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Liu J, Liang Z, Sun W, Hua W, Huang S, Wen F. The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus: a review of its historical evolution, global distribution, adaptive mutations and receptor binding properties. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103913. [PMID: 38914042 PMCID: PMC11254717 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The H4 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) exhibits a wide host range and is commonly found in migratory waterfowl. Recent studies have revealed that the H4N6 AIV can infect guinea pigs via aerosol transmission without prior adaptation. Additionally, the Q226L/G228S substitutions in the receptor-binding site have led to structural changes in globular head of H4 AIV, resulting in a configuration similar to that of pandemic H2N2 and H3N2 human influenza viruses. This article provides an updated review of the historical evolution, global distribution, adaptive mutations, receptor-binding preferences, and host range of H4 AIV. The insights presented herein will help in assessing the potential risk of future H4 AIV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoping Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Weiping Hua
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, Guangdong, China.
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2
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He J, Deng J, Wen X, Yan M, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Du X, Yang H, Peng X. Isolation and genetic characteristics of Novel H4N1 Avian Influenza viruses in ChongQing, China. Virol J 2024; 21:85. [PMID: 38600529 PMCID: PMC11008002 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02352-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) constitute significant zoonotic pathogens encompassing a broad spectrum of subtypes. Notably, the H4 subtype of AIVs has a pronounced ability to shift hosts. The escalating prevalence of the H4 subtype heightens the concern for its zoonotic potential, signaling an urgent need for vigilance. METHODS During the period from December 2021 to November 2023, we collected AIV-related environmental samples and assessed them using a comprehensive protocol that included nucleic acid testing, gene sequencing, isolation culture, and resequencing. RESULTS In this study, a total of 934 environmental samples were assessed, revealing a remarkably high detection rate (43.66%, 289/662) of AIV in the live poultry market. Notably, the H4N1 subtype AIV (cs2301) was isolated from the live poultry market and its complete genome sequence was successfully determined. Subsequent analysis revealed that cs2301, resulting from a reassortment event between wild and domesticated waterfowl, exhibits multiple mutations and demonstrates potential for host transfer. CONCLUSIONS Our research once again demonstrates the significant role of wild and domesticated waterfowl in the reassortment process of avian influenza virus, enriching the research on the H4 subtype of AIV, and emphasizing the importance of proactive monitoring the environment related to avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue He
- The affiliated Yongchuan hospital of Chongqing medical university, 402160, Yongchuan, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Chongqing Changshou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 401220, Changshou, China.
| | - Xianxian Wen
- Chongqing Changshou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 401220, Changshou, China
| | - Mengyuan Yan
- Chongqing Changshou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 401220, Changshou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Chongqing Changshou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 401220, Changshou, China
| | - Yunqiu Zhou
- Chongqing Changshou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 401220, Changshou, China
| | - XuBin Du
- Chongqing Changshou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 401220, Changshou, China
| | - Han Yang
- Chongqing Changshou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 401220, Changshou, China
| | - Xiaobin Peng
- Chongqing Changshou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 401220, Changshou, China.
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Li T, Zhao C, Guo Y, Dong J, Du F, Zhou Y, Shu S, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Cao Z, Cao Q, Shi S, Huang Y, Pu J, Liu L. Genetic and Biological Characteristics of Duck-Origin H4N6 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in China in 2022. Viruses 2024; 16:207. [PMID: 38399984 PMCID: PMC10892581 DOI: 10.3390/v16020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between migratory birds and domestic waterfowl facilitates viral co-infections, leading to viral reassortment and the emergence of novel viruses. In 2022, samples were collected from duck farms around Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province, China, which is located within the East Asia-Australasia flyway. Three strains of H4N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) were isolated. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that the isolated H4N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) belonged to new genotypes, G23 and G24. All isolated strains demonstrated dual receptor binding properties. Additionally, the isolated strains were able to replicate efficiently not only in avian cells but also in mammalian cells. Furthermore, the H4N6 AIV isolates could infect chickens, with viral replication detected in the lungs and extrapulmonary organs, and could transmit within chicken flocks through contact, with viral shedding detected only in oropharyngeal swabs from chickens in the contact group. Notably, the H4N6 AIV could infect mice without prior adaptation and replicate in the lungs with high viral titers, suggesting that it is a potential threat to humans. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insight into the characteristics of H4N6 strains currently circulating in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Chuankuo Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Yuxin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Jinze Dong
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Fanshu Du
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Yong Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Sicheng Shu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yachang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Zhiyong Cao
- Duchang County Aquaculture and Animal Husbandry Industry Development Center, Jiujiang 332600, China;
| | - Qi Cao
- Duchang County Yangfeng Township Government, Jiujiang 332600, China;
| | - Shuiping Shi
- Duchang County Migratory Bird Nature Reserve Administration, Jiujiang 332600, China;
| | - Yinhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biology Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Litao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.D.); (F.D.); (Y.Z.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
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4
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Xu Y, Tang L, Gu X, Bo S, Ming L, Ma M, Zhao C, Sun K, Liu Y, He G. Characterization of avian influenza A (H4N2) viruses isolated from wild birds in Shanghai during 2019 to 2021. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102948. [PMID: 37604021 PMCID: PMC10465953 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The H4 subtype of avian influenza viruses has been widely distributed among wild birds. During the surveillance of the avian influenza virus in Shanghai from 2019 to 2021, a total of 4,451 samples were collected from wild birds, among which 46 H4 subtypes of avian influenza viruses were identified, accounting for 7.40% of the total positive samples. The H4 subtype viruses have a wide range of hosts, including the spot-billed duck, common teal, and other wild birds in Anseriformes. Among all H4 subtypes, the most abundant are the H4N2 viruses. To clarify the genetic characteristics of H4N2 viruses, the whole genome sequences of 20 H4N2 viruses were analyzed. Phylogenetical analysis showed that all 8 genes of these viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage and closely clustered with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses from countries along the East Asia-Australia migratory route. However, the PB1 gene of 1 H4N2 virus (NH21920) might provide its internal gene for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 viruses in Korea and Japan. At least 10 genotypes were identified in these viruses, indicating that they underwent multiple complex recombination events. Our study has provided a better epidemiological understanding of the H4N2 viruses in wild birds. Considering the mutational potential, comprehensive surveillance of the H4N2 virus in both poultry and wild birds is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Shanghai Wildlife and Protected Natural Areas Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Gu
- Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunqi Bo
- Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Ming
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Ma
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Kaibo Sun
- Shanghai Forestry Station, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyi Liu
- Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau, Shanghai, China
| | - Guimei He
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Ferreri LM, Carnaccini S, Olivera V, Pereda A, Rajao D, Perez DR. South American H4N2 influenza A virus improved replication in chicken trachea after low number of passages. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1182550. [PMID: 37323837 PMCID: PMC10264679 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1182550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction of influenza A viruses (FLUAV) into poultry from waterfowl is frequent, producing economic burden and increasing the probability of human infections. We have previously described the presence of FLUAV in wild birds in Argentina with unique evolutionary trajectories belonging to a South American lineage different from the North American and Eurasian lineages. Adaptability of this South American lineage FLUAV to poultry species is still poorly understood. In the present report, we evaluated the capacity of an H4N2 FLUAV from the South American lineage to adapt to chickens after low number of passages. We found that five mutations were acquired after five passages in 3-days-old chickens. These mutations produced a virus with better infectivity in ex vivo trachea explants but overall lower infection in lung explants. Infection of 3-week-old chickens persisted for a longer period and was detected in more tissues than the parental virus, suggesting adaptation of the H4N2 influenza A virus to chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. Ferreri
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Instituto de Virologia CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Technologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Valeria Olivera
- Instituto de Virologia CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Technologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel Pereda
- Programa Nacional de Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Technología Agropecuária (INTA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Rajao
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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6
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Wille M, Tolf C, Latorre-Margalef N, Fouchier RAM, Halpin RA, Wentworth DE, Ragwani J, Pybus OG, Olsen B, Waldenström J. Evolutionary features of a prolific subtype of avian influenza A virus in European waterfowl. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac074. [PMID: 36128050 PMCID: PMC9477075 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A virus (AIV) is ubiquitous in waterfowl and is detected annually at high prevalence in waterfowl during the Northern Hemisphere autumn. Some AIV subtypes are globally common in waterfowl, such as H3N8, H4N6, and H6N2, and are detected in the same populations at a high frequency, annually. In order to investigate genetic features associated to the long-term maintenance of common subtypes in migratory ducks, we sequenced 248 H4 viruses isolated across 8 years (2002-9) from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) sampled in southeast Sweden. Phylogenetic analyses showed that both H4 and N6 sequences fell into three distinct lineages, structured by year of isolation. Specifically, across the 8 years of the study, we observed lineage replacement, whereby a different HA lineage circulated in the population each year. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences of the HA lineages illustrated key differences in regions of the globular head of hemagglutinin that overlap with established antigenic sites in homologous hemagglutinin H3, suggesting the possibility of antigenic differences among these HA lineages. Beyond HA, lineage replacement was common to all segments, such that novel genome constellations were detected across years. A dominant genome constellation would rapidly amplify in the duck population, followed by unlinking of gene segments as a result of reassortment within 2-3 weeks following introduction. These data help reveal the evolutionary dynamics exhibited by AIV on both annual and decadal scales in an important reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, Kalmar SE-39231, Sweden
| | - Conny Tolf
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, Kalmar SE-39231, Sweden
| | - Neus Latorre-Margalef
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, Kalmar SE-39231, Sweden
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jayna Ragwani
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Björn Olsen
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE751 85, Sweden
| | - Jonas Waldenström
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Universitetsplatsen 1, Kalmar SE-39231, Sweden
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7
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Kim EH, Kim YL, Kim SM, Yu KM, Casel MAB, Jang SG, Pascua PNQ, Webby RJ, Choi YK. Pathogenic assessment of avian influenza viruses in migratory birds. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:565-577. [PMID: 33666526 PMCID: PMC8018353 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1899769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several subtypes of avian influenza (AI) viruses have caused human infections in recent years; however, there is a severe knowledge gap regarding the capacity of wild bird viruses to infect mammals. To assess the risk of mammalian infection by AI viruses from their natural reservoirs, a panel of isolates from 34 wild birds was examined in animal models. All selected AI virus subtypes were found to predominantly possess Eurasian lineage, although reassortment with North American lineage AI viruses was also noted in some isolates. When used to infect chickens, 20 AI isolates could be recovered from oropharyngeal swabs at 5 days post-infection (dpi) without causing significant morbidity. Similarly, mild to no observable disease was observed in mice infected with these viruses although the majority replicated efficiently in murine lungs. As expected, wild bird AI isolates were found to recognize avian-like receptors, while a few strains also exhibited detectable human-like receptor binding. Selected strains were further tested in ferrets, and 15 out of 20 were found to shed the virus in the upper respiratory tract until 5 dpi. Overall, we demonstrate that a diversity of low-pathogenic AI viruses carried by wild migratory birds have the capacity to infect land-based poultry and mammalian hosts while causing minimal signs of clinical disease. This study reiterates that there is a significant capacity for interspecies transmission of AI viruses harboured by wild aquatic birds. Thus, these viruses pose a significant threat to human health underscoring the need for continued surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Ll Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Se Mi Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kwang-Min Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- Virology Division, Department. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Virology Division, Department. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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8
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Bergervoet SA, Pritz-Verschuren SBE, Gonzales JL, Bossers A, Poen MJ, Dutta J, Khan Z, Kriti D, van Bakel H, Bouwstra R, Fouchier RAM, Beerens N. Circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands, 2006-2016. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13681. [PMID: 31548582 PMCID: PMC6757041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore the circulation of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses in wild birds and poultry in the Netherlands. Surveillance data collected between 2006 and 2016 was used to evaluate subtype diversity, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic relationships between wild bird and poultry viruses. We observed close species-dependent associations among hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes. Not all subtypes detected in wild birds were found in poultry, suggesting transmission to poultry is selective and likely depends on viral factors that determine host range restriction. Subtypes commonly detected in poultry were in wild birds most frequently detected in mallards and geese. Different temporal patterns in virus prevalence were observed between wild bird species. Virus detections in domestic ducks coincided with the prevalence peak in wild ducks, whereas virus detections in other poultry types were made throughout the year. Genetic analysis of the surface genes demonstrated that most poultry viruses were related to locally circulating wild bird viruses, but no direct spatiotemporal link was observed. Results indicate prolonged undetected virus circulation and frequent reassortment events with local and newly introduced viruses within the wild bird population. Increased knowledge on LPAI virus circulation can be used to improve surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Bergervoet
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jose L Gonzales
- Department of Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Bossers
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jayeeta Dutta
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Zenab Khan
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Divya Kriti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.,Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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9
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Jimenez-Bluhm P, Bravo-Vasquez N, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Livingston B, Herrera J, Fuentes M, Schultz-Cherry S, Hamilton-West C. Low pathogenic avian influenza (H7N6) virus causing an outbreak in commercial Turkey farms in Chile. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:479-485. [PMID: 30924394 PMCID: PMC6456847 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1595162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In late 2016, an H7N6 low pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreak occurred in domestic turkeys in Central Chile. We characterized the genetic and antigenic properties of the outbreak virus and its experimental transmission in chickens. Our studies demonstrate that the outbreak virus is a reassortment of genes identified from Chilean wild bird viruses between 2013 and 2017 and displays molecular adaptations to poultry and antiviral resistance to adamantanes. Further, these wild bird viruses are also able to transmit in experimentally infected chickens highlighting the need for continued surveillance and improvement of biosecurity in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jimenez-Bluhm
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | | | - Mia K Torchetti
- c National Veterinary Services Laboratories , Ames , IA , USA
| | - Mary L Killian
- c National Veterinary Services Laboratories , Ames , IA , USA
| | | | - Jose Herrera
- d Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero , Santiago , Chile
| | | | | | - Christopher Hamilton-West
- a Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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10
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Yang J, Wang Z, Du Y, Jia Y, Wang L, Xu S, Zhu Q. Clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 avian influenza viruses circulate at the interface of migratory and domestic birds around Qinghai Lake in China. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:234-242. [PMID: 31383307 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During 2012-2015, six H5N1 avian influenza viruses were isolated from domestic birds and the environment around Qinghai Lake. Phylogenetic analysis of HA genes revealed that A/chicken/Gansu/XG2/2012 (CK/GS/XG2/12) belonged to clade 2.3.2.1a, while A/environment/Qinghai/1/2013 (EN/QH/1/13), A/chicken/Qinghai/QH1/2015 (CK/QH/QH1/15), A/chicken/Qinghai/QH2/2015 (CK/QH/QH2/15), A/chicken/Qinghai/QH3/2015 (CK/QH/QH3/15), and A/goose/Qinghai/QH6/2015 (GS/QH/QH6/15) belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c. Further analysis of the internal genes of the isolates found that the PB2 gene of EN/QH/1/13 had 99.6% nucleotide identity with that of A/tiger/Jiangsu/1/2013 (H5N1), which clustered into an independent branch with PB2 from multiple subtypes. PB2, PB1, and M genes of CK/QH/QH3/15 were from H9N2, suggesting it was a reassortant of H5N1 and H9N2. Animal studies of three selected viruses revealed that CK/GS/XG2/12, EN/QH/1/13, and CK/QH/QH3/15 were highly lethal to chickens, with intravenous pathogenicity indexes (IVPIs) of 2.97, 2.81, and 3.00, respectively, and systemically replicated in chickens. In a mouse study, three selected H5N1 viruses were highly pathogenic to mice and readily replicated in the lungs, nasal turbinates, kidneys, spleens, and brains. Therefore, isolates in this study appear to be novel reassortants that were circulating at the interface of wild and domestic birds around Qinghai Lake and are lethal to chickens and mice. These data suggest that more extensive surveillance should be implemented, and matched vaccines should be chosen for the domestic birds in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhengxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yingying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yane Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, China.
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Song H, Qi J, Xiao H, Bi Y, Zhang W, Xu Y, Wang F, Shi Y, Gao GF. Avian-to-Human Receptor-Binding Adaptation by Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin H4. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1201-1214. [PMID: 28768203 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have caused a global concern to public health since the first novel LPAIV H7N9 outbreak occurred. The receptor-binding properties of the viral hemagglutinin are one key factor for efficient transmission and infection in humans. Recent evidence shows that H4 subtype viruses have been widely circulating in domestic poultry and human asymptomatic infections might have occurred. Here, we evaluated the receptor-binding properties of two representative isolates, avian H4N6 (containing Q226 and G228) and swine H4N6 (containing L226 and S228), and found that the avian isolate preferentially binds to avian receptors, whereas the swine isolate preferentially binds to human receptors. The Q226L and G228S substitutions are pivotal for the receptor-binding switch, which resulted in similar human receptor-binding features to the pandemic H2 and H3, implying that H4 has the potential to cause human infections. This early-warning study calls for future extensive surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - George F Gao
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China; Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China.
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12
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Surveillance of Live Poultry Markets for Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Guangxi Province, Southern China, from 2012-2015. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17577. [PMID: 29242521 PMCID: PMC5730573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) can be mild or asymptomatic in poultry; however, in humans, LPAIVs can cause severe infections and death, as demonstrated by the H7N9 and H10N8 human infection outbreaks in 2013 in China. In this study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of LPAIVs at live poultry markets (LPMs) in Guangxi Province, Southern China, which is near several Southeast Asian countries. From January 2012 to December 2015, we collected 3,813 swab samples from poultry at LPMs in Guangxi. Viral isolation, hemagglutination inhibition assay and viral sequencing were utilized to identify LPAIVs in the collected samples. Among the samples, 622 (16.3%) were positive for LPAIVs. Six subtypes (H1, H3, H4, H6, H9 and H11) were individually isolated and identified. Of these subtypes, H3, H6 and H9 were predominant in ducks, geese and chickens, respectively. Among the 622 positive samples, 160 (25.7%) contained more than one subtype, and H8, H10, H12, H13, and H16 were identified among them, which highlights the continuous need for enhanced surveillance of AIVs. These results provide detailed information regarding the epidemic situation of LPAIVs in the area, which can aid efforts to prevent and control AIV transmission in humans and animals.
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Hu J, Xu X, Wang C, Bing G, Sun H, Pu J, Liu J, Sun Y. Isolation and characterization of H4N6 avian influenza viruses from mallard ducks in Beijing, China. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184437. [PMID: 28877243 PMCID: PMC5587311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel H7N9 influenza virus, which has caused severe disease in humans in China, is a reassortant with surface genes derived from influenza viruses in wild birds. This highlights the importance of monitoring influenza viruses in these hosts. However, surveillance of influenza virus in wild birds remains very limited in China. In this study, we isolated four H4N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) from mallard ducks in Beijing Wetland Park, which is located on the East Asia–Australasia migratory flyway. The gene segments of these Chinese H4N6 viruses were closest to AIVs in wild birds from Mongolia or the Republic of Georgia, indicating the interregional AIV gene flow among these countries. All of our isolates belonged to a novel genotype that was different from other H4N6 viruses isolated in China. We further evaluated the virulence and transmission of two representative H4N6 strains in mammalian models. We found that both of these H4N6 viruses replicated efficiently in mice without adaptation. Additionally, these two strains had a 100% transmission rate in guinea pigs via direct contact, but they had not acquired respiratory droplet transmissibility. These results reveal the potential threat to human health of H4N6 viruses in migratory birds and the need for enhanced surveillance of AIVs in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxia Bing
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Genetics, Receptor Binding, Replication, and Mammalian Transmission of H4 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Live Poultry Markets in China. J Virol 2015; 90:1455-69. [PMID: 26581996 PMCID: PMC4719592 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02692-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
H4 avian influenza virus (AIV) is one of the most prevalent influenza virus subtypes in the world. However, whether H4 AIVs pose a threat to public health remains largely unclear. Here, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships, receptor binding properties, replication, and transmissibility in mammals of H4 AIVs isolated from live poultry markets in China between 2009 and 2012. Genomic sequence analysis of 36 representative H4 viruses revealed 32 different genotypes, indicating that these viruses are undergoing complex and frequent reassortment events. All 32 viruses tested could replicate in the respiratory organs of infected mice without prior adaptation. Receptor binding analysis demonstrated that the H4 AIVs bound to α-2,6-linked glycans, although they retained the binding preference for α-2,3-linked glycans. When we tested the direct-contact transmission of 10 H4 viruses in guinea pigs, we found that three viruses did not transmit to any of the contact animals, one virus transmitted to one of three contact animals, and six viruses transmitted to all three contact animals. When we further tested the respiratory droplet transmissibility of four of the viruses that transmitted efficiently via direct contact, we found that three of them could transmit to one or two of the five exposed animals. Our study demonstrates that the current circulating H4 AIVs can infect, replicate in, and transmit to mammalian hosts, thereby posing a potential threat to human health. These findings emphasize the continual need for enhanced surveillance of H4 AIVs. IMPORTANCE Numerous surveillance studies have documented the wide distribution of H4 AIVs throughout the world, yet the biological properties of H4 viruses have not been well studied. In this study, we found that multiple genotypes of H4 viruses are cocirculating in the live poultry markets of China and that H4 viruses can replicate in mice, possess human-type receptor binding specificity, and transmit between guinea pigs via direct contact. Strikingly, some H4 strains also can transmit via respiratory droplet, albeit with limited efficiency. These results clearly show the potential threat posed by H4 viruses to public health.
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15
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Kim IH, Kwon HJ, Park JK, Song CS, Kim JH. Optimal attenuation of a PR8-derived mouse pathogenic H5N1 recombinant virus for testing antigenicity and protective efficacy in mice. Vaccine 2015; 33:6314-9. [PMID: 26428455 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The PR8-based reverse genetics vector system is widely used to generate commercial vaccine strains, but the pathogenicity of PR8-derived recombinant viruses in mice hinders further immunological studies. In the present study, we generated PR8-derived H5N1 recombinant viruses, in which haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) originated from a mouse-pathogenic H5N1 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV), and the non-structural proteins (NS) and polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) originated from different H9N2 LPAIVs. In contrast to the control H5N1 recombinant virus, harboring six internal genes from PR8, the NS and PB2 recombinant viruses did not cause body weight loss in mice. However, the NS recombinant virus replicated in the lungs of mice. It was more immunogenic than the PB2 recombinant virus to protect efficiently against a lethal challenge of a H5N1 highly pathogenic AIV with 89 and 88% amino acid identity in HA and NA, respectively. Therefore, the NS gene may be useful for generating nonpathogenic and immunogenic PR8-derived recombinant viruses for studies of antigenicity and protective efficacy in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hwan Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Laboratory of Poultry Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center, Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Kang HM, Lee EK, Song BM, Jeong J, Kim HR, Choi EJ, Shin YK, Lee HS, Lee YJ. Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of H1 avian and swine influenza A viruses. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2118-2126. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the potential for cross-species transmission of influenza viruses by comparing the genetic and pathogenic characteristics of H1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) with different host origins in Korea. Antigenic and phylogenetic analyses of H1 AIVs circulating in Korea provided evidence of genetic similarity between viruses that infect domestic ducks and those that infect wild birds, although there was no relationship between avian and swine viruses. However, there were some relationships between swine and human viral genes. The replication and pathogenicity of the H1 viruses was assessed in chickens, domestic ducks and mice. Viral shedding in chickens was relatively high. Virus was recovered from both oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs up to 5–10 days post-inoculation. The titres of domestic duck viruses in chickens were much higher than those of wild-bird viruses. Both domestic duck and wild-bird viruses replicated poorly in domestic ducks. None of the swine viruses replicated in chickens or domestic ducks; however, six viruses showed relatively high titres in mice, regardless of host origin, and induced clinical signs such as ruffled fur, squatting and weight loss. Thus, although the phylogenetic and antigenic analyses showed no evidence of interspecies transmission between birds and swine, the results suggest that Korean H1 viruses have the potential to cause disease in mammals. Therefore, we should intensify continuous monitoring of avian H1 viruses in mammals and seek to prevent interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mi Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Min Song
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jipseol Jeong
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryoung Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido, 430-757, Republic of Korea
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17
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Yuan XY, Wang YL, Yu KX, Zhang YX, Xu HY, Yang JX, Li F, Song MX. Isolation and genetic characterization of avian influenza virus H4N6 from ducks in China. Arch Virol 2014; 160:55-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Characterization of H7 influenza A virus in wild and domestic birds in Korea. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91887. [PMID: 24776918 PMCID: PMC4002436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During surveillance programs in Korea between January 2006 and March 2011, 31 H7 avian influenza viruses were isolated from wild birds and domestic ducks and genetically characterized using large-scale sequence data. All Korean H7 viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage, which showed substantial genetic diversity, in particular in the wild birds. The Korean H7 viruses from poultry were closely related to those of wild birds. Interestingly, two viruses originating in domestic ducks in our study had the same gene constellations in all segment genes as viruses originating in wild birds. The Korean H7 isolates contained avian-type receptors (Q226 and G228), no NA stalk deletion (positions 69-73), no C-terminal deletion (positions 218-230) in NS1, and no substitutions in PB2-627, PB1-368, and M2-31, compared with H7N9 viruses. In pathogenicity experiments, none of the Korean H7 isolates tested induced clinical signs in domestic ducks or mice. Furthermore, while they replicated poorly, with low titers (10⁰·⁷⁻¹·³ EID₅₀/50 µl) in domestic ducks, all five viruses replicated well (up to 7-10 dpi, 10⁰·⁷⁻⁴·³EID₅₀/50 µl) in the lungs of mice, without prior adaptation. Our results suggest that domestic Korean viruses were transferred directly from wild birds through at least two independent introductions. Our data did not indicate that wild birds carried poultry viruses between Korea and China, but rather, that wild-type H7 viruses were introduced several times into different poultry populations in eastern Asia.
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Kim IH, Choi JG, Lee YJ, Kwon HJ, Kim JH. Effects of different polymerases of avian influenza viruses on the growth and pathogenicity of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1)-derived reassorted viruses. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:41-9. [PMID: 24296300 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We generated reassorted PR8 viruses containing six different combinations of avian influenza virus (AIV) polymerase genes from A/chicken/Korea/01310/2001 (H9N2) (01310) and A/chicken/Korea/KBNP-0028/2000 (H9N2) (0028) to examine the effects of the AIV polymerase genes PB1, PB2, and PA on replication efficiency in different host cells and pathogenicity in mice. The virus titers of the reassorted viruses possessing 01310 [rPR8-PB2(01310)] and 0028 [rPR8-PB2(0028)] PB2 genes were significantly higher than those of the others except the rPR8 virus in embryonated chicken eggs at 37°C, and those of avian polymerase reassorted viruses were significantly less than rPR8 in MDCK cells at 32 and 37°C. rPR8-PB2(01310), rPR8-PB2(0028), and rPR8-PA(0028) caused no body weight loss in BALB/c mice but rPR8-PA(01310), rPR8-PB1(01310), and rPR8-PB1(0028) caused mortality and significantly different body weight loss compared to those in the mock treatment. In contrast to rPR8-PB2(0028) and rPR8-PA(0028), rPR8-PB2(01310) was not isolated from infected mice, and rPR8-PB1(0028) was less pathogenic than rPR8-PB1(01310). We determined the amino acid residues that were specific to the less pathogenic polymerases. A comparison with those of pandemic 2009 H1N1, human fatal H5N1 and H7N9, and pathogenic AIVs to mice without adaptation revealed that they possessed the mammalian pathogenic constellation of polymerases. Thus, the novel polymerase genes and amino acid residues may be useful to understand the host-barrier overcome of AIVs in mice and to develop safer and efficacious vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Hwan Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Manan-gu, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Manan-gu, Anyangsi, Gyeonggido 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Complex reassortment of multiple subtypes of avian influenza viruses in domestic ducks at the Dongting Lake Region of China. J Virol 2013; 87:9452-62. [PMID: 23804642 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00776-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into the ecology of avian influenza viruses (AIV), we conducted active influenza virus surveillance in domestic ducks on farms located on the flyway of migratory birds in the Dongting Lake region of Hunan Province, China, from winter 2011 until spring 2012. Specimens comprising 3,030 duck swab samples and 1,010 environmental samples were collected from 101 duck farms. We isolated AIV of various HA subtypes, including H3, H4, H5, H6, H9, H10, H11, and H12. We sequenced the entire coding sequences of the genomes of 28 representative isolates constituting 13 specific subtypes. When the phylogenetic relationships among these isolates were examined, we observed that extensive reassortment events had occurred. Among the 28 Dongting Lake viruses, 21 genotypes involving the six internal genes were identified. Furthermore, we identified viruses or viral genes introduced from other countries, viral gene segments of unknown origin, and a novel HA/NA combination. Our findings emphasize the importance of farmed domestic ducks in the Dongting Lake region to the genesis and evolution of AIV and highlight the need for continued surveillance of domestic ducks in this region.
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