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Husain M. Influenza Virus Host Restriction Factors: The ISGs and Non-ISGs. Pathogens 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38392865 PMCID: PMC10893265 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has been one of the most prevalent and researched viruses globally. Consequently, there is ample information available about influenza virus lifecycle and pathogenesis. However, there is plenty yet to be known about the determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis and disease severity. Influenza virus exploits host factors to promote each step of its lifecycle. In turn, the host deploys antiviral or restriction factors that inhibit or restrict the influenza virus lifecycle at each of those steps. Two broad categories of host restriction factors can exist in virus-infected cells: (1) encoded by the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and (2) encoded by the constitutively expressed genes that are not stimulated by interferons (non-ISGs). There are hundreds of ISGs known, and many, e.g., Mx, IFITMs, and TRIMs, have been characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different stages of its lifecycle by (1) blocking viral entry or progeny release, (2) sequestering or degrading viral components and interfering with viral synthesis and assembly, or (3) bolstering host innate defenses. Also, many non-ISGs, e.g., cyclophilins, ncRNAs, and HDACs, have been identified and characterized to restrict influenza virus infection at different lifecycle stages by similar mechanisms. This review provides an overview of those ISGs and non-ISGs and how the influenza virus escapes the restriction imposed by them and aims to improve our understanding of the host restriction mechanisms of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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2
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Li YJ, Chen CY, Yang JH, Chiu YF. Modulating cholesterol-rich lipid rafts to disrupt influenza A virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:982264. [PMID: 36177026 PMCID: PMC9513517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is widely disseminated across different species and can cause recurrent epidemics and severe pandemics in humans. During infection, IAV attaches to receptors that are predominantly located in cell membrane regions known as lipid rafts, which are highly enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Following IAV entry into the host cell, uncoating, transcription, and replication of the viral genome occur, after which newly synthesized viral proteins and genomes are delivered to lipid rafts for assembly prior to viral budding from the cell. Moreover, during budding, IAV acquires an envelope with embedded cholesterol from the host cell membrane, and it is known that decreased cholesterol levels on IAV virions reduce infectivity. Statins are commonly used to inhibit cholesterol synthesis for preventing cardiovascular diseases, and several studies have investigated whether such inhibition can block IAV infection and propagation, as well as modulate the host immune response to IAV. Taken together, current research suggests that there may be a role for statins in countering IAV infections and modulating the host immune response to prevent or mitigate cytokine storms, and further investigation into this is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jyun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-How Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Chiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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3
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McKellar J, Rebendenne A, Wencker M, Moncorgé O, Goujon C. Mammalian and Avian Host Cell Influenza A Restriction Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:522. [PMID: 33810083 PMCID: PMC8005160 DOI: 10.3390/v13030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of a new influenza pandemic is real. With past pandemics claiming millions of lives, finding new ways to combat this virus is essential. Host cells have developed a multi-modular system to detect incoming pathogens, a phenomenon called sensing. The signaling cascade triggered by sensing subsequently induces protection for themselves and their surrounding neighbors, termed interferon (IFN) response. This response induces the upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including antiviral effectors, establishing an antiviral state. As well as the antiviral proteins induced through the IFN system, cells also possess a so-called intrinsic immunity, constituted of antiviral proteins that are constitutively expressed, creating a first barrier preceding the induction of the interferon system. All these combined antiviral effectors inhibit the virus at various stages of the viral lifecycle, using a wide array of mechanisms. Here, we provide a review of mammalian and avian influenza A restriction factors, detailing their mechanism of action and in vivo relevance, when known. Understanding their mode of action might help pave the way for the development of new influenza treatments, which are absolutely required if we want to be prepared to face a new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe McKellar
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Antoine Rebendenne
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM/CNRS/UCBL1/ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Olivier Moncorgé
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
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4
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Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) causes annual epidemics and sporadic pandemics of respiratory disease. Secondary bacterial coinfection by organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus is the most common complication of primary IAV infection and is associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Here, we report the first identified S. aureus factor (lipase 1) that enhances IAV replication during infection via positive modulation of virus budding. The effect is observed in vivo in embryonated hen’s eggs and greatly enhances the yield of a vaccine strain, a finding that could be applied to address global shortages of influenza vaccines. Influenza A virus (IAV) causes annual epidemics of respiratory disease in humans, often complicated by secondary coinfection with bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we report that the S. aureus secreted protein lipase 1 enhances IAV replication in vitro in primary cells, including human lung fibroblasts. The proviral activity of lipase 1 is dependent on its enzymatic function, acts late in the viral life cycle, and results in increased infectivity through positive modulation of virus budding. Furthermore, the proviral effect of lipase 1 on IAV is exhibited during in vivo infection of embryonated hen’s eggs and, importantly, increases the yield of a vaccine strain of IAV by approximately 5-fold. Thus, we have identified the first S. aureus protein to enhance IAV replication, suggesting a potential role in coinfection. Importantly, this activity may be harnessed to address global shortages of influenza vaccines.
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Goraya MU, Zaighum F, Sajjad N, Anjum FR, Sakhawat I, Rahman SU. Web of interferon stimulated antiviral factors to control the influenza A viruses replication. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103919. [PMID: 31830579 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause mild to severe infections in animals and humans worldwide with significant morbidity and mortality. Infection of eukaryotic cells with influenza A viruses triggers the induction of innate immune system through the interaction between pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which culminate in the induction of interferons (IFNs). Consequently, IFNs bind to their cognate receptors on the cellular membrane and activate the signaling pathway for transcriptional regulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) through Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Cumulative actions of these ISGs establish an antiviral state of the host. Several ISGs have been described, which play critical roles to inhibit the infection and replication of influenza A viruses at multiple steps of virus life cycle. In this review, the dynamics and redundancy of these ISGs against influenza A viruses are discussed. Additionally, current understanding and molecular mechanisms that are underlying the roles of ISGs in pathogenesis of influenza virus are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsan Ullah Goraya
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | | | - Nelam Sajjad
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Faisal Rasheed Anjum
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Sakhawat
- School of Science and Technology, Orebro University, SE-70182, Orebro, Sweden
| | - Sajjad Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
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6
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Sharma A, Lal SK. Is tetherin a true antiviral: The influenza a virus controversy. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2036. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Sharma
- School of ScienceMonash University, Sunway Campus Bandar Sunway Malaysia
| | - Sunil K. Lal
- School of ScienceMonash University, Sunway Campus Bandar Sunway Malaysia
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Canine Influenza Virus is Mildly Restricted by Canine Tetherin Protein. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100565. [PMID: 30332780 PMCID: PMC6213173 DOI: 10.3390/v10100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetherin (BST2/CD317/HM1.24) has emerged as a key host-cell ·defence molecule that acts by inhibiting the release and spread of diverse enveloped virions from infected cells. We analysed the biological features of canine tetherin and found it to be an unstable hydrophilic type I transmembrane protein with one transmembrane domain, no signal peptide, and multiple glycosylation and phosphorylation sites. Furthermore, the tissue expression profile of canine tetherin revealed that it was particularly abundant in immune organs. The canine tetherin gene contains an interferon response element sequence that can be regulated and expressed by canine IFN-α. A CCK-8 assay showed that canine tetherin was effective in helping mitigate cellular damage caused by canine influenza virus (CIV) infection. Additionally, we found that the overexpression of canine tetherin inhibited replication of the CIV and that interference with the canine tetherin gene enhanced CIV replication in cells. The impact of canine tetherin on CIV replication was mild. However, these results elucidate the role of the innate immune factor, canine tetherin, during CIV infection for the first time.
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Narkpuk J, Jongkaewwattana A, Teeravechyan S. The avian influenza virus PA segment mediates strain-specific antagonism of BST-2/tetherin. Virology 2018; 525:161-169. [PMID: 30290311 PMCID: PMC7172379 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BST-2 is an antiviral protein described as a powerful cross-species transmission barrier for simian immunodeficiency viruses. Influenza viruses appear to interact with BST-2, raising the possibility that BST-2 may be a barrier for cross-species transmission. An MDCK-based cell line expressing human BST-2 was generated to study human-derived A/Puerto Rico/8/36 (H1N1; PR8) as well as two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (subtypes H4N6 and H6N1). The H4N6 and H6N1 viruses were less affected by BST-2 expression than PR8, due to their ability to decrease BST-2 levels, a function localized to the PA segment of both avian viruses. Experiments with PA-mutant and -chimeric viruses confirmed that the avian PA segment conferred BST-2 downregulation and antagonism. These results indicate a species-specific ability of PA from low pathogenic avian viruses to mitigate human BST-2 antiviral activity, suggesting that BST-2 is unlikely to be a general cross-species barrier to transmission of such viruses to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaraspim Narkpuk
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Samaporn Teeravechyan
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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Berry KN, Kober DL, Su A, Brett TJ. Limiting Respiratory Viral Infection by Targeting Antiviral and Immunological Functions of BST-2/Tetherin: Knowledge and Gaps. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1800086. [PMID: 30113067 PMCID: PMC6371793 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201800086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings regarding the cellular biology and immunology of BST-2 (also known as tetherin) indicate that its function could be exploited as a universal replication inhibitor of enveloped respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, etc.). BST-2 inhibits viral replication by preventing virus budding from the plasma membrane and by inducing an antiviral state in cells adjacent to infection via unique inflammatory signaling mechanisms. This review presents the first comprehensive summary of what is currently known about BST-2 anti-viral function against respiratory viruses, how these viruses construct countermeasures to antagonize BST-2, and how BST-2 function might be targeted to develop therapies to treat respiratory virus infections. The authors address the current gaps in knowledge, including the need for mechanistic understanding of BST-2 antagonism by respiratory viruses, that should be bridged to achieve that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla N. Berry
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Immunology ProgramWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
| | - Daniel L. Kober
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Microbiology ProgramWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
| | - Alvin Su
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
| | - Tom J. Brett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareDepartment of Internal MedicineWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. Louis 63110Missouri
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10
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Strain-Specific Antagonism of the Human H1N1 Influenza A Virus against Equine Tetherin. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050264. [PMID: 29772683 PMCID: PMC5977257 DOI: 10.3390/v10050264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetherin/BST-2/CD317 is an interferon-induced host restriction factor that can block the budding of enveloped viruses by tethering them to the cell surface. Many viruses use certain proteins to counteract restriction by tetherin from their natural hosts, but not from other species. The influenza A virus (FLUAV) has a wide range of subtypes with different host tropisms. Human tetherin (huTHN) has been reported to restrict only specific FLUAV strains and the viral hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes determine the sensitivity to huTHN. Whether tetherins from other hosts can block human FLUAV is still unknown. Here, we evaluate the impact of equine tetherin (eqTHN) and huTHN on the replication of A/Sichuan/1/2009 (H1N1) and A/equine/Xinjiang/1/2007 (H3N8) strains. Our results show that eqTHN had higher restriction activity towards both viruses, and its shorter cytoplasmic tail contributed to that activity. We further demonstrated that HA and NA of A/Hamburg/4/2009 (H1N1) could counteract eqTHN. Notably, our results indicate that four amino acids, 13T and 49L of HA and 32T and 80V of NA, were involved in blocking the restriction activity of eqTHN. These findings reveal interspecies restriction by eqTHN towards FLUAV, and the role of the HA and NA proteins in overcoming this restriction.
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11
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Villalón-Letelier F, Brooks AG, Saunders PM, Londrigan SL, Reading PC. Host Cell Restriction Factors that Limit Influenza A Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120376. [PMID: 29215570 PMCID: PMC5744151 DOI: 10.3390/v9120376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection of different cell types induces a unique spectrum of host defence genes, including interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and genes encoding other proteins with antiviral potential. Although hundreds of ISGs have been described, the vast majority have not been functionally characterised. Cellular proteins with putative antiviral activity (hereafter referred to as “restriction factors”) can target various steps in the virus life-cycle. In the context of influenza virus infection, restriction factors have been described that target virus entry, genomic replication, translation and virus release. Genome wide analyses, in combination with ectopic overexpression and/or gene silencing studies, have accelerated the identification of restriction factors that are active against influenza and other viruses, as well as providing important insights regarding mechanisms of antiviral activity. Herein, we review current knowledge regarding restriction factors that mediate anti-influenza virus activity and consider the viral countermeasures that are known to limit their impact. Moreover, we consider the strengths and limitations of experimental approaches to study restriction factors, discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo studies, and the potential to exploit restriction factors to limit disease caused by influenza and other respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Villalón-Letelier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Philippa M Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Sarah L Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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12
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Hu S, Yin L, Mei S, Li J, Xu F, Sun H, Liu X, Cen S, Liang C, Li A, Guo F. BST-2 restricts IAV release and is countered by the viral M2 protein. Biochem J 2017; 474:715-730. [PMID: 28087685 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BST-2 (tetherin, CD317, and HM1.24) is induced by interferon and restricts virus release by tethering the enveloped viruses to the cell surface. The effect of BST-2 on influenza A virus (IAV) infection has been inconclusive. In the present study, we report that BST-2 diminishes the production of IAV virus-like particles (VLPs) that are generated by viral neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins to a much greater degree than it inhibits the production of wild-type IAV particles. This relatively weaker inhibition of IAV is associated with reduction in BST-2 levels, which is caused by the M2 protein that interacts with BST-2 and leads to down-regulation of cell surface BST-2 via the proteasomal pathway. Similarly to the viral antagonist Vpu, M2 also rescues the production of human immunodeficiency virus-1 VLPs and IAV VLPs in the presence of BST-2. Replication of wild-type and the M2-deleted viruses were both inhibited by BST-2, with the M2-deleted IAV being more restricted. These data reveal one mechanism that IAV employs to counter restriction by BST-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Hu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Shan Mei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Fengwen Xu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Hong Sun
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Chen Liang
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Ailing Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Fei Guo
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
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13
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Mahauad-Fernandez WD, Okeoma CM. The role of BST-2/Tetherin in host protection and disease manifestation. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 4:4-23. [PMID: 27042298 PMCID: PMC4768070 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Host cells respond to viral infections by activating immune response genes that are not only involved in inflammation, but may also predispose cells to cancerous transformation. One such gene is BST‐2, a type II transmembrane protein with a unique topology that endows it tethering and signaling potential. Through this ability to tether and signal, BST‐2 regulates host response to viral infection either by inhibiting release of nascent viral particles or in some models inhibiting viral dissemination. However, despite its antiviral functions, BST‐2 is involved in disease manifestation, a function linked to the ability of BST‐2 to promote cell‐to‐cell interaction. Therefore, modulating BST‐2 expression and/or activity has the potential to influence course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadie D Mahauad-Fernandez
- Department of MicrobiologyCarver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIA52242USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIA52242USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of MicrobiologyCarver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityIA52242USA; Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIA52242USA
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14
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Londrigan SL, Tate MD, Job ER, Moffat JM, Wakim LM, Gonelli CA, Purcell DFJ, Brooks AG, Villadangos JA, Reading PC, Mintern JD. Endogenous Murine BST-2/Tetherin Is Not a Major Restriction Factor of Influenza A Virus Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142925. [PMID: 26566124 PMCID: PMC4643895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BST-2 (tetherin, CD317, HM1.24) restricts virus growth by tethering enveloped viruses to the cell surface. The role of BST-2 during influenza A virus infection (IAV) is controversial. Here, we assessed the capacity of endogenous BST-2 to restrict IAV in primary murine cells. IAV infection increased BST-2 surface expression by primary macrophages, but not alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). BST-2-deficient AEC and macrophages displayed no difference in susceptibility to IAV infection relative to wild type cells. Furthermore, BST-2 played little role in infectious IAV release from either AEC or macrophages. To examine BST-2 during IAV infection in vivo, we infected BST-2-deficient mice. No difference in weight loss or in viral loads in the lungs and/or nasal tissues were detected between BST-2-deficient and wild type animals. This study rules out a major role for endogenous BST-2 in modulating IAV in the mouse model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
- Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Emma R. Job
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica M. Moffat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Linda M. Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher A. Gonelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Damien F. J. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jose A. Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Patrick C. Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Justine D. Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Tetherin Sensitivity of Influenza A Viruses Is Strain Specific: Role of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. J Virol 2015; 89:9178-88. [PMID: 26109730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00615-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The expression of the antiviral host cell factor tetherin is induced by interferon and can inhibit the release of enveloped viruses from infected cells. The Vpu protein of HIV-1 antagonizes the antiviral activity of tetherin, and tetherin antagonists with Vpu-like activity have been identified in other viruses. In contrast, it is incompletely understood whether tetherin inhibits influenza A virus (FLUAV) release and whether FLUAV encodes tetherin antagonists. Here, we show that release of several laboratory-adapted FLUAV strains and a seasonal FLUAV strain is inhibited by tetherin, while pandemic FLUAV A/Hamburg/4/2009 is resistant. Studies with a virus-like particle system and analysis of reassortant viruses provided evidence that the viral hemagglutinin (HA) is an important determinant of tetherin antagonism but requires the presence of its cognate neuraminidase (NA) to inhibit tetherin. Finally, tetherin antagonism by FLUAV was dependent on the virion context, since retrovirus release from tetherin-positive cells was not rescued, and correlated with an HA- and NA-dependent reduction in tetherin expression. In sum, our study identifies HA and NA proteins of certain pandemic FLUAV as tetherin antagonists, which has important implications for understanding FLUAV pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (FLUAV) infection is responsible for substantial global morbidity and mortality, and understanding how the virus evades the immune defenses of the host may uncover novel targets for antiviral intervention. Tetherin is an antiviral effector molecule of the innate immune system which can contribute to control of viral invasion. However, it has been unclear whether FLUAV is inhibited by tetherin and whether these viruses encode tetherin-antagonizing proteins. Our observation that several pandemic FLUAV strains can counteract tetherin via their HA and NA proteins identifies these proteins as novel tetherin antagonists and indicates that HA/NA-dependent inactivation of innate defenses may contribute to the efficient spread of pandemic FLUAV.
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16
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Kebaabetswe LP, Haick AK, Gritsenko MA, Fillmore TL, Chu RK, Purvine SO, Webb-Robertson BJ, Matzke MM, Smith RD, Waters KM, Metz TO, Miura TA. Proteomic analysis reveals down-regulation of surfactant protein B in murine type II pneumocytes infected with influenza A virus. Virology 2015; 483:96-107. [PMID: 25965799 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infection of type II alveolar epithelial (ATII) cells by influenza A viruses (IAV) correlates with severe respiratory disease in humans and mice. To understand pathogenic mechanisms during IAV infection of ATII cells, murine ATII cells were cultured to maintain a differentiated phenotype, infected with IAV-PR8, which causes severe lung pathology in mice, and proteomics analyses were performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. PR8 infection increased levels of proteins involved in interferon signaling, antigen presentation, and cytoskeleton regulation. Proteins involved in mitochondrial membrane permeability, energy metabolism, and chromatin formation had reduced levels in PR8-infected cells. Phenotypic markers of ATII cells in vivo were identified, confirming the differentiation status of the cultures. Surfactant protein B had decreased levels in PR8-infected cells, which was confirmed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. Analysis of ATII cell protein profiles will elucidate cellular processes in IAV pathogenesis, which may provide insight into potential therapies to modulate disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemme P Kebaabetswe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Anoria K Haick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Marina A Gritsenko
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Thomas L Fillmore
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Rosalie K Chu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Samuel O Purvine
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Bobbie-Jo Webb-Robertson
- Computational and Statistical Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Melissa M Matzke
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Katrina M Waters
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Tanya A Miura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
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17
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Narkpuk J, Wanitchang A, Kramyu J, Frantz PN, Jongkaewwattana A, Teeravechyan S. An unconventional BST-2 function: down-regulation of transient protein expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1469-74. [PMID: 25019996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While viral inhibition by tethering of budding virions to host cell membranes has been focused upon as one of the main functions of BST-2/tetherin, BST-2 is thought to possess other functions as well. Overexpression of BST-2 was found here to down-regulate transient protein expression. Removal of the N- and C-terminal regions of BST-2, previously described to be involved in signal transduction, reduced the impact of BST-2. These results suggest that BST-2-mediated signaling may play a role in regulating the levels of transiently expressed proteins, highlighting a new function for BST-2 that may also have implications for viral inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaraspim Narkpuk
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Asawin Wanitchang
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jarin Kramyu
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Phanramphoei Namprachan Frantz
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Samaporn Teeravechyan
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
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18
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Mouse knockout models for HIV-1 restriction factors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3749-66. [PMID: 24854580 PMCID: PMC4160573 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection of cells with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is controlled by restriction factors, host proteins that counteract a variety of steps in the life cycle of this lentivirus. These include SAMHD1, APOBEC3G and tetherin, which block reverse transcription, hypermutate viral DNA and prevent progeny virus release, respectively. These and other HIV-1 restriction factors are conserved and have clear orthologues in the mouse. This review summarises studies in knockout mice lacking HIV-1 restriction factors. In vivo experiments in such animals have not only validated in vitro data obtained from cultured cells, but have also revealed new findings about the biology of these proteins. Indeed, genetic ablation of HIV-1 restriction factors in the mouse has provided evidence that restriction factors control retroviruses and other viruses in vivo and has led to new insights into the mechanisms by which these proteins counteract infection. For example, in vivo experiments in knockout mice demonstrate that virus control exerted by restriction factors can shape adaptive immune responses. Moreover, the availability of animals lacking restriction factors opens the possibility to study the function of these proteins in other contexts such as autoimmunity and cancer. Further in vivo studies of more recently identified HIV-1 restriction factors in gene targeted mice are, therefore, justified.
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19
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Leyva-Grado VH, Hai R, Fernandes F, Belicha-Villanueva A, Carter C, Yondola MA. Modulation of an ectodomain motif in the influenza A virus neuraminidase alters tetherin sensitivity and results in virus attenuation in vivo. J Mol Biol 2013; 426:1308-21. [PMID: 24380762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that ectodomain residue Asp286 in N2 neuraminidase (NA; Asp268 in N1 NA) present in budding-capable NA proteins contributes to productive NA plasma membrane transport partly by mediating escape from tetherin restriction [Yondola MA, Fernandes F, Belicha-Villanueva A, Uccelini M, Gao Q, Carter C, et al. (2011). Budding capability of the influenza virus neuraminidase can be modulated by tetherin. J Virol, 85, 2480-2491]. Budding-incapable NA proteins contain a G at this position and either co-expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpu or siRNA-mediated depletion of tetherin rescued budding capabilities in these proteins [Yondola MA, Fernandes F, Belicha-Villanueva A, Uccelini M, Gao Q, Carter C, et al. (2011). Budding capability of the influenza virus neuraminidase can be modulated by tetherin. J Virol, 85, 2480-2491]. Furthermore, replacement of D286 with G in budding-capable NA proteins caused loss of function, preventing release of NA virus-like particles (VLPs). Here, we show that mutation of this residue specifically modulates the ability of NA to escape tetherin restriction at the plasma membrane and results in virus attenuation in vivo. Based on immunogold electron microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation assays, both NAD286-containing and NAD286G-containing proteins associated with tetherin in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the NAD286G loss-of-function mutant also associated with the host factor outside the ER and in plasma-membrane-localized VLPs as visualized using immunogold electron microscopy. We conclude that the presence of aspartate at residue 286 liberates NA from tetherin-dependent restriction upon exit from the ER compartment thus preventing restriction at the plasma membrane. Underscoring the importance of these observations, knockdown of tetherin resulted in a 1-1.5 log increase in influenza virus growth. Additionally, the loss-of-function mutation conferred attenuation in a mouse model of influenza infection as evidenced by a 5-fold increase in LD50 and increases in either percent survival or time to death dependent on the administered dose in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Hai
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | - Carol Carter
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Mark A Yondola
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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20
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Blondeau C, Pelchen-Matthews A, Mlcochova P, Marsh M, Milne RSB, Towers GJ. Tetherin restricts herpes simplex virus 1 and is antagonized by glycoprotein M. J Virol 2013; 87:13124-33. [PMID: 24067975 PMCID: PMC3838283 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02250-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetherin is a broadly active antiviral effector that works by tethering nascent enveloped virions to a host cell membrane, thus preventing their release. In this study, we demonstrate that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is targeted by tetherin. We identify the viral envelope glycoprotein M (gM) as having moderate anti-tetherin activity. We show that gM but not gB or gD efficiently removes tetherin from the plasma membrane and can functionally substitute for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpu protein, the prototypic viral tetherin antagonist, in rescuing HIV-1 release from tetherin-expressing cells. Our data emphasize that tetherin is a broadly active antiviral effector and contribute to the emerging hypothesis that viruses must suppress or evade an array of host cell countermeasures in order to establish a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Blondeau
- University College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Petra Mlcochova
- University College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Marsh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S. B. Milne
- University College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J. Towers
- University College London, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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BST-2/tetherin: Structural biology, viral antagonism, and immunobiology of a potent host antiviral factor. Mol Immunol 2013; 54:132-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Kolesnikova L, Heck S, Matrosovich T, Klenk HD, Becker S, Matrosovich M. Influenza virus budding from the tips of cellular microvilli in differentiated human airway epithelial cells. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:971-976. [PMID: 23288421 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.049239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of conducting airways represents the main target for influenza virus in mammals. However, the peculiarities of virus interactions with differentiated airway epithelial cells remain largely unknown. Here, influenza virus budding was studied in differentiated cultures of human tracheobronchial epithelial cells using transmission electron microscopy. Budding of spherical and filamentous virions was observed on the apical surfaces of cells with no association with cilia and secretory granules. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of viral buds on the cell surface indicated that the tips of the microvilli represented a prominent site of influenza virus budding in the human airway epithelium. As the microvilli of differentiated cells are involved in many fundamental cell functions, these data will prompt further studies on the biological significance of microvilli-associated budding for virus replication, transmission and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Kolesnikova
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Heck
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tatyana Matrosovich
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Klenk
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Matrosovich
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Tetherin (BST2/CD317) has emerged as a key host cell defense molecule, inhibiting the release and spread of diverse enveloped virions from infected cells. In this chapter, I review the molecular and cellular basis for tetherin's antiviral activities and the function of virally encoded countermeasures that disrupt its function. I further describe recent advances in our understanding of tetherin's associated role in viral pattern recognition and the evidence for its role in limiting viral pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J D Neil
- Department of Infectious Disease, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK.
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24
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Influenza A virus does not encode a tetherin antagonist with Vpu-like activity and induces IFN-dependent tetherin expression in infected cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43337. [PMID: 22952667 PMCID: PMC3428345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced host cell factor tetherin inhibits release of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from the plasma membrane of infected cells and is counteracted by the HIV-1 protein Vpu. Influenza A virus (FLUAV) also buds from the plasma membrane and is not inhibited by tetherin. Here, we investigated if FLUAV encodes a functional equivalent of Vpu for tetherin antagonism. We found that expression of the FLUAV protein NS1, which antagonizes the interferon (IFN) response, did not block the tetherin-mediated restriction of HIV release, which was rescued by Vpu. Similarly, tetherin-mediated inhibition of HIV release was not rescued by FLUAV infection. In contrast, FLUAV infection induced tetherin expression on target cells in an IFN-dependent manner. These results suggest that FLUAV escapes the antiviral effects of tetherin without encoding a tetherin antagonist with Vpu-like activity.
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25
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Short KR, Brooks AG, Reading PC, Londrigan SL. The fate of influenza A virus after infection of human macrophages and dendritic cells. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2315-2325. [PMID: 22894921 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.045021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DC) are important components of the innate host defence. Historically, these immune cells have been considered to play a critical role in controlling the severity of influenza A virus (IAV) infection by limiting virus release, initiating local inflammatory responses and by priming subsequent adaptive immune responses. However, some IAV strains have been reported to replicate productively in human immune cells. Potential amplification and dissemination of IAV from immune cells may therefore be an important virulence determinant. Herein, we will review findings in relation to the fate of IAV following infection of MΦ and DC. Insights regarding the consequences and outcomes of IAV infection of airway MΦ and DC are discussed in order to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Short
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah L Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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