, there was less lung damage and a lower clinical sign score in ICR compared to KM mice. However, ICR mice showed more obvious changes in body weight loss, the amount of immune cells (such as neutrophils and lymphocytes) and cytokines (such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The immunological changes observed in ICR mice closely mimicked those found in piglets infected with L20. While both ICR and KM mice are susceptible to APP and induce pathological lesions, we suggest that ICR and KM mice are more suitable for immunological and pathogenesis studies, respectively. The research lays the theoretical basis for determine that mice could replace pigs as the APP infection model and it is of significance for the study of APP infection in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tong Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jia-Meng Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Bai-Jun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jian-Fang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Ri-Ning Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | | | - Lian-Cheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
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30
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Pereira TC, de Barros PP, Fugisaki LRDO, Rossoni RD, Ribeiro FDC, de Menezes RT, Junqueira JC, Scorzoni L. Recent Advances in the Use of Galleria mellonella Model to Study Immune Responses against Human Pathogens. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040128. [PMID: 30486393 PMCID: PMC6308929 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of invertebrates for in vivo studies in microbiology is well established in the scientific community. Larvae of Galleria mellonella are a widely used model for studying pathogenesis, the efficacy of new antimicrobial compounds, and immune responses. The immune system of G. mellonella larvae is structurally and functionally similar to the innate immune response of mammals, which makes this model suitable for such studies. In this review, cellular responses (hemocytes activity: phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation) and humoral responses (reactions or soluble molecules released in the hemolymph as antimicrobial peptides, melanization, clotting, free radical production, and primary immunization) are discussed, highlighting the use of G. mellonella as a model of immune response to different human pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristine Pereira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Ruano de Oliveira Fugisaki
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Felipe de Camargo Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Teles de Menezes
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil.
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31
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Hillyer JF. Insect heart rhythmicity is modulated by evolutionarily conserved neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 29:41-48. [PMID: 30551824 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Insects utilize an open circulatory system to transport nutrients, waste, hormones and immune factors throughout the hemocoel. The primary organ that drives hemolymph circulation is the dorsal vessel, which is a muscular tube that traverses the length of the body and is divided into an aorta in the head and thorax, and a heart in the abdomen. The dorsal vessel is myogenic, but its rhythmicity is modulated by neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. This review summarizes how neuropeptides such as crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), FMRFamide-like peptides, proctolin, allatotropin and allatostatin modulate the heart contraction rate and the directionality of heart contractions. Likewise, it discusses how neurotransmitters such as serotonin, octopamine, glutamate and nitric oxide influence the heart rate, and how transcriptomic and proteomic approaches are advancing our understanding of insect circulatory physiology. Finally, this review argues that the immune system may modulate heart rhythmicity, and discusses how the myotropic activity of cardioactive factors extends to the accessory pulsatile organs, such as the auxiliary hearts of the antennae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Pereira MF, Rossi CC, Seide LE, Martins Filho S, Dolinski CDM, Bazzolli DMS. Antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation and virulence reveal Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains' pathogenicity complexity. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:498-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Jiang L, Greene MK, Insua JL, Pessoa JS, Small DM, Smyth P, McCann AP, Cogo F, Bengoechea JA, Taggart CC, Scott CJ. Clearance of intracellular Klebsiella pneumoniae infection using gentamicin-loaded nanoparticles. J Control Release 2018; 279:316-325. [PMID: 29704616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a foremost gram-negative pathogen that can induce life-threatening nosocomial pulmonary infections. Although it can be phagocytosed successfully by lung resident macrophages, this pathogen remains viable within vacuolar compartments, resulting in chronic infection and limiting therapeutic treatment with antibiotics. In this study, we aimed to generate and evaluate a cell-penetrant antibiotic poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based formulation that could successfully treat intracellular K. pneumoniae infection. Screening of formulation conditions allowed the generation of high drug loaded nanoparticles through a water-in-oil-in-water approach. We demonstrated the therapeutic usefulness of these gentamicin-loaded nanoparticles (GNPs), showing their ability to improve survival and provide extended prophylactic protection towards K. pneumoniae using a Galleria mellonella infection model. We subsequently showed that the GNPs could be phagocytosed by K. pneumoniae infected macrophages, and significantly reduce the viability of the intracellular bacteria without further stimulation of pro-inflammatory or pro-apoptotic effects on the macrophages. Taken together, these results clearly show the potential to use antibiotic loaded NPs to treat intracellular K. pneumoniae infection, reducing bacterial viability without concomitant stimulation of inflammatory or pyroptotic pathways in the treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Jiang
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michelle K Greene
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Jose Luis Insua
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Joana Sa Pessoa
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Donna M Small
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Peter Smyth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Aidan P McCann
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Francesco Cogo
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Jose A Bengoechea
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Clifford C Taggart
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Christopher J Scott
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, UK.
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Sassu EL, Bossé JT, Tobias TJ, Gottschalk M, Langford PR, Hennig-Pauka I. Update on Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-knowledge, gaps and challenges. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:72-90. [PMID: 29083117 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine pleuropneumonia, caused by the bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, leads to high economic losses in affected swine herds in most countries of the world. Pigs affected by peracute and acute disease suffer from severe respiratory distress with high lethality. The agent was first described in 1957 and, since then, knowledge about the pathogen itself, and its interactions with the host, has increased continuously. This is, in part, due to the fact that experimental infections can be studied in the natural host. However, the fact that most commercial pigs are colonized by this pathogen has hampered the applicability of knowledge gained under experimental conditions. In addition, several factors are involved in development of disease, and these have often been studied individually. In a DISCONTOOLS initiative, members from science, industry and clinics exchanged their expertise and empirical observations and identified the major gaps in knowledge. This review sums up published results and expert opinions, within the fields of pathogenesis, epidemiology, transmission, immune response to infection, as well as the main means of prevention, detection and control. The gaps that still remain to be filled are highlighted, and present as well as future challenges in the control of this disease are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Sassu
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - J T Bossé
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - T J Tobias
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - P R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - I Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
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Arteaga Blanco LA, Crispim JS, Fernandes KM, de Oliveira LL, Pereira MF, Bazzolli DMS, Martins GF. Differential cellular immune response of Galleria mellonella to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:153-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Qin W, Wang L, Zhai R, Ma Q, Liu J, Bao C, Sun D, Zhang H, Sun C, Feng X, Gu J, Du C, Han W, Langford PR, Lei L. Apa2H1, the first head domain of Apa2 trimeric autotransporter adhesin, activates mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and immunization with Apa2H1 protects against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection. Mol Immunol 2016; 81:108-117. [PMID: 27940254 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative pathogen of porcine pleuropneumonia, which results in large economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. There are, however, no effective subunit vaccines are available in the market owing to the various serotypes and the absence of cross-protection against this pathogen. Therefore, the selection of protective components is of great significance for vaccine development. We previously showed that trimeric autotransporter adhesins are important virulence factors of A. pleuropneumoniae. To determine the potential role in vaccine development of the functional head domain (Apa2H1) of Apa2, a trimeric autotransporter adhesin found in A. pleuropneumoniae, we obtained nature-like trimeric Apa2H1 using a prokaryotic expression system and co-culture of Apa2H1 with bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro resulted in maturation of BMDCs, characterised by the up-regulation of CD83, MHC-II, CCR7, ICAM-I and the increased expression of factors related to B lymphoid cells stimulation, such as proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) and B cell activating factor (BAFF). The in vivo results showed that vaccination with Apa2H1 resulted in the robust production of antigen-specific antibodies, modestly induced mixed Th1 and Th2 immunity, impaired bacterial colonization and dissemination, and improved mouse survival rates. This study is the first to show that Apa2H1 is antigenic and can be used as a component of a subunit vaccine against A. pleuropneumoniae infection, providing valuable reference material for the development of an effective vaccine against A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhai Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, PR China
| | - Ruidong Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Qiuyue Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jianfang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chuntong Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Diangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Changjiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Xin Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chongtao Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Wenyu Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - P R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Liancheng Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
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League GP, Hillyer JF. Functional integration of the circulatory, immune, and respiratory systems in mosquito larvae: pathogen killing in the hemocyte-rich tracheal tufts. BMC Biol 2016; 14:78. [PMID: 27643786 PMCID: PMC5027632 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0305-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As both larvae and adults, mosquitoes encounter a barrage of immune insults, ranging from microbe-rich communities in larval habitats to ingested blood-borne pathogens in adult blood meals. Given that mosquito adults have evolved an efficient means of eliminating infections in their hemocoel (body cavity) via the coordinated action of their immune and circulatory systems, the goal of the present study was to determine whether such functional integration is also present in larvae. RESULTS By fluorescently labeling hemocytes (immune cells), pericardial cells, and the heart, we discovered that fourth instar larvae, unlike adults, contain segmental hemocytes but lack the periostial hemocytes that surround the ostia (heart valves) in abdominal segments 2-7. Instead, larvae contain an abundance of sessile hemocytes at the tracheal tufts, which are respiratory structures that are unique to larvae, are located in the posterior-most abdominal segment, and surround what in larvae are the sole incurrent openings for hemolymph entry into the heart. Injection of fluorescent immune elicitors and bacteria into the larval hemocoel then showed that tracheal tuft hemocytes mount rapid and robust immune responses against foreign insults. Indeed, green fluorescent protein-labeled Escherichia coli flowing with the hemolymph rapidly aggregate exclusively at the tracheal tufts, where they are killed within 24 h post-infection via both phagocytosis and melanization. CONCLUSION Together, these findings show that the functional integration of the circulatory, respiratory, and immune systems of mosquitoes varies drastically across life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett P League
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1634, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1634, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate) Extract: In Vivo Study of Antimicrobial Activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis in Galleria mellonella Model. ScientificWorldJournal 2016; 2016:8626987. [PMID: 27668280 PMCID: PMC5030419 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8626987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increase of bacterial resistance, medicinal alternatives are being explored. Punica granatum L. is an effective herbal extract with broad spectrum of action and bactericidal, antifungal, anthelmintic potential and being able to modulate the immune response. The aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of pomegranate glycolic extract (PGE) against the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis by using Galleria mellonella as in vivo model. Fifteen larvae were used per group. Injection of high concentration (200, 100, and 25 mg/mL) of PGE showed a toxic effect, leading them to death. A suspension of P. gingivalis (106 cells/mL) was inoculated in the left last proleg and PGE (12.5, 6.25, 3.1, and 2.5 mg/mL) were injected into the right proleg. The larvae were then kept at 37°C under the dark. Injection of PGE at any dose statistically improved larvae survival rates. The data were analysed (log-rank test, Mantel-Cox, P < 0.05) and showed that all concentrations of PGE (12.5, 6.25, 3.1, and 2.5 mg/mL) presented higher larval survival rates, with significant statistical difference in relation to control group (P. gingivalis). In conclusion, the PGE had antimicrobial action against P. gingivalis in vivo model using G. mellonella.
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Rossi CC, Bossé JT, Li Y, Witney AA, Gould KA, Langford PR, Bazzolli DMS. A computational strategy for the search of regulatory small RNAs in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 22:1373-85. [PMID: 27402897 PMCID: PMC4986893 DOI: 10.1261/rna.055129.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) play important roles in gene regulation and are frequently connected to the expression of virulence factors in diverse bacteria. Only a few sRNAs have been described for Pasteurellaceae pathogens and no in-depth analysis of sRNAs has been described for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, responsible for considerable losses in the swine industry. To search for sRNAs in A. pleuropneumoniae, we developed a strategy for the computational analysis of the bacterial genome by using four algorithms with different approaches, followed by experimental validation. The coding strand and expression of 17 out of 23 RNA candidates were confirmed by Northern blotting, RT-PCR, and RNA sequencing. Among them, two are likely riboswitches, three are housekeeping regulatory RNAs, two are the widely studied GcvB and 6S sRNAs, and 10 are putative novel trans-acting sRNAs, never before described for any bacteria. The latter group has several potential mRNA targets, many of which are involved with virulence, stress resistance, or metabolism, and connect the sRNAs in a complex gene regulatory network. The sRNAs identified are well conserved among the Pasteurellaceae that are evolutionarily closer to A. pleuropneumoniae and/or share the same host. Our results show that the combination of newly developed computational programs can be successfully utilized for the discovery of novel sRNAs and indicate an intricate system of gene regulation through sRNAs in A. pleuropneumoniae and in other Pasteurellaceae, thus providing clues for novel aspects of virulence that will be explored in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro C Rossi
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Adam A Witney
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kate A Gould
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Denise M S Bazzolli
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Micro-organismos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
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Wei WJ, Yang HF, Ye Y, Li JB. Galleria mellonella as a model system to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial agents against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. J Chemother 2016; 29:252-256. [PMID: 27237961 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2016.1156892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Wei
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
| | - Hai-Fei Yang
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
| | - Ying Ye
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China.,b Institute of Bacterium Resistance , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China.,c Department of bacteria resistance , Anhui Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance , Hefei , China
| | - Jia-Bin Li
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China.,b Institute of Bacterium Resistance , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China.,c Department of bacteria resistance , Anhui Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance , Hefei , China.,d Department of Infectious Disease , Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
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Hillyer JF. Insect immunology and hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:102-18. [PMID: 26695127 PMCID: PMC4775421 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign organisms that have entered the body of an insect are recognized by the immune system when pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind host-derived pattern recognition receptors. This, in turn, activates immune signaling pathways that amplify the immune response, induce the production of factors with antimicrobial activity, and activate effector pathways. Among the immune signaling pathways are the Toll, Imd, Jak/Stat, JNK, and insulin pathways. Activation of these and other pathways leads to pathogen killing via phagocytosis, melanization, cellular encapsulation, nodulation, lysis, RNAi-mediated virus destruction, autophagy and apoptosis. This review details these and other aspects of immunity in insects, and discusses how the immune and circulatory systems have co-adapted to combat infection, how hemocyte replication and differentiation takes place (hematopoiesis), how an infection prepares an insect for a subsequent infection (immune priming), how environmental factors such as temperature and the age of the insect impact the immune response, and how social immunity protects entire groups. Finally, this review highlights some underexplored areas in the field of insect immunobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Sigle LT, Hillyer JF. Mosquito hemocytes preferentially aggregate and phagocytose pathogens in the periostial regions of the heart that experience the most hemolymph flow. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:90-101. [PMID: 26526332 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
When a mosquito acquires an infection in the hemocoel, dedicated immune cells called hemocytes aggregate around the valves of the heart. These sessile hemocytes are called periostial hemocytes. In the present study we scrutinized the immune response mounted by the periostial hemocytes of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, against bacterial pathogens, and tested the relationship between periostial hemocyte aggregation, immune activity, and hemolymph flow. Initially, we quantified the process of periostial hemocyte aggregation and found that hemocytes migrate to the periostial regions in response to infection with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Micrococcus luteus (all infections tested). Then, we investigated whether the periostial hemocytes are evenly distributed along the six periostial regions of the heart, and found that they preferentially aggregate in the periostial regions of the mid-abdominal segments (4, 5 and 6). This distribution perfectly correlates with the spatial distribution of phagocytic activity along the surface of the heart, and to a lesser extent, with the distribution of melanin deposits. Finally, experiments measuring circulatory physiology found that the majority of hemolymph enters the heart through the ostia located in the periostial regions of abdominal segments 4, 5, and 6. These data show that periostial hemocytes aggregate on the surface of the heart in response to diverse foreign stimuli, and that both hemocytes and immune activity preferentially occur in the regions that experience the swiftest hemolymph flow. Thus, these data show that two major organ systems - the immune and circulatory systems - interact to control infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah T Sigle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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Wiles S. All models are wrong, but some are useful: Averting the 'microbial apocalypse'. Virulence 2015; 6:730-2. [PMID: 26315720 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2014.1001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Siouxsie Wiles
- a Bioluminescent Superbugs Group ; Molecular Medicine and Pathology; University of Auckland ; Auckland , New Zealand
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Draft Genome Sequences of Six Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotype 8 Brazilian Clinical Isolates: Insight into New Applications. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/2/e01585-14. [PMID: 25745011 PMCID: PMC4358398 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01585-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of swine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious disease associated with pigs of all ages that results in severe economic losses to the industry. Here, we report for the first time six genome sequences of A. pleuropneumoniae clinical isolates of serotype 8, found worldwide.
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