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Peterson AJ, Hall RA, Harrison JJ, Hobson-Peters J, Hugo LE. Unleashing Nature's Allies: Comparing the Vertical Transmission Dynamics of Insect-Specific and Vertebrate-Infecting Flaviviruses in Mosquitoes. Viruses 2024; 16:1499. [PMID: 39339975 PMCID: PMC11437461 DOI: 10.3390/v16091499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Insect-specific viruses (ISVs) include viruses that are restricted to the infection of mosquitoes and are spread mostly through transovarial transmission. Despite using a distinct mode of transmission, ISVs are often phylogenetically related to arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that are responsible for human diseases and able to infect both mosquitoes and vertebrates. ISVs can also induce a phenomenon called "superinfection exclusion", whereby a primary ISV infection in an insect inhibits subsequent viral infections of the insect. This has sparked interest in the use of ISVs for the control of pathogenic arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes. In particular, insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) have been shown to inhibit infection of vertebrate-infecting flaviviruses (VIFs) both in vitro and in vivo. This has shown potential as a new and ecologically friendly biological approach to the control of arboviral disease. For this intervention to have lasting impacts for biological control, it is imperative that ISFs are maintained in mosquito populations with high rates of vertical transmission. Therefore, these strategies will need to optimise vertical transmission of ISFs in order to establish persistently infected mosquito lines for sustainable arbovirus control. This review compares recent observations of vertical transmission of arboviral and insect-specific flaviviruses and potential determinants of transovarial transmission rates to understand how the vertical transmission of ISFs may be optimised for effective arboviral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Peterson
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jessica J Harrison
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Leon E Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Schinkel M, Bousema T, van Rij RP. Tripartite interactions between viruses, parasites, and mosquitoes. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 64:101222. [PMID: 38908822 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases have a major impact on global human health. Biological agents that colonize the mosquito vector are increasingly explored as an intervention strategy to prevent vector-borne disease transmission. For instance, the release of mosquitoes carrying the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia effectively reduced dengue virus incidence and disease. Insect-specific viruses are likewise considered as biocontrol agents against vector-borne diseases. While most studies focused on insect-specific viruses as an intervention against arthropod-borne viruses, we here consider whether mosquito-specific viruses may affect the transmission of the malaria-causing Plasmodium parasite by Anopheles mosquitoes. Although there is no direct experimental evidence addressing this question, we found that viral infections in dipteran insects activate some of the immune pathways that are antiparasitic in Anopheles. These findings suggest that indirect virus-parasite interactions could occur and that insect-specific viruses may modulate malaria transmission. Tripartite interactions between viruses, parasites, and Anopheles mosquitoes thus merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Schinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Garza-Hernandez JA, Tangudu CS, Dankaona W, Rodríguez-Alarcón CA, Adame-Gallegos JR, De Luna Santillana EJ, Huerta H, Gonzalez-Peña R, Rivera-Martínez A, Rubio-Tabares E, Beristain-Ruiz DM, Blitvich BJ. Discovery of Novel Viruses in Culicoides Biting Midges in Chihuahua, Mexico. Viruses 2024; 16:1160. [PMID: 39066322 PMCID: PMC11281482 DOI: 10.3390/v16071160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biting midges (Culicoides) are vectors of many pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, but their viromes are poorly characterized compared to certain other hematophagous arthropods, e.g., mosquitoes and ticks. The goal of this study was to use metagenomics to identify viruses in Culicoides from Mexico. A total of 457 adult midges were collected in Chihuahua, northern Mexico, in 2020 and 2021, and all were identified as female Culicoides reevesi. The midges were sorted into five pools and homogenized. An aliquot of each homogenate was subjected to polyethylene glycol precipitation to enrich for virions, then total RNA was extracted and analyzed by unbiased high-throughput sequencing. We identified six novel viruses that are characteristic of viruses from five families (Nodaviridae, Partitiviridae, Solemoviridae, Tombusviridae, and Totiviridae) and one novel virus that is too divergent from all classified viruses to be assigned to an established family. The newly discovered viruses are phylogenetically distinct from their closest known relatives, and their minimal infection rates in female C. reevesi range from 0.22 to 1.09. No previously known viruses were detected, presumably because viral metagenomics had never before been used to study Culicoides from the Western Hemisphere. To conclude, we discovered multiple novel viruses in C. reevesi from Mexico, expanding our knowledge of arthropod viral diversity and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.V.L.-T.); (C.S.T.); (W.D.)
- Laboratorio Entomología Médica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico; (J.A.G.-H.)
| | - Javier A. Garza-Hernandez
- Laboratorio Entomología Médica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico; (J.A.G.-H.)
| | - Chandra S. Tangudu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.V.L.-T.); (C.S.T.); (W.D.)
| | - Wichan Dankaona
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.V.L.-T.); (C.S.T.); (W.D.)
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Carlos A. Rodríguez-Alarcón
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (C.A.R.-A.); (D.M.B.-R.)
| | | | - Erick J. De Luna Santillana
- Laboratorio Medicina de la Conservación, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa, Tamaulipas 88700, México;
| | - Herón Huerta
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Ciudad de México 01480, Mexico;
| | - Rodolfo Gonzalez-Peña
- Laboratorio Entomología Médica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico; (J.A.G.-H.)
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatan 97225, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Rivera-Martínez
- Laboratorio Entomología Médica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 31125, Mexico; (J.A.G.-H.)
| | - Ezequiel Rubio-Tabares
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (C.A.R.-A.); (D.M.B.-R.)
| | - Diana M. Beristain-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (C.A.R.-A.); (D.M.B.-R.)
| | - Bradley J. Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (S.V.L.-T.); (C.S.T.); (W.D.)
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de Faria IJS, de Almeida JPP, Marques JT. Impact of symbiotic insect-specific viruses on mosquito vector competence for arboviruses. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 63:101194. [PMID: 38522648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are vectors for arboviruses, such as dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya. Symbiotic interactions can affect the intrinsic ability of mosquitoes to acquire and transmit arboviruses, referred to as vector competence. Insect-specific viruses (ISVs) are commonly found in symbiotic associations with mosquitoes in the wild and can affect many aspects of mosquito biology. Here, we review current knowledge on the effects of symbiotic ISV-mosquito interactions on vector competence. We discuss potential mechanisms underlying these interactions and their implications for shaping new biological control strategies. Finally, we highlight the need for field data analyzing the circulation of ISVs in mosquitoes associated with mechanistic studies in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaque J S de Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João P P de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João T Marques
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1257, CNRS UPR9022, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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5
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Wang H, Chen Q, Wei T. Complex interactions among insect viruses-insect vector-arboviruses. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:683-693. [PMID: 37877630 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates, plants, and fungi. Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring. The insect virus-host relationship is intricate, as these viruses can impact various aspects of insect biology, such as development, reproduction, sex ratios, and immunity. Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that cause substantial global health or agricultural problems can also be vertically transmitted to insect vector progeny. Multiple infections with insect viruses and arboviruses are common in nature. Such coinfections involve complex interactions, including synergism, dependence, and antagonism. Recent studies have shed light on the influence of insect viruses on the competence of insect vectors for arboviruses. In this review, we focus on the biological effects of insect viruses on the transmission of arboviruses by insects. We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which insect viruses affect the ability of hosts to transmit arboviruses, as well as potential strategies for disease control through manipulation of insect viruses. Analyses of the interactions among insect vectors, insect viruses and arboviruses will provide new opportunities for development of innovative strategies to control arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Yuan H, Rao J, Zhang J, Ye J, Cao S, Chen H, Song Y. Japanese encephalitis virus inhibits superinfection of Zika virus in cells by the NS2B protein. J Virol 2024; 98:e0185923. [PMID: 38411948 PMCID: PMC10949844 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01859-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Superinfection exclusion (SIE) is a phenomenon in which a preexisting infection prevents a secondary infection. SIE has been described for several flaviviruses, such as West Nile virus vs Nhumirim virus and Dengue virus vs yellow fever virus. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus posing threats to human health. The SIE between ZIKV and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is investigated in this study. Our results demonstrate for the first time that JEV inhibits ZIKV infection in both mammalian and mosquito cells, whether co-infects or subsequently infects after ZIKV. The exclusion effect happens at the stage of ZIKV RNA replication. Further studies show that the expression of JEV NS2B protein is sufficient to inhibit the replication of ZIKV, and the outer membrane region of NS2B (46-103 aa) is responsible for this SIE. JEV infection and NS2B expression also inhibit the infection of the vesicular stomatitis virus. In summary, our study characterized a SIE caused by JEV NS2B. This may have potential applications in the prevention and treatment of ZIKV or other RNA viruses.IMPORTANCEThe reemerged Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused severe symptoms in humans and poses a continuous threat to public health. New vaccines or antiviral agents need to be developed to cope with possible future pandemics. In this study, we found that infection of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) or expression of NS2B protein well inhibited the replication of ZIKV. It is worth noting that both the P3 strain and vaccine strain SA14-14-2 of JEV exhibited significant inhibitory effects on ZIKV. Additionally, the JEV NS2B protein also had an inhibitory effect on vesicular stomatitis virus infection, suggesting that it may be a broad-spectrum antiviral factor. These findings provide a new way of thinking about the prevention and treatment of ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingwei Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Carvalho VL, Prakoso D, Schwarz ER, Logan TD, Nunes BTD, Beachboard SE, Long MT. Negevirus Piura Suppresses Zika Virus Replication in Mosquito Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:350. [PMID: 38543716 PMCID: PMC10976066 DOI: 10.3390/v16030350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the interaction between the insect-specific virus, Piura virus (PIUV), and the arbovirus Zika virus (ZIKV) in Aedes albopictus cells. We performed coinfection experiments in C6/36 cells. Piura virus (Cor 33 strain, Colombia) and ZIKV (PRVABC58 strain, Puerto Rico) were co-inoculated into C6/36 cells using two multiplicity of infection (MOI) combinations: 0.1 for both viruses and 1.0 for ZIKV, 0.1 for PIUV. Wells were infected in triplicate with either PIUV and ZIKV coinfection, ZIKV-only, or PIUV-only. Mock infected cells served as control wells. The cell suspension was collected daily 7 days post-infection. Zika virus load was titrated by TCID50 on Vero 76 cells. The ZIKV-only infection and PIUV and ZIKV coinfection experiments were also quantified by RT-qPCR. We also investigated whether ZIKV interfered in the PIUV replication. PIUV suppressed the replication of ZIKV, resulting in a 10,000-fold reduction in ZIKV titers within 3 days post-infection. PIUV viral loads were not reduced in the presence of ZIKV. We conclude that, when concurrently infected, PIUV suppresses ZIKV in C6/36 cells while ZIKV does not interfere in PIUV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria L. Carvalho
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR-316, Km 7, s/n, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Dhani Prakoso
- Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya, East Java 60236, Indonesia;
| | - Erika R. Schwarz
- Montana Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1911 W Lincoln St., Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Tracey D. Logan
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, 1225 Center Dr. Suite 4101, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Bruno Tardelli Diniz Nunes
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR-316, Km 7, s/n, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Sarah E. Beachboard
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 1945 SW 16th Ave., Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Maureen T. Long
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 1945 SW 16th Ave., Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Suzuki Y, Suzuki T, Miura F, Reyes JIL, Asin ICA, Mitsunari W, Uddin MM, Sekii Y, Watanabe K. No detectable fitness cost of infection by cell-fusing agent virus in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231373. [PMID: 38204783 PMCID: PMC10776230 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are well-known vectors of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Mosquitoes are more frequently infected with insect-specific viruses (ISVs) that cannot infect vertebrates. Some ISVs interfere with arbovirus replication in mosquito vectors, which has gained attention for potential use against arbovirus transmission. Cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV), a widespread ISV, can reduce arbovirus dissemination in Ae. aegypti. However, vectorial capacity is largely governed by other parameters than pathogen load, including mosquito survival and biting behaviour. Understanding how ISVs impact these mosquito fitness-related traits is critical to assess the potential risk of using ISVs as biological agents. Here, we examined the effects of CFAV infection on Ae. aegypti mosquito fitness. We found no significant reduction in mosquito survival, blood-feeding behaviour and reproduction, suggesting that Ae. aegypti is tolerant to CFAV. The only detectable effect was a slight increase in human attraction of CFAV-infected females in one out of eight trials. Viral tolerance is beneficial for introducing CFAV into natural mosquito populations, whereas the potential increase in biting activity must be further investigated. Our results provide the first insight into the link between ISVs and Aedes mosquito fitness and highlight the importance of considering all aspects of vectorial capacity for arbovirus control using ISVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutsugu Suzuki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Fuminari Miura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jerica Isabel L. Reyes
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Irish Coleen A. Asin
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Wataru Mitsunari
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mohammad Mosleh Uddin
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB), Faculty of Life Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Yu Sekii
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kozo Watanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
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Zhou N, Huang E, Guo X, Xiong Y, Xie J, Cai T, Du Y, Wu Q, Guo S, Han W, Zhang H, Xing D, Zhao T, Jiang Y. Cell fusing agent virus isolated from Aag2 cells does not vertically transmit in Aedes aegypti via artificial infection. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:402. [PMID: 37932781 PMCID: PMC10626676 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell fusing agent virus (CFAV) was the first insect-specific virus to be characterized, and has been reported to negatively influence the growth of arboviruses such as dengue, Zika, and La Cross, making it a promising biocontrol agent for mosquito-borne disease prevention. Aedes aegypti Aag2 cells were naturally infected with CFAV. However, the ability of this virus to stably colonize an Ae. aegypti population via artificial infection and how it influences the vector competence of this mosquito have yet to be demonstrated. METHODS CFAV used in this study was harvested from Aag2 cells and its complete genome sequence was obtained by polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends, followed by Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of newly identified CFAV sequences and other sequences retrieved from GenBank was performed. CFAV stock was inoculated into Ae. aegypti by intrathoracic injection, the survival of parental mosquitoes was monitored and CFAV copies in the whole bodies, ovaries, and carcasses of the injected F0 generation and in the whole bodies of the F1 generation on different days were examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The virus harvested from Aag2 cells comprised a mixture of three CFAV strains. All genome sequences of CFAV derived from Aag2 cells clustered into one clade but were far from those isolated or identified from Ae. aegypti. Aag2-derived CFAV efficiently replicated in the mosquito body and did not attenuate the survival of Ae. aegypti. However, the viral load in the ovarian tissues was much lower than that in other tissues and the virus could not passage to the offspring by vertical transmission. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that Aag2-derived CFAV was not vertically transmitted in Ae. aegypti and provide valuable information on the colonization of mosquitoes by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningxin Zhou
- Public Health School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Enjiong Huang
- Fuzhou International Travel Healthcare Center, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yiping Xiong
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Jingwen Xie
- Public Health School of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Tong Cai
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yutong Du
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Qixing Wu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Sihan Guo
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Wanrong Han
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
- Life Science College, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Hengduan Zhang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Dan Xing
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Tongyan Zhao
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Körsten C, Reemtsma H, Ziegler U, Fischer S, Tews BA, Groschup MH, Silaghi C, Vasic A, Holicki CM. Cellular co-infections of West Nile virus and Usutu virus influence virus growth kinetics. Virol J 2023; 20:234. [PMID: 37833787 PMCID: PMC10576383 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne flaviviruses West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) pose a significant threat to the health of humans and animals. Both viruses co-circulate in numerous European countries including Germany. Due to their overlapping host and vector ranges, there is a high risk of co-infections. However, it is largely unknown if WNV and USUV interact and how this might influence their epidemiology. Therefore, in-vitro infection experiments in mammalian (Vero B4), goose (GN-R) and mosquito cell lines (C6/36, CT) were performed to investigate potential effects of co-infections in vectors and vertebrate hosts. The growth kinetics of German and other European WNV and USUV strains were determined and compared. Subsequently, simultaneous co-infections were performed with selected WNV and USUV strains. The results show that the growth of USUV was suppressed by WNV in all cell lines. This effect was independent of the virus lineage but depended on the set WNV titre. The replication of WNV also decreased in co-infection scenarios on vertebrate cells. Overall, co-infections might lead to a decreased growth of USUV in mosquitoes and of both viruses in vertebrate hosts. These interactions can strongly affect the epidemiology of USUV and WNV in areas where they co-circulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Körsten
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Hannah Reemtsma
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Susanne Fischer
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Birke A Tews
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ana Vasic
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Cora M Holicki
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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11
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Ternovoi VA, Shvalov AN, Kartashov MY, Ponomareva EP, Tupota NL, Khoroshavin YA, Bayandin RB, Gladysheva AV, Mikryukova TP, Tregubchak TV, Loktev VB. The Viromes of Mosquitoes from the Natural Landscapes of Western Siberia. Viruses 2023; 15:1896. [PMID: 37766302 PMCID: PMC10537626 DOI: 10.3390/v15091896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The metagenomic analysis of mosquitoes allows for the genetic characterization of mosquito-associated viruses in different regions of the world. This study applied a metagenomic approach to identify novel viral sequences in seven species of mosquitoes collected from the Novosibirsk region of western Siberia. Using NGS sequencing, we identified 15 coding-complete viral polyproteins (genomes) and 15 viral-like partial sequences in mosquitoes. The complete sequences for novel viruses or the partial sequences of capsid proteins, hypothetical viral proteins, and RdRps were used to identify their taxonomy. The novel viral sequences were classified within the orders Tymovirales and Picornavirales and the families Partitiviridae, Totiviridae, Tombusviridae, Iflaviridae, Nodaviridae, Permutotetraviridae, and Solemoviridae, with several attributed to four unclassified RNA viruses. Interestingly, the novel putative viruses and viral sequences were mainly associated with the mosquito Coquillettidia richardii. This study aimed to increase our understanding of the viral diversity in mosquitoes found in the natural habitats of Siberia, which is characterized by very long, snowy, and cold winters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Ternovoi
- State Research Center Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of Russia, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (M.Y.K.); (E.P.P.); (N.L.T.); (Y.A.K.); (R.B.B.); (A.V.G.); (T.P.M.); (T.V.T.)
| | - Alexander N. Shvalov
- State Research Center Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of Russia, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (M.Y.K.); (E.P.P.); (N.L.T.); (Y.A.K.); (R.B.B.); (A.V.G.); (T.P.M.); (T.V.T.)
| | - Mikhail Yu. Kartashov
- State Research Center Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of Russia, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (M.Y.K.); (E.P.P.); (N.L.T.); (Y.A.K.); (R.B.B.); (A.V.G.); (T.P.M.); (T.V.T.)
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Eugenia P. Ponomareva
- State Research Center Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of Russia, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (M.Y.K.); (E.P.P.); (N.L.T.); (Y.A.K.); (R.B.B.); (A.V.G.); (T.P.M.); (T.V.T.)
| | - Natalia L. Tupota
- State Research Center Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of Russia, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (M.Y.K.); (E.P.P.); (N.L.T.); (Y.A.K.); (R.B.B.); (A.V.G.); (T.P.M.); (T.V.T.)
| | - Yuri A. Khoroshavin
- State Research Center Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of Russia, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (M.Y.K.); (E.P.P.); (N.L.T.); (Y.A.K.); (R.B.B.); (A.V.G.); (T.P.M.); (T.V.T.)
| | - Roman B. Bayandin
- State Research Center Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of Russia, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (M.Y.K.); (E.P.P.); (N.L.T.); (Y.A.K.); (R.B.B.); (A.V.G.); (T.P.M.); (T.V.T.)
| | - Anastasia V. Gladysheva
- State Research Center Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of Russia, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (M.Y.K.); (E.P.P.); (N.L.T.); (Y.A.K.); (R.B.B.); (A.V.G.); (T.P.M.); (T.V.T.)
| | - Tamara P. Mikryukova
- State Research Center Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of Russia, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (M.Y.K.); (E.P.P.); (N.L.T.); (Y.A.K.); (R.B.B.); (A.V.G.); (T.P.M.); (T.V.T.)
| | - Tatyana V. Tregubchak
- State Research Center Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of Russia, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (M.Y.K.); (E.P.P.); (N.L.T.); (Y.A.K.); (R.B.B.); (A.V.G.); (T.P.M.); (T.V.T.)
| | - Valery B. Loktev
- State Research Center Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing of Russia, World-Class Genomic Research Center for Biological Safety and Technological Independence, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia (M.Y.K.); (E.P.P.); (N.L.T.); (Y.A.K.); (R.B.B.); (A.V.G.); (T.P.M.); (T.V.T.)
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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12
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Wang J, Chen D, Wei F, Deng J, Su J, Lin X, Wu S. Generation of Stable Cell Lines Expressing Akabane Virus N Protein and Insight into Its Function in Viral Replication. Pathogens 2023; 12:1058. [PMID: 37624018 PMCID: PMC10459709 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Akabane virus (AKAV) is a world wide epidemic arbovirus belonging to the Bunyavirales order that predominantly infects livestock and causes severe congenital malformations. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of AKAV possesses multiple important functions in the virus life cycle, and it is an ideal choice for AKAV detection. In this study, we successfully constructed two stable BHK-21 cell lines (C8H2 and F7E5) that constitutively express the AKAV N protein using a lentivirus system combined with puromycin selection. RT-PCR analysis confirmed that the AKAV N gene was integrated into the BHK-21 cell genome and consistently transcribed. Indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) and Western blot (WB) assays proved that both C8H2 and F7E5 cells could react with the AKAV N protein mAb specifically, indicating potential applications in AKAV detection. Furthermore, we analyzed the growth kinetics of AKAV in the C8H2 and F7E5 cell lines and observed temporary inhibition of viral replication at 12, 24 and 36 h postinfection (hpi) compared to BHK-21 cells. Subsequent investigations suggested that the reduced viral replication was linked to the down-regulation of the viral mRNAs (Gc and RdRp). In summary, we have established materials for detecting AKAV and gained new insights into the function of the AKAV N protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; (J.W.); (D.C.); (F.W.); (J.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; (J.W.); (D.C.); (F.W.); (J.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Fang Wei
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; (J.W.); (D.C.); (F.W.); (J.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Junhua Deng
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; (J.W.); (D.C.); (F.W.); (J.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Jia Su
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; (J.W.); (D.C.); (F.W.); (J.D.); (X.L.)
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; (J.W.); (D.C.); (F.W.); (J.D.); (X.L.)
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13
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Chen TY, Bozic J, Mathias D, Smartt CT. Immune-related transcripts, microbiota and vector competence differ in dengue-2 virus-infected geographically distinct Aedes aegypti populations. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:166. [PMID: 37208697 PMCID: PMC10199558 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector competence in Aedes aegypti is influenced by various factors. Crucial new control methods can be developed by recognizing which factors affect virus and mosquito interactions. METHODS In the present study we used three geographically distinct Ae. aegypti populations and compared their susceptibility to infection by dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2). To identify any differences among the three mosquito populations, we evaluated expression levels of immune-related genes and assessed the presence of microbiota that might contribute to the uniqueness in their vector competence. RESULTS Based on the results from the DENV-2 competence study, we categorized the three geographically distinct Ae. aegypti populations into a refractory population (Vilas do Atlântico), a susceptible population (Vero) and a susceptible but low transmission population (California). The immune-related transcripts were highly expressed in the California population but not in the refractory population. However, the Rel-1 gene was upregulated in the Vilas do Atlântico population following ingestion of a non-infectious blood meal, suggesting the gene's involvement in non-viral responses, such as response to microbiota. Screening of the bacteria, fungi and flaviviruses revealed differences between populations, and any of these could be one of the factors that interfere with the vector competence. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal potential factors that might impact the virus and mosquito interaction, as well as influence the Ae. aegypti refractory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Yu Chen
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Jovana Bozic
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL USA
- Department of Entomology, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | - Derrick Mathias
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL USA
| | - Chelsea T. Smartt
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL USA
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14
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Rong Lee M, Kim JC, Eun Park S, Kim WJ, Su Kim J. Detection of Viral Genes in Metarhizium anisopliae JEF-290-infected longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis using transcriptome analysis. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107926. [PMID: 37087092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are carriers of viruses that can cause disease in humans and animals. The longhorned ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis; LHT), for example, mediates the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in humans, and the population of ticks is growing due to increases in temperature caused by climate change. As ticks carry primarily RNA viruses, there is a need to study the possibility of detecting new viruses through tick virome analysis. In this study, viruses in LHTs collected in Korea were investigated and virus titers in ticks exposed to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae JEF-290 were analyzed. Total RNA was extracted from the collected ticks, and short reads were obtained from Illumina sequencing. A total of 50,024 contigs with coding capacity were obtained after de novo assembly of the reads in the metaSPAdes genome assembler. A series of BLAST-based analyses using the GenBank database was performed to screen viral contigs, and three putative virus species were identified from the tick meta-transcriptome, such as Alongshan virus (ALSV), Denso virus and Taggert virus. Measurements of virus-expression levels of infected and non-infected LHTs failed to detect substantial differences in expression levels. However, we suggest that LHT can spread not only SFTSV, but also various other disease-causing viruses over large areas of the world. From the phylogenetic analysis of ALSV glycoproteins, genetic differences in the ALSV could be due to host differences as well as regional differences. Viral metagenome analysis can be used as a tool to manage future outbreaks of disease caused by ticks by detecting unknown viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Rong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Korea
| | - Jong-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Korea
| | - So Eun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Korea
| | | | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Korea; Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Yang X, Qin S, Liu X, Zhang N, Chen J, Jin M, Liu F, Wang Y, Guo J, Shi H, Wang C, Chen Y. Meta-Viromic Sequencing Reveals Virome Characteristics of Mosquitoes and Culicoides on Zhoushan Island, China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0268822. [PMID: 36651764 PMCID: PMC9927462 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02688-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes and biting Culicoides species are arbovirus vectors. Effective virome profile surveillance is essential for the prevention and control of insect-borne diseases. From June to September 2021, we collected eight species of female mosquito and Culicoides on Zhoushan Island, China, and used meta-viromic sequencing to analyze their virome compositions and characteristics. The classified virus reads were distributed in 191 genera in 66 families. The virus sequences in mosquitoes with the largest proportions were Iflaviridae (30.03%), Phasmaviridae (23.09%), Xinmoviridae (21.82%), Flaviviridae (13.44%), and Rhabdoviridae (8.40%). Single-strand RNA+ viruses formed the largest proportions of viruses in all samples. Blood meals indicated that blood-sucking mosquito hosts were mainly chicken, duck, pig, and human, broadly consistent with the habitats where the mosquitoes were collected. Novel viruses of the Orthobunyavirus, Narnavirus, and Iflavirus genera were found in Culicoides by de-novo assembly. The viruses with vertebrate hosts carried by mosquitoes and Culicoides also varied widely. The analysis of unclassified viruses and deep-learning analysis of the "dark matter" in the meta-viromic sequencing data revealed the presence of a large number of unknown viruses. IMPORTANCE The monitoring of the viromes of mosquitoes and Culicoides, widely distributed arbovirus transmission vectors, is crucial to evaluate the risk of infectious disease transmission. In this study, the compositions of the viromes of mosquitoes and Culicoides on Zhoushan Island varied widely and were related mainly to the host species, with different host species having different core viromes. and many unknown sequences in the Culicoides viromes remain to be annotated, suggesting the presence of a large number of unknown viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Qin
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Jin
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fangni Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinpeng Guo
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Shi
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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16
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Insect-Specific Chimeric Viruses Potentiated Antiviral Responses and Inhibited Pathogenic Alphavirus Growth in Mosquito Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0361322. [PMID: 36511715 PMCID: PMC9927327 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03613-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most alphaviruses are transmitted by mosquito vectors and infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, with a few exceptions. Eilat virus (EILV) in this genus is characterized by a host range restricted to mosquitoes. Its chimeric viruses have been developed as safe and effective vaccine candidates and diagnostic tools. Here, we investigated the interactions between these insect-specific viruses (ISVs) and mosquito cells, unveiling their potential roles in determining vector competence and arbovirus transmission. By RNA sequencing, we found that these ISVs profoundly modified host cell gene expression profiles. Two EILV-based chimeras, consisting of EILV's nonstructural genes and the structural genes of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) or Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), namely, EILV/CHIKV (E/C) and EILV/VEEV (E/V), induced more intensive transcriptome regulation than parental EILV and activated different antiviral mechanisms in host cells. We demonstrated that E/C robustly promoted antimicrobial peptide production and E/V strongly upregulated the RNA interference pathway components. This also highlighted the intrinsic divergences between CHIKV and VEEV, representatives of the Old World and New World alphaviruses. In contrast, EILV triggered a limited antiviral response. We further showed that initial chimera infections efficiently inhibited subsequent pathogenic alphavirus replication, especially in the case of E/V infection, which almost prevented VEEV and Sindbis virus (SINV) superinfections. Altogether our study provided valuable information on developing ISVs as biological control agents. IMPORTANCE Mosquito-borne alphaviruses can cause emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, posing a considerable threat to human and animal health worldwide. However, no specific antivirals or commercial vaccines are currently available. Therefore, it is vital to develop biological control measures to contain virus transmission. Insect-specific EILV and its chimeras are supposed to induce superinfection exclusion owing to the close phylogenetical relationship with pathogenic alphaviruses. These viruses might also, like bacterial symbionts, modulate mosquito hosts' vector competence for arboviruses. However, little is known about the responses of mosquitoes or mosquito cells to ISV infections. Here, we found that EILV barely elicited antiviral defenses in host cells, while its chimeras, namely, E/C and E/V, potentiated the responses via different mechanisms. Furthermore, we showed that initial chimera infections could largely inhibit subsequent pathogenic alphavirus infections. Taken together, our study proposed insect-specific chimeras as a promising candidate for developing biological control measures against pathogenic alphaviruses.
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17
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Heinig-Hartberger M, Hellhammer F, Zöller DDJA, Dornbusch S, Bergmann S, Vocadlova K, Junglen S, Stern M, Lee KZ, Becker SC. Culex Y Virus: A Native Virus of Culex Species Characterized In Vivo. Viruses 2023; 15:235. [PMID: 36680275 PMCID: PMC9863036 DOI: 10.3390/v15010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are vectors of various pathogens that cause diseases in humans and animals. To prevent the outbreak of mosquito-borne diseases, it is essential to control vector populations, as treatment or vaccination for mosquito-borne diseases are often unavailable. Insect-specific viruses (ISVs) have previously been described as being potentially helpful against arboviral disease outbreaks. In this study, we present the first in vivo characterization of the ISV Culex Y virus (CYV). CYV was first isolated from free-living Culex pipiens mosquitoes in 2010; then, it was found in several mosquito cell lines in a further study in 2018. For mammalian cells, we were able to confirm that CYV does not replicate as it was previously described. Additionally, we found that CYV does not replicate in honey bees or locusts. However, we detected replication in the Culex pipiens biotype molestus, Aedes albopictus, and Drosophila melanogaster, thus indicating dipteran specificity. We detected significantly higher mortality in Culex pipiens biotype molestus males and Drosophila melanogaster, but not in Aedes albopictus and female Culex pipiens biotype molestus. CYV could not be transmitted transovarially to offspring, but we detected venereal transmission as well as CYV in mosquitos' saliva, indicating that an oral route of infection would also be possible. CYV's dipteran specificity, transmission routes, and killing effect with respect to Culex males may be used as powerful tools with which to destabilize arbovirus vector populations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Heinig-Hartberger
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Fanny Hellhammer
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - David D. J. A. Zöller
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Dornbusch
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stella Bergmann
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katerina Vocadlova
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Stern
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kwang-Zin Lee
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie C. Becker
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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18
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Olmo RP, Todjro YMH, Aguiar ERGR, de Almeida JPP, Ferreira FV, Armache JN, de Faria IJS, Ferreira AGA, Amadou SCG, Silva ATS, de Souza KPR, Vilela APP, Babarit A, Tan CH, Diallo M, Gaye A, Paupy C, Obame-Nkoghe J, Visser TM, Koenraadt CJM, Wongsokarijo MA, Cruz ALC, Prieto MT, Parra MCP, Nogueira ML, Avelino-Silva V, Mota RN, Borges MAZ, Drumond BP, Kroon EG, Recker M, Sedda L, Marois E, Imler JL, Marques JT. Mosquito vector competence for dengue is modulated by insect-specific viruses. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:135-149. [PMID: 36604511 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes are the main vectors for dengue virus (DENV) and other arboviruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV). Understanding the factors that affect transmission of arboviruses from mosquitoes to humans is a priority because it could inform public health and targeted interventions. Reasoning that interactions among viruses in the vector insect might affect transmission, we analysed the viromes of 815 urban Aedes mosquitoes collected from 12 countries worldwide. Two mosquito-specific viruses, Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) and Humaita Tubiacanga virus (HTV), were the most abundant in A. aegypti worldwide. Spatiotemporal analyses of virus circulation in an endemic urban area revealed a 200% increase in chances of having DENV in wild A. aegypti mosquitoes when both HTV and PCLV were present. Using a mouse model in the laboratory, we showed that the presence of HTV and PCLV increased the ability of mosquitoes to transmit DENV and ZIKV to a vertebrate host. By transcriptomic analysis, we found that in DENV-infected mosquitoes, HTV and PCLV block the downregulation of histone H4, which we identify as an important proviral host factor in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roenick P Olmo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yaovi M H Todjro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Eric R G R Aguiar
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences (DCB), Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - João Paulo P de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávia V Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana N Armache
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isaque J S de Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alvaro G A Ferreira
- Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno-Vetor, Instituto René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Siad C G Amadou
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Teresa S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kátia P R de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula P Vilela
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antinea Babarit
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cheong H Tan
- Environmental Health Institute, Vector Biology and Control Division, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC); Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Judicaël Obame-Nkoghe
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon.,Écologie des Systèmes Vectoriels, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Tessa M Visser
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ana Luiza C Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariliza T Prieto
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Seção de Controle de Vetores, Santos City Hall, Santos, Brazil
| | - Maisa C P Parra
- Laboratory of Research in Virology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Maurício L Nogueira
- Laboratory of Research in Virology, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.,Departament of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Vivian Avelino-Silva
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Cerqueira Cesar, Brazil
| | - Renato N Mota
- Health Surveillance (Zoonosis Control), Brumadinho City Hall, Brumadinho, Brazil
| | - Magno A Z Borges
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Betânia P Drumond
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erna G Kroon
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mario Recker
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, UK.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luigi Sedda
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Eric Marois
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Luc Imler
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, Strasbourg, France
| | - João T Marques
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, INSERM U1257, Strasbourg, France.
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19
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Abstract
In nature, viral coinfection is as widespread as viral infection alone. Viral coinfections often cause altered viral pathogenicity, disrupted host defense, and mixed-up clinical symptoms, all of which result in more difficult diagnosis and treatment of a disease. There are three major virus-virus interactions in coinfection cases: viral interference, viral synergy, and viral noninterference. We analyzed virus-virus interactions in both aspects of viruses and hosts and elucidated their possible mechanisms. Finally, we summarized the protocol of viral coinfection studies and key points in the process of virus separation and purification.
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20
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Andrade PS, Valença IN, Heinisch MRS, Rocha EC, Fernandes LN, Faria NR, Sabino EC, Lima-Camara TN. First Report of Wenzhou sobemo-like virus 4 in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Latin America. Viruses 2022; 14:2341. [PMID: 36366436 PMCID: PMC9696862 DOI: 10.3390/v14112341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect-specific viruses (ISVs) are viruses that replicate exclusively in arthropod cells. Many ISVs have been studied in mosquitoes as many of them act as vectors for human etiological agents, such as arboviruses. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus is an important potential vector of several arboviruses in Brazil, such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV). The development of next-generation sequencing metagenomics has enabled the discovery and characterization of new ISVs. Ae. albopictus eggs were collected using oviposition traps placed in two urban parks in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The Aedes albopictus females were divided into pools and the genetic material was extracted and processed for sequencing by metagenomics. Complete genomes of ISV Wenzhou sobemo-like virus 4 (WSLV4) were obtained in three of the four pools tested. This is the first detection of ISV WSLV4 in Ae. albopictus females in Latin America. Further studies on ISVs in Ae. albopictus are needed to better understand the role of this species in the dynamics of arbovirus transmission in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela S. Andrade
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Ian N. Valença
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Marta R. S. Heinisch
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Esmenia C. Rocha
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Lícia N. Fernandes
- Medical Research Laboratory 49, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Nuno R. Faria
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Ester C. Sabino
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Tamara N. Lima-Camara
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
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21
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Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Cell Fusing Agent Virus in Aedes aegypti. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0106222. [PMID: 36036577 PMCID: PMC9499017 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01062-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fusing agent virus (CFAV) is an insect-specific flavivirus (ISF) found in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. ISFs have demonstrated the ability to modulate the infection or transmission of arboviruses such as dengue, West Nile, and Zika viruses. It is thought that vertical transmission is the main route for ISF maintenance in nature. This has been observed with CFAV, but there is evidence of horizontal and venereal transmission in other ISFs. Understanding the route of transmission can inform strategies to spread ISFs to vector populations as a method of controlling pathogenic arboviruses. We crossed individually reared male and female mosquitoes from both a naturally occurring CFAV-positive Ae. aegypti colony and its negative counterpart to provide information on maternal, paternal, and horizontal transmission. RT-PCR was used to detect CFAV in individual female pupal exuviae and was 89% sensitive, but only 42% in male pupal exuviae. This is a possible way to screen individuals for infection without destroying the adults. Female-to-male horizontal transmission was not observed during this study. However, there was a 31% transmission rate from mating pairs of CFAV-positive males to negative female mosquitoes. Maternal vertical transmission was observed with a filial infection rate of 93%. The rate of paternal transmission was 85% when the female remained negative, 61% when the female acquired CFAV horizontally, and 76% overall. Maternal and paternal transmission of CFAV could allow the introduction of this virus into wild Ae. aegypti populations through male or female mosquito releases, and thus provides a potential strategy for ISF-derived arbovirus control. IMPORTANCE Insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs), are a group of nonpathogenic flaviviruses that only infect insects. ISFs can have a high prevalence in mosquito populations, but their transmission routes are not well understood. The results of this study confirm maternal transmission of cell fusing agent virus (CFAV) and demonstrate that paternal transmission is also highly efficient. Horizontal transmission of CFAV was also observed, aided by evaluation of the pupal infection status before mating with an infected individual. This technique of detecting infection in discarded pupae exuviae has not been evaluated previously and will be a useful tool for others in the field of studying viral transmission in mosquitoes. Identifying these routes of transmission provides information about how CFAV could be maintained in wild populations of mosquitoes and can aid future studies focusing on interactions of CFAV with their hosts and other viruses that infect mosquitoes.
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22
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Evidence that untranslated genomic sequences are key determinants of insect-specific flavivirus host restriction. Virology 2022; 574:102-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Peinado SA, Aliota MT, Blitvich BJ, Bartholomay LC. Biology and Transmission Dynamics of Aedes flavivirus. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:659-666. [PMID: 35064663 PMCID: PMC8924967 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes transmit pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, with significant global health consequences. Both Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti also are susceptible to Aedes flavivirus (AEFV), an insect-specific flavivirus (ISF) first isolated in Japan from Ae. albopictus and Ae. flavopictus. ISFs infect only insect hosts and evidence suggests that they are maintained by vertical transmission. In some cases, ISFs interfere with pathogenic flavivirus infection, and may have potential use in disease control. We explored the host range of AEFV in 4 genera of mosquitoes after intrathoracic injection and observed greater than 95% prevalence in the species of Aedes and Toxorhynchites tested. Anopheles and Culex species were less permissive to infection. Vertical transmission studies revealed 100% transovarial transmission and a filial infection rate of 100% for AEFV in a persistently-infected colony of Ae. albopictus. Horizontal transmission potential was assessed for adult and larval mosquitoes following per os exposures and in venereal transmission experiments. No mosquitoes tested positive for AEFV infection after blood feeding, and infection with AEFV after sucrose feeding was rare. Similarly, 2% of adult mosquitoes tested positive for AEFV after feeding on infected cells in culture as larvae. Venereal transmission of AEFV was most frequently observed from infected males to uninfected females as compared with transmission from infected females to uninfected males. These results reveal new information on the infection potential of AEFV in mosquitoes and expand our understanding of both vertical and horizontal transmission of ISFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Peinado
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew T Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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24
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Feng Y, Gou QY, Yang WH, Wu WC, Wang J, Holmes EC, Liang G, Shi M. A time-series meta-transcriptomic analysis reveals the seasonal, host, and gender structure of mosquito viromes. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac006. [PMID: 35242359 PMCID: PMC8887699 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although metagenomic sequencing has revealed high numbers of viruses in mosquitoes sampled globally, our understanding of how their diversity and abundance varies in time and space as well as by host species and gender remains unclear. To address this, we collected 23,109 mosquitoes over the course of 12 months from a bat-dwelling cave and a nearby village in Yunnan province, China. These samples were organized by mosquito species, mosquito gender, and sampling time for meta-transcriptomic sequencing. A total of 162 eukaryotic virus species were identified, of which 101 were novel, including representatives of seventeen RNA virus multi-family supergroups and four species of DNA virus from the families Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, and Nudiviridae. In addition, two known vector-borne viruses-Japanese encephalitis virus and Banna virus-were found. Analyses of the entire virome revealed strikingly different viral compositions and abundance levels in warmer compared to colder months, a strong host structure at the level of mosquito species, and no substantial differences between those viruses harbored by male and female mosquitoes. At the scale of individual viruses, some were found to be ubiquitous throughout the year and across four mosquito species, while most of the other viruses were season and/or host specific. Collectively, this study reveals the diversity, dynamics, and evolution of the mosquito virome at a single location and sheds new lights on the ecology of these important vector animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Feng
- Department of Viral and Rickettsial Disease Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, No. 5 Wenhua Road, Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Qin-yu Gou
- Shenzhen Campus of Sun-Yat Sen University, Sun-Yat Sen University Shenzhen Campus, Guangming New District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Wei-hong Yang
- Department of Viral and Rickettsial Disease Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, No. 5 Wenhua Road, Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Wei-chen Wu
- Shenzhen Campus of Sun-Yat Sen University, Sun-Yat Sen University Shenzhen Campus, Guangming New District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Viral and Rickettsial Disease Control, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, No. 5 Wenhua Road, Xiaguan, Dali, Yunnan 671000, China
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Mang Shi
- Shenzhen Campus of Sun-Yat Sen University, Sun-Yat Sen University Shenzhen Campus, Guangming New District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
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25
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da Silva Ribeiro AC, Martins LC, da Silva SP, de Almeida Medeiros DB, Miranda KKP, Nunes Neto JP, de Oliveira Monteiro HA, do Nascimento BLS, Junior JWR, Cruz ACR, da Costa Vasconcelos PF, Carvalho VL, Rodrigues SG. Negeviruses isolated from mosquitoes in the Brazilian Amazon. Virol J 2022; 19:17. [PMID: 35062977 PMCID: PMC8778500 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are several groups of viruses including Insect Specific Viruses (ISV) such as the taxon Negevirus, a group of viruses phylogenetically related to plant viruses. Negeviruses replicate in mosquito cells, but not in vertebrate cells. METHODS Pools of hematophagous arthropods were inoculated in Vero and C6/36 cells. The cells were observed to detect possible cytopathic effect. Then, indirect immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and nucleotide sequencing were performed. RESULTS Seven samples which presented negative results for flaviviruses, alphaviruses and bunyaviruses, but showed cytopathic effect in C6/36 cells were sequenced. We identified the occurrence of a variety of ISVs, most of them belonging to the taxon Negevirus: The Brejeira, Negev, Cordoba and Wallerfield viruses, including a new virus for science, tentatively named Feitosa virus. CONCLUSIONS We detected negeviruses in the Amazon region, including two viruses that were isolated for the first time in Brazil: Cordoba virus and the Negev virus and, a new virus for science: the Feitosa virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia da Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Lívia Caricio Martins
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Sandro Patroca da Silva
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Daniele Barbosa de Almeida Medeiros
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Keissy Karoline Pinheiro Miranda
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Joaquim Pinto Nunes Neto
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Hamilton Antônio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Bruna Lais Sena do Nascimento
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Jose Wilson Rosa Junior
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Ana Cecilia Ribeiro Cruz
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Valéria Lima Carvalho
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
| | - Sueli Guerreiro Rodrigues
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers and Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316 km 7 s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000 Brazil
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26
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Transcriptome Analysis of an Aedes albopictus Cell Line Single- and Dual-Infected with Lammi Virus and WNV. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020875. [PMID: 35055061 PMCID: PMC8777793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the flavivirus infection process in mosquito hosts is important and fundamental in the search for novel control strategies that target the mosquitoes’ ability to carry and transmit pathogenic arboviruses. A group of viruses known as insect-specific viruses (ISVs) has been shown to interfere with the infection and replication of a secondary arbovirus infection in mosquitoes and mosquito-derived cell lines. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this interference are unknown. Therefore, in the present study, we infected the Aedes albopictus cell line U4.4 with either the West Nile virus (WNV), the insect-specific Lammi virus (LamV) or an infection scheme whereby cells were pre-infected with LamV 24 h prior to WNV challenge. The qPCR analysis showed that the dual-infected U4.4 cells had a reduced number of WNV RNA copies compared to WNV-only infected cells. The transcriptome profiles of the different infection groups showed a variety of genes with altered expression. WNV-infected cells had an up-regulation of a broad range of immune-related genes, while in LamV-infected cells, many genes related to stress, such as different heat-shock proteins, were up-regulated. The transcriptome profile of the dual-infected cells was a mix of up- and down-regulated genes triggered by both viruses. Furthermore, we observed an up-regulation of signal peptidase complex (SPC) proteins in all infection groups. These SPC proteins have shown importance for flavivirus assembly and secretion and could be potential targets for gene modification in strategies for the interruption of flavivirus transmission by mosquitoes.
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Viglietta M, Bellone R, Blisnick AA, Failloux AB. Vector Specificity of Arbovirus Transmission. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:773211. [PMID: 34956136 PMCID: PMC8696169 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.773211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 25% of human infectious diseases are vector-borne diseases (VBDs). These diseases, caused by pathogens shared between animals and humans, are a growing threat to global health with more than 2.5 million annual deaths. Mosquitoes and ticks are the main vectors of arboviruses including flaviviruses, which greatly affect humans. However, all tick or mosquito species are not able to transmit all viruses, suggesting important molecular mechanisms regulating viral infection, dissemination, and transmission by vectors. Despite the large distribution of arthropods (mosquitoes and ticks) and arboviruses, only a few pairings of arthropods (family, genus, and population) and viruses (family, genus, and genotype) successfully transmit. Here, we review the factors that might limit pathogen transmission: internal (vector genetics, immune responses, microbiome including insect-specific viruses, and coinfections) and external, either biotic (adult and larvae nutrition) or abiotic (temperature, chemicals, and altitude). This review will demonstrate the dynamic nature and complexity of virus–vector interactions to help in designing appropriate practices in surveillance and prevention to reduce VBD threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Viglietta
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Bellone
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Albert Blisnick
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Daidoji T, Morales Vargas RE, Hagiwara K, Arai Y, Watanabe Y, Nishioka K, Murakoshi F, Garan K, Sadakane H, Nakaya T. Development of genus-specific universal primers for the detection of flaviviruses. Virol J 2021; 18:187. [PMID: 34526049 PMCID: PMC8442469 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flaviviruses are representative arboviruses carried by arthropods and/or vertebrates; these viruses can pose a public health concern in many countries. By contrast, it is known that a novel virus group called insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) also infects arthropods, although no such virus has yet been isolated from vertebrates. The characteristics of ISFs, which affect replication of human-pathogenic flaviviruses within co-infected mosquito cells or mosquitoes without affecting the mosquitoes themselves, mean that we should pay attention to both ISFs and human-pathogenic flaviviruses, despite the fact that ISFs appear not to be directly hazardous to human health. To assess the risk of diseases caused by flaviviruses, and to better understand their ecology, it is necessary to know the extent to which flaviviruses are harbored by arthropods. Methods We developed a novel universal primer for use in a PCR-based system to detect a broad range of flaviviruses. We then evaluated its performance. The utility of the novel primer pair was evaluated in a PCR assay using artificially synthesized oligonucleotides derived from a template viral genome sequence. The utility of the primer pair was also examined by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) using cDNA templates prepared from virus-infected cells or crude supernatants prepared from virus-containing mosquito homogenates. Results The novel primer pair amplified the flavivirus NS5 sequence (artificially synthesized) in all samples tested (six species of flavivirus that can cause infectious diseases in humans, and flaviviruses harbored by insects). In addition, the novel primer pair detected viral genomes in cDNA templates prepared from mosquito cells infected with live flavivirus under different infectious conditions. Finally, the viral genome was detected with high sensitivity in crude supernatants prepared from pooled mosquito homogenates. Conclusion This PCR system based on a novel primer pair makes it possible to detect arthropod-borne flaviviruses worldwide (the primer pair even detected viruses belonging to different genetic subgroups). As such, an assay based on this primer pair may help to improve public health and safety, as well as increase our understanding of flavivirus ecology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01646-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomo Daidoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | | | - Katsuro Hagiwara
- Veterinary Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine , Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuha Arai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yohei Watanabe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nishioka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Fumi Murakoshi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kotaro Garan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sadakane
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Munivenkatappa A, Nyayanit DA, Yadav PD, Rangappa M, Patil S, Majumdar T, Mohandas S, Sinha DP, Jayaswamy MM, OmPrakash P. Identification of Phasi Charoen-Like Phasivirus in Field Collected Aedes aegypti from Karnataka State, India. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:900-909. [PMID: 34520272 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A wide range of insect-specific viruses (ISVs) have been reported worldwide. There are no studies from India that have reported ISVs. The current study describes the identification of Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) from Aedes aegypti mosquito-pools from six districts of Karnataka state, India. Materials and Methods: During the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak in the Bangalore Urban district in 2019, using conventional PCR, it was found that both human and mosquito samples were positive for CHIKV. For retrieve the complete genome sequence, mosquito samples were subjected to next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and PCLV was also found. During 2019, as part of a vector-borne disease surveillance, we received 50 mosquito pool samples from 6 districts of the state, all of them were subjected to NGS to identify PCLV. Results: The A. aegypti mosquito-pools samples were subjected to the NGS platform that led to identification of an ISV, PCLV. PCLV was identified in 26 A. aegypti mosquito-pools collected from 6 districts. We also found mixed infection of PCLV with the Dengue virus (DENV; genotypes 1 and 3) and CHIKV from five pools. The nucleotide identity for the L gene of Indian PCLV sequences ranged between 97.1% and 98.3% in comparison with the Thailand sequences. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PCLV dual infection with DENV and CHIKV in India. The present study confirms the presence of PCLV in A. aegypti mosquitoes from Karnataka state. The study adds India in the global geographical distribution of PCLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Munivenkatappa
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manjushree Rangappa
- National Anti-Malaria Programme Bangalore Zone, Directorate of Health and Family Welfare Services, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Diamond Prakash Sinha
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath M Jayaswamy
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Patil OmPrakash
- Directorate of Health and Family Welfare Services, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Interactions of the Insect-Specific Palm Creek Virus with Zika and Chikungunya Viruses in Aedes Mosquitoes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081652. [PMID: 34442731 PMCID: PMC8402152 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Palm Creek virus (PCV) is an insect-specific flavivirus that can interfere with the replication of mosquito-borne flaviviruses in Culex mosquitoes, thereby potentially reducing disease transmission. We examined whether PCV could interfere with arbovirus replication in Aedes (Ae.) aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, major vectors for many prominent mosquito-borne viral diseases. We infected laboratory colonies of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus with PCV to evaluate infection dynamics. PCV infection was found to persist to at least 21 days post-infection and could be detected in the midguts and ovaries. We then assayed for PCV-arbovirus interference by orally challenging PCV-infected mosquitoes with Zika and chikungunya viruses. For both arboviruses, PCV infection had no effect on infection and transmission rates, indicating limited potential as a method of intervention for Aedes-transmitted arboviruses. We also explored the hypothesis that PCV-arbovirus interference is mediated by the small interfering RNA pathway in silico. Our findings indicate that RNA interference is unlikely to underlie the mechanism of arbovirus inhibition and emphasise the need for empirical examination of individual pairs of insect-specific viruses and arboviruses to fully understand their impact on arbovirus transmission.
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Auguste AJ, Langsjoen RM, Porier DL, Erasmus JH, Bergren NA, Bolling BG, Luo H, Singh A, Guzman H, Popov VL, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wang T, Kang L, Allen IC, Carrington CVF, Tesh RB, Weaver SC. Isolation of a novel insect-specific flavivirus with immunomodulatory effects in vertebrate systems. Virology 2021; 562:50-62. [PMID: 34256244 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe the isolation and characterization of a novel insect-specific flavivirus (ISFV), tentatively named Aripo virus (ARPV), that was isolated from Psorophora albipes mosquitoes collected in Trinidad. The ARPV genome was determined and phylogenetic analyses showed that it is a dual host associated ISFV, and clusters with the main mosquito-borne flaviviruses. ARPV antigen was significantly cross-reactive with Japanese encephalitis virus serogroup antisera, with significant cross-reactivity to Ilheus and West Nile virus (WNV). Results suggest that ARPV replication is limited to mosquitoes, as it did not replicate in the sandfly, culicoides or vertebrate cell lines tested. We also demonstrated that ARPV is endocytosed into vertebrate cells and is highly immunomodulatory, producing a robust innate immune response despite its inability to replicate in vertebrate systems. We show that prior infection or coinfection with ARPV limits WNV-induced disease in mouse models, likely the result of a robust ARPV-induced type I interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Rose M Langsjoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Danielle L Porier
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jesse H Erasmus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bergren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bethany G Bolling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Lin Kang
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, LA, 71203, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Wang H, Abbo SR, Visser TM, Westenberg M, Geertsema C, Fros JJ, Koenraadt CJM, Pijlman GP. Competition between Usutu virus and West Nile virus during simultaneous and sequential infection of Culex pipiens mosquitoes. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:2642-2652. [PMID: 33215969 PMCID: PMC7738303 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1854623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are closely related mosquito-borne flaviviruses that are mainly transmitted between bird hosts by vector mosquitoes. Infections in humans are incidental but can cause severe disease. USUV is endemic in large parts of Europe, while WNV mainly circulates in Southern Europe. In recent years, WNV is also frequently detected in Northern Europe, thereby expanding the area where both viruses co-circulate. However, it remains unclear how USUV may affect the future spread of WNV and the likelihood of human co-infection. Here we investigated whether co-infections with both viruses in cell lines and their primary mosquito vector, Culex pipiens, affect virus replication and transmission dynamics. We show that USUV is outcompeted by WNV in mammalian, avian and mosquito cells during co-infection. Mosquitoes that were exposed to both viruses simultaneously via infectious blood meal displayed significantly reduced USUV transmission compared to mosquitoes that were only exposed to USUV (from 15% to 3%), while the infection and transmission of WNV was unaffected. In contrast, when mosquitoes were pre-infected with USUV via infectious blood meal, WNV transmission was significantly reduced (from 44% to 17%). Injection experiments established the involvement of the midgut in the observed USUV-mediated WNV inhibition. The competition between USUV and WNV during co-infection clearly indicates that the chance of concurrent USUV and WNV transmission via a single mosquito bite is low. The competitive relation between USUV and WNV may impact virus transmission dynamics in the field and affect the epidemiology of WNV in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wang
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sandra R Abbo
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Tessa M Visser
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Westenberg
- Dutch National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO-NL), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Corinne Geertsema
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelke J Fros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Abstract
Negeviruses are a group of insect-specific viruses (ISVs) that have been found in many arthropods. Their presence in important vector species led us to examine their interactions with arboviruses during coinfections. Wild-type negeviruses reduced the replication of several alphaviruses during coinfections in mosquito cells. Negev virus (NEGV) isolates were also used to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and anti-chikungunya virus (CHIKV) antibody fragments during coinfections with CHIKV. NEGV expressing anti-CHIKV antibody fragments was able to further reduce replication of CHIKV during coinfections, while reductions of CHIKV with NEGV expressing GFP were similar to titers with wild-type NEGV alone. These results are the first to show that negeviruses induce superinfection exclusion of arboviruses and to demonstrate a novel approach to deliver antiviral antibody fragments with paratransgenic ISVs. The ability to inhibit arbovirus replication and express exogenous proteins in mosquito cells makes negeviruses a promising platform for control of arthropod-borne pathogens. IMPORTANCE Negeviruses are a group of insect-specific viruses (ISVs), viruses known to infect only insects. They have been discovered over a wide geographical and species range. Their ability to infect mosquito species that transmit dangerous arboviruses makes negeviruses a candidate for a pathogen control platform. Coinfections of mosquito cells with a negevirus and an alphavirus demonstrated that negeviruses can inhibit the replication of alphaviruses. Additionally, modifying Negev virus (NEGV) to express a fragment of an anti-CHIKV antibody further reduced the replication of CHIKV in coinfected cells. This is the first evidence to demonstrate that negeviruses can inhibit the replication of important arboviruses in mosquito cells. The ability of a modified NEGV to drive the expression of antiviral proteins also highlights a method for negeviruses to target specific pathogens and limit the incidence of vector-borne diseases.
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White AV, Fan M, Mazzara JM, Roper RL, Richards SL. Mosquito-infecting virus Espirito Santo virus inhibits replication and spread of dengue virus. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3362-3373. [PMID: 33219544 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The primary vector of dengue virus (DENV) is Aedes aegypti. The mosquito-infecting virus, Espirito Santo virus (ESV), does not infect Vero (mammalian) cells and grows in mosquito (C6/36) cells without cytopathic effects. Effects of ESV infection on replication of DENV were explored in vitro and in vivo, analyzing protein, RNA genome expression, and plaque formation. ESV and DENV simultaneous coinfection did not block protein synthesis from either virus but did result in inhibition of DENV replication in mosquito cells. Furthermore, ESV superinfected with DENV resulted in inhibition of DENV replication and spread in A. aegypti, thus reducing vector competence. Tissue culture experiments on viral kinetics of ESV and DENV coinfection showed that neither virus significantly affects the replication of the other in Vero, HeLa, or HEK cells. Hence, ESV blocks DENV replication in insect cells, but not the mammalian cells evaluated here. Our study provides new insights into ESV-induced suppression of DENV, a globally important pathogen impacting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avian V White
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jordan M Mazzara
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel L Roper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie L Richards
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Environmental Health Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Diversity and infectivity of the RNA virome among different cryptic species of an agriculturally important insect vector: whitefly Bemisia tabaci. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:43. [PMID: 33986295 PMCID: PMC8119434 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of insect-specific viruses (ISVs) have recently been discovered, mostly from hematophagous insect vectors because of their medical importance, but little attention has been paid to important plant virus vectors such as the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, which exists as a complex of cryptic species. Public SRA datasets of B. tabaci and newly generated transcriptomes of three Chinese populations are here comprehensively investigated to characterize the whitefly viromes of different cryptic species. Twenty novel ISVs were confidently identified, mostly associated with a particular cryptic species while different cryptic species harbored one or more core ISVs. Microinjection experiments showed that some ISVs might cross-infect between the two invasive whitefly cryptic species, Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), but others appeared to have a more restricted host range, reflecting the possibility of distinct long-term coevolution of these ISVs and whitefly hosts. Moreover, analysis of the profiles of virus-derived small-interfering RNAs indicated that some of the ISVs can successfully replicate in whitefly and the antiviral RNAi pathway of B. tabaci is actively involved in response to ISV infections. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the RNA virome, the distinct relationships and cross-cryptic species infectivity of ISVs in an agriculturally important insect vector.
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Abstract
Culex modestus mosquitoes are considered potential transmission vectors of West Nile virus and Usutu virus. Their presence has been reported across several European countries, including one larva detected in Belgium in 2018. In this study, mosquitoes were collected in the city of Leuven and surrounding areas in the summers of 2019 and 2020. Species identification was performed based on morphological features and partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The 107 mosquitoes collected in 2019 belonged to eight mosquito species, Culex pipiens (24.3%), Cx. modestus (48.6%), Cx. torrentium (0.9%), Culiseta annulata (0.9%), Culiseta morsitans (0.9%), Aedes sticticus (14.0%), Aedes cinereus (9.3%), and Anopheles plumbeus (0.9%), suggesting the presence of an established Cx. modestus population in Belgium. The collection of Cx. modestus mosquitoes at the same locations in 2020 confirmed their establishment in the region. Haplotype network analysis of the COI sequences for Cx. modestus showed that the Belgian population is rather diverse, suggesting that it may have been established in Belgium for some time. The Belgian Cx. modestus population was most closely related to populations from the United Kingdom and Germany. Characterization of the virome of the collected mosquitoes resulted in the identification of at least 33 eukaryotic viral species. Nine (nearly) complete genomes belonging to 6 viral species were identified, all of which were closely related to known viruses. In conclusion, here, we report the presence of Cx. modestus in the surrounding areas of Leuven, Belgium. As this species is considered to be a vector of several arboviruses, the implementation of vector surveillance programs to monitor this species is recommended. IMPORTANCECulex modestus mosquitoes are considered to be a potential “bridge” vector, being able to transmit pathogens between birds as well as from birds to mammals, including humans. In Belgium, this mosquito species was considered absent until the finding of one larva in 2018 and subsequent evidence of a large population in 2019 to 2020 described here. We collected mosquitoes in the summers of 2019 and 2020 in the city of Leuven and surrounding areas. The mosquito species was identified by morphological and molecular methods, demonstrating the presence of Cx. modestus in this region. The ability of mosquitoes to transmit pathogens can depend on several factors, one of them being their natural virus composition. Therefore, we identified the mosquito-specific viruses harbored by Belgian mosquitoes. As Cx. modestus is able to transmit viruses such as West Nile virus and Usutu virus, the establishment of this mosquito species may increase the risk of virus transmission in the region. It is thus advisable to implement mosquito surveillance programs to monitor this species.
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Guggemos HD, Fendt M, Hieke C, Heyde V, Mfune JKE, Borgemeister C, Junglen S. Simultaneous circulation of two West Nile virus lineage 2 clades and Bagaza virus in the Zambezi region, Namibia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009311. [PMID: 33798192 PMCID: PMC8046352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses include a great diversity of mosquito-borne arboviruses with epidemic potential and high global disease burden. Several flaviviruses are circulating in southern Africa affecting humans and livestock, among them West Nile virus (WNV) and Wesselsbron virus. Despite their high relevance, no arbovirus surveillance study has been conducted for more than 35 years in Namibia. In this study we assessed the diversity of flaviviruses circulating in mosquitoes in the densely populated, semi-tropical Zambezi region of north-eastern Namibia. In total, 10,206 mosquitoes were sampled in Bwabwata and Mudumu national parks and Mashi and Wuparo conservancies and screened for flavivirus infections. A high infection rate with insect-specific flaviviruses was found with 241 strains of two previously known and seven putative novel insect-specific flaviviruses. In addition, we identified ten strains of WNV in the main vector Cx. univittatus sampled in the Mashi conservancy. Surprisingly, the strains fell into two different clades of lineage 2, 2b and 2d. Further, three strains of Bagaza Virus (BAGV) were found in Cx. univittatus mosquitoes originating from Mudumu national park. Assessment of BAGV growth in different cell lines showed high replication rates in mosquito and duck cells and about 100,000fold lower replication in human, primate and rodent cells. We demonstrate a wide genetic diversity of flaviviruses is circulating in mosquitoes in the Zambezi region. Importantly, WNV and BAGV can cause outbreaks including severe disease and mortality in humans and birds, respectively. Future studies should focus on WNV and BAGV geographic distribution, as well as on their potential health impacts in and the associated social and economic implications for southern Africa. Mosquitoes serve as vectors for the transmission of infectious diseases. Some of the most important mosquito-borne arboviruses belong to the genus Flavivirus, which can induce severe disease in humans and livestock. Surveillance of vector populations provide information on circulating arboviruses and may help to identify local outbreaks. Here we sampled mosquitoes over three wet seasons in the densely populated, semi-tropical Zambezi region of north-eastern Namibia and tested them for infections with flaviviruses. We observed simultaneous circulation of two different West Nile virus clades in the main vector species Cx. univittatus. Humans infected with West Nile virus can develop flu-like symptoms or in rare cases meningoencephalitis. Further, we detected Bagaza virus in Cx. univittatus from another locality and season. Bagaza virus infects birds leading to high mortality rates and may also infect humans. Our data suggest that both viruses are endemic in the Zambezi region and may affect human health and well-being in Namibia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko D. Guggemos
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Fendt
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Hieke
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - Verena Heyde
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
| | - John K. E. Mfune
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Tangudu CS, Charles J, Nunez-Avellaneda D, Hargett AM, Brault AC, Blitvich BJ. Chimeric Zika viruses containing structural protein genes of insect-specific flaviviruses cannot replicate in vertebrate cells due to entry and post-translational restrictions. Virology 2021; 559:30-39. [PMID: 33812340 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Long Pine Key virus (LPKV) and Lammi virus are insect-specific flaviviruses that phylogenetically affiliate with dual-host flaviviruses. The goal of this study was to provide insight into the genetic determinants that condition this host range restriction. Chimeras were initially created by replacing select regions of the Zika virus genome, including the premembrane and envelope protein (prM-E) genes, with the corresponding regions of the LPKV genome. Of the four chimeras produced, one (the prM-E swap) yielded virus that replicated in mosquito cells. Another chimeric virus with a mosquito replication-competent phenotype was created by inserting the prM-E genes of Lammi virus into a Zika virus genetic background. Vertebrate cells did not support the replication of either chimeric virus although trace to modest amounts of viral antigen were produced, consistent with suboptimal viral entry. These data suggest that dual-host affiliated insect-specific flaviviruses cannot replicate in vertebrate cells due to entry and post-translational restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S Tangudu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jermilia Charles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Daniel Nunez-Avellaneda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alissa M Hargett
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Perspectives on New Vaccines against Arboviruses Using Insect-Specific Viruses as Platforms. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030263. [PMID: 33809576 PMCID: PMC7999276 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are global pathogens circulating endemically with local explosive outbreaks and constant encroachment into new locations. Few vaccines against arboviruses exist; most for humans are in development or clinical trials. Insect-specific viruses (ISVs) offer a unique platform for expression of arbovirus proteins, through the creation of ISV/arbovirus chimeras. Studies have shown promising results of these vaccines with several advantages over their wild-type counterparts. In this review, we discuss the current status of these potential vaccines using ISVs.
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Santos PD, Michel F, Wylezich C, Höper D, Keller M, Holicki CM, Szentiks CA, Eiden M, Muluneh A, Neubauer-Juric A, Thalheim S, Globig A, Beer M, Groschup MH, Ziegler U. Co-infections: Simultaneous detections of West Nile virus and Usutu virus in birds from Germany. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:776-792. [PMID: 33655706 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) in Europe resulted in significant outbreaks leading to avifauna mortality and human infections. Both viruses have overlapping geographical, host and vector ranges, and are often co-circulating in Europe. In Germany, a nationwide bird surveillance network was established to monitor these zoonotic arthropod-borne viruses in migratory and resident birds. In this framework, co-infections with WNV and USUV were detected in six dead birds collected in 2018 and 2019. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analyses classified the detected WNV strains as lineage 2 and the USUV strains as lineages Africa 2 (n = 2), Africa 3 (n = 3) and Europe 2 (n = 1). Preliminary attempts to co-propagate both viruses in vitro failed. However, we successfully cultivated WNV from two animals. Further evidence for WNV-USUV co-infection was obtained by sampling live birds in four zoological gardens with confirmed WNV cases. Three snowy owls had high neutralizing antibody titres against both WNV and USUV, of which two were also positive for USUV-RNA. In conclusion, further reports of co-infections in animals as well as in humans are expected in the future, particularly in areas where both viruses are present in the vector population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Dianne Santos
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Friederike Michel
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Cora M Holicki
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Aemero Muluneh
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Thalheim
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Anja Globig
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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Carvalho VL, Long MT. Insect-Specific Viruses: An overview and their relationship to arboviruses of concern to humans and animals. Virology 2021; 557:34-43. [PMID: 33631523 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The group of Insect-specific viruses (ISVs) includes viruses apparently restricted to insects based on their inability to replicate in the vertebrates. Increasing numbers of ISVs have been discovered and characterized representing a diverse number of viral families. However, most studies have focused on those ISVs belonging to the family Flaviviridae, which highlights the importance of ISV study from other viral families, which allow a better understanding for the mechanisms of transmission and evolution used for this diverse group of viruses. Some ISVs have shown the potential to modulate arboviruses replication and vector competence of mosquitoes. Based on this, ISVs may be used as an alternative tool for biological control, development of vaccines, and diagnostic platforms for arboviruses. In this review, we provide an update of the general characteristics of ISVs and their interaction with arboviruses that infect vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria L Carvalho
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1945 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA; Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR-316, Km 7, S/n, Ananindeua, Para, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Maureen T Long
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1945 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
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Jeffries CL, White M, Wilson L, Yakob L, Walker T. Detection of Cell-Fusing Agent virus across ecologically diverse populations of Aedes aegypti on the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:149. [PMID: 33869790 PMCID: PMC8030115 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16030.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Outbreaks of mosquito-borne arboviral diseases including dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have recently occurred in the Caribbean. The geographical range of the principal vectors responsible for transmission, Aedes (Ae.) aegypti and Ae. albopictus are increasing and greater mosquito surveillance is needed in the Caribbean given international tourism is so prominent. The island of Saint Lucia has seen outbreaks of DENV and CHIKV in the past five years but vector surveillance has been limited with the last studies dating back to the late 1970s. Natural disasters have changed the landscape of Saint Lucia and the island has gone through significant urbanisation. Methods. In this study, we conducted an entomological survey of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus distribution across the island and analysed environmental parameters associated with the presence of these species in addition to screening for medically important arboviruses and other flaviviruses. Results. Although we collected Ae. aegypti across a range of sites across the island, no Ae. albopictus were collected despite traps being placed in diverse ecological settings. The number of Ae. aegypti collected was significantly associated with higher elevation, and semi-urban settings yielded female mosquito counts per trap-day that were five-fold lower than urban settings. Screening for arboviruses revealed a high prevalence of cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV). Conclusions. Outbreaks of arboviruses transmitted by Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus have a history of occurring in small tropical islands and Saint Lucia is particularly vulnerable given the limited resources available to undertake vector control and manage outbreaks. Surveillance strategies can identify risk areas for predicting future outbreaks. Further research is needed to determine the diversity of current mosquito species, investigate insect-specific viruses, as well as pathogenic arboviruses, and this should also be extended to the neighbouring smaller Caribbean islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Mia White
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Louisia Wilson
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Laith Yakob
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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43
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Ye G, Wang Y, Liu X, Dong Q, Cai Q, Yuan Z, Xia H. Transmission competence of a new mesonivirus, Yichang virus, in mosquitoes and its interference with representative flaviviruses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008920. [PMID: 33253189 PMCID: PMC7738168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in technology have greatly stimulated the understanding of insect-specific viruses (ISVs). Unfortunately, most of these findings are based on sequencing technology, and laboratory data are scarce on the transmission dynamics of ISVs in nature and the potential effects of these viruses on arboviruses. Mesonivirus is a class of ISVs with a wide geographical distribution. Recently, our laboratory reported the isolation of a novel strain of mesonivirus, Yichang virus (YCV), from Culex mosquitoes, China. In this study, the experimental infection of YCV by the oral route for adult and larvae mosquitoes, and the vertical transmission has been conducted, which suggests that YCV could adopt a mixed-mode transmission. Controlled experiments showed that the infectivity of YCV depends on the mosquito species, virus dose, and infection route. The proliferation curve and tissue distribution of YCV in Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus showed that YCV is more susceptible to Ae. albopictus and is located in the midgut. Furthermore, we also assessed the interference of YCV with flaviviruses both in vitro and in vivo. YCV significantly inhibited the proliferation of DENV-2 and ZIKV, in cell culture, and reduced transmission rate of DENV-2 in Ae. albopictus. Our work provides insights into the transmission of ISVs in different mosquito species during ontogeny and their potential ability to interact with mosquito-borne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguo Ye
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qiannan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Quanxin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (HX)
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (HX)
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Laureti M, Paradkar PN, Fazakerley JK, Rodriguez-Andres J. Superinfection Exclusion in Mosquitoes and Its Potential as an Arbovirus Control Strategy. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111259. [PMID: 33167513 PMCID: PMC7694488 DOI: 10.3390/v12111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing emergence of arbovirus disease outbreaks around the world, despite the use of vector control strategies, warrants the development of new strategies to reduce arbovirus transmission. Superinfection exclusion, a phenomenon whereby a primary virus infection prevents the replication of a second closely related virus, has potential to control arbovirus disease emergence and outbreaks. This phenomenon has been observed for many years in plants, insects and mammalian cells. In this review, we discuss the significance of identifying novel vector control strategies, summarize studies exploring arbovirus superinfection exclusion and consider the potential for this phenomenon to be the basis for novel arbovirus control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Laureti
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000 Melbourne, Australia;
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Diseases Preparedness, VIC 3220 Geelong, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.R.-A.)
| | - Prasad N. Paradkar
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Diseases Preparedness, VIC 3220 Geelong, Australia;
| | - John K. Fazakerley
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000 Melbourne, Australia;
| | - Julio Rodriguez-Andres
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000 Melbourne, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.R.-A.)
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Hewson I, Johnson MR, Tibbetts IR. An Unconventional Flavivirus and Other RNA Viruses in the Sea Cucumber (Holothuroidea; Echinodermata) Virome. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091057. [PMID: 32972018 PMCID: PMC7551563 DOI: 10.3390/v12091057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea; Echinodermata) are ecologically significant constituents of benthic marine habitats. We surveilled RNA viruses inhabiting eight species (representing four families) of holothurian collected from four geographically distinct locations by viral metagenomics, including a single specimen of Apostichopus californicus affected by a hitherto undocumented wasting disease. The RNA virome comprised genome fragments of both single-stranded positive sense and double stranded RNA viruses, including those assigned to the Picornavirales, Ghabrivirales, and Amarillovirales. We discovered an unconventional flavivirus genome fragment which was most similar to a shark virus. Ghabivirales-like genome fragments were most similar to fungal totiviruses in both genome architecture and homology and had likely infected mycobiome constituents. Picornavirales, which are commonly retrieved in host-associated viral metagenomes, were similar to invertebrate transcriptome-derived picorna-like viruses. The greatest number of viral genome fragments was recovered from the wasting A. californicus library compared to the asymptomatic A. californicus library. However, reads from the asymptomatic library recruited to nearly all recovered wasting genome fragments, suggesting that they were present but not well represented in the grossly normal specimen. These results expand the known host range of flaviviruses and suggest that fungi and their viruses may play a role in holothurian ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hewson
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-607-255-0151
| | | | - Ian R. Tibbetts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
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Discoveries of Exoribonuclease-Resistant Structures of Insect-Specific Flaviviruses Isolated in Zambia. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091017. [PMID: 32933075 PMCID: PMC7551683 DOI: 10.3390/v12091017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To monitor the arthropod-borne virus transmission in mosquitoes, we have attempted both to detect and isolate viruses from 3304 wild-caught female mosquitoes in the Livingstone (Southern Province) and Mongu (Western Province) regions in Zambia in 2017. A pan-flavivirus RT-PCR assay was performed to identify flavivirus genomes in total RNA extracted from mosquito lysates, followed by virus isolation and full genome sequence analysis using next-generation sequencing and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. We isolated a newly identified Barkedji virus (BJV Zambia) (10,899 nt) and a novel flavivirus, tentatively termed Barkedji-like virus (BJLV) (10,885 nt) from Culex spp. mosquitoes which shared 96% and 75% nucleotide identity with BJV which has been isolated in Israel, respectively. These viruses could replicate in C6/36 cells but not in mammalian and avian cell lines. In parallel, a comparative genomics screening was conducted to study evolutionary traits of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of isolated viruses. Bioinformatic analyses of the secondary structures in the UTRs of both viruses revealed that the 5'-UTRs exhibit canonical stem-loop structures, while the 3'-UTRs contain structural homologs to exoribonuclease-resistant RNAs (xrRNAs), SL-III, dumbbell, and terminal stem-loop (3'SL) structures. The function of predicted xrRNA structures to stop RNA degradation by Xrn1 exoribonuclease was further proved by the in vitro Xrn1 resistance assay.
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Elrefaey AME, Abdelnabi R, Rosales Rosas AL, Wang L, Basu S, Delang L. Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Host Restriction of Insect-Specific Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E964. [PMID: 32878245 PMCID: PMC7552076 DOI: 10.3390/v12090964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses contribute significantly to global mortality and morbidity in humans and animals. These viruses are mainly transmitted between susceptible vertebrate hosts by hematophagous arthropod vectors, especially mosquitoes. Recently, there has been substantial attention for a novel group of viruses, referred to as insect-specific viruses (ISVs) which are exclusively maintained in mosquito populations. Recent discoveries of novel insect-specific viruses over the past years generated a great interest not only in their potential use as vaccine and diagnostic platforms but also as novel biological control agents due to their ability to modulate arbovirus transmission. While arboviruses infect both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, the replication of insect-specific viruses is restricted in vertebrates at multiple stages of virus replication. The vertebrate restriction factors include the genetic elements of ISVs (structural and non-structural genes and the untranslated terminal regions), vertebrate host factors (agonists and antagonists), and the temperature-dependent microenvironment. A better understanding of these bottlenecks is thus warranted. In this review, we explore these factors and the complex interplay between ISVs and their hosts contributing to this host restriction phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.A.); (A.L.R.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Ana Lucia Rosales Rosas
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.A.); (A.L.R.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Lanjiao Wang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.A.); (A.L.R.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Sanjay Basu
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.A.); (A.L.R.R.); (L.W.)
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Thannesberger J, Rascovan N, Eisenmann A, Klymiuk I, Zittra C, Fuehrer HP, Scantlebury-Manning T, Gittens-St.Hilaire M, Austin S, Landis RC, Steininger C. Highly Sensitive Virome Characterization of Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens Complex from Central Europe and the Caribbean Reveals Potential for Interspecies Viral Transmission. Pathogens 2020; 9:E686. [PMID: 32839419 PMCID: PMC7559857 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the most important vectors for arthropod-borne viral diseases. Mixed viral infections of mosquitoes allow genetic recombination or reassortment of diverse viruses, turning mosquitoes into potential virologic mixing bowls. In this study, we field-collected mosquitoes of different species (Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens complex), from different geographic locations and environments (central Europe and the Caribbean) for highly sensitive next-generation sequencing-based virome characterization. We found a rich virus community associated with a great diversity of host species. Among those, we detected a large diversity of novel virus sequences that we could predominately assign to circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses, including the full-length genome of a yet undescribed Gemykrogvirus species. Moreover, we report for the first time the detection of a potentially zoonotic CRESS-DNA virus (Cyclovirus VN) in mosquito vectors. This study expands the knowledge on virus diversity in medically important mosquito vectors, especially for CRESS-DNA viruses that have previously been shown to easily recombine and jump the species barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Thannesberger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.T.); (A.E.)
| | - Nicolas Rascovan
- Department of Genomes & Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Anna Eisenmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.T.); (A.E.)
| | - Ingeborg Klymiuk
- Center for Medical Research, Core Facility Molecular Biology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Carina Zittra
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.Z.); (H.-P.F.)
- Unit Limnology, Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.Z.); (H.-P.F.)
| | - Thea Scantlebury-Manning
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cave Hill Campus, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados; (T.S.-M.); (S.A.)
| | - Marquita Gittens-St.Hilaire
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, St. Michael BB14004, Barbados;
| | - Shane Austin
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cave Hill Campus, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados; (T.S.-M.); (S.A.)
| | - Robert Clive Landis
- Edmund Cohen Laboratory for Vascular Research, George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown BB11115, Barbados;
| | - Christoph Steininger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.T.); (A.E.)
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Ribeiro GDO, Morais VS, Monteiro FJC, Ribeiro ESD, Rego MODS, Souto RNP, Villanova F, Tahmasebi R, Hefford PM, Deng X, Delwart E, Cerdeira Sabino E, Fernandes LN, da Costa AC, Leal É. Aedes aegypti from Amazon Basin Harbor High Diversity of Novel Viral Species. Viruses 2020; 12:E866. [PMID: 32784421 PMCID: PMC7472207 DOI: 10.3390/v12080866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most diverse and abundant microorganisms on earth, highly adaptive to a wide range of hosts. Viral diversity within invertebrate hosts has gained notoriety in recent years in public health as several such viruses have been of medical importance. Aedes aegypti serves as a vector for several viruses that have caused epidemics within the last year throughout Brazil; including Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya. This study aimed to identify new viral agents within Aedes aegypti mosquito in a city of the Amazonian region, where it is highly endemic. Metagenomic investigation was performed on 60 mosquito pools and viral RNA sequences present in their microbiota were characterized using genomic and phylogenetic tools. In total, we identified five putative novel virus species related to the Sobemovirus genus, Iflavirus genus and Permutatetraviridae family. These findings indicate a diverse taxonomy of viruses present in the mosquito microbiota of the Amazon, the region with the greatest invertebrate diversity in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa S Morais
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Fred Julio Costa Monteiro
- Public Health Laboratory of Amapa-LACEN/AP, Health Surveillance Superintendence of Amapa, Macapa 68905-230, Amapa, Brazil
| | | | - Marlisson Octavio da S Rego
- Public Health Laboratory of Amapa-LACEN/AP, Health Surveillance Superintendence of Amapa, Macapa 68905-230, Amapa, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiola Villanova
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, 66075-000, Brazil
| | - Roozbeh Tahmasebi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Philip Michael Hefford
- University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Derriford Road, Crownhill, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118-4417, USA
- Department Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118-4417, USA
- Department Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Licia Natal Fernandes
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | | | - Élcio Leal
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, 66075-000, Brazil
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50
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Guégan M, Martin E, Valiente Moro C. Comparative Analysis of the Bacterial and Fungal Communities in the Gut and the Crop of Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes: A Preliminary Study. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080628. [PMID: 32752163 PMCID: PMC7459933 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus is a major pathogen vector and one of the world’s most invasive species. In recent years, the study of mosquito-associated microbiota has received growing interest for reducing transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. Most of studies on mosquito microbiota mainly focused on the gut bacteria. However, microorganisms can also colonize other organs and are not restricted to bacteria. In mosquitoes, the crop is the primary storage organ for sugars from the nectar feeding before it is transferred into the midgut for digestion. No study has yet investigated whether this organ can harbor microorganisms in Ae. albopictus. By using high-throughput sequencing, this study is the first to describe the microbiota including both bacteria and fungi in sugar-fed Ae. albopictus males and females. The results showed the presence of diverse and rich bacterial and fungal communities in the crop of both sexes that did not strongly differ from the community composition and structure found in the gut. Altogether, our results provide a thorough description of the crop-associated microbiota in Ae. albopictus which can open new avenues for further studies on trophic interactions between the mosquito and its microbiota.
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