1
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Xia C, Zhao J, Huang Y, Miao H, Zhao F. Angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: insights, imaging, and therapeutic strategies. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1331064. [PMID: 38863627 PMCID: PMC11165036 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1331064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly prevalent head and neck malignancy in southern China frequently diagnosed at advanced stages owing to subtle early symptoms and associated metastasis. Angiogenesis emerges as a pivotal factor in NPC progression, with numerous angiogenesis-related factors showing aberrant expression and contributing to increased neovascularization within NPC tumors. These abnormal vessels not only nourish tumor growth but also facilitate metastasis, culminating in unfavorable patient outcomes. Multiple studies have demonstrated the applicability of various imaging techniques for assessing angiogenesis in NPC tumors, thus serving as a foundation for personalized treatment strategies and prognostic assessments. Anti-angiogenic therapies have exhibited significant potential for inhibiting NPC angiogenesis and exerting anti-tumor effects. To enhance efficacy, anti-angiogenic drugs are frequently combined with other treatment modalities to synergistically enhance anti-tumor effects while mitigating the side effects associated with single-agent therapies, consequently improving patient prognosis. Identifying the potential mechanisms and key targets underlying NPC angiogenesis and exploring more effective detection and treatment approaches holds promise for shaping the future of NPC diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, thereby offering new avenues and perspectives for research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongbin Miao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bishan hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Bishan, Chongqing, China
| | - Feipeng Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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2
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Nunes JM, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Herpesvirus Infection of Endothelial Cells as a Systemic Pathological Axis in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Viruses 2024; 16:572. [PMID: 38675914 PMCID: PMC11053605 DOI: 10.3390/v16040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is critical for advancing treatment options. This review explores the novel hypothesis that a herpesvirus infection of endothelial cells (ECs) may underlie ME/CFS symptomatology. We review evidence linking herpesviruses to persistent EC infection and the implications for endothelial dysfunction, encompassing blood flow regulation, coagulation, and cognitive impairment-symptoms consistent with ME/CFS and Long COVID. This paper provides a synthesis of current research on herpesvirus latency and reactivation, detailing the impact on ECs and subsequent systemic complications, including latent modulation and long-term maladaptation. We suggest that the chronicity of ME/CFS symptoms and the multisystemic nature of the disease may be partly attributable to herpesvirus-induced endothelial maladaptation. Our conclusions underscore the necessity for further investigation into the prevalence and load of herpesvirus infection within the ECs of ME/CFS patients. This review offers conceptual advances by proposing an endothelial infection model as a systemic mechanism contributing to ME/CFS, steering future research toward potentially unexplored avenues in understanding and treating this complex syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M. Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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3
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Incrocci R, Monroy Del Toro R, Devitt G, Salimian M, Braich K, Swanson-Mungerson M. Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 2A (LMP2A) Enhances ATP Production in B Cell Tumors through mTOR and HIF-1α. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3944. [PMID: 38612754 PMCID: PMC11012313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) exists in a latent state in 90% of the world's population and is linked to numerous cancers, such as Burkitt's Lymphoma, Hodgkin's, and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. One EBV latency protein, latency membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), is expressed in multiple latency phenotypes. LMP2A signaling has been extensively studied and one target of LMP2A is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Since mTOR has been linked to reprogramming tumor metabolism and increasing levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1α), we hypothesized that LMP2A would increase HIF-1α levels to enhance ATP generation in B lymphoma cell lines. Our data indicate that LMP2A increases ATP generation in multiple Burkitt lymphoma cell lines that were dependent on HIF-1α. Subsequent studies indicate that the addition of the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, blocked the LMP2A-dependent increase in HIF-1α. Further studies demonstrate that LMP2A does not increase HIF-1α levels by increasing HIF-1α RNA or STAT3 activation. In contrast, LMP2A and mTOR-dependent increase in HIF-1α required mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of p70 S6 Kinase and 4E-BP1. These findings implicate the importance of LMP2A in promoting B cell lymphoma survival by increasing ATP generation and identifying potential pharmaceutical targets to treat EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Incrocci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Rosalinda Monroy Del Toro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Grace Devitt
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Melody Salimian
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Kamaljit Braich
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Michelle Swanson-Mungerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
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4
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Torne AS, Robertson ES. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:991. [PMID: 38473352 PMCID: PMC10931536 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA-based human tumor virus that was first isolated in 1964 from lymphoma biopsies. Since its initial discovery, EBV has been identified as a major contributor to numerous cancers and chronic autoimmune disorders. The virus is particularly efficient at infecting B-cells but can also infect epithelial cells, utilizing an array of epigenetic strategies to establish long-term latent infection. The association with histone modifications, alteration of DNA methylation patterns in host and viral genomes, and microRNA targeting of host cell factors are core epigenetic strategies that drive interactions between host and virus, which are necessary for viral persistence and progression of EBV-associated diseases. Therefore, understanding epigenetic regulation and its role in post-entry viral dynamics is an elusive area of EBV research. Here, we present current outlooks of EBV epigenetic regulation as it pertains to viral interactions with its host during latent infection and its propensity to induce tumorigenesis. We review the important epigenetic regulators of EBV latency and explore how the strategies involved during latent infection drive differential epigenetic profiles and host-virus interactions in EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Tumor Virology Program, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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5
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Silva JDM, Alves CEDC, Pontes GS. Epstein-Barr virus: the mastermind of immune chaos. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1297994. [PMID: 38384471 PMCID: PMC10879370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1297994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen linked to various diseases, including infectious mononucleosis and multiple types of cancer. To control and eliminate EBV, the host's immune system deploys its most potent defenses, including pattern recognition receptors, Natural Killer cells, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, among others. The interaction between EBV and the human immune system is complex and multifaceted. EBV employs a variety of strategies to evade detection and elimination by both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This demonstrates EBV's mastery of navigating the complexities of the immunological landscape. Further investigation into these complex mechanisms is imperative to advance the development of enhanced therapeutic approaches with heightened efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various mechanisms known to date, employed by the EBV to elude the immune response, while establishing enduring latent infections or instigate its lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean de Melo Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Gemilson Soares Pontes
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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6
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Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202117. [PMID: 37901329 PMCID: PMC10600384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses, has been associated with both lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) are amongst the few common epithelial cancers that EBV has been associated with. The pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC has been well described, however, the same cannot be said for primary pulmonary LELC (PPLELC) owing to the rarity of the cancer. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC and EBVaGCs and their recent advances. By drawing on similarities between NPC and PPLELC, we then also postulated the pathogenesis of PPLELC. A deeper understanding about the pathogenesis of EBV enables us to postulate the pathogenesis of other EBV associated cancers such as PPLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua Low
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Yang Yao Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Jun Ming Chu
- Singapore Health Services Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Lam RCT, Hui CWC, Wong CH, Lo KW, Tsang ACM, Hui EP, Chan ATC, Ma BBY. Preclinical evaluation of the VEGF/Ang2 bispecific nanobody BI 836880 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma models. Invest New Drugs 2023; 41:699-709. [PMID: 37572231 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-023-01384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is endemic to parts of Asia and overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α are common in NPC. Anti-vascular agents have known clinical activity in patients with recurrent/ metastatic NPC and in this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of BI 836880, a humanized bispecific nanobody against VEGF and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), in preclinical models of EBV-positive and EBV-negative NPC. The efficacy of BI 836880 was also compared with bevacizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody against VEGF. We found that BI 836880 could exert growth-inhibitory effect on endothelial cells (HUVEC-C) and the EBV-negative NPC cell line (HK1), but to a lesser extent in the EBV-positive NPC cell lines, C17C and C666-1. In patients-derived xenograft (PDX) models of NPC - Xeno-2117 and Xeno-666, BI 836880 could suppress tumor growth and Ki67, as well as induce tumor necrosis and reduce microvessel density. Moreover, treatment with BI 836880 increased the level of macrophage infiltration in both PDX tumor models of NPC, suggesting that BI 836880 may exert immunomodulatory effect on the NPC immune microenvironment. When compared with bevacizumab, BI 836880 appeared to show at least comparable activity as bevacizumab in terms of its anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects. This study showed that BI 836880 has anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic and possibly immunomodulatory effect in clinical models of NPC, therefore the dual targeting of VEGF and Ang2 signaling in NPC should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C T Lam
- Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong , SAR, China
| | - Connie W C Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Cancer Drug Testing Unit, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - C H Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Cancer Drug Testing Unit, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - K W Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Anna C M Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Edwin P Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Anthony T C Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Cancer Drug Testing Unit, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Brigette B Y Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Cancer Drug Testing Unit, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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8
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Gong Z, Yan Z, Liu W, Luo B. Oncogenic viruses and host lipid metabolism: a new perspective. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37279154 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As noncellular organisms, viruses do not have their own metabolism and rely on the metabolism of host cells to provide energy and metabolic substances for their life cycles. Increasing evidence suggests that host cells infected with oncogenic viruses have dramatically altered metabolic requirements and that oncogenic viruses produce substances used for viral replication and virion production by altering host cell metabolism. We focused on the processes by which oncogenic viruses manipulate host lipid metabolism and the lipid metabolism disorders that occur in oncogenic virus-associated diseases. A deeper understanding of viral infections that cause changes in host lipid metabolism could help with the development of new antiviral agents as well as potential new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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9
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Su ZY, Siak PY, Leong CO, Cheah SC. The role of Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1116143. [PMID: 36846758 PMCID: PMC9947861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1116143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a metastasis-prone malignancy closely associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Despite ubiquitous infection of EBV worldwide, NPC incidences displayed predominance in certain ethnic groups and endemic regions. The majority of NPC patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease, as a result of anatomical isolation and non-specific clinical manifestation. Over the decades, researchers have gained insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying NPC pathogenesis as a result of the interplay of EBV infection with several environmental and genetic factors. EBV-associated biomarkers were also used for mass population screening for the early detection of NPC. EBV and its encoded products also serve as potential targets for the development of therapeutic strategies and tumour-specific drug delivery. This review will discuss the pathogenic role of EBV in NPC and efforts in exploiting the potential of EBV-associated molecules as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The current knowledge on the role of EBV and its associated products in NPC tumorigenesis, development and progression will offer a new outlook and potential intervention strategy against this EBV-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yi Su
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Pui Yan Siak
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- AGTC Genomics Sdn Bhd, Pusat Perdagangan Bandar, Persiaran Jalil 1, Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiau-Chuen Cheah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University, Bandar Springhill, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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10
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Cheng T, Zhang S, Xia T, Zhang Y, Ji Y, Pan S, Xie H, Ren Q, You Y, You B. EBV promotes vascular mimicry of dormant cancer cells by potentiating stemness and EMT. Exp Cell Res 2022; 421:113403. [PMID: 36336028 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vascular mimicry (VM) is defined as a vascular channel-like structure composed of tumor cells that correlates with the growth of cancer cells by providing blood circulation. However, whether VM can be formed in dormant cancer cells remains unclear. Our previous research revealed that polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) are specific dormant cells related to the poor prognosis of head and neck cancer. Here, we demonstrated that EBV could promote VM formation by PGCCs in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we revealed that the activation of the ERK pathway partly mediated by LMP2A is responsible for stemness, and the acquisition of the stemness phenotype is crucial to the malignant biological behavior of PGCCs. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process plays a considerable role in PGCCs, and EMT progression is vital for EBV-positive PGCCs to form VM. This is the first study to reveal that EBV creates plasticity in PGCC-VM and provide a new strategy for targeted anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanshu Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Ji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haijing Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qianqian Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiwen You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bo You
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226019, Jiangsu Province, China. Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Xisi Road 20, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China.
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11
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Payaradka R, Ramesh PS, Vyas R, Patil P, Rajendra VK, Kumar M, Shetty V, Devegowda D. Oncogenic viruses as etiological risk factors for head and neck cancers: An overview on prevalence, mechanism of infection and clinical relevance. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 143:105526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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12
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Albanese M, Tagawa T, Hammerschmidt W. Strategies of Epstein-Barr virus to evade innate antiviral immunity of its human host. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:955603. [PMID: 35935191 PMCID: PMC9355577 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.955603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. This virus preferentially infects human primary B cells and persists in the human B cell compartment for a lifetime. Latent EBV infection can lead to the development of different types of lymphomas as well as carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. The early phase of viral infection is crucial for EBV to establish latency, but different viral components are sensed by cellular sensors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as the first line of host defense. The efficacy of innate immunity, in particular the interferon-mediated response, is critical to control viral infection initially and to trigger a broad spectrum of specific adaptive immune responses against EBV later. Despite these restrictions, the virus has developed various strategies to evade the immune reaction of its host and to establish its lifelong latency. In its different phases of infection, EBV expresses up to 44 different viral miRNAs. Some act as viral immunoevasins because they have been shown to counteract innate as well as adaptive immune responses. Similarly, certain virally encoded proteins also control antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss how the virus governs innate immune responses of its host and exploits them to its advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Albanese
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Milan, Italy
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, EBV Vaccine Development Unit, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Hammerschmidt,
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13
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Li DK, Chen XR, Wang LN, Wang JH, Wen YT, Zhou ZY, Li JK, Liu JX, Cai LB, Zhong SS, Lyu XM, Damola FO, Li MY, Zhang JJ, Zeng YM, Wang QL, Zhang QB, Lyu H, Fu XY, Wang W, Li X, Huang ZX, Yao KT. Epstein-Barr Virus Induces Lymphangiogenesis and Lympth Node Metastasis via Upregulation of VEGF-C in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 20:161-175. [PMID: 34654722 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis is a common clinical symptom in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the most common Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated head and neck malignancy. However, the effect of EBV on NPC lymph node (LN) metastasis is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that EBV infection is strongly associated with advanced clinical N stage and lymphangiogenesis of NPC. We found that NPC cells infected with EBV promote LN metastasis by inducing cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis, whereas these changes were abolished upon clearance of EBV genomes. Mechanistically, EBV-induced VEGF-C contributed to lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis, and PHLPP1, a target of miR-BART15, partially contributed to AKT/HIF1a hyperactivity and subsequent VEGF-C transcriptional activation. In addition, administration of anti-VEGF-C antibody or HIF1α inhibitors attenuated the lymphangiogenesis and LN metastasis induced by EBV. Finally, we verified the clinical significance of this prometastatic EBV/VEGF-C axis by determining the expression of PHLPP1, AKT, HIF1a, and VEGF-C in NPC specimens with and without EBV. These results uncover a reasonable mechanism for the EBV-modulated LN metastasis microenvironment in NPC, indicating that EBV is a potential therapeutic target for NPC with lymphatic metastasis. IMPLICATIONS: This research demonstrates that EBV induces lymphangiogenesis in NPC by regulating PHLPP1/p-AKT/HIF1a/VEGF-C, providing a new therapeutic target for NPC with lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Ke Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Rui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Ting Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Ying Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Ke Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Bo Cai
- Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | | | - Xiao-Ming Lyu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Faleti Oluwasijibomi Damola
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Min-Ying Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tumor Hospital of Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tumor Hospital of Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Mei Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Tumor Hospital of Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Li Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Bing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hao Lyu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, People's Liberation Army of China, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, People's Liberation Army of China, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, the Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, P.R. China.
| | - Zhong-Xi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Kai-Tai Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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14
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Kellogg C, Kouznetsova VL, Tsigelny IF. Implications of viral infection in cancer development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188622. [PMID: 34478803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of the first human oncogenic virus in 1964, viruses have been studied for their potential role in aiding the development of cancer. Through the modulation of cellular pathways associated with proliferation, immortalization, and inflammation, viral proteins can mimic the effect of driver mutations and contribute to transformation. Aside from the modulation of signaling pathways, the insertion of viral DNA into the host genome and the deregulation of cellular miRNAs represent two additional mechanisms implicated in viral oncogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the role of twelve different viruses on cancer development and how these viruses utilize the abovementioned mechanisms to influence oncogenesis. The identification of specific mechanisms behind viral transformation of human cells could further elucidate the process behind cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kellogg
- REHS Program, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Valentina L Kouznetsova
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; BiAna San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Igor F Tsigelny
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; BiAna San Diego, CA, USA.
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15
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Guan X, Yu D, HuangFu M, Huang Z, Dou T, Liu Y, Zhou L, Li X, Wang L, Liu H, Wang J, Chen X. Curcumol inhibits EBV-positive Nasopharyngeal carcinoma migration and invasion by targeting nucleolin. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114742. [PMID: 34428442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a major cause of recurrence and death in patients with EBV-positive Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Previous reports documented that curcumol has both anti-cancer and anti-viral effects, but there is little literature systematically addressing the mechanism of curcumol in EBV-positive tumors. Previously we found that nucelolin (NCL) is a target protein of curcumol in CNE2 cells, an EBV-negative NPC, and in this experiment, we reported a critical role for NCL in promoting migration and invasion of C666-1 cells, an EBV-positive NPC, and found that the expression of NCL determined the level of curcumol's efficacy. Mechanistically, NCL interacted with Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) to activate VEGFA/VEGFR1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which in turn promoted NPC cell invasion and metastasis. Moreover, further study showed that the differential expression of NCL and curcumol intervention only had a regulatory effect on the nuclear accumulation of VEGFR1, which strengthened the anti-cancer effect of curcumol mediated through NCL. Our findings indicated that curcumol exerted anti EBV-positive NPC invasion and metastasis by downregulating EBNA1 and inhibiting VEGFA/VEGFR1/PI3K/AKT signaling by targeting NCL, which provides a novel pharmacological basis for curcumol's clinical use in treating patients with EBV-positive NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guan
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Dan Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Mengjie HuangFu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Zhiyi Huang
- Pathology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541001, China
| | - Tong Dou
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yisa Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Luwei Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xumei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Haiping Liu
- Science and Technology Department, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
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16
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Aguayo F, Boccardo E, Corvalán A, Calaf GM, Blanco R. Interplay between Epstein-Barr virus infection and environmental xenobiotic exposure in cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:50. [PMID: 34193233 PMCID: PMC8243497 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-021-00391-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus associated with lymphoid and epithelial malignancies. Both B cells and epithelial cells are susceptible and permissive to EBV infection. However, considering that 90% of the human population is persistently EBV-infected, with a minority of them developing cancer, additional factors are necessary for tumor development. Xenobiotics such as tobacco smoke (TS) components, pollutants, pesticides, and food chemicals have been suggested as cofactors involved in EBV-associated cancers. In this review, the suggested mechanisms by which xenobiotics cooperate with EBV for carcinogenesis are discussed. Additionally, a model is proposed in which xenobiotics, which promote oxidative stress (OS) and DNA damage, regulate EBV replication, promoting either the maintenance of viral genomes or lytic activation, ultimately leading to cancer. Interactions between EBV and xenobiotics represent an opportunity to identify mechanisms by which this virus is involved in carcinogenesis and may, in turn, suggest both prevention and control strategies for EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, 1000000, Arica, Chile.,Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Rancés Blanco
- Laboratorio de Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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17
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Liu Y, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Wang C. Long non-coding RNAs in Epstein-Barr virus-related cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:278. [PMID: 34034760 PMCID: PMC8144696 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr-virus (EBV) is related to several cancers. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) act by regulating target genes and are involved in tumourigenesis. However, the role of lncRNAs in EBV-associated cancers is rarely reported. Understanding the role and mechanism of lncRNAs in EBV-associated cancers may contribute to diagnosis, prognosis and clinical therapy in the future. EBV encodes not only miRNAs, but also BART lncRNAs during latency and the BHLF1 lncRNA during both the latent and lytic phases. These lncRNAs can be targeted regulate inflammation, invasion, and migration and thus tumourigenesis. The products of EBV also directly and indirectly regulate host lncRNAs, including LINC00312, NORAD CYTOR, SHNG8, SHNG5, MINCR, lncRNA-BC200, LINC00672, MALATI1, LINC00982, LINC02067, IGFBP7-AS1, LOC100505716, LOC100128494, NAG7 and RP4-794H19.1, to facilitate tumourigenesis using different mechanisms. Additionally, lncRNAs have been previously validated to interact with microRNAs (miRNAs), and lncRNAs and miRNAs mutually suppress each other. The EBV-miR-BART6-3p/LOC553103/STMN1 axis inhibits EBV-associated tumour cell proliferation. Additionally, H. pylori-EBV co-infection promotes inflammatory lesions and results in EMT. HPV-EBV co-infection inhibits the transition from latency to lytic replication. KSHV-EBV co-infection aggravates tumourigenesis in huNSG mice. COVID-19-EBV co-infection may activate the immune system to destroy a tumour, although this situation is rare and the mechanism requires further confirmation. Hopefully, this information will shed some light on tumour therapy strategies tumourigenesis. Additionally, this strategy benefits for infected patients by preventing latency to lytic replication. Understanding the role and expression of lnRNAs in these two phases of EBV is critical to control the transition from latency to the lytic replication phase. This review presents differential expressed lncRNAs in EBV-associated cancers and provides resources to aid in developing superior strategies for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Liu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Hu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Leong MML, Lung ML. The Impact of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection on Epigenetic Regulation of Host Cell Gene Expression in Epithelial and Lymphocytic Malignancies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:629780. [PMID: 33718209 PMCID: PMC7947917 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.629780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with a variety of malignancies including Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin's disease, T cell lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and ∼10% of cases of gastric cancer (EBVaGC). Disruption of epigenetic regulation in the expression of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes has been considered as one of the important mechanisms for carcinogenesis. Global hypermethylation is a distinct feature in NPC and EBVaGC, whereas global reduction of H3K27me3 is more prevalent in EBVaGC and EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells. In BL, EBV may even usurp the host factors to epigenetically regulate its own viral gene expression to restrict latency and lytic switch, resulting in evasion of immunosurveillance. Furthermore, in BL and EBVaGC, the interaction between the EBV episome and the host genome is evident with respectively unique epigenetic features. While the interaction is associated with suppression of gene expression in BL, the corresponding activity in EBVaGC is linked to activation of gene expression. As EBV establishes a unique latency program in these cancer types, it is possible that EBV utilizes different latency proteins to hijack the epigenetic modulators in the host cells for pathogenesis. Since epigenetic regulation of gene expression is reversible, understanding the precise mechanisms about how EBV dysregulates the epigenetic mechanisms enables us to identify the potential targets for epigenetic therapies. This review summarizes the currently available epigenetic profiles of several well-studied EBV-associated cancers and the relevant distinct mechanisms leading to aberrant epigenetic signatures due to EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrin Man Long Leong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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19
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Herbein G, Nehme Z. Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells, a Hallmark of Oncoviruses and a New Therapeutic Challenge. Front Oncol 2020; 10:567116. [PMID: 33154944 PMCID: PMC7591763 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.567116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are renowned as intricate systems that harbor heterogeneous cancer cells with distinctly diverse molecular signatures, sizes and genomic contents. Among those various genomic clonal populations within the complex tumoral architecture are the polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCC). Although described for over a century, PGCC are increasingly being recognized for their prominent role in tumorigenesis, metastasis, therapy resistance and tumor repopulation after therapy. A shared characteristic among all tumors triggered by oncoviruses is the presence of polyploidy. Those include Human Papillomaviruses (HPV), Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel polyomavirus (MCPyV). Distinct viral proteins, for instance Tax for HTLV-1 or HBx for HBV have demonstrated their etiologic role in favoring the appearance of PGCC. Different intriguing biological mechanisms employed by oncogenic viruses, in addition to viruses with high oncogenic potential such as human cytomegalovirus, could support the generation of PGCC, including induction of endoreplication, inactivation of tumor suppressors, development of hypoxia, activation of cellular senescence and others. Interestingly, chemoresistance and radioresistance have been reported in the context of oncovirus-induced cancers, for example KSHV and EBV-associated lymphomas and high-risk HPV-related cervical cancer. This points toward a potential linkage between the previously mentioned players and highlights PGCC as keystone cancer cells in virally-induced tumors. Subsequently, although new therapeutic approaches are actively needed to fight PGCC, attention should also be drawn to reveal the relationship between PGCC and oncoviruses, with the ultimate goal of establishing effective therapeutic platforms for treatment of virus-associated cancers. This review discusses the presence of PGCCs in tumors induced by oncoviruses, biological mechanisms potentially favoring their appearance, as well as their consequent implication at the clinical and therapeutic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, University of Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Besançon, France.,Department of Virology, CHRU Besancon, Besançon, France
| | - Zeina Nehme
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, University of Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Besançon, France.,Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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20
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Role of Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Papillomavirus Coinfection in Cervical Cancer: Epidemiology, Mechanisms and Perspectives. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090685. [PMID: 32839399 PMCID: PMC7557835 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is etiologically associated with the development and progression of cervical cancer, although other factors are involved. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) detection in premalignant and malignant tissues from uterine cervix has been widely reported; however, its contribution to cervical cancer development is still unclear. Here, a comprehensive analysis regarding EBV presence and its potential role in cervical cancer, the frequency of EBV/HR-HPV coinfection in uterine cervix and EBV infection in tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes were revised. Overall, reports suggest a potential link of EBV to the development of cervical carcinomas in two possible pathways: (1) Infecting epithelial cells, thus synergizing with HR-HPV (direct pathway), and/or (2) infecting tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes that could generate local immunosuppression (indirect pathway). In situ hybridization (ISH) and/or immunohistochemical methods are mandatory for discriminating the cell type infected by EBV. However, further studies are needed for a better understanding of the EBV/HR-HPV coinfection role in cervical carcinogenesis.
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21
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Bridgewater HE, Date KL, O’Neil JD, Hu C, Arrand JR, Dawson CW, Young LS. The Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded EBNA1 Protein Activates the Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) Signalling Pathway to Promote Carcinoma Cell Migration. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070594. [PMID: 32708289 PMCID: PMC7400503 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) protein is expressed in all virus-associated malignancies, where it performs an essential role in the maintenance, replication and transcription of the EBV genome. In recent years, it has become apparent that EBNA1 can also influence cellular gene transcription. Here, we demonstrate that EBNA1 is able to stimulate the expression of the Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily member, bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2), with consequential activation of the BMP signalling pathway in carcinoma cell lines. We show that BMP pathway activation is associated with an increase in the migratory capacity of carcinoma cells, an effect that can be ablated by the BMP antagonist, Noggin. Gene expression profiling of authentic EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumours revealed the consistent presence of BMP ligands, established BMP pathway effectors and putative target genes, constituting a prominent BMP “signature” in this virus-associated cancer. Our findings show that EBNA1 is the major viral-encoded protein responsible for activating the BMP signalling pathway in carcinoma cells and supports a role for this pathway in promoting cell migration and possibly, metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Bridgewater
- Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.E.B.); (C.W.D.)
| | - Kathryn L. Date
- Institute for Cancer & Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.L.D.); (J.D.O.); (C.H.); (J.R.A.)
| | - John D. O’Neil
- Institute for Cancer & Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.L.D.); (J.D.O.); (C.H.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Chunfang Hu
- Institute for Cancer & Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.L.D.); (J.D.O.); (C.H.); (J.R.A.)
| | - John R. Arrand
- Institute for Cancer & Genomic Sciences, College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (K.L.D.); (J.D.O.); (C.H.); (J.R.A.)
| | - Christopher W. Dawson
- Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.E.B.); (C.W.D.)
| | - Lawrence S. Young
- Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (H.E.B.); (C.W.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-2476-752-38
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22
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. An unbalanced immune response, characterized by a weak production of type I interferons (IFN-Is) and an exacerbated release of proinflammatory cytokines, contributes to the severe forms of the disease. SARS-CoV-2 is genetically related to SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which caused outbreaks in 2003 and 2013, respectively. Although IFN treatment gave some encouraging results against SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in animal models, its potential as a therapeutic against COVID-19 awaits validation. Here, we describe our current knowledge of the complex interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the IFN system, highlighting some of the gaps that need to be filled for a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. In addition to the conserved IFN evasion strategies that are likely shared with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, novel counteraction mechanisms are being discovered in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Since the last coronavirus epidemic, we have made considerable progress in understanding the IFN-I response, including its spatiotemporal regulation and the prominent role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which are the main IFN-I-producing cells. While awaiting the results of the many clinical trials that are evaluating the efficacy of IFN-I alone or in combination with antiviral molecules, we discuss the potential benefits of a well-timed IFN-I treatment and propose strategies to boost pDC-mediated IFN responses during the early stages of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Sa Ribero
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- IRIM, CNRS UMR9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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23
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Asakawa Y, Okabe A, Fukuyo M, Li W, Ikeda E, Mano Y, Funata S, Namba H, Fujii T, Kita K, Matsusaka K, Kaneda A. Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer involves enhancer activation through activating transcription factor 3. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1818-1828. [PMID: 32119176 PMCID: PMC7226279 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is associated with particular forms of gastric cancer (GC). We previously showed that EBV infection into gastric epithelial cells induced aberrant DNA hypermethylation in promoter regions and silencing of tumor suppressor genes. We here undertook integrated analyses of transcriptome and epigenome alteration during EBV infection in gastric cells, to investigate activation of enhancer regions and related transcription factors (TFs) that could contribute to tumorigenesis. Formaldehyde‐assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE) sequencing (‐seq) data revealed 19 992 open chromatin regions in putative H3K4me1+ H3K4me3− enhancers in EBV‐infected MKN7 cells (MKN7_EB), with 10 260 regions showing increase of H3K27ac. Motif analysis showed candidate TFs, eg activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), to possibly bind to these activated enhancers. ATF3 was considerably upregulated in MKN7_EB due to EBV factors including EBV‐determined nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), EBV‐encoded RNA 1, and latent membrane protein 2A. Expression of mutant EBNA1 decreased copy number of the EBV genome, resulting in relative downregulation of ATF3 expression. Epstein‐Barr virus was also infected into normal gastric epithelial cells, GES1, confirming upregulation of ATF3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation‐seq analysis on ATF3 binding sites and RNA‐seq analysis on ATF3 knocked‐down MKN7_EB revealed 96 genes targeted by ATF3‐activating enhancers, which are related with cancer hallmarks, eg evading growth suppressors. These 96 ATF3 target genes were significantly upregulated in MKN7_EB compared with MKN7 and significantly downregulated when ATF3 was knocked down in EBV‐positive GC cells SNU719 and NCC24. Knockdown of ATF3 in EBV‐infected MKN7, SNU719, and NCC24 cells all led to significant decrease of cellular growth through an increase of apoptotic cells. These indicate that enhancer activation though ATF3 might contribute to tumorigenesis of EBV‐positive GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Asakawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okabe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukuyo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Genome Research and Development, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eriko Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Mano
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sayaka Funata
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroe Namba
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujii
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuko Kita
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsusaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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24
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Hsu SW, Gong CL, Hsu HM, Chao CC, Wang YC, Chang WS, Tsai YT, Shih LC, Tsai CW, Bau DAT. Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Promoter Genotypes to Nasopharyngeal Cancer Susceptibility and Metastasis in Taiwan. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2019; 16:287-292. [PMID: 31243109 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) is up-regulated in many cancers. However, the association of MMP2 genotype to nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) susceptibility in Taiwan remains elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the role of MMP2 promoter C-1306T (rs243865) and C-735T (rs2285053) genotypes were investigated among 208 NPC patients and 416 healthy controls, and their role in NPC staging and TNM classifications were examined. RESULTS There was no differential distribution as for the genotypic or allelic frequencies at MMP2 promoter C-1306T or C-735T between the control and case groups. Noticeably, those with MMP2 C-1306T CT+TT genotypes had a lower metastatic risk than those with CC (p=0.0295). As for staging, T and N classifications, there was no differential distribution in C-1306T genotypes (p>0.05). Also, there was no differential distribution of C-735T genotypes according to different behavioral/clinicopathological characteristics. CONCLUSION CT and TT genotypes at MMP2 C-1306T were associated with a significantly decreased risk of NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Li Gong
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Huai-Mei Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Chang Chao
- Institute of Neurosciences, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun-Chi Wang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yueh-Ting Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Liang-Chun Shih
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - DA-Tian Bau
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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25
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Mirzaei H, Khodadad N, Karami C, Pirmoradi R, Khanizadeh S. The AP-1 pathway; A key regulator of cellular transformation modulated by oncogenic viruses. Rev Med Virol 2019; 30:e2088. [PMID: 31788897 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression is critically associated with modulation of host cell signaling pathways. Activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling is one such pathway whose deregulation renders the host more susceptible to cancer development. Oncogenic viruses, including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papilloma virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus, are common causes of cancer. This review discusses how these oncoviruses by acting through various aspects of the host cell signaling machinery such as the AP-1 pathway might affect oncoviral tumorigenesis, replication, and pathogenesis. The review also briefly considers how the pathway might be targeted during infections with these oncogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Mirzaei
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Khodadad
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Chiman Karami
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Roya Pirmoradi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sayyad Khanizadeh
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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26
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Chen T, Wang Y, Xu Z, Zou X, Wang P, Ou X, Li Y, Peng T, Chen D, Li M, Cai M. Epstein-Barr virus tegument protein BGLF2 inhibits NF-κB activity by preventing p65 Ser536 phosphorylation. FASEB J 2019; 33:10563-10576. [PMID: 31337264 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901196rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous gammaherpesvirus, can regulate the antiviral response of NF-κB signaling, which is critical for cell survival, growth transformation, and virus latency. Here, we showed that tegument protein BGLF2 could inhibit TNF-α-induced NF-κB activity. BGLF2 was shown to interplay with the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50, and the Rel homology domain of p65 was the pivotal region to interact with BGLF2. Nonetheless, BGLF2 did not influence the development of p65-p50 dimerization. Yet, overexpression of BGLF2 inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 Ser536 (but not Ser276) and blocked the nuclear translocation of p65. In addition, knockdown of BGLF2 during EBV lytic replication elevated NF-κB activity and the phosphorylation of p65 Ser536. Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibition of NF-κB activation may serve as a strategy to escape the host's antiviral innate immunity to EBV during its lytic infection.-Chen, T., Wang, Y., Xu, Z., Zou, X., Wang, P., Ou, X., Li, Y., Peng, T., Chen, D., Li, M., Cai, M. Epstein-Barr virus tegument protein BGLF2 inhibits NF-κB activity by preventing p65 Ser536 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanfang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuo Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingmei Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowen Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,South China Vaccine Corporation Limited, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daixiong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meili Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingsheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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27
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Rivera-Soto R, Damania B. Modulation of Angiogenic Processes by the Human Gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1544. [PMID: 31354653 PMCID: PMC6640166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the biological process by which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing vessels. It is considered one of the classic hallmarks of cancer, as pathological angiogenesis provides oxygen and essential nutrients to growing tumors. Two of the seven known human oncoviruses, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), belong to the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. Both viruses are associated with several malignancies including lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The viral genomes code for a plethora of viral factors, including proteins and non-coding RNAs, some of which have been shown to deregulate angiogenic pathways and promote tumor growth. In this review, we discuss the ability of both viruses to modulate the pro-angiogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rivera-Soto
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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28
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Xiang T, Lin YX, Ma W, Zhang HJ, Chen KM, He GP, Zhang X, Xu M, Feng QS, Chen MY, Zeng MS, Zeng YX, Feng L. Vasculogenic mimicry formation in EBV-associated epithelial malignancies. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5009. [PMID: 30479336 PMCID: PMC6258759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated epithelial cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and approximately 10% of gastric cancers, termed EBVaGC, represent 80% of all EBV-related malignancies. However, the exact role of EBV in epithelial cancers remains elusive. Here, we report that EBV functions in vasculogenic mimicry (VM). Epithelial cancer cells infected with EBV develop tumor vascular networks that correlate with tumor growth, which is different from endothelial-derived angiogenic vessels and is VEGF-independent. Mechanistically, activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling cascade, which is partly mediated by LMP2A, is responsible for EBV-induced VM formation. Both xenografts and clinical samples of NPC and EBVaGC exhibit VM histologically, which are correlated with AKT and HIF-1α activation. Furthermore, although anti-VEGF monotherapy shows limited effects, potent synergistic antitumor activities are achieved by combination therapy with VEGF and HIF-1α-targeted agents. Our findings suggest that EBV creates plasticity in epithelial cells to express endothelial phenotype and provides a novel EBV-targeted antitumor strategy. EBV latent infection contributes to the pathogenesis of epithelial malignancies by inducing angiogenesis. Here, the authors show EBV promotes vasculogenic mimicry in EBV associated epithelial cancers via AKT/HIF-1α pathway and combination therapy of HIF-1α and VEGF reduces tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xiang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, No. 421 Hospital of PLA, 510318, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xin Lin
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Jiong Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-Ming Chen
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gui-Ping He
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Feng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 510060, Guangzhou, China.
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29
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Huang CY, Chang WS, Tsai CW, Hsia TC, Shen TC, Bau DT, Shui HA. Interleukin-18 promoter genotype is associated with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Taiwan. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:5199-5207. [PMID: 30464617 PMCID: PMC6217138 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s179367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence rate of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has been documented to be high in Southeast Asia. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a multifunctional cytokine that augments interferon-γ production and acts as an important immunomediator in the development of several types of cancer. Patients and methods This case-control study evaluated the role of IL-18 in NPC at the DNA level by genotyping its promoter polymorphisms at positions -656, -607, and -137 in a Taiwanese population. A total of 176 patients with NPC and age- and gender-matched 352 noncancer controls were included in this study. Results The CC genotype of the IL-18-607 polymorphism was found to be associated with significantly decreased risks of NPC compared to the AA genotype (crude OR =0.50, 95% CI =0.29-0.84, P=0.0093). This significant difference persisted even in the dominant and recessive models. A significantly lower C allele frequency at position -607 was detected in the NPC group(41.8% vs 50.3%; OR =0.77; 95% CI =0.63-1.04, P=0.0089). Regarding IL-18-656 and -137 polymorphisms, there were no differential distributions of their genotypes between the NPC and control groups. After substratification of the subjects according to their smoking, alcohol consumption, and areca chewing status, the genotype distribution of the IL-18-607 polymorphism was found to be different only among nonsmokers between the NPC and control subgroups. Conclusion This study suggests that IL-18 plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of NPC in Taiwan and that the genotype-phenotype correlation of IL-18-607 polymorphism and its contribution to NPC need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Te-Chun Shen
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Da-Tian Bau
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, .,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan,
| | - Hao-Ai Shui
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Triptolide inhibits Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 expression by increasing sensitivity of mitochondria apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:192. [PMID: 30111354 PMCID: PMC6094928 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is widely found in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissue and associated with poor prognosis of patients. EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is expressed in all NPC tumors and plays multiple biological roles in both virus and host cells. Triptolide is a natural product extracted from Tripterygium and shows anti-cancer activities. The goal of this work was to illustrate the anti-cancer effect of triptolide and elucidate a novel anti-apoptotic mechanism of EBNA1 in NPC cells encountered with triptolide. METHODS In the present study, a CCK-8 assay was used to analyze the proliferation of NPC cells treated with triptolide in a dose- and time-dependent ways. Effects of triptolide on NPC cell cycle and apoptosis were investigated by flow cytometric analysis. EBNA1 expression in mRNA and protein levels was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Our results showed that triptolide effectively inhibited proliferation of NPC cells. Triptolide arrested NPC cell cycles in S phase and induced apoptosis through a caspase-9-dependent apoptosis pathway. Low-dose of triptolide reduced the half-life of EBNA1 and significantly decreased EBNA1 expression by promoting the process of proteasome-ubiquitin pathway. Over-expression of EBNA1, which was independent from EBV genome, effectively attenuated the apoptosis induced by triptolide. In addition, triptolide significantly inhibited proliferations of tumors induced by EBV-positive cells in vivo. Furthermore, EBNA1 were expressed in all NPC biopsies of Chinese patients. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study provides the evidence that triptolide induces EBNA1 degradation and stimulates NPC apoptosis through mitochondria apoptotic pathway. In addition, EBNA1 assists NPC cells to resist triptolide-induced apoptosis through inhibiting caspase-9-dependent apoptotic pathway.
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31
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Piccaluga PP, Weber A, Ambrosio MR, Ahmed Y, Leoncini L. Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Metabolic Rearrangements in Human B-Cell Lymphomas. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1233. [PMID: 29937761 PMCID: PMC6002739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metabolism has been the object of several studies in the past, leading to the pivotal observation of a consistent shift toward aerobic glycolysis (so-called Warburg effect). More recently, several additional investigations proved that tumor metabolism is profoundly affected during tumorigenesis, including glucose, lipid and amino-acid metabolism. It is noticeable that metabolic reprogramming can represent a suitable therapeutic target in many cancer types. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was the first virus linked with cancer in humans when Burkitt lymphoma (BL) was described. Besides other well-known effects, it was recently demonstrated that EBV can induce significant modification in cell metabolism, which may lead or contribute to neoplastic transformation of human cells. Similarly, virus-induced tumorigenesis is characterized by relevant metabolic abnormalities directly induced by the oncoviruses. In this article, the authors critically review the most recent literature concerning EBV-induced metabolism alterations in lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier P Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Alessandra Weber
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria R Ambrosio
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Yonis Ahmed
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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32
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VEGF Upregulation in Viral Infections and Its Possible Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061642. [PMID: 29865171 PMCID: PMC6032371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses are recognized as the direct or indirect causative agents of human tumors and other severe human diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is identified as a principal proangiogenic factor that enhances the production of new blood vessels from existing vascular network. Therefore, oncogenic viruses such as Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and non-oncogenic viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) and dengue virus, which lack their own angiogenic factors, rely on the recruitment of cellular genes for angiogenesis in tumor progression or disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes how human viruses exploit the cellular signaling machinery to upregulate the expression of VEGF and benefit from its physiological functions for their own pathogenesis. Understanding the interplay between viruses and VEGF upregulation will pave the way to design targeted and effective therapeutic approaches for viral oncogenesis and severe diseases.
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33
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Li XX, Liang XJ, Zhou LY, Liu RJ, Bi W, Zhang S, Li SS, Yang WH, Chen ZC, Yang XM, Zhang PF. Analysis of Differential Expressions of Long Non-coding RNAs in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Using Next-generation Deep Sequencing. J Cancer 2018; 9:1943-1950. [PMID: 29896278 PMCID: PMC5995947 DOI: 10.7150/jca.23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little knowledge about long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has been acquired. Methods: Next-generation sequencing was applied in 7 cases of NPC tissues and 7 cases of normal tissues in nasopharynx. PLEX, CNCI and CPAT soft-wares were used to predict novel lncRNAs. Real-time Quantitative PCR (qPCR) further validated the data in 20 cases of NPC tissues and 14 cases of normal tissues. Then the cis-regulators and trans-regulators and potential biological functions together with pathways were predicted by Bioinformatics. Results: Totally, 4248 novel lncRNAs were found to be expressed in our samples. And 2192 lncRNAs and 23342 mRNAs were considered to be differentially expressed in NPC. Among the results, 306 lncRNAs and 4599 mRNAs were significantly up-regulated, whereas 204 lncRNAs and 2059 mRNAs were significantly down-regulated, respectively. Moreover, 62 lncRNAs trans-regulated genes were involved in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection pathway in our study. Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), which was related to a cis-regulator lncRNA RP4-794H19.1, was enriched in cancers and involved in Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) signaling pathway, might play a key role in NPC. Conclusion: These findings broadened the lncRNAs landscape of NPC tissues and shed light on the roles of these lncRNAs, which might be conducive to the comprehensive management of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Liu-Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wu Bi
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Sheng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,410011, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hui Yang
- International College, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510420, P.R. China
| | - Zhu-Chu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ming Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,410011, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
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34
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Ma W, Feng L, Zhang S, Zhang H, Zhang X, Qi X, Zhang Y, Feng Q, Xiang T, Zeng YX. Induction of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 by Epstein-Barr virus infection enhances tumor angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1710-1722. [PMID: 29569795 PMCID: PMC5980320 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is etiologically associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and is known to be highly vascularized. Previous studies have suggested that EBV oncoproteins contribute to NPC angiogenesis. However, the regulatory network of EBV in angiogenesis still remains elusive. Herein, we reveal a novel mechanism of EBV‐induced angiogenesis in NPC. First, we showed that EBV‐infected NPC cell lines generated larger tumors with more microvessels in mouse xenograft models. Subsequent proteomic analysis revealed that EBV infection increased the expression of a series of angiogenic factors, including chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5). We then proved that CCL5 was a target of EBV in inducing tumor angiogenesis and growth. Further investigation through transcriptome analysis indicated that the pro‐angiogenic function of CCL5 might be mediated by the PI3K/AKT pathway. Furthermore, we confirmed that activation of the PI3K/AKT and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α pathways was essential for CCL5‐promoted angiogenesis. Finally, the immunohistochemical analysis of human NPC specimens also showed that CCL5 was correlated with angiogenesis. Taken together, our study identifies CCL5 as a key EBV‐regulated molecular driver that promotes NPC angiogenesis, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haojiong Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuekang Qi
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Feng
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Xiang
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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35
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Lymphomas driven by Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) are dependant upon Mdm2. Oncogene 2018; 37:3998-4012. [PMID: 29691476 PMCID: PMC6054874 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated Burkitt’s lymphoma is characterised by the deregulation of c-Myc expression and a restricted viral gene expression pattern in which the EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) is the only viral protein to be consistently expressed. EBNA1 is required for viral genome propagation and segregation during latency. However, it has been much debated whether the protein plays a role in viral-associated tumourigenesis. We show that the lymphomas which arise in EµEBNA1 transgenic mice are unequivocally linked to EBNA1 expression and that both C-Myc and Mdm2 deregulation are central to this process. Tumour cell survival is supported by IL-2 and there is a skew towards CD8 positive T-cells in the tumour environment, while the immune check-point protein PD-L1 is upregulated in the tumours. Additionally, several isoforms of Mdm2 are upregulated in the EµEBNA1 tumours, with increased phosphorylation at ser166, an expression pattern not seen in Eµc-Myc transgenic tumours. Concomitantly, E2F1, Xiap, Mta1, C-Fos and Stat1 are upregulated in the tumours. Using four independent inhibitors of Mdm2 we demonstrate that the EµEBNA1 tumour cells are dependant upon Mdm2 for survival (as they are upon c-Myc) and that Mdm2 inhibition is not accompanied by upregulation of p53, instead cell death is linked to loss of E2F1 expression, providing new insight into the underlying tumourigenic mechanism. This opens a new path to combat EBV-associated disease.
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36
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Verhoeven RJA, Tong S, Zong J, Chen Y, Tsao SW, Pan J, Chen H. NF-κB Signaling Regulates Epstein-Barr Virus BamHI-Q-Driven EBNA1 Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E119. [PMID: 29659505 PMCID: PMC5923374 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is one of the few viral proteins expressed by EBV in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), most likely because of its essential role in maintaining the viral genome in EBV-infected cells. In NPC, EBNA1 expression is driven by the BamHI-Q promoter (Qp), which is regulated by both cellular and viral factors. We previously determined that the expression of another group of EBV transcripts, BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BARTs), is associated with constitutively activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in NPC cells. Here, we show that, like the EBV BART promoter, the EBV Qp also responds to NF-κB signaling. NF-κB p65, but not p50, can activate Qp in vitro, and NF-κB signaling regulates Qp-EBNA1 expression in NPC cells, as well as in other EBV-infected epithelial cells. The introduction of mutations in the putative NF-κB site reduced Qp activation by the NF-κB p65 subunit. Binding of p65 to Qp was shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, while electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) demonstrated that p50 can also bind to Qp. Inhibition of NF-κB signaling by the IκB kinase inhibitor PS-1145 resulted in the downregulation of Qp-EBNA1 expression in C666-1 NPC cells. Since EBNA1 has been reported to block p65 activation by inhibiting IKKα/β through an unknown mechanism, we suggest that, in NPC, NF-κB signaling and EBNA1 may form a regulatory loop which supports EBV latent gene expression, while also limiting NF-κB activity. These findings emphasize the role of NF-κB signaling in the regulation of EBV latency in EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J A Verhoeven
- Department of Microbiology and State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shuang Tong
- Department of Microbiology and State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jingfeng Zong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China.
| | - Yixin Chen
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jianji Pan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Provincial Clinical College of Fujian Medical University and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Fuzhou 350014, China.
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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37
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EBNA1: Oncogenic Activity, Immune Evasion and Biochemical Functions Provide Targets for Novel Therapeutic Strategies against Epstein-Barr Virus- Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040109. [PMID: 29642420 PMCID: PMC5923364 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) protein in all EBV-carrying tumours constitutes a marker that distinguishes the virus-associated cancer cells from normal cells and thereby offers opportunities for targeted therapeutic intervention. EBNA1 is essential for viral genome maintenance and also for controlling viral gene expression and without EBNA1, the virus cannot persist. EBNA1 itself has been linked to cell transformation but the underlying mechanism of its oncogenic activity has been unclear. However, recent data are starting to shed light on its growth-promoting pathways, suggesting that targeting EBNA1 can have a direct growth suppressing effect. In order to carry out its tasks, EBNA1 interacts with cellular factors and these interactions are potential therapeutic targets, where the aim would be to cripple the virus and thereby rid the tumour cells of any oncogenic activity related to the virus. Another strategy to target EBNA1 is to interfere with its expression. Controlling the rate of EBNA1 synthesis is critical for the virus to maintain a sufficient level to support viral functions, while at the same time, restricting expression is equally important to prevent the immune system from detecting and destroying EBNA1-positive cells. To achieve this balance EBNA1 has evolved a unique repeat sequence of glycines and alanines that controls its own rate of mRNA translation. As the underlying molecular mechanisms for how this repeat suppresses its own rate of synthesis in cis are starting to be better understood, new therapeutic strategies are emerging that aim to modulate the translation of the EBNA1 mRNA. If translation is induced, it could increase the amount of EBNA1-derived antigenic peptides that are presented to the major histocompatibility (MHC) class I pathway and thus, make EBV-carrying cancers better targets for the immune system. If translation is further suppressed, this would provide another means to cripple the virus.
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38
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Huang SCM, Tsao SW, Tsang CM. Interplay of Viral Infection, Host Cell Factors and Tumor Microenvironment in the Pathogenesis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E106. [PMID: 29617291 PMCID: PMC5923361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In addition, heavy infiltration of leukocytes is a common characteristic of EBV-associated NPC. It has long been suggested that substantial and interactive impacts between cancer and stromal cells create a tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumorigenesis. The coexistence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with EBV-infected NPC cells represents a distinct TME which supports immune evasion and cancer development from the early phase of EBV infection. Intracellularly, EBV-encoded viral products alter host cell signaling to facilitate tumor development and progression. Intercellularly, EBV-infected cancer cells communicate with stromal cells through secretion of cytokines and chemokines, or via release of tumor exosomes, to repress immune surveillance and enhance metastasis. Although high expression of miR-BARTs has been detected in NPC patients, contributions of these more recently discovered viral products to the establishment of TME are still vaguely defined. Further investigations are needed to delineate the mechanistic linkage of the interplay between viral and host factors, especially in relation to TME, which can be harnessed in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, HK, China.
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, HK, China.
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39
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Koh YW, Han JH, Yoon DH, Suh C, Huh J. Epstein-Barr virus positivity is associated with angiogenesis in, and poorer survival of, patients receiving standard treatment for classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2017; 36:182-188. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Wha Koh
- Department of Pathology; Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Han
- Department of Pathology; Ajou University School of Medicine; Suwon Korea
| | - Dok Hyun Yoon
- Departments of Oncology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Cheolwon Suh
- Departments of Oncology; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jooryung Huh
- Pathology, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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40
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Kraus RJ, Yu X, Cordes BLA, Sathiamoorthi S, Iempridee T, Nawandar DM, Ma S, Romero-Masters JC, McChesney KG, Lin Z, Makielski KR, Lee DL, Lambert PF, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC, Mertz JE. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α plays roles in Epstein-Barr virus's natural life cycle and tumorigenesis by inducing lytic infection through direct binding to the immediate-early BZLF1 gene promoter. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006404. [PMID: 28617871 PMCID: PMC5487075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When confronted with poor oxygenation, cells adapt by activating survival signaling pathways, including the oxygen-sensitive transcriptional regulators called hypoxia-inducible factor alphas (HIF-αs). We report here that HIF-1α also regulates the life cycle of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Incubation of EBV-positive gastric carcinoma AGS-Akata and SNU-719 and Burkitt lymphoma Sal and KemIII cell lines with a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, L-mimosine or deferoxamine, or the NEDDylation inhibitor MLN4924 promoted rapid and sustained accumulation of both HIF-1α and lytic EBV antigens. ShRNA knockdown of HIF-1α significantly reduced deferoxamine-mediated lytic reactivation. HIF-1α directly bound the promoter of the EBV primary latent-lytic switch BZLF1 gene, Zp, activating transcription via a consensus hypoxia-response element (HRE) located at nt -83 through -76 relative to the transcription initiation site. HIF-1α did not activate transcription from the other EBV immediate-early gene, BRLF1. Importantly, expression of HIF-1α induced EBV lytic-gene expression in cells harboring wild-type EBV, but not in cells infected with variants containing base-pair substitution mutations within this HRE. Human oral keratinocyte (NOK) and gingival epithelial (hGET) cells induced to differentiate by incubation with either methyl cellulose or growth in organotypic culture accumulated both HIF-1α and Blimp-1α, another cellular factor implicated in lytic reactivation. HIF-1α activity also accumulated along with Blimp-1α during B-cell differentiation into plasma cells. Furthermore, most BZLF1-expressing cells observed in lymphomas induced by EBV in NSG mice with a humanized immune system were located distal to blood vessels in hypoxic regions of the tumors. Thus, we conclude that HIF-1α plays central roles in both EBV’s natural life cycle and EBV-associated tumorigenesis. We propose that drugs that induce HIF-1α protein accumulation are good candidates for development of a lytic-induction therapy for treating some EBV-associated malignancies. Most adults throughout the world are infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus frequently associated in a latent state with some cancers of epithelial and B-cell origin such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt lymphoma, respectively. To develop an oncolytic therapy for treating patients with EBV-associated cancers, we need a method to efficiently induce synthesis of lytic EBV proteins. The EBV protein encoded by its immediate-early BZLF1 gene usually mediates the switch into lytic viral infection. We show here that HIF-1α, a cellular transcription factor that accumulates in cells when deprived of normal levels of oxygen, can induce lytic EBV infection. HIF-1α mediates this switch by directly binding to a specific sequence located within the BZLF1 gene promoter, activating its expression. Importantly, we also show that deferoxamine, an FDA-approved drug that inhibits degradation of HIF-1α, can induce synthesis of lytic EBV proteins in some EBV-positive epithelial and lymphocytic cell lines. These findings indicate that HIF-1α-stabilizing drugs, administered in combination with nucleoside analogues such as ganciclovir, may be helpful as part of a lytic-induction therapy for treating some patients with EBV-positive malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Kraus
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xianming Yu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Blue-leaf A. Cordes
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saraniya Sathiamoorthi
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tawin Iempridee
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Dhananjay M. Nawandar
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shidong Ma
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - James C. Romero-Masters
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kyle G. McChesney
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center and Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kathleen R. Makielski
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Denis L. Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Janet E. Mertz
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Lo AKF, Dawson CW, Young LS, Lo KW. The role of metabolic reprogramming in γ-herpesvirus-associated oncogenesis. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1512-1521. [PMID: 28542909 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The γ-herpesviruses, EBV and KSHV, are closely associated with a number of human cancers. While the signal transduction pathways exploited by γ-herpesviruses to promote cell growth, survival and transformation have been reported, recent studies have uncovered the impact of γ-herpesvirus infection on host cell metabolism. Here, we review the mechanisms used by γ-herpesviruses to induce metabolic reprogramming in host cells, focusing on their ability to modulate the activity of metabolic regulators and manipulate metabolic pathways. While γ-herpesviruses alter metabolic phenotypes as a means to support viral infection and long-term persistence, this modulation can inadvertently contribute to cancer development. Strategies that target deregulated metabolic phenotypes induced by γ-herpesviruses provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kwok-Fung Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher W Dawson
- Institutite of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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42
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Zhang F, Wu X, Niu J, Kang X, Cheng L, Lv Y, Wu M. GSTM1 polymorphism is related to risks of nasopharyngeal cancer and laryngeal cancer: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1433-1440. [PMID: 28331336 PMCID: PMC5348073 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s131611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating data have reported that GSTM1 polymorphism may be related to nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and laryngeal cancer (LC). This meta-analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between GSTM1 polymorphism and risks of NPC and LC. Methods Pubmed, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were searched for potential articles. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the relationship of GSTM1 polymorphism with the risks of NPC and LC. I2>50% or P<0.05 indicates significant heterogeneity. When heterogeneity existed, the random-effects model was used to pool data, otherwise, the fixed-effects model was adopted. Publication bias was detected by Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s regression. Quality of each study was evaluated by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results Thirty-two eligible articles were included. Pooled outcome suggested the significant relationship of GSTM1 null genotype with increased risk of LC (OR =1.28, 95% CI =1.05–1.54). Compared with hospital-based (HB) population, GSTM1 null genotype was also related to increased risk of LC (OR =1.38, 95% CI =1.06–1.80). Positive relationship of GSTM1 null genotype with enhanced risk of NPC was observed (OR =1.43, 95% CI =1.26–1.63). A similar trend was also observed in the subgroup analysis by source of control (population-based [PB]: OR =1.39, 95% CI =1.18–1.63; HB: OR =1.52, 95% CI =1.22–1.89). Conclusion GSTM1 null genotype is related to increased risk of NPC and LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Zhang
- Otorhinolaryngological Department, Wei Fang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xijiang Wu
- Otorhinolaryngological Department, Shouguang Peoples Hospital, Shouguang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinming Niu
- Otorhinolaryngological Department, Wei Fang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiufeng Kang
- Medical insurance office, Shouguang Peoples Hospital, Shouguang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liya Cheng
- Otorhinolaryngological Department, Wei Fang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanchun Lv
- Otorhinolaryngological Department, Wei Fang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Meimei Wu
- Otorhinolaryngological Department, Wei Fang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
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43
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Wang C, Wang H, Zhang Y, Guo W, Long C, Wang J, Liu L, Sun X. Berberine inhibits the proliferation of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1-dependent mechanism. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2109-2120. [PMID: 28259949 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy derived from the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx cavity, and is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In addition to NPC, EBV causes various human malignancies, such as gastric cancer, hematological tumors and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) encoded by EBV is indispensable for replication, partition, transcription and maintenance of viral genomes. Berberine, a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid, shows anti-inflammatory, anticholinergic, antioxidative, and anticancer activities. In the present study, the antitumor effect of berberine was studied. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays were performed to demonstrate whether the proliferation of EBV-positive NPC cells was inhibited by berberine. Flow cytometric results revealed that berberine induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Quantitative-PCR and western blotting results indicated that berberine decreased the expression of EBNA1 at both the mRNA and protein levels in the EBV-positive NPC cells. The function of EBNA1 promoter Qp which is to drive EBNA1 transcription in type Ⅱ latent infection was strongly suppressed by berberine. Overexpression of EBNA1 attenuated this inhibitory effect. Berberine also suppressed the activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 which is a new therapeutic target in a series of malignancies, including NPC. Viral titer experiments demonstrated that berberine decreased the production of virions in HONE1 and HK1-EBV cells. In a mouse xenograft model of NPC induced by HONE1 cells, berberine significantly inhibited tumor formation. Altogether, these results indicate that berberine decreases the expression of EBNA1 and exhibits an antitumor effect against NPC both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pathology and Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Cong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Limei Liu
- Corneal Disease Department of Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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44
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Angiogenic factors are associated with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 301:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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45
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Jha HC, Pei Y, Robertson ES. Epstein-Barr Virus: Diseases Linked to Infection and Transformation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1602. [PMID: 27826287 PMCID: PMC5078142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was first discovered in 1964, and was the first known human tumor virus now shown to be associated with a vast number of human diseases. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand infection, propagation, and transformation in various cell types linked to human diseases. However, a comprehensive lens through which virus infection, reactivation and transformation of infected host cells can be visualized is yet to be formally established and will need much further investigation. Several human cell types infected by EBV have been linked to associated diseases. However, whether these are a direct result of EBV infection or indirectly due to contributions by additional infectious agents will need to be fully investigated. Therefore, a thorough examination of infection, reactivation, and cell transformation induced by EBV will provide a more detailed view of its contributions that drive pathogenesis. This undoubtedly expand our knowledge of the biology of EBV infection and the signaling activities of targeted cellular factors dysregulated on infection. Furthermore, these insights may lead to identification of therapeutic targets and agents for clinical interventions. Here, we review the spectrum of EBV-associated diseases, the role of the encoded latent antigens, and the switch to latency or lytic replication which occurs in EBV infected cells. Furthermore, we describe the cellular processes and critical factors which contribute to cell transformation. We also describe the fate of B-cells and epithelial cells after EBV infection and the expected consequences which contribute to establishment of viral-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem C Jha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Yonggang Pei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, USA
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46
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Jiang X, Feng L, Dai B, Li L, Lu W. Identification of key genes involved in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 83:670-676. [PMID: 27765529 PMCID: PMC9449222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is the most common cancer originating from the nasopharynx. Objective To study the mechanisms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we analyzed GSE12452 microarray data. Methods GSE12452 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and included 31 nasopharyngeal carcinoma samples and 10 normal nasopharyngeal tissue samples. The differentially expressed genes were screened by ANOVA in the PGS package. Using the BiNGO plugin in Cytoscape and pathway enrichment analysis in the PGS package, functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed separately to predict potential functions of the differentially expressed genes. Furthermore, Transcription factor-differentially expressed gene pairs were searched, and then the transcription factor-differentially expressed gene regulatory network was visualized using Cytoscape software. Results A total of 487 genes were screened as differentially expressed genes between the nasopharyngeal carcinoma samples and the normal nasopharyngeal tissue samples. Enrichment analysis indicated that PTGS2 was involved in the regulation of biological process and small cell lung cancer. ZIC2 and OVOL1 may function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through targeting significantly up-regulated genes (such as PTGS2, FN1, CXCL9 and CXCL10) in the Transcription factor-differentially expressed gene regulatory network (e.g., ZIC2→PTGS2 and OVOL1→CXCL10). Conclusion PTGS2, FN1, CXCL9, CXCL10, ZIC2 and OVOL1 might play roles in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Cangzhou Central Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Lichun Feng
- Cangzhou Central Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Baoqiang Dai
- Cangzhou Central Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Liping Li
- Cangzhou Central Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Weiwei Lu
- Cangzhou Central Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cangzhou, Hebei, China.
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47
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Sung WW, Chu YC, Chen PR, Liao MH, Lee JW. Positive regulation of HIF-1A expression by EBV oncoprotein LMP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2016; 382:21-31. [PMID: 27567526 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a pivotal viral oncoprotein that contributes to the carcinogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We investigated the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) by LMP1. In NPC cells, we found that LMP1 significantly enhanced the HIF-1α mRNA level, and not only the protein amount as described previously. Mechanistically, the stability of the HIF-1α transcript was remarkably prolonged by LMP1 via reduced expressions of RNA-destabilizing proteins tristetraprolin (TTP) and pumilio RNA-binding family member 2 (PUM2) through C-terminal activation region 1 (CTAR1) and CTAR3 interaction with the ERK1/2 and STAT3 signaling pathways, respectively, in parallel with hindrance of PUM2 binding to the HIF-1α mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). On the other hand, HIF-1A promoter activity was also obviously facilitated by the LMP1 CTAR1-recruited ERK1/2/NF-κB pathway. Intriguingly, in this scenario, augmented HIF-1α further exhibited positive auto-regulation of its own gene transcription. Our results showed the first time that LMP1 directly up-regulates HIF-1A transcription and post-transcription in NPC cells, in addition to providing evidence of an increase in the HIF-1α mRNA level caused by a tumor-associated virus under normoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Sung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chih Chu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Peir-Rong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hui Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Woei Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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48
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Zhu C, Zhu Q, Wang C, Zhang L, Wei F, Cai Q. Hostile takeover: Manipulation of HIF-1 signaling in pathogen-associated cancers (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1269-76. [PMID: 27499495 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 is a central regulator in the adaptation process of cell response to hypoxia (low oxygen). Emerging evidence has demonstrated that HIF-1 plays an important role in the development and progression of many types of human diseases, including pathogen-associated cancers. In the present review, we summarize the recent understandings of how human pathogenic agents including viruses, bacteria and parasites deregulate cellular HIF-1 signaling pathway in their associated cancer cells, and highlight the common molecular mechanisms of HIF-1 signaling activated by these pathogenic infection, which could act as potential diagnostic markers and new therapeutic strategies against human infectious cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wei
- ShengYushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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49
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Yin Q, Wang X, Roberts C, Flemington EK, Lasky JA. Methylation status and AP1 elements are involved in EBV-mediated miR-155 expression in EBV positive lymphoma cells. Virology 2016; 494:158-67. [PMID: 27110708 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and miR-155 is well established. EBV infection induces miR-155 expression, which is expressed at higher levels in EBV latency type III cells compared to EBV latency type I cells. However, the mechanism by which EBV latency genes activate miR-155 expression is still unclear. Here we present data showing that DNA methylation regulates miR-155 expression. We also provide evidence that the AP1 signaling pathway is involved in EBV-mediated miR-155 activation, and that Bay11 influences signaling of the miR-155 promoter AP1 element. Lastly, we show that LMP2A, LMP1 and EBNAs cannot activate miR-155 expression alone, indicating that the regulation of miR-155 by EBV is dependent on more than one EBV gene or cell signaling pathway. We conclude that the regulation of miR-155 in EBV-positive cells occurs through multiple cell signaling processes involving EBV-mediated chromatin remodeling, cell signaling regulation and transcription factor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Yin
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, SL9, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, SL79, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Claire Roberts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, SL79, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Erik K Flemington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, SL79, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Joseph A Lasky
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, SL9, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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50
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Vastatin, an Endogenous Antiangiogenesis Polypeptide That Is Lost in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Effectively Inhibits Tumor Metastasis. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1358-68. [PMID: 26961408 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a hypervascular cancer without effective treatment. Here we report that polypeptide of NC1 domain of type VIII collagen (Vastatin) is an endogenous polypeptide expressed in normal liver tissue but lost in the liver of most HCC patients (73.1%). Its expression level is negatively associated with tumor size (P = 0.035) and metastasis (P = 0.016) in HCC patients. To evaluate its potential use as a therapeutic, we constructed a recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying Vastatin (rAAV-Vastatin) to treat HCC in an orthotopic Buffalo rat model. rAAV-Vastatin treatment significantly prolonged the median survival, inhibited tumor growth, and completely prevented metastasis in HCC-bearing rats by decreasing microvessel density and increasing tumor necrosis. No detectable toxicity in nontumor-bearing mice was observed. To investigate its molecular mechanisms, we performed DNA microarray, western blotting assays, and bioinformatic analysis to determine its effect on global gene expression patterns and signal transduction pathways. Our results indicated that rAAV-Vastatin significantly reduced the expressions of Pck1, JAG2, and c-Fos, thus inhibiting the cellular metabolism, Notch and AP-1 signaling pathways, respectively. Hence, we demonstrated for the first time that Vastatin is a novel, safe, and effective antiangiogenic therapeutic and a potential biomarker for HCC.
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