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Li K, He Y, Wang L, Li P, Bao H, Huang S, Zhou S, Zhu G, Song Y, Li Y, Wang S, Zhang Q, Sun P, Bai X, Zhao Z, Lou Z, Cao Y, Lu Z, Liu Z. Conserved antigen structures and antibody-driven variations on foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A revealed by bovine neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011811. [PMID: 37983290 PMCID: PMC10695380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A is antigenically most variable within serotypes. The structures of conserved and variable antigenic sites were not well resolved. Here, a historical A/AF72 strain from A22 lineage and a latest A/GDMM/2013 strain from G2 genotype of Sea97 lineage were respectively used as bait antigen to screen single B cell antibodies from bovine sequentially vaccinated with A/WH/CHA/09 (G1 genotype of Sea97 lineage), A/GDMM/2013 and A/AF72 antigens. Total of 39 strain-specific and 5 broad neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) were isolated and characterized. Two conserved antigenic sites were revealed by the Cryo-EM structures of FMDV serotype A with two bnAbs W2 and W125. The contact sites with both VH and VL of W125 were closely around icosahedral threefold axis and covered the B-C, E-F, and H-I loops on VP2 and the B-B knob and H-I loop on VP3; while contact sites with only VH of W2 concentrated on B-B knob, B-C and E-F loops on VP3 scattering around the three-fold axis of viral particle. Additional highly conserved epitopes also involved key residues of VP158, VP1147 and both VP272 / VP1147 as determined respectively by bnAb W153, W145 and W151-resistant mutants. Furthermore, the epitopes recognized by 20 strain-specific neutralization antibodies involved the key residues located on VP3 68 for A/AF72 (11/20) and VP3 175 position for A/GDMM/2013 (9/19), respectively, which revealed antigenic variation between different strains of serotype A. Analysis of antibody-driven variations on capsid of two virus strains showed a relatively stable VP2 and more variable VP3 and VP1. This study provided important information on conserve and variable antigen structures to design broad-spectrum molecular vaccine against FMDV serotype A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Yong He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Shulun Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Shasha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Yali Song
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Qianliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Zhixun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou (P.R. China)
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Mohapatra JK, Dahiya SS, Subramaniam S, Rout M, Biswal JK, Giri P, Nayak V, Singh RP. Emergence of a novel genetic lineage 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' of foot and mouth disease virus serotype A in India: A challenge to reckon with. Virus Res 2023; 333:199140. [PMID: 37268276 PMCID: PMC10352718 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) has engendered large scale socioeconomic crises on numerous occasions owing to its extreme contagiousness, transboundary nature, complicated epidemiology, negative impact on productivity, trade embargo, and need for intensive surveillance and expensive control measures. Emerging FMD virus variants have been predicted to have originated and spread from endemic Pool 2, native to South Asia, to other parts of the globe. In this study, 26 Indian serotype A isolates sampled between the year 2015 and 2022 were sequenced for the VP1 region. BLAST and maximum likelihood phylogeny suggest emergence of a novel genetic group within genotype 18, named here as 'A/ASIA/G-18/2019' lineage, that is restricted so far only to India and its eastern neighbour, Bangladesh. The lineage subsequent to its first appearance in 2019 seems to have displaced all other prevalent strains, in support of the phenomenon of 'genotype/lineage turnover'. It has diversified into two distinct sub-clusters, reflecting a phase of active evolution. The rate of evolution of the VP1 region for the Indian serotype A dataset was estimated to be 6.747 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year. India is implementing a vaccination centric FMD control programme. The novel lineage showed good antigenic match with the proposed vaccine candidate A IND 27/2011 when tested in virus neutralization test, while the existing vaccine strain A IND 40/2000 showed homology with only 31% of the isolates. Therefore, in order to combat this challenge of antigenic divergence, A IND 27/2011 could be the preferred strain in the Indian vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India.
| | - Shyam Singh Dahiya
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Priyabrata Giri
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Vinayak Nayak
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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Metwally S, Bkear N, Badr Y, Elshafey B, Alhag SK, Al-Shuraym LA, Batiha G, Fakhry B, Hamada R. A Newly Emerging Serotype A Strain in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with Higher Severity and Mortality in Buffalo than in Cattle Calves in North Egypt. Vet Sci 2023; 10:488. [PMID: 37624275 PMCID: PMC10457878 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A severe foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic struck several Egyptian provinces recently, causing significant losses among animals even in vaccinated farms. This study indicated the existence of the newly emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and first investigated its effect on the Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle calves in the Beheira province, north Egypt. Twenty tongue epithelial samples from diseased calves in five infected farms were randomly collected, prepared, and propagated using baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells. Whole genomic RNA was extracted from the cells of the third passage. A FMDV genome was detected and serotyped using one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs). Nucleotide sequencing of the purified serotype-specific PCR bands was performed, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 600 base pairs of VP1 was constructed. The results identified FMDV, serotype A in all infected samples, whereas the serotypes O and SAT2 were negative. The obtained 20 sequences were identical to each other and similar to the newly reported strain in Egypt that belongs to the Europe-South America (Euro-SA) topotype. The epidemiological and clinical parameters associated with such a strain were fully recorded by veterinarians and analyzed in a single infected farm including 70 cattle and buffalo calves. It caused higher peracute mortalities in buffalo (25.7%; 95% CI: 13-43) than in cattle (8.6%; 95% CI: 2-24) calves. Severe clinical signs such as dullness, hypothermia, bradycardia, and cardiac arrhythmia were common to both except in fatal cases, whereas hyperthermia and respiratory signs were prevalent in cattle calves. In conclusion, we first characterized the newly emerging FMDV in the calves of Beheira as more fatal and severe in buffalo than in cattle calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Metwally
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nabil Bkear
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Yassien Badr
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Besheer Elshafey
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Sadeq K. Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser 61913, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Laila A. Al-Shuraym
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gaber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Bassant Fakhry
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Rania Hamada
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Sahoo NR, Sahoo AP, Dahiya SS, Rout M, Biswal JK, Ashok KS, Mallick S, Ranjan R, Jana C, Singh RP. Foot-and-mouth disease status in India during the second decade of the twenty-first century (2011-2020). Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:1011-1022. [PMID: 36190601 PMCID: PMC9527732 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major disease of livestock in India and causes huge economic losses. The formal FMD control program started in 2003–04 in selected districts and was gradually expanded. The present study provides a descriptive review of the FMD outbreaks, prevalent serotypes, and genetic and antigenic features of the FMD virus (FMDV) that circulated in the country between 2011 and 2020. FMD outbreaks were regularly reported in cloven-hoofed domestic livestock and wildlife, with three serotypes including O, A, and Asia1. During the study period, a total of 2226 FMD outbreaks were documented and serotypes confirmed. FMDV serotype O dominated the outbreak scenario, accounting for about 92% of all outbreaks, followed by Asia1 (5% of all outbreaks) and A (3% of all outbreaks). Two major epidemics of FMD on an unprecedented scale during the years 2013 and 2018 by serotype O were recorded. The spatial distribution of FMD was characterized by a larger number of outbreaks in the southern region of the country. In an annual-scale analysis, 2020 was the year with the lowest outbreaks, and 2013 was the year with the highest. The month-scale analysis showed that outbreaks were reported throughout the year, with the highest numbers between October and March. The emergence of three major lineages (O/ME-SA/Ind2001d, O/ME-SA/Ind2001e, and O/ME-SA/Ind2018) of serotype O was observed during the period. In the cases of serotype A and Asia1, the appearance of at least one novel lineage/genetic group, including A/G-18/non-deletion/2019 and Asia1/Group-IX, was documented. While serotype A showed the advent of antigenic variants, serotypes O and Asia1 did not show any antigenic diversity. It was noticed during the course of an outbreak that animal movement contributes significantly to disease transmission. Except for 2018, when numerous FMD outbreaks were recorded, the number of annual outbreaks reported after 2016 has been lower than in the first half of the decade, probably due to mass vaccination and COVID-19 pandemic-linked movement restrictions. Even during outbreaks, disease symptoms in ruminant populations, including cattle, were found to be less severe. Regular six-monthly immunization certainly has a positive impact on the reduction of disease burden and should be followed without fail and delay, along with intensive disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Jajati Keshari Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Sahoo
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Aditya Prasad Sahoo
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Shyam Singh Dahiya
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Khulape Sagar Ashok
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Smrutirekha Mallick
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Chandrakanta Jana
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, International Centre for FMD, Bhubaneswar, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India.
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Establishing an In Vitro System to Assess How Specific Antibodies Drive the Evolution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081820. [PMID: 36016442 PMCID: PMC9412381 DOI: 10.3390/v14081820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses can evolve to respond to immune pressures conferred by specific antibodies generated after vaccination and/or infection. In this study, an in vitro system was developed to investigate the impact of serum-neutralising antibodies upon the evolution of a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolate. The presence of sub-neutralising dilutions of specific antisera delayed the onset of virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) by up to 44 h compared to the untreated control cultures. Continued virus passage with sub-neutralising dilutions of these sera resulted in a decrease in time to complete CPE, suggesting that FMDV in these cultures adapted to escape immune pressure. These phenotypic changes were associated with three separate consensus-level non-synonymous mutations that accrued in the viral RNA-encoding amino acids at positions VP266, VP280 and VP1155, corresponding to known epitope sites. High-throughput sequencing also identified further nucleotide substitutions within the regions encoding the leader (Lpro), VP4, VP2 and VP3 proteins. While association of the later mutations with the adaptation to immune pressure must be further verified, these results highlight the multiple routes by which FMDV populations can escape neutralising antibodies and support the application of a simple in vitro approach to assess the impact of the humoral immune system on the evolution of FMDV and potentially other viruses.
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Deciphering Molecular Dynamics of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV): A Looming Threat to Pakistan’s Dairy Industry. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is seen as a chief source of protein and other biologically available nutrients for human beings. Pakistan, the fourth largest milk-producing country, is badly affected by the contagious transboundary apthoviral disease of ungulate animals; the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus. FMD is endemic in Pakistan and has caused significant economic loss to the dairy industry in the form of a profound decrease in milk production and increased morbidity and deaths of dairy animals. Inclusively, the case fatality ratio of FMD was 15.11%. Of the seven FMDV serotypes, (O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT2, and SAT 3), three serotypes (O, A, and Asia-1) are endemic in Pakistan. Rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tools are required for efficient control of this disease. Presently, FMD in the laboratory is diagnosed via ELISA and molecular approaches, i.e., RT-PCR. Serotype-specific RT-PCR analysis not only confirms ELISA serotyping results but can also be used for the screening of ELISA negative samples. Genotypically, FMDV serotype O has a topotype (Middle East–South Asia (ME–SA) and lineage PanAsia-2) that is reported frequently from different areas of Pakistan. Confirmed cases of serotype A and Asia-1 are also reported. The information gathered can be used for understanding the molecular epidemiology of FMD in Pakistan. Further studies on the molecular dynamics of FMD could be useful for ensuring the timely diagnosis of this deadly pathogen, which would ultimately be beneficial for the mass vaccination programs of FMD in Pakistan.
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Selective isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus from coinfected samples containing more than one serotype. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2447-2454. [PMID: 34478107 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly infectious disease of all cloven-footed animals. The RNA genome of the virus continuously evolves, leading to the generation of new strains; this necessitates the selection of new vaccine strains to ensure complete protection. Infection with one FMDV serotype does not provide cross-protection against the other FMDV serotypes. Many of the recovered animals may become carriers of the FMDV, but they still remain susceptible to the other serotypes. Coinfection with multiple FMDV serotypes has been reported and studied to understand the virus evolution. Isolation and characterization of all the involved serotypes in the mixed infection case is essential to understand the molecular evolution of the virus. In this study, two cases of coinfection were studied by selective isolation of each of the FMDV serotypes under the cross-serotype-specific immune pressure. It was estimated that the virus present in a minimum of 10-0.92 TCID50 could be isolated from the mixed population containing other serotypes in infective doses of 100.25 TCID50 or less. All involved serotypes present in the mixed infection cases were isolated, without any cross-contamination. Virus characterization revealed that genotype 2 was of serotype A virus from a sample collected in 1995, which was last reported in 1986, indicating a possible subdued prevalence of the genetic group even after vanishing from the field.
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Bae S, Li V, Hong J, Kim JN, Kim H. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus A/ASIA/Sea-97 lineage. Virus Genes 2021; 57:443-447. [PMID: 34260046 PMCID: PMC8445868 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) A/ASIA/Sea-97 is a predominant lineage in Southeast Asia and East Asia. However, Sea-97 lineage has not been well studied since its first outbreak in Thailand in 1997. Thus, we conducted phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of Sea-97 using 224 VP1 sequences of FMDV A/ASIA during 1960 and 2018. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Sea-97 lineage can be classified into five groups (G1–G5). After the emergence of G2 from G1, the genetic diversity of Sea-97 increased sharply, causing divergence into G3, G4 and G5. During this evolutionary process, Sea-97 lineage, which was initially found only in some countries in Southeast Asia, gradually spread to East Asia. The evolution rate of this lineage was estimated to be 1.2 × 10–2 substitutions/site/year and there were many differences in amino acid residues compared to vaccine strain. Substitutions at antigenically important sites may affect the efficacy of the vaccine, suggesting the need for appropriate vaccine strains. Our results could provide meaningful information to understand comprehensive characteristic of Sea-97 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Bae
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Li
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyong Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Novel Capsid-Specific Single-Domain Antibodies with Broad Foot-and-Mouth Disease Strain Recognition Reveal Differences in Antigenicity of Virions, Empty Capsids, and Virus-Like Particles. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060620. [PMID: 34201329 PMCID: PMC8227720 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine efficacy is mainly determined by the content of intact virions (146S) and empty capsids (75S). Both particles may dissociate into 12S subunits upon vaccine manufacturing, formulation, and storage, reducing vaccine potency. We report the isolation of capsid-specific llama single-domain antibodies (VHHs) with broad strain recognition that can be used to quantify intact capsids in FMD vaccines by double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. One capsid-specific VHH displayed remarkably broad strain reactivity, recognizing 14 strains representing the 13 most important lineages of serotype A, and two VHHs cross-reacted with other serotypes. We additionally show that the newly isolated VHHs, as well as previously characterized VHHs, can be used to identify antigenic differences between authentic 146S and 75S capsids, as well as corresponding genetically engineered virus-like particles (VLPs). Our work underscores that VHHs are excellent tools for monitoring the quantity and stability of intact capsids during vaccine manufacturing, formulation, and storage, and additionally shows that VHHs can be used to predict the native-like structure of VLPs.
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Swanson J, Fragkoudis R, Hawes PC, Newman J, Burman A, Panjwani A, Stonehouse NJ, Tuthill TJ. Generation of Antibodies against Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus Capsid Protein VP4 Using Hepatitis B Core VLPs as a Scaffold. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:338. [PMID: 33920339 PMCID: PMC8069431 DOI: 10.3390/life11040338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the causative agent of the economically important disease of livestock, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). VP4 is a highly conserved capsid protein, which is important during virus entry. Previous published work has shown that antibodies targeting the N-terminus of VP4 of the picornavirus human rhinovirus are broadly neutralising. In addition, previous studies showed that immunisation with the N-terminal 20 amino acids of enterovirus A71 VP4 displayed on the hepatitis B core (HBc) virus-like particles (VLP) can induce cross-genotype neutralisation. To investigate if a similar neutralising response against FMDV VP4 could be generated, HBc VLPs displaying the N-terminus of FMDV VP4 were designed. The N-terminal 15 amino acids of FMDV VP4 was inserted into the major immunodominant region. HBc VLPs were also decorated with peptides of the N-terminus of FMDV VP4 attached using a HBc-spike binding tag. Both types of VLPs were used to immunise mice and the resulting serum was investigated for VP4-specific antibodies. The VLP with VP4 inserted into the spike, induced VP4-specific antibodies, however the VLPs with peptides attached to the spikes did not. The VP4-specific antibodies could recognise native FMDV, but virus neutralisation was not demonstrated. This work shows that the HBc VLP presents a useful tool for the presentation of FMDV capsid epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Swanson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Rennos Fragkoudis
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Philippa C. Hawes
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Joseph Newman
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Alison Burman
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Anusha Panjwani
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Tobias J. Tuthill
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; (J.S.); (R.F.); (P.C.H.); (J.N.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
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Meta-analysis of Genetic Diversity of the VP1 Gene Among the Circulating O, A, and SAT2 Serotypes and Vaccine Strains of FMD Virus in Egypt. J Vet Res 2020; 64:487-493. [PMID: 33367136 PMCID: PMC7734679 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Three strains of the FMD virus (A, O, and SAT 2) were recognised as causes of the FMD circulating in Egypt. The aims of this study were to trace the FMDV isolates from outbreaks in Egypt to understand their epidemiology and evolution and to understand the situation of the vaccine strains compared with the circulating serotypes. Material and Methods A meta-analysis was carried out by using the data available for FMD outbreaks in Egypt from GenBank and the World Reference Laboratory for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (WRLFMD); a comparison was done with both data sets for the three serotypes. MEGA-X was used for the evolution analysis, through constructions of phylogenetic trees for all sequences recorded in GenBank for each serotype in different Egyptian outbreaks in different years and also within the same year. Additionally, nucleotide substitution rate, molecular clock, and mean evolutionary rates were estimated for the three serotypes to understand and compare their evolution. Results Absence of some records of certain serotype outbreaks from the WRLFMD database was noted as were subsequent missing appropriate vaccine programmes. Genetic variation was recorded among the virus isolates within the same years and also the vaccine strain was associated with up to 26 amino acid substitutions. The evolution rate of the SAT2 strain was the highest of the circulating strains. SAT2 had high amino acid substitution per year at an important immunogenic site (130–170), serotype A had less, and serotype O the least. Conclusion The need for different strategies for vaccine serotype selection is indicated.
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Hossen ML, Ahmed S, Khan MFR, Nazmul Hussain Nazir KHM, Saha S, Islam MA, Rahman MT, Sayem SM, Rahman MB. The emergence of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O PanAsia-02 sub-lineage of Middle East-South Asian topotype in Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:360-366. [PMID: 32607369 PMCID: PMC7320810 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research work was conducted for the molecular characterization of the circulating foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in Bangladesh and revealed out their serotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS The VP1 gene of six field isolates of FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes (two serotypes O, two serotypes A, and two serotypes Asia 1) was subjected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Neighbor-joining trees were constructed by using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis 6, having the field nucleotide sequences of FMDV and related sequences available in the GenBank. RESULTS The nucleotide sequences of the VP1 genes of serotypes O, A, and Asia-1 of the isolates revealed that overall isolates were 91%-100% similar to the isolates reported from Bangladesh and other neighboring countries. Among the isolates reported from Bangladesh, serotype O had 98%-100% identity, serotype A had 91%-100% identity, and serotype Asia-1 had 94%-100% identity. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the FMDV serotype O PanAsia-02 sub-lineage was confirmed in Bangladesh under the Middle East-South Asian (ME-SA) topotype. On the other hand, we identified genotype VII (18) of Asia topotype (serotype A) and lineage C (serotype Asia-1). CONCLUSION The FMDV serotype O PanAsia-02 sub-lineage was confirmed in Bangladesh under the ME-SA topotype for the first time. The extensive cross-border animal movement from neighboring countries may act as the source of diversified FMDV serotypes in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Liakot Hossen
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Sirajganj Government Veterinary College, Belkuchi, Sirajganj, Bangladesh
| | - Sultan Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ferdousur Rahman Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain Nazir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sukumar Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ariful Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Mohammad Sayem
- Department of Agricultural Statistics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Bahanur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
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Bertram MR, Bravo de Rueda C, Garabed R, Dickmu Jumbo S, Moritz M, Pauszek S, Abdoulkadiri S, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in the Context of Transboundary Animal Movement in the Far North Region of Cameroon. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:320. [PMID: 30619901 PMCID: PMC6301994 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transboundary movement of animals is an important mechanism for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) spread in endemic regions, such as Cameroon. Several transboundary animal trade routes cross the Far North Region of Cameroon, and cattle moved on foot along these routes often come in contact with native (sedentary and transhumant) herds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of transboundary trade cattle in the epidemiology of FMDV in the Far North Region of Cameroon. A total of 582 oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples were collected from asymptomatic transboundary trade cattle at official border check points and 57 vesicle epithelial tissues were collected from clinically affected native cattle in the Far North Region of Cameroon during 2010-2014. Viral protein 1 (VP1) coding sequences were obtained from 6 OPF samples from transboundary cattle (4 serotype O, 2 serotype SAT2) and 19 epithelial tissue samples from native cattle (7 serotype O, 3 serotype SAT2, 9 serotype A). FMDV serotype O viruses belonged to two topotypes (East Africa-3 and West Africa), and phylogenetic analyses suggested a pattern of continuous transmission in the region. Serotype SAT2 viruses belonged to a single topotype (VII), and phylogenetic analysis suggested a pattern of repeated introductions of different SAT2 lineages in the region. Serotype A viruses belonged to topotype AFRICA/G-IV, and the pattern of transmission was unclear. Spearman rank correlation analysis of VP1 coding sequences obtained in this study from transboundary and native cattle showed a positive correlation between genetic distance and time for serotype O (ρ = 0.71, p = 0.003) and between genetic distance and geographic distance for serotype SAT2 (ρ = 0.54, p = 0.1). These data suggest that transboundary trade cattle participate in the transmission of FMDV in the Far North Region of Cameroon, however the dynamics and direction of transmission could not be determined in this study. Results of this study contribute to the understanding of transboundary FMDV epidemiology in Central Africa and will help to inform control programs in Cameroon and in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R. Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
- Research Participation Program, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Carla Bravo de Rueda
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
- Research Participation Program, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Rebecca Garabed
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Mark Moritz
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Steven Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
| | | | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Greenport, NY, United States
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Mansour KA, Naser HH, Hussain MH. Clinical, molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis study of local foot-and-mouth disease virus in Al-Qadisiyah province of Iraq. Vet World 2018; 11:1210-1213. [PMID: 30410223 PMCID: PMC6200567 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1210-1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study was directed during an outbreak of suspected foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle in Al-Qadisiyah province, Iraq 2016. The disease has made a huge economic loss in livestock. It was suspected that the vaccination has failed to protect the animals from the infection because of the difference in the strains. Consequently, we designed the study to make the diagnosis and detect the strain of the causative virus. Materials and Methods The extraction of the DNA was done on 73 samples and Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was used in the detection of FMD virus (FMDV) for primary diagnosis, and serotype-specific diagnosis was done with universal primer sets 1F/1R, A-1C612, and O-ARS4 with the expected band of 329, 865, and 1301 bp, respectively. Results Universal primer pair 1F/1R detected FMD in 55 of 73 (75.3%); of these, 37 (67.3%) were females and 18 (32.7%) were males, with high significance (p<0.01) between males and females in the PCR positivity ratio. The tested samples with positive universal primer were amplified with specific primers A-IC612 with no reaction for serotype O-ARS4. Conclusion The products of RT-PCR were sent for RNA sequencing, and the results were 100% positive to serotype A which means that it is the predominant type in Iraq. It may help in the importing or production of the vaccine to make a preventive plan for the disease. The virus of FMD is contagious and dangerous due to its role in the huge economic loses. The detection of this virus is widely explained in lots of articles, but it is more specific and sensitive in RT-PCR and sequencing. Consequently, the authorities responsible for importing and/or production vaccines have to avoid the importing of other serotypes because it will be losing money and more outbreaks will explode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalefa Ali Mansour
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Hassan Hachim Naser
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Muthanna Hadi Hussain
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
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15
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Lim DR, Kim HR, Park MJ, Chae HG, Ku BK, Nah JJ, Ryoo S, Wee SH, Park CK. A tailored reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for sensitive and specific detection of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease virus circulating in pool 1 region countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1898-1908. [PMID: 30054975 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and accurate diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) is essential for the prompt control of FMD outbreaks. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) are used for routine FMDV diagnosis as World Organisation for Animal Health-recommended diagnostic assays. However, these PCR-based assays require sophisticated equipment, specialized labour, and complicated procedures for the detection of amplified products, making them unsuitable for under-equipped laboratories in developing countries. In this study, to overcome these shortcomings, a simple, rapid, and cost-effective reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for the sensitive and specific detection of serotype A FMDV circulating in the pool 1 region. The amplification could be completed in 40 min at 62°C, and the results could be visually detected by the naked eye without any additional detection systems. The assay specifically amplified the VP1 gene of the Sea-97 genotype of serotype A FMDV, but it did not amplify other viral nucleic acids. The limit of detection of the assay was 102 TCID50 /ml, which is 10 times more sensitive than RT-PCR and is comparable to the sensitivity of qRT-PCR. Evaluation of the assay using different FMDV strain serotypes showed 100% agreement with the results of RT-PCR. Surprisingly, the previously reported RT-LAMP assay did not detect all eight tested strains of serotype A FMDVs, due to multiple mismatches between primer and template sequences, demonstrating that it is not suitable for detecting serotype A FMDVs circulating in pool 1-region countries. Conversely, the newly developed RT-LAMP assay using improved primers can rapidly and accurately diagnose the genotype of Sea-97 strains of serotype A FMDVs from the pool 1 region. The established RT-LAMP assay in this study is a simple, rapid, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective tool for the detection of serotype A FMDV in the resource-limited pool 1-region countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Rae Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min-Ji Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ha-Gyeong Chae
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Nah
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Soyoon Ryoo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Wee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Bachanek-Bankowska K, Di Nardo A, Wadsworth J, Henry EKM, Parlak Ü, Timina A, Mischenko A, Qasim IA, Abdollahi D, Sultana M, Hossain MA, King DP, Knowles NJ. Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Middle East Caused by an A/ASIA/G-VII Virus Lineage, 2015-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:1073-1078. [PMID: 29774839 PMCID: PMC6004861 DOI: 10.3201/eid2406.170715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of foot-and-mouth disease type A viruses in the Middle East during 2015-2016 identified viruses belonging to the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage, which originated in the Indian subcontinent. Changes in a critical antigenic site within capsid viral protein 1 suggest possible evolutionary pressure caused by an intensive vaccination program.
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17
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Brito B, Pauszek SJ, Hartwig EJ, Smoliga GR, Vu LT, Dong PV, Stenfeldt C, Rodriguez LL, King DP, Knowles NJ, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Long NT, Dung DH, Arzt J. A traditional evolutionary history of foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Southeast Asia challenged by analyses of non-structural protein coding sequences. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6472. [PMID: 29691483 PMCID: PMC5915611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination of rapidly evolving RNA-viruses provides an important mechanism for diversification, spread, and emergence of new variants with enhanced fitness. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an important transboundary disease of livestock that is endemic to most countries in Asia and Africa. Maintenance and spread of FMDV are driven by periods of dominance of specific viral lineages. Current understanding of the molecular epidemiology of FMDV lineages is generally based on the phylogenetic relationship of the capsid-encoding genes, with less attention to the process of recombination and evolution of non-structural proteins. In this study, the putative recombination breakpoints of FMDVs endemic to Southeast Asia were determined using full-open reading frame sequences. Subsequently, the lineages’ divergence times of recombination-free genome regions were estimated. These analyses revealed a close relationship between two of the earliest endemic viral lineages that appear unrelated when only considering the phylogeny of their capsid proteins. Contrastingly, one lineage, named O/CATHAY, known for having a particular host predilection (pigs) has evolved independently. Additionally, intra-lineage recombination occurred at different breakpoints compared to the inter-lineage process. These results provide new insights about FMDV recombination patterns and the evolutionary interdependence of FMDV serotypes and lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Brito
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA. .,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Ethan J Hartwig
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - George R Smoliga
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Le T Vu
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Pham V Dong
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Ngo T Long
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Do H Dung
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, NY, USA.
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Jamal SM, Belsham GJ. Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of foot-and-mouth disease virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 59:84-98. [PMID: 29412184 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for one of the most economically important infectious diseases of livestock. The virus spreads very easily and continues to affect many countries (mainly in Africa and Asia). The risks associated with the introduction of FMDV result in major barriers to trade in animals and their products. Seven antigenically distinct forms of the virus are known, called serotypes, but serotype C has not been detected anywhere for many years and may now be extinct. The serotypes have been further divided into topotypes (except for serotype Asia-1 viruses, which comprise a single topotype), genotypes, lineages and sub-lineages, which are usually restricted to specific geographical regions. However, sometimes, trans-regional spread of some strains occurs. Due to the error-prone replication of the RNA genome, the virus continuously evolves and new strains frequently arise (e.g. with modified antigenicity). Using nucleotide sequencing technologies, this rapid evolution of the viral genome can be followed. This allows the tracing of virus transmission pathways within an outbreak of disease if (near) full-length genome sequences can be generated. Furthermore, the movement of distinct virus lineages, from one country to another can be analyzed. Some important examples of the spread of new strains of FMD virus are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (L), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Graham J Belsham
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave 4771, Denmark.
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19
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Brito BP, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Pattnaik B, Rodriguez LL, Moore BR, Perez AM. Dynamics of widespread foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A, O and Asia-1 in southern Asia: A Bayesian phylogenetic perspective. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:696-710. [PMID: 29250910 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is, arguably, the animal disease with the most devastating global economic impact owing in part, to the severe trade restrictions imposed upon affected countries and regions. South Asia is one of the regions where widespread lineages of the FMDV virus (FMDV) have emerged. Here, we performed an integrative phylogenetic analysis of all FMDV serotypes (A, O and Asia-1) circulating in southern Asia, including viral sequences collected until 2013. Our results describe the occurrence of FMD caused by different serotypes and lineages, focusing in the cycles where a specific lineage predominates within a region for a protracted period and then are rapidly or progressively replaced by an emergent or re-emergent strain that is introduced from an adjacent region. Transmission between the two main regions in southern Asia (the Indian subcontinent and the region comprised by Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan) has been limited. Results of time divergence estimation of lineages that currently circulate in this region indicate that the most recent common ancestor of endemic lineages are: 1992 [1989-1995] for lineage O/PanAsia; 1997 [1995-1999] for PanAsia2; 2001 [1998-2004] for O/Ind2001; 2001 [2000-2002] for A/Iran-05; 1990 [1988-1991] for A/G-18 (G-VII); 2003 [2000-2006] for Asia-1 Sindh08 and 2002 [1999-2004] for Asia-1 G-VIII. We estimated the mean of the overall substitution rate of the VP1 coding region (substitution/site/year) for serotype O (5.95 × 10-3 ), serotype A (1.19 × 10-2 ) and serotype Asia-1 (3.08 × 10-3 ). The potential factors driving the lineage turnover are discussed. Our results provide insights into the ecological and evolutionary factors driving the emergence of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Brito
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - J K Mohapatra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - S Subramaniam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - B Pattnaik
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Foot and Mouth Disease, Uttarakhand, India
| | - L L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, USA
| | - B R Moore
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A M Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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20
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Ranjan R, Biswal JK, Subramaniam S, Singh KP, Stenfeldt C, Rodriguez LL, Pattnaik B, Arzt J. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-Associated Abortion and Vertical Transmission following Acute Infection in Cattle under Natural Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167163. [PMID: 27977708 PMCID: PMC5157973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including domestic and wild host species. During recent FMD outbreaks in India, spontaneous abortions were reported amongst FMD-affected and asymptomatic cows. The current study was an opportunistic investigation of these naturally occurring bovine abortions to assess causality of abortion and vertical transmission of FMDV from infected cows to fetuses. For this purpose, fetal tissue samples of eight abortuses (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, palatine tonsil, umbilical cord, soft palate, tongue, lungs, and submandibular lymph node) were collected and screened by various detection methods, including viral genome detection, virus isolation, and immunomicroscopy. Amongst these cases, gross pathological changes were observed in 3 abortuses. Gross pathological findings included blood-tinged peritoneal and pleural effusions and myocarditis. Hearts of infected calves had mild to moderate degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium with moderate infiltration by mixed inflammatory cells. Localization of FMDV antigen was demonstrated in lungs and soft palate by immunomicroscopy. FMDV serotype O viral genome was recovered from 7 of 8 cases. Infectious FMDV serotype O was rescued by chemical transfection of the total RNA extracted from three soft palate samples and was sequenced to confirm 100% identity of the VP1 (capsid) coding region with isolates collected from infected cattle during the acute phase of infection. Based upon these findings, it may be concluded that FMDV-associated abortion occurred among the infected pregnant cows included within this study and FMDV was subsequently transmitted vertically to fetuses. This is the first documentation of FMDV-associated abortions in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
- * E-mail: (JA); (RR)
| | - Jitendra K. Biswal
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- ICAR- Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JA); (RR)
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Yang M, Xu W, Bittner H, Horsington J, Vosloo W, Goolia M, Lusansky D, Nfon C. Generation of mAbs to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A and application in a competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis. Virol J 2016; 13:195. [PMID: 27894355 PMCID: PMC5126828 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically devastating disease that severely limits international trade of animals. Of the seven FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes, serotype A is one of the most widespread cross the world. Currently antibodies to FMDV are detected in animals using the virus neutralization test (VNT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The VNT is laborious, time-consuming and reliant on live virus and cell cultures, while ELISA has the advantage of using inactivated antigens and often provides more reproducible results. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable and rapid competitive ELISA (cELISA) for the detection of antibodies to FMDV serotype A (FMDV/A). RESULTS A panel of FMDV/A specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was generated and their ability to compete with a polyclonal serum from FMDV/A-infected cattle was examined. Two mAbs inhibited the binding of a polyclonal serum to FMDV/A viruses. The binding epitopes of each were determined as conformational and located on the VP2 viral capsid protein. The FMDV/A cELISA was developed using these two mAbs and FMDV/A inactivated virus as antigen. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity were 99.7 and 99.3% (98.5-100%) respectively, based on a predetermined cut-off of 50% inhibition. When analysing sera from animals experimentally infected with FMDV/A, the cELISA detected antibodies from 5-days post infection (dpi) and remained positive for at least 21-28 days post infection. Comparison based on the Kappa coefficient showed strong agreement (90-94%) between cELISA and VNT. CONCLUSION The cELISA results are comparable to the VNT for antibody detection making it a simple and reliable test to detect antibodies against FMDV/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada.
| | - Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Hilary Bittner
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Jacquelyn Horsington
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Melissa Goolia
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Diana Lusansky
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
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22
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Das B, Mohapatra JK, Pande V, Subramaniam S, Sanyal A. Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A capsid coding (P1) region on a timescale of three decades in an endemic context. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 41:36-46. [PMID: 27020544 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three decades-long (1977-2013) evolutionary trend of the capsid coding (P1) region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A isolated in India was analysed. The exclusive presence of genotype 18 since 2001 and the dominance of the VP3(59)-deletion group of genotype 18 was evident in the recent years. Clade 18c was found to be currently the only active one among the three clades (18a, 18b and 18c) identified in the deletion group. The rate of evolution of the Indian isolates at the capsid region was found to be 4.96×10(-3)substitutions/site/year. The timescale analysis predicted the most recent common ancestor to have existed during 1962 for Indian FMDV serotype A and around 1998 for the deletion group. The evolutionary pattern of serotype A in India appears to be homogeneous as no spatial or temporal structure was observed. Bayesian skyline plots indicate a sharp decline in the effective number of infections after 2008, which might be a result of mass vaccination or inherent loss of virus fitness. Analyses of variability at 38 known antigenically critical positions in a countrywide longitudinal data set suggested that the substitutions neither followed any specific trend nor remained fixed for a long period since frequent reversions and convergence was noticed. A maximum of 6 different amino acid residues was seen in the gene pool at any antigenically critical site over the decades, suggesting a limited combination of residues being responsible for the observed antigenic variation. Evidence of positive selection at some of the antigenically critical residues and the structurally proximal positions suggest a possible role of pre-existing immunity in the host population in driving evolution. The VP1 C-terminus neither revealed variability nor positive selection, suggesting the possibility that this stretch does not contribute to the antigenic variation and adaptation under immune selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Das
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India.
| | - Veena Pande
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- ICAR-Project Directorate on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital 263138, India.
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23
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Brito BP, Rodriguez LL, Hammond JM, Pinto J, Perez AM. Review of the Global Distribution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from 2007 to 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:316-332. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. P. Brito
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - L. L. Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Greenport NY USA
| | - J. M. Hammond
- Centre for Animal & Plant Biosecurity; NSW Department of Primary Industries; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute; Menangle NSW Australia
| | - J. Pinto
- Animal Health Service; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Rome Italy
| | - A. M. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN USA
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Namatovu A, Tjørnehøj K, Belsham GJ, Dhikusooka MT, Wekesa SN, Muwanika VB, Siegismund HR, Ayebazibwe C. Characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs) from Ugandan cattle outbreaks during 2012-2013: evidence for circulation of multiple serotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114811. [PMID: 25664876 PMCID: PMC4321839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes circulating in Uganda's cattle population, both serological and virological analyses of samples from outbreaks that occurred during 2012-2013 were performed. Altogether, 79 sera and 60 oropharyngeal fluid (OP)/tissue/oral swab samples were collected from herds with reported FMD outbreaks in seven different Ugandan districts. Overall, 61/79 (77%) of the cattle sera were positive for antibodies against FMDV by PrioCHECK FMDV NS ELISA and solid phase blocking ELISA detected titres ≥ 80 for serotypes O, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 in 41, 45, 30 and 45 of these 61 seropositive samples, respectively. Virus neutralisation tests detected the highest levels of neutralising antibodies (titres ≥ 45) against serotype O in the herds from Kween and Rakai districts, against SAT 1 in the herd from Nwoya district and against SAT 2 in the herds from Kiruhura, Isingiro and Ntungamo districts. The isolation of a SAT 2 FMDV from Isingiro was consistent with the detection of high levels of neutralising antibodies against SAT 2; sequencing (for the VP1 coding region) indicated that this virus belonged to lineage I within this serotype, like the currently used vaccine strain. From the Wakiso district 11 tissue/swab samples were collected; serotype A FMDV, genotype Africa (G-I), was isolated from the epithelial samples. This study shows that within a period of less than one year, FMD outbreaks in Uganda were caused by four different serotypes namely O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2. Therefore, to enhance the control of FMD in Uganda, there is need for efficient and timely determination of outbreak virus strains/serotypes and vaccine matching. The value of incorporating serotype A antigen into the imported vaccines along with the current serotype O, SAT 1 and SAT 2 strains should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Namatovu
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kirsten Tjørnehøj
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Moses T. Dhikusooka
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sabenzia N. Wekesa
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Livestock Development, P. O. Box 18021, Embakasi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent B. Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hans R. Siegismund
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Chrisostom Ayebazibwe
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
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25
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Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK, Rai DK, Das B, Rodriguez LL, Rout M, Subramaniam S, Sanyal A, Rieder E, Pattnaik B. Cell culture adaptation mutations in foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A capsid proteins: implications for receptor interactions. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:553-564. [PMID: 25381054 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.071597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we describe the adaptive changes fixed on the capsid of several foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A strains during propagation in cell monolayers. Viruses passaged extensively in three cell lines (BHK-21, LFBK and IB-RS-2) consistently gained positively charged amino acids in the putative heparin-sulfate-binding pocket (VP2 βE-βF loop, VP1 C-terminus and VP3 β-B knob) surrounding the fivefold symmetry axis (VP1 βF-βG loop) and at other discrete sites on the capsid (VP3 βG-βH loop, VP1 C-terminus, VP2 βC strand and VP1 βG-βH loop). A lysine insertion in the VP1 βF-βG loop of two of the BHK-21-adapted viruses supports the biological advantage of positively charged residues acquired in cell culture. The charge transitions occurred irrespective of cell line, suggesting their possible role in ionic interaction with ubiquitous negatively charged cell-surface molecules such as glycosaminoglycans (GAG). This was supported by the ability of the cell-culture-adapted variants to replicate in the integrin-deficient, GAG-positive CHO-K1 cells and their superior fitness in competition assays compared with the lower passage viruses with WT genotypes. Substitutions fixed in the VP1 βG-βH loop (-3, -2 and +2 'RGD' positions) or in the structural element known to be juxtaposed against that loop (VP1 βB-βC loop) suggest their possible role in modulating the efficiency and specificity of interaction of the 'RGD' motif with αv-integrin receptors. The nature and location of the substitutions described in this study could be applied in the rapid cell culture adaptation of viral strains for vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jajati K Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Laxmi K Pandey
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Biswajit Das
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar-263 138, Uttarakhand, India
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26
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Momtaz S, Rahman A, Sultana M, Hossain MA. Evolutionary Analysis and Prediction of Peptide Vaccine Candidates for Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus Types A and O in Bangladesh. Evol Bioinform Online 2014; 10:187-96. [PMID: 25452681 PMCID: PMC4219755 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s17027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), an endemic disease of cloven-hoofed animals, causes an annual economic loss of US$60–150 million in Bangladesh. There is no cross-protection among the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes and vaccination escape mutation may happen. Peptide vaccine is a safer alternative. The aim of this study is to predict and map the B and T cell epitopes of VP1 proteins of FMDV serotypes O and A that were circulating in Bangladesh from 2011 to 2013. Using evolutionary and computational approach (BCPred, BepiPred, DiscoTope, ElliPro, and ProPred-I, IEDB analysis for MHC-I prediction), a total of 11 B and T cell epitopes were predicted. Also, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of VP1 protein showed that the predicted five epitopes residing on N- and C-termini can be considered as good vaccine candidates, and epitopes on the G–H loop can serve as receptor recognition sites for vaccine design. The scores of predicted epitopes of one method were cross-checked with other one for potential epitope mining. Within the VP1 antigenic sites, significant evidence of positive selection was present indicating evolution of VP1 under high immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arafat Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Munawar Sultana
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Anwar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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27
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Bari FD, Parida S, Tekleghiorghis T, Dekker A, Sangula A, Reeve R, Haydon DT, Paton DJ, Mahapatra M. Genetic and antigenic characterisation of serotype A FMD viruses from East Africa to select new vaccine strains. Vaccine 2014; 32:5794-800. [PMID: 25171846 PMCID: PMC4194315 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine strain selection for emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) outbreaks in enzootic countries can be addressed through antigenic and genetic characterisation of recently circulating viruses. A total of 56 serotype A FMDVs isolated between 1998 and 2012, from Central, East and North African countries were characterised antigenically by virus neutralisation test using antisera to three existing and four candidate vaccine strains and, genetically by characterising the full capsid sequence data. A Bayesian analysis of the capsid sequence data revealed the viruses to be of either African or Asian topotypes with subdivision of the African topotype viruses into four genotypes (Genotypes I, II, IV and VII). The existing vaccine strains were found to be least cross-reactive (good matches observed for only 5.4–46.4% of the sampled viruses). Three bovine antisera, raised against A-EA-2007, A-EA-1981 and A-EA-1984 viruses, exhibited broad cross-neutralisation, towards more than 85% of the circulating viruses. Of the three vaccines, A-EA-2007 was the best showing more than 90% in-vitro cross-protection, as well as being the most recent amongst the vaccine strains used in this study. It therefore appears antigenically suitable as a vaccine strain to be used in the region in FMD control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufa D Bari
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Aldo Dekker
- Central Veterinary Institute, Part of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Richard Reeve
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Mana Mahapatra
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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Development and evaluation of a one step reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification assay (RT-LAMP) for rapid detection of foot and mouth disease virus in India. Virusdisease 2014; 25:358-64. [PMID: 25674604 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive diagnostic assay for Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is required for deployment in the field. In this study, development of Reverse Transcription-Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) assay based on the 3D polymerase gene for specific and rapid detection FMD virus (FMDV) was carried out. The assay was optimised with viral RNA extracted from serotype O, A and Asia 1 FMDV vaccine strains, which resulted a reliable amplification at 65 °C for 60 min. The amplified RT-LAMP products were identified by agarose gel electrophoresis with ethidium bromide staining or observation by naked eye for the presence of turbidity and colour change following the addition of hydroxyl naphthol blue (HNB). The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by the absence of amplification of genome extracted from other viruses or cellular origin. With respect to analytical sensitivity the developed RT-LAMP assay was found more sensitive than routinely used multiplex PCR (mPCR). Further, the assay was evaluated with RNA extracted from cell cultured isolates (n = 50), tongue epithelial samples (n = 150) and semen samples from infected bulls (n = 13). In conclusion, RT-LAMP with HNB dye was shown to be simple, specific and sensitive assay for rapid diagnosis of FMDV infection. Further, the assay has the potential for field deployment and use for rapid FMDV surveillance in India.
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29
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Ayelet G, Gelaye E, Jenberie S, Asmare K. Sequence variability in the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A and O of Ethiopian isolates. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:558-66. [PMID: 24684893 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A total of 13 serotype O and 5 serotype A FMD Ethiopian isolates and some isolates from other countries (six for serotype A and four for serotype O) were sequenced on the structural protein (P1) coding region. The deduced amino acid sequences were aligned and investigated in an attempt to determine the amino acid variation. Differences were observed at 115 (15.6%) and 119 (16.1%) amino acid positions for serotype O and serotype A, respectively. The variation in the derived amino acid sequences is the highest in VP1, while VP4 was highly conserved in both serotypes A and O. In all isolates, hypervariable regions were located at regions corresponding to the highly immunogenic sites, the G-H loop (133-158) and the C-terminus (194-213) of the VP1 gene. The RGD cell attachment site within the G-H loop of the gene was conserved in all isolates. The study revealed the presence of significant amino acid variation at VP2 and VP3 in addition to known VP1 coding region. Hence, determination of amino acid sequence of the whole P1 region provides more information on antigenic variability of FMD virus and could be used in vaccine strain selection in parallel with serological vaccine matching assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelagay Ayelet
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 19, Hora street, Debre-zeit, Ethiopia; Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 19, Hora street, Debre-zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Jenberie
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 19, Hora street, Debre-zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Asmare
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, P.O. Box 8146, 0033 Oslo, Norway; School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Genetic diversity of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Kenya from 1964 to 2013; implications for control strategies in eastern Africa. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 21:408-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Jamal SM, Belsham GJ. Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and future. Vet Res 2013; 44:116. [PMID: 24308718 PMCID: PMC4028749 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, pigs, sheep and many wildlife species. It can cause enormous economic losses when incursions occur into countries which are normally disease free. In addition, it has long-term effects within countries where the disease is endemic due to reduced animal productivity and the restrictions on international trade in animal products. The disease is caused by infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a picornavirus. Seven different serotypes (and numerous variants) of FMDV have been identified. Some serotypes have a restricted geographical distribution, e.g. Asia-1, whereas others, notably serotype O, occur in many different regions. There is no cross-protection between serotypes and sometimes protection conferred by vaccines even of the same serotype can be limited. Thus it is important to characterize the viruses that are circulating if vaccination is being used for disease control. This review describes current methods for the detection and characterization of FMDVs. Sequence information is increasingly being used for identifying the source of outbreaks. In addition such information can be used to understand antigenic change within virus strains. The challenges and opportunities for improving the control of the disease within endemic settings, with a focus on Eurasia, are discussed, including the role of the FAO/EuFMD/OIE Progressive Control Pathway. Better control of the disease in endemic areas reduces the risk of incursions into disease-free regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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Emergence of antigenic variants with in serotype A foot and mouth disease virus in India and evaluation of a new vaccine candidate panel. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:405-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Malirat V, Bergmann IE, de Mendonça Campos R, Conde F, Quiroga JL, Villamil M, Salgado G, Ortiz S. Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A in South America. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:82-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Subramaniam S, Pattnaik B, Sanyal A, Mohapatra JK, Pawar SS, Sharma GK, Das B, Dash BB. Status of Foot-and-mouth Disease in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:197-203. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jamal SM, Ferrari G, Ahmed S, Normann P, Curry S, Belsham GJ. Evolutionary analysis of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Pakistan and Afghanistan during 2002-2009. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2849-2864. [PMID: 21813704 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.035626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Three different serotypes of the virus, namely O, A and Asia-1, are responsible for the outbreaks of this disease in these countries. In the present study, the nucleotide-coding sequences for the VP1 capsid protein (69 samples) or for all four capsid proteins (P1, seven representative samples) of the serotype A FMD viruses circulating in Pakistan and Afghanistan were determined. Phylogenetic analysis of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1-coding sequences from these countries collected between 2002 and 2009 revealed the presence of at least four lineages within two distinct genotypes, all belonging to the Asia topotype, within serotype A. The predominant lineage observed was A-Iran05 but three other lineages (a new one is named here A-Pak09) were also identified. The A-Iran05 lineage is still evolving as revealed by the presence of seven distinct variants, the dominant being the A-Iran05AFG-07 and A-Iran05BAR-08 sublineages. The rate of evolution of the A-Iran05 lineage was found to be about 1.2×10(-2) substitutions per nucleotide per year. This high rate of change is consistent with the rapid appearance of new variants of FMDV serotype A in the region. The A22/Iraq FMDV vaccine is antigenically distinct from the A-Iran05BAR-08 viruses. Mapping of the amino acid changes between the capsid proteins of the A22/Iraq vaccine strain and the A-Iran05BAR-08 viruses onto the A22/Iraq capsid structure identified candidate amino acid substitutions, exposed on the virus surface, which may explain this antigenic difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,National Veterinary Laboratory, Park Road, 45500 Islamabad, Pakistan.,National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Giancarlo Ferrari
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Safia Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Preben Normann
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Stephen Curry
- Biophysics Section, Blackett Laboratory, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark
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