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Labade D, Sevamani S, Tabassum H, Madhyastha H, Wani M. Statistical optimization of process variables for agarase production using Microbacterium sp. SS5 strain from non-marine sources. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 54:393-406. [PMID: 37671950 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2245866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Agar oligosaccharides are thought to be valuable biomolecules with high bioactivity potential, along with a wide range of applications and advantages. The current study aimed to optimize the culture parameters required to produce agarase enzyme and agar oligosaccharides from industrial waste agar. Microbacterium spp. strain SS5 was isolated from a non-marine source and could synthesize oligo derivatives for use in a variety of industries ranging from food to pharmaceuticals. In addition, the strain and culture conditions were optimized to maximize extracellular agarase production. The bacterium grew best at pH 5.0 - 9.0, with an optimal pH of 7.5 - 8.0; temperatures ranging from 25 to 45 °C, with an optimal of 35 °C; and carbon and nitrogen concentrations of 0.5% each. Plackett-Burman experimental design and response surface methods were used to optimize various process parameters for agarase production by Microbacterium spp. strain SS5. Using the Plackett-Burman experimental design, eleven process factors were screened, and agar, beef extract, CaCl2, and beginning pH were found as the most significant independent variables affecting agarase production with confidence levels above 90%. To determine the optimal concentrations of the identified process factors on agarase production, the Box- Behnken design was used. Agarase production by Microbacterium spp. strain SS5 after optimization was 0.272 U/mL, which was determined to be greater than the result obtained from the basal medium (0.132 U/mL) before screening using Plackett-Burman and BBD with a fold increase of 2.06.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Labade
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Rise N' Shine Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Selvaraju Sevamani
- Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Salalah, Oman
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cardio-Vascular Physiology, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Minal Wani
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Rise N' Shine Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Jurelevicius D, Cotta SR, Montezzi LF, Dias ACF, Mason OU, Picão RC, Jansson JK, Seldin L. Enrichment of potential pathogens in marine microbiomes with different degrees of anthropogenic activity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115757. [PMID: 33168375 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities in coastal marine ecosystems can lead to an increase in the abundance of potentially harmful microorganisms in the marine environment. To understand anthropogenic impacts on the marine microbiome, we first used publicly available microbial phylogenetic and functional data to establish a dataset of bacterial genera potentially related to pathogens that cause diseases (BGPRD) in marine organisms. Representatives of low-, medium- and highly impacted marine coastal environments were selected, and the abundance and composition of their microbial communities were determined by quantitative PCR and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. In total, 72 BGPRD were cataloged, and 11, 36 and 37 BGPRD were found in low-, medium- and highly human-impacted ecosystems, respectively. The absolute abundance of BGPRD and the co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (AGR) increased with the degree of anthropogenic perturbation in these ecosystems. Anthropogenically impacted coastal microbiomes were compositionally and functionally distinct from those of less impacted sites, presenting features that may contribute to adverse outcomes for marine macrobiota in the Anthropocene era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Jurelevicius
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Simone R Cotta
- ESALQ - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lara F Montezzi
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Armando C F Dias
- ESALQ - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Olivia U Mason
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Renata C Picão
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological, Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lucy Seldin
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Sánchez Hinojosa V, Asenjo J, Leiva S. Agarolytic culturable bacteria associated with three antarctic subtidal macroalgae. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:73. [PMID: 29785671 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial communities of Antarctic marine macroalgae remain largely underexplored in terms of diversity and biotechnological applications. In this study, three Antarctic subtidal macroalgae (Himantothallus grandifolius, Pantoneura plocamioides and Plocamium cartilagineum), two of them endemic of Antarctica, were investigated as a source for isolation of agar-degrading bacteria. A total of 21 epiphytic isolates showed agarolytic activity at low temperature on agar plates containing agar as the sole carbon source. 16S rRNA identification showed that the agar-degrading bacteria belonged to the genera Cellulophaga, Colwellia, Lacinutrix, Olleya, Paraglaciecola, Pseudoalteromonas and Winogradskyella. The agarase enzyme from a potential new species of the genus Olleya was selected for further purification. The enzyme was purified from the culture supernatant of Olleya sp. HG G5.3 by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. Molecular weight of the agarase was estimated to be 38 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The purified enzyme exhibited activity at 4 °C, retaining > 50% of its maximum activity at this temperature. This is the first study reporting the phylogeny of agar-degrading bacteria isolated from Antarctic subtidal macroalgae and the results suggest the huge potential of Antarctic algae-associated bacteria as a source of cold-active hydrolytic enzymes of biotechnological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sánchez Hinojosa
- Instituto de Bioquímica & Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Joel Asenjo
- Instituto de Bioquímica & Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sergio Leiva
- Instituto de Bioquímica & Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.
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Crump BC, Wojahn JM, Tomas F, Mueller RS. Metatranscriptomics and Amplicon Sequencing Reveal Mutualisms in Seagrass Microbiomes. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:388. [PMID: 29599758 PMCID: PMC5863793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial plants benefit from many well-understood mutualistic relationships with root- and leaf-associated microbiomes, but relatively little is known about these relationships for seagrass and other aquatic plants. We used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metatranscriptomics to assess potential mutualisms between microorganisms and the seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera japonica collected from mixed beds in Netarts Bay, OR, United States. The phylogenetic composition of leaf-, root-, and water column-associated bacterial communities were strikingly different, but these communities were not significantly different between plant species. Many taxa present on leaves were related to organisms capable of consuming the common plant metabolic waste product methanol, and of producing agarases, which can limit the growth of epiphytic algae. Taxa present on roots were related to organisms capable of oxidizing toxic sulfur compounds and of fixing nitrogen. Metatranscriptomic sequencing identified expression of genes involved in all of these microbial metabolic processes at levels greater than typical water column bacterioplankton, and also identified expression of genes involved in denitrification and in bacterial synthesis of the plant growth hormone indole-3-acetate. These results provide the first evidence using metatranscriptomics that seagrass microbiomes carry out a broad range of functions that may benefit their hosts, and imply that microbe-plant mutualisms support the health and growth of aquatic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron C. Crump
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - John M. Wojahn
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Fiona Tomas
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA), Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB) – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Esporles, Spain
| | - Ryan S. Mueller
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Yoon SY, Lee HM, Kong JN, Kong KH. Secretory expression and enzymatic characterization of recombinant Agarivorans albus β-agarase in Escherichia coli. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:1037-1042. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1373292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sug-Young Yoon
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Lee
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Na Kong
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kwang-Hoon Kong
- Biomolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Swain MR, Natarajan V, Krishnan C. Marine Enzymes and Microorganisms for Bioethanol Production. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2017; 80:181-197. [PMID: 28215326 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Bioethanol is a potential alternative fuel to fossil fuels. Bioethanol as a fuel has several economic and environmental benefits. Though bioethanol is produced using starch and sugarcane juice, these materials are in conflict with food availability. To avoid food-fuel conflict, the second-generation bioethanol production by utilizing nonfood lignocellulosic materials has been extensively investigated. However, due to the complexity of lignocellulose architecture, the process is complicated and not economically competitive. The cultivation of lignocellulosic energy crops indirectly affects the food supplies by extensive land use. Marine algae have attracted attention to replace the lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production, since the algae grow fast, do not use land, avoid food-fuel conflict and have several varieties to suit the cultivation environment. The composition of algae is not as complex as lignocellulose due to the absence of lignin, which renders easy hydrolysis of polysaccharides to fermentable sugars. Marine organisms also produce cold-active enzymes for hydrolysis of starch, cellulose, and algal polysaccharides, which can be employed in bioethanol process. Marine microoorganisms are also capable of fermenting sugars under high salt environment. Therefore, marine biocatalysts are promising for development of efficient processes for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Swain
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - V Natarajan
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - C Krishnan
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.
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Characterization of an alkaline β-agarase from Stenotrophomonas sp. NTa and the enzymatic hydrolysates. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:525-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cheng H, Zhang S, Huo YY, Jiang XW, Zhang XQ, Pan J, Zhu XF, Wu M. Gilvimarinus polysaccharolyticus sp. nov., an agar-digesting bacterium isolated from seaweed, and emended description of the genus Gilvimarinus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 65:562-569. [PMID: 25392347 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.065078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A taxonomic study was carried out on strain YN3(T), which was isolated from a seaweed sample taken from the coast of Weihai, China. The bacterium was Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, and could grow at pH 5.0-10.0 and 4-32 °C in the presence of 0-9.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain YN3(T) was positive for the hydrolysis of polysaccharides, such as agar, starch and xylan. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The major fatty acids were C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, and two unidentified glycolipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 49.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YN3(T) should be assigned to the genus Gilvimarinus. 'Gilvimarinus agarilyticus' KCTC 23325 and Gilvimarinus chinensis QM42(T) had the closest phylogenetic relationship to strain YN3(T), and showed 97.9 % and 95.8 % sequence similarities, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data and DNA-DNA hybridization studies, we propose that strain YN3(T) represents a novel species of the genus Gilvimarinus, for which the name Gilvimarinus polysaccharolyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YN3(T) ( = KCTC 32438(T) = JCM 19198(T)). An emended description of the genus Gilvimarinus is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Shun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ying-Yi Huo
- Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, PR China
| | - Xia-Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, PR China
| | - Xin-Qi Zhang
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Linan 311300, PR China
| | - Jie Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xu-Fen Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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Park DY, Chi WJ, Park JS, Chang YK, Hong SK. Cloning, Expression, and Biochemical Characterization of a GH16 β-Agarase AgaH71 from Pseudoalteromonas hodoensis H7. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:733-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Production and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable Extracellular Agarase from Pseudoalteromonas hodoensis Newly Isolated from the West Sea of South Korea. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1703-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Microorganisms living on macroalgae: diversity, interactions, and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2917-35. [PMID: 24562178 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Marine microorganisms play key roles in every marine ecological process, hence the growing interest in studying their populations and functions. Microbial communities on algae remain underexplored, however, despite their huge biodiversity and the fact that they differ markedly from those living freely in seawater. The study of this microbiota and of its relationships with algal hosts should provide crucial information for ecological investigations on algae and aquatic ecosystems. Furthermore, because these microorganisms interact with algae in multiple, complex ways, they constitute an interesting source of novel bioactive compounds with biotechnological potential, such as dehalogenases, antimicrobials, and alga-specific polysaccharidases (e.g., agarases, carrageenases, and alginate lyases). Here, to demonstrate the huge potential of alga-associated organisms and their metabolites in developing future biotechnological applications, we first describe the immense diversity and density of these microbial biofilms. We further describe their complex interactions with algae, leading to the production of specific bioactive compounds and hydrolytic enzymes of biotechnological interest. We end with a glance at their potential use in medical and industrial applications.
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Hyeon JE, Jeon SD, Han SO. Cellulosome-based, Clostridium-derived multi-functional enzyme complexes for advanced biotechnology tool development: advances and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:936-44. [PMID: 23563098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cellulosome is one of nature's most elegant and elaborate nanomachines and a key biological and biotechnological macromolecule that can be used as a multi-functional protein complex tool. Each protein module in the cellulosome system is potentially useful in an advanced biotechnology application. The high-affinity interactions between the cohesin and dockerin domains can be used in protein-based biosensors to improve both sensitivity and selectivity. The scaffolding protein includes a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) that attaches strongly to cellulose substrates and facilitates the purification of proteins fused with the dockerin module through a one-step CBM purification method. Although the surface layer homology (SLH) domain of CbpA is not present in other strains, replacement of the cell surface anchoring domain allows a foreign protein to be displayed on the surface of other strains. The development of a hydrolysis enzyme complex is a useful strategy for consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), enabling microorganisms with biomass hydrolysis activity. Thus, the development of various configurations of multi-functional protein complexes for use as tools in whole-cell biocatalyst systems has drawn considerable attention as an attractive strategy for bioprocess applications. This review provides a detailed summary of the current achievements in Clostridium-derived multi-functional complex development and the impact of these complexes in various areas of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Hyeon
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Egan S, Fernandes ND, Kumar V, Gardiner M, Thomas T. Bacterial pathogens, virulence mechanism and host defence in marine macroalgae. Environ Microbiol 2013; 16:925-38. [PMID: 24112830 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Macroalgae are important ecosystem engineers in temperate marine waters. The function of macroalgae is intimately linked to the composition and structure of their epibiotic bacterial, communities, and evidence has emerged that bacteria can also have a negative impact on their host by causing disease. A few examples exist where bacteria have been unambiguously linked to macroalgal disease, however in many cases, pathogenicity has not been clearly separated from saprophytic behaviour or secondary colonization after disease initiation. Nevertheless, pathogenic pressure by bacteria might be substantial, as macroalgae have evolved a range of innate and induced defence mechanism that have the potential to control bacterial attacks. The presence and abundance of virulence factors in marine bacteria, which have not previously been recognized as pathogens, also represents an underappreciated, opportunistic potential for disease. Given that virulence expression in opportunistic pathogens is often dependent on environmental conditions, we predict that current and future anthropogenic changes in the marine environment will lead to an increase in the occurrence of macroalgal disease. This review highlights important areas of research that require future attention to understand the link between environmental change, opportunistic pathogens and macroalgal health in the world's oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Optimization of Pseudoalteromonas sp. JYBCL 1 culture conditions, medium composition and extracellular β-agarase activity. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hollants J, Leliaert F, De Clerck O, Willems A. What we can learn from sushi: a review on seaweed-bacterial associations. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 83:1-16. [PMID: 22775757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many eukaryotes are closely associated with bacteria which enable them to expand their physiological capacities. Associations between algae (photosynthetic eukaryotes) and bacteria have been described for over a hundred years. A wide range of beneficial and detrimental interactions exists between macroalgae (seaweeds) and epi- and endosymbiotic bacteria that reside either on the surface or within the algal cells. While it has been shown that these chemically mediated interactions are based on the exchange of nutrients, minerals, and secondary metabolites, the diversity and specificity of macroalgal-bacterial relationships have not been thoroughly investigated. Some of these alliances have been found to be algal or bacterial species-specific, whereas others are widespread among different symbiotic partners. Reviewing 161 macroalgal-bacterial studies from the last 55 years, a definite bacterial core community, consisting of Gammaproteobacteria, CFB group, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria species, seems to exist which is specifically (functionally) adapted to an algal host-associated lifestyle. Because seaweed-bacterial associations are appealing from evolutionary and applied perspectives, future studies should integrate the aspects of diverse biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Hollants
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Kim YN, Lee JR, Kim MC, Kim SB, Chang YK, Hong SK, Kim CJ. Optimization of Anion-exchange Chromatography for the Separation of Agarase from Culture Broth of Pseudoalteromonas sp. KOREAN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.9713/kcer.2011.49.6.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Kim BC, Kim MN, Lee KH, Kim HS, Min SR, Shin KS. Gilvimarinus agarilyticus sp. nov., a new agar-degrading bacterium isolated from the seashore of Jeju Island. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2011; 100:67-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-011-9565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Oh C, Nikapitiya C, Lee Y, Whang I, Kang DH, Heo SJ, Choi YU, Lee J. Molecular cloning, characterization and enzymatic properties of a novel βeta-agarase from a marine isolate Psudoalteromonas SP. AG52. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:876-89. [PMID: 24031567 PMCID: PMC3769764 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822010000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An agar-degrading Pseudoalteromonas sp. AG52 bacterial strain was identified from the red seaweed Gelidium amansii collected from Jeju Island, Korea. A β-agarase gene which has 96.8% nucleotide identity to Aeromonas β-agarase was cloned from this strain, and was designated as agaA. The coding region is 870 bp, encoding 290 amino acids and possesses characteristic features of the glycoside hydrolase family (GHF)-16. The predicted molecular mass of the mature protein was 32 kDa. The recombinant β-agarase (rAgaA) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified as a fusion protein. The optimal temperature and pH for activity were 55 °C and 5.5, respectively. The enzyme had a specific activity of 105.1 and 79.5 unit/mg toward agar and agarose, respectively. The pattern of agar hydrolysis demonstrated that the enzyme is an endo-type β-agarase, producing neoagarohexaose and neoagarotetraose as the final main products. Since, Pseudoalteromonas sp. AG52 encodes an agaA gene, which has greater identity to Aeromonas β-agarase, the enzyme could be considered as novel, with its unique bio chemical characteristics. Altogether, the purified rAgaA has potential for use in industrial applications such as development of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulhong Oh
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea
- Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan, 426–744, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamilani Nikapitiya
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdeuk Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilson Whang
- Department of Life Science, Jeju National University 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan, 426–744, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan, 426–744, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ung Choi
- Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan, 426–744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, 690–756, Republic of Korea
- Marine and Environmental Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690–814, Republic of Korea
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19
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Oh C, Nikapitiya C, Lee Y, Whang I, Kim SJ, Kang DH, Lee J. Cloning, purification and biochemical characterization of beta agarase from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. AG4. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 37:483-94. [PMID: 20213114 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A gene (agrP) encoding a beta-agarase from Pseudoalteromonas sp. AG4 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The agrP primary structure consists of an 870-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 290 amino acids (aa). The predicted molecular mass and isoelectric point were determined at 33 kDa and 5.9, respectively. The signal peptide was predicted to be 21 aa. The deduced aa sequence showed 98.6% identity to beta-agarase from Pseudoalteromonas atlantica. The recombinant protein was purified as a fusion protein and biochemically characterized. The purified beta-agarase (AgaP) had specific activity of 204.4 and 207.5 units/mg towards agar and agarose, respectively. The enzyme showed maximum activity at 55 degrees C and pH 5.5. It was stable at pH 4.5 to 8.0 and below 55 degrees C for 1 h. The enzyme produced neoagarohexaose and neoagarotetraose from agar and in addition to that neoagarobiose from the agarose. The neoagarooligosaccharides were biologically active. Hence, AgaP is a useful enzyme source for use by cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulhong Oh
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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20
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Hu Z, Lin BK, Xu Y, Zhong M, Liu GM. Production and purification of agarase from a marine agarolytic bacteriumAgarivoranssp. HZ105. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106:181-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Shi YL, Lu XZ, Yu WG. A new β-agarase from marine bacterium Janthinobacterium sp. SY12. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Shi C, Lu X, Ma C, Ma Y, Fu X, Yu W. Enhancing the thermostability of a novel beta-agarase AgaB through directed evolution. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 151:51-9. [PMID: 18785021 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To increase the thermostability of beta-agarase AgaB by directed evolution, the mutant gene libraries were generated by error-prone polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) shuffling. Mutants with high thermostability were screened by a simple method based on agarase-degrading agar to generate a clear zone on the agar plate. A mutant S2 was obtained through two rounds of error-prone PCR and a single round of DNA shuffling and selection. It has higher thermostability and slightly increased catalytic activity than wild-type AgaB. Melting temperature (T(m)) of S2, as determined by circular dichroism, is 4.6 degrees C higher than that of wild-type AgaB, and the half-life of S2 is 350 min at 40 degrees C, which is 18.4-fold longer than that of the wild-type enzyme. Saturation mutagenesis and hydrophobic cluster analysis indicated that hydrophobic interaction might be the key factor that enhances the enzyme stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shi
- The Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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23
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Weinberger F. Pathogen-induced defense and innate immunity in macroalgae. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2007; 213:290-302. [PMID: 18083968 DOI: 10.2307/25066646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Animals and vascular plants are known to defend themselves facultatively against pathogens, with innate receptors mediating their resistance. Macroalgal defense against microorganisms, in contrast, has until recently been regarded mainly as constitutive. Indeed, many macroalgae appear to be chemically defended at constantly high levels, and this is possibly one of the reasons why the first evidence of pathogen-aroused resistance in a macroalga was detected only a decade ago. Here, I summarize the results of studies that indicate the existence of pathogen-activated or pathogen-induced macroalgal defense. Most indications so far come from molecular investigations, which revealed major functional similarities among the defense systems of distant macroalgal clades and the innate immune systems of vascular plants and metazoans. Homologies exist in the primary and secondary defense-activating signals, as well as in the enzymes that are involved and the cellular responses that are activated. This strongly suggests that innate immunity also exists in relatively distinct macroalgal clades. However, a macroalgal receptor still needs to be isolated and characterized, and the molecular concept of macroalgal receptor-mediated immunity needs to be complemented with an ecological perspective on pathogen-induced defense, to develop a joint neuroecological perspective on seaweed-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weinberger
- Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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24
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Skovhus TL, Holmström C, Kjelleberg S, Dahllöf I. Molecular investigation of the distribution, abundance and diversity of the genus Pseudoalteromonas in marine samples. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007; 61:348-61. [PMID: 17573938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Pseudoalteromonas has attracted interest because it has frequently been found in association with eukaryotic hosts, and because many Pseudoalteromonas species produce biologically active compounds. One distinct group of Pseudoalteromonas species is the antifouling subgroup containing Pseudoalteromonas tunicata and Ps. ulvae, which both produce extracellular compounds that inhibit growth and colonization by different marine organisms. PCR primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene of the genus Pseudoalteromonas and the antifouling subgroup were developed and applied in this study. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was applied to determine the relative bacterial abundance of the genus and the antifouling subgroup, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was applied to study the diversity of the genus in 11 different types of marine samples from Danish coastal waters. The detection of Ps. tunicata that contain the antifouling subgroup was achieved through specific PCR amplification of the antibacterial protein gene (alpP). The Pseudoalteromonas species accounted for 1.6% of the total bacterial abundance across all samples. The Pseudoalteromonas diversity on the three unfouled marine organisms Ciona intestinalis, Ulva lactuca and Ulvaria fusca was found to be low, and Ps. tunicata was only detected on these three hosts, which all contain accessible cellulose polymers in their cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben L Skovhus
- Department of Microbiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark
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25
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Zhang WW, Sun L. Cloning, characterization, and molecular application of a beta-agarase gene from Vibrio sp. strain V134. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:2825-31. [PMID: 17337564 PMCID: PMC1892855 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02872-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
V134, a marine isolate of the Vibrio genus, was found to produce a new beta-agarase of the GH16 family. The relevant agarase gene agaV was cloned from V134 and conditionally expressed in Escherichia coli. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that the optimum temperature and pH for the purified recombinant agarase were around 40 degrees C and 7.0. AgaV was demonstrated to be useful in two aspects: first, as an agarolytic enzyme, the purified recombinant AgaV could be employed in the recovery of DNA from agarose gels; second, as a secretion protein, AgaV was explored at the genetic level and used as a reporter in the construction of a secretion signal trap which proved to be a simple and efficient molecular tool for the selection of genes encoding secretion proteins from both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-wei Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
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26
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Ma C, Lu X, Shi C, Li J, Gu Y, Ma Y, Chu Y, Han F, Gong Q, Yu W. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel beta-agarase, AgaB, from marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. CY24. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:3747-54. [PMID: 17166842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607888200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarases are generally classified into glycoside hydrolase families 16, 50, and 86 and are found to degrade agarose to frequently generate neoagarobiose, neoagarotetraose, or neoagarohexaose as the main products. In this study we have cloned a novel endo-type beta-agarase gene, agaB, from marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. CY24. The novel agarase encoded by agaB gene has no significant sequence similarity with any known proteins including all glycoside hydrolases. It degrades agarose to generate neoagarooctaose and neoagarodecaose as the main end products. Based on the analyses of enzymatic kinetics and degradation patterns of different oligosaccharides, the agarase AgaB appears to have a large substrate binding cleft that accommodates 12 sugar units, with 8 sugar units toward the reducing end spanning subsites +1 to +8 and 4 sugar units toward the non-reducing end spanning subsites -4 to -1, and enzymatic cleavage taking place between subsites -1 and +1. In addition, 1H NMR analysis shows that this enzyme hydrolyzes the glycosidic bond with inversion of anomeric configuration, in contrast to other known agarases that are retaining. Altogether, AgaB is structurally and functionally different from other known agarases and appears to represent a new family of glycoside hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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27
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Giordano A, Andreotti G, Tramice A, Trincone A. Marine glycosyl hydrolases in the hydrolysis and synthesis of oligosaccharides. Biotechnol J 2006; 1:511-30. [PMID: 16892287 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200500036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The marine ecosystem can be considered a rather unexplored source of biological material (e.g. natural substances with therapeutic activity) and can also be a surprising source of enzymes carrying new and interesting catalytic activities to be applied in biocatalysis. The use of glycosyl hydrolases from marine environments dates back to the end of the 1960s and was mainly focused on the development of sensitive and reliable hydrolytic methods for the analysis of sugar chains. As a result not all the benefits of a particular enzymatic activity have been investigated, especially regarding the transglycosylation potential of these enzymes for the synthesis of glycosidic bonds. In this review, the potential of marine sources will be demonstrated reporting on the few examples found in literature for the synthesis and hydrolysis of biologically relevant oligosaccharides catalyzed by glycosyl hydrolases of marine origin. Particular emphasis is given to the synthesis of glycosidic bonds, which is easy by the use of glycosyl hydrolases. Further aspects considered in this review are applications of these biocatalysts for vegetal waste treatment in recovering useful materials, for structural identification and for preparation of target materials from new purified polysaccharides, for the synthesis or modification of food-related compounds and for glycobiology related studies.
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28
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Dong J, Hashikawa S, Konishi T, Tamaru Y, Araki T. Cloning of the novel gene encoding beta-agarase C from a marine bacterium, Vibrio sp. strain PO-303, and characterization of the gene product. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:6399-401. [PMID: 16957270 PMCID: PMC1563652 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00935-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-agarase C gene (agaC) of a marine bacterium, Vibrio sp. strain PO-303, consisted of 1,437 bp encoding 478 amino acid residues. beta-Agarase C was identified as the first beta-agarase that cannot hydrolyze neoagarooctaose and smaller neoagarooligosaccharides and was assigned to a novel glycoside hydrolase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Dong
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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29
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Lee DG, Park GT, Kim NY, Lee EJ, Jang MK, Shin YG, Park GS, Kim TM, Lee JH, Lee JH, Kim SJ, Lee SH. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 50 beta-agarase from a marine Agarivorans isolate. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1925-32. [PMID: 17028783 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The gene for a thermostable beta-agarase from Agarivorans sp. JA-1 was cloned and sequenced. It comprised an open reading frame of 2,988 base pairs, which encode a protein of 109,450 daltons consisting of 995 amino acid residues. A comparison of the entire sequence showed that the enzyme has 98.8% sequence similarities to beta-agarase from Vibrio sp. JT1070, indicating that it belongs to the family glycoside hydrolase (GH)-50. The gene corresponding to a mature protein of 976 amino acids was inserted and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant beta-agarase was purified to homogeneity. It had maximal activity at 40 degrees C and pH 8.0 in the presence of 1 mM NaCl and 1 mM CaCl(2). The enzyme hydrolyzed agarose as well as neoagarohexaose and neoagarotetraose to yield neoagarobiose as the main product. Thus, the enzyme would be useful for the industrial production of neoagarobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Geun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Medical Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, Korea
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30
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Ekborg NA, Taylor LE, Longmire AG, Henrissat B, Weiner RM, Hutcheson SW. Genomic and proteomic analyses of the agarolytic system expressed by Saccharophagus degradans 2-40. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:3396-405. [PMID: 16672483 PMCID: PMC1472325 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.5.3396-3405.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 (formerly Microbulbifer degradans 2-40) is a marine gamma-subgroup proteobacterium capable of degrading many complex polysaccharides, such as agar. While several agarolytic systems have been characterized biochemically, the genetics of agarolytic systems have been only partially determined. By use of genomic, proteomic, and genetic approaches, the components of the S. degradans 2-40 agarolytic system were identified. Five agarases were identified in the S. degradans 2-40 genome. Aga50A and Aga50D include GH50 domains. Aga86C and Aga86E contain GH86 domains, whereas Aga16B carries a GH16 domain. Novel family 6 carbohydrate binding modules (CBM6) were identified in Aga16B and Aga86E. Aga86C has an amino-terminal acylation site, suggesting that it is surface associated. Aga16B, Aga86C, and Aga86E were detected by mass spectrometry in agarolytic fractions obtained from culture filtrates of agar-grown cells. Deletion analysis revealed that aga50A and aga86E were essential for the metabolism of agarose. Aga16B was shown to endolytically degrade agarose to release neoagarotetraose, similarly to a beta-agarase I, whereas Aga86E was demonstrated to exolytically degrade agarose to form neoagarobiose. The agarolytic system of S. degradans 2-40 is thus predicted to be composed of a secreted endo-acting GH16-dependent depolymerase, a surface-associated GH50-dependent depolymerase, an exo-acting GH86-dependent agarase, and an alpha-neoagarobiose hydrolase to release galactose from agarose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Ekborg
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Microbiology Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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31
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Michel G, Nyval-Collen P, Barbeyron T, Czjzek M, Helbert W. Bioconversion of red seaweed galactans: a focus on bacterial agarases and carrageenases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 71:23-33. [PMID: 16550377 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Agars and carrageenans are 1,3-alpha-1,4-beta-galactans from the cell walls of red algae, substituted by zero (agarose), one (kappa-), two (iota-), or three (lambda-carrageenan) sulfate groups per disaccharidic monomer. Agars, kappa-, and iota-carrageenans auto-associate into crystalline fibers and are well known for their gelling properties, used in a variety of laboratory and industrial applications. These sulfated galactans constitute a crucial carbon source for a number of marine bacteria. These microorganisms secrete glycoside hydrolases specific for these polyanionic, insoluble polysaccharides, agarases and carrageenases. This article reviews the microorganisms involved in the degradation of agars and carrageenans, in their environmental and taxonomic diversity. We also present an overview on the biochemistry of the different families of galactanases. The structure-function relationships of the family GH16 beta-agarases and kappa-caraggeenases and of the family GH82 iota-carrageenases are discussed in more details. In particular, we examine how the active site topologies of these glycoside hydrolases influence their mode of action in heterogeneous phase. Finally, we discuss the next challenges in the basic and applied field of the galactans of red algae and of their related degrading microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurvan Michel
- Equipe Glycobiologie Marine, UMR7139 Végétaux Marins et Biomolécules (CNRS/UPMC), Station Biologique, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
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Lakshmikanth M, Manohar S, Souche Y, Lalitha J. Extracellular β-agarase LSL-1 producing neoagarobiose from a newly isolated agar-liquefying soil bacterium, Acinetobacter sp., AG LSL-1. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Rao D, Webb JS, Kjelleberg S. Competitive interactions in mixed-species biofilms containing the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1729-36. [PMID: 15811995 PMCID: PMC1082554 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.4.1729-1736.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoalteromonas tunicata is a biofilm-forming marine bacterium that is often found in association with the surface of eukaryotic organisms. It produces a range of extracellular inhibitory compounds, including an antibacterial protein (AlpP) thought to be beneficial for P. tunicata during competition for space and nutrients on surfaces. As part of our studies on the interactions between P. tunicata and the epiphytic bacterial community on the marine plant Ulva lactuca, we investigated the hypothesis that P. tunicata is a superior competitor compared with other bacteria isolated from the plant. A number of U. lactuca bacterial isolates were (i) identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, (ii) characterized for the production of or sensitivity to extracellular antibacterial proteins, and (iii) labeled with a fluorescent color tag (either the red fluorescent protein DsRed or green fluorescent protein). We then grew single- and mixed-species bacterial biofilms containing P. tunicata in glass flow cell reactors. In pure culture, all the marine isolates formed biofilms containing microcolony structures within 72 h. However, in mixed-species biofilms, P. tunicata removed the competing strain unless its competitor was relatively insensitive to AlpP (Pseudoalteromonas gracilis) or produced strong inhibitory activity against P. tunicata (Roseobacter gallaeciensis). Moreover, biofilm studies conducted with an AlpP- mutant of P. tunicata indicated that the mutant was less competitive when it was introduced into preestablished biofilms, suggesting that AlpP has a role during competitive biofilm formation. When single-species biofilms were allowed to form microcolonies before the introduction of a competitor, these microcolonies coexisted with P. tunicata for extended periods of time before they were removed. Two marine bacteria (R. gallaeciensis and P. tunicata) were superior competitors in this study. Our data suggest that this dominance can be attributed to the ability of these organisms to rapidly form microcolonies and their ability to produce extracellular antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhana Rao
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Marine Biofouling and Bio-Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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34
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Ohta Y, Hatada Y, Nogi Y, Li Z, Ito S, Horikoshi K. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 86 beta-agarase from a deep-sea Microbulbifer-like isolate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 66:266-75. [PMID: 15490156 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The gene for a novel beta-agarase from a deep-sea Microbulbifer-like isolate was cloned and sequenced. It encoded a mature protein of 126,921 Da (1146 amino acids), which was a modular protein including two tandem carbohydrate-binding module (CBM)-like sequences and a catalytic module. The catalytic module resembled a glycoside hydrolase family 86 beta-agarase, AgrA, from Pseudoalteromonas atlantica T6c with 31% amino acid identity. Its recombinant agarase was hyper-produced extracellularly using Bacillus subtilis as the host and purified to homogeneity. The activity and stability were strongly enhanced by CaCl2. The maximal enzyme activity was observed at 45 degrees C and pH 7.5 in the presence of 10 mM CaCl2. The enzyme was an endo-type beta-agarase and degraded agarose and agarose oligosaccharides more polymerized than hexamers to yield neoagarohexaose as the main product. This is the first glycoside hydrolase family 86 enzyme to be homogeneously purified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Ohta
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC, formerly Japan Marine Science and Technology Center), 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, 237-0061, Japan
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35
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Ohta Y, Hatada Y, Miyazaki M, Nogi Y, Ito S, Horikoshi K. Purification and characterization of a novel alpha-agarase from a Thalassomonas sp. Curr Microbiol 2005; 50:212-6. [PMID: 15902469 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-004-4435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An agar-degrading Thalassomonas bacterium, strain JAMB-A33, was isolated from the sediment off Noma Point, Japan, at a depth of 230 m. A novel alpha-agarase from the isolate was purified to homogeneity from cultures containing agar as a carbon source. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme, designated as agaraseA33, was 85 kDa on both SDS-PAGE and gel-filtration chromatography, suggesting that it is a monomer. The optimal pH and temperature for activity were about 8.5 and 45 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme had a specific activity of 40.7 U/mg protein. The pattern of agarose hydrolysis showed that the enzyme is an endo-type alpha-agarase, and the final main product was agarotetraose. The enzyme degraded not only agarose but also agarohexaose, neoagarohexaose, and porphyran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Ohta
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
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