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A Combined Approach for Detection of Ovine Small Ruminant Retrovirus Co-Infections. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020376. [PMID: 36851589 PMCID: PMC9958757 DOI: 10.3390/v15020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV)-induced ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is an important ovine respiratory disease in Switzerland. Furthermore, ovine lungs with OPA frequently exhibited lesions suggestive of maedi-visna virus (MVV) or caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection, indicating that co-morbidities might occur. Lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes were sampled from suspected OPA cases, inflammatory lung lesions and control lungs (total of 110 cases). Tissues were (a) processed for histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and (b) underwent DNA extraction and real-time PCR for JSRV, MVV and CAEV. Peptide sequences were used to generate virus-specific customized polyclonal antibodies. PCR-positive OPA cases and formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded MVV- and CAEV-infected synovial cell pellets served as positive controls. Fifty-two lungs were histologically diagnosed with OPA. Histological evidence of MVV/CAEV infection was detected in 25 lungs. JSRV was detected by PCR in 84% of the suspected OPA cases; six were co-infected with MVV and one with CAEV. MVV was detected by PCR in 14 cases, and four lungs were positive for CAEV. Three lungs had MVV/CAEV co-infection. In IHC, JSRV was detected in 91% of the PCR-positive cases, whereas MVV and CAEV immunoreactivity was seen in all PCR-positive lungs. Although PCR showed a higher sensitivity compared to IHC, the combined approach allows for investigations on viral cell tropism and pathogenic processes in co-morbidities, including their potential interdependency. Furthermore, an immunohistochemical tool for specific differentiation of MVV and/or CAEV infection was implemented.
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Crilly JP. How useful is transthoracic ultrasonography for detecting ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in sheep? Vet Rec 2022; 191:119-121. [PMID: 35929713 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Neoplasia-Associated Wasting Diseases with Economic Relevance in the Sheep Industry. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020381. [PMID: 33546178 PMCID: PMC7913119 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We review three neoplastic wasting diseases affecting sheep generally recorded under common production cycles and with epidemiological and economic relevance in sheep-rearing countries: small intestinal adenocarcinoma (SIA), ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) and enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA). SIA is prevalent in Australia and New Zealand but present elsewhere in the world. This neoplasia is a tubular or signet-ring adenocarcinoma mainly located in the middle or distal term of the small intestine. Predisposing factors and aetiology are not known, but genetic factors or environmental carcinogens may be involved. OPA is a contagious lung cancer caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and has been reported in most sheep-rearing countries, resulting in significant economic losses. The disease is clinically characterized by a chronic respiratory process as a consequence of the development of lung adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis is based on the detection of JSRV in the tumour lesion by immunohistochemistry and PCR. In vivo diagnosis may be difficult, mainly in preclinical cases. ENA is a neoplasia of glands of the nasal mucosa and is associated with enzootic nasal tumour virus 1 (ENTV-1), which is similar to JSRV. ENA enzootically occurs in many countries of the world with the exception of Australia and New Zealand. The pathology associated with this neoplasia corresponds with a space occupying lesion histologically characterized as a low-grade adenocarcinoma. The combination of PCR and immunohistochemistry for diagnosis is advised.
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Toma C, Bâlteanu VA, Tripon S, Trifa A, Rema A, Amorim I, Pop RM, Popa R, Catoi C, Taulescu M. Exogenous Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus type 2 (exJSRV2) related to ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) in Romania: prevalence, anatomical forms, pathological description, immunophenotyping and virus identification. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:296. [PMID: 32807166 PMCID: PMC7433209 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a neoplastic disease caused by exogenous Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (exJSRV). The prevalence of JSRV-related OPA in Eastern European countries, including Romania is unknown. We aimed to investigate: the prevalence and morphological features of OPA (classical and atypical forms) in the Transylvania region (Romania), the immunophenotype of the pulmonary tumors and their relationships with exJSRV infection. A total of 2693 adult ewes slaughtered between 2017 and 2019 in two private slaughterhouses from Transylvania region (Romania) was evaluated. Lung tumors were subsequently assessed by cytology, histology, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and DNA testing. RESULTS Out of 2693 examined sheep, 34 had OPA (1.26% prevalence). The diaphragmatic lobes were the most affected. Grossly, the classical OPA was identified in 88.24% of investigated cases and the atypical OPA in 11.76% that included solitary myxomatous nodules. Histopathology results confirmed the presence of OPA in all suspected cases, which were classified into acinar and papillary types. Myxoid growths (MGs) were diagnosed in 6 classical OPA cases and in 2 cases of atypical form. Lung adenocarcinoma was positive for MCK and TTF-1, and MGs showed immunoreaction for Vimentin, Desmin and SMA; Ki67 expression of classical OPA was higher than atypical OPA and MGs. JSRV-MA was identified by IHC (94.11%) in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells of OPA. Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy also confirmed the JSRV within the neoplastic cells. ExJSRV was identified by PCR in 97.05% of analyzed samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of the exJSRV type 2 (MT809678.1) in Romanian sheep affected by lung cancer and showed a high similarity with the UK strain (AF105220.1). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we confirmed for the first time in Romania the presence of exJSRV in naturally occurring OPA in sheep. Additionally, we described the first report of atypical OPA in Romania, and to the best of our knowledge, in Eastern Europe. Finally, we showed that MGs have a myofibroblastic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Toma
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin Adrian Bâlteanu
- Laboratory of Genomics, Biodiversity, Animal Breeding and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Septiumiu Tripon
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technology, "C. Crăciun" Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Trifa
- Department of Genetics, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Genetics, "Ion Chiricuta" Cancer Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Rema
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nr.228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nr.228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raluca Maria Pop
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400337, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana Popa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornel Catoi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Taulescu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5 Calea Manastur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Laboratory of Genomics, Biodiversity, Animal Breeding and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Lee AM, Wolfe A, Cassidy JP, Moriarty J, O’Neill R, Fahy C, Connaghan E, Cousens C, Dagleish MP, McElroy MC, McV. Messam LL. An approach to diagnosis of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infection in sheep based on assessment of agreement between macroscopic examination, histopathologic examination and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gray ME, Sullivan P, Marland JRK, Greenhalgh SN, Meehan J, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ, Murray A, Argyle D. A Novel Translational Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Model for Human Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:534. [PMID: 31316911 PMCID: PMC6611418 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cell line and in vivo murine models have historically dominated pre-clinical cancer research. These models can be expensive and time consuming and lead to only a small percentage of anti-cancer drugs gaining a license for human use. Large animal models that reflect human disease have high translational value; these can be used to overcome current pre-clinical research limitations through the integration of drug development techniques with surgical procedures and anesthetic protocols, along with emerging fields such as implantable medical devices. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally-occurring lung cancer that is caused by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The disease has similar histological classification and oncogenic pathway activation to that of human lung adenocarcinomas making it a valuable model for studying human lung cancer. Developing OPA models to include techniques used in the treatment of human lung cancer would enhance its translational potential, making it an excellent research tool in assessing cancer therapeutics. In this study we developed a novel OPA model to validate the ability of miniaturized implantable O2 and pH sensors to monitor the tumor microenvironment. Naturally-occurring pre-clinical OPA cases were obtained through an on-farm ultrasound screening programme. Sensors were implanted into OPA tumors of anesthetized sheep using a CT-guided trans-thoracic percutaneous implantation procedure. This study reports the findings from 9 sheep that received sensor implantations. Time taken from initial CT scans to the placement of a single sensor into an OPA tumor was 45 ± 5 min, with all implantations resulting in the successful delivery of sensors into tumors. Immediate post-implantation mild pneumothoraces occurred in 4 sheep, which was successfully managed in all cases. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first description of the use of naturally-occurring OPA cases as a pre-clinical surgical model. Through the integration of techniques used in the treatment of human lung cancer patients, including ultrasound, general anesthesia, CT and surgery into the OPA model, we have demonstrated its translational potential. Although our research was tailored specifically for the implantation of sensors into lung tumors, we believe the model could also be developed for other pre-clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie R K Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen N Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David J Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Gray ME, Meehan J, Sullivan P, Marland JRK, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Ward C, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ, Murray A, Argyle D. Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma: A Unique Model to Improve Lung Cancer Research. Front Oncol 2019; 9:335. [PMID: 31106157 PMCID: PMC6498990 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer represents a major worldwide health concern; although advances in patient management have improved outcomes for some patients, overall 5-year survival rates are only around 15%. In vitro studies and mouse models are commonly used to study lung cancer and their use has increased the molecular understanding of the disease. Unfortunately, mouse models are poor predictors of clinical outcome and seldom mimic advanced stages of the human disease. Animal models that more accurately reflect human disease are required for progress to be made in improving treatment outcomes and prognosis. Similarities in pulmonary anatomy and physiology potentially make sheep better models for studying human lung function and disease. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer that is caused by the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. The disease is endemic in many countries throughout the world and has several features in common with human lung adenocarcinomas, including histological classification and activation of common cellular signaling pathways. Here we discuss the in vivo and in vitro OPA models that are currently available and describe the advantages of using pre-clinical naturally occurring OPA cases as a translational animal model for human lung adenocarcinoma. The challenges and options for obtaining these OPA cases for research purposes, along with their use in developing novel techniques for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents or for monitoring the tumor microenvironment in response to treatment, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Gray
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sullivan
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie R. K. Marland
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen N. Greenhalgh
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Gregson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Eddie Clutton
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Ward
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Murray
- School of Engineering, Institute for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Mansour KA, Al-Husseiny SH, Kshash QH, Jassim A. Clinical-histopathological and molecular study of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in Awassi sheep in Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq. Vet World 2019; 12:454-458. [PMID: 31089317 PMCID: PMC6487251 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.454-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to conduct a clinical-histopathological and molecular evaluation of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) in Awassi sheep in various regions of Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq. Materials and Methods A total of 150 sheep were clinically evaluated, and the wheelbarrow test was performed. 100 samples (35 blood, 25 lung tissue, 20 lymph node, and 20 lung fluid samples) were randomly selected from living and slaughtered sheep. All samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Histopathological examinations were performed for four lung tissue and two lymph node samples. Results A diagnosis of OPA was made based on the results of the clinical examination and the clinical signs shown by the animals, such as dyspnea, polypnea, coughing, mucous nasal discharge, moist rales on auscultation of the affected lungs, and emaciation. Interestingly, the animals tested positive for the wheelbarrow test, with frothy nares accompanied by profuse and clear lung fluid. Histopathological examination showed various lesions such as glandular transformation in the lung tissues and emphysema. Moreover, lymph nodes showed marked follicular atrophy and necrosis-associated lymphocyte infiltration in the affected tissues. PCR revealed that 25% of the samples including eight (22.8%) blood, five (20%) lung tissue, five (25%) lymph node, and seven (35%) lung fluid samples were positive for Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus; this result was highly significant. Conclusion The results of our study indicated that in Iraq, OPA diagnosis should be based on pathological findings and results of advanced procedures such as PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalefa Ali Mansour
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Saad Hashim Al-Husseiny
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Qassim Haleem Kshash
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
| | - Asaad Jassim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
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Singh R, Singh S, Singh R, Varshney R, Dhama K, Kumari S, Singh K, Dar JA, Kashyap G, Kamdi B, Kumar P, Singh V. Patho-Epidemiological study of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infection in the sheep and goats population, India. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1559422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Shailendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rajat Varshney
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Swati Kumari
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - K.P Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad Dar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - G. Kashyap
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Bhupesh Kamdi
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Vidya Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Scott PR, Dagleish MP, Cousens C. Development of superficial lung lesions monitored on farm by serial ultrasonographic examination in sheep with lesions confirmed as ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma at necropsy. Ir Vet J 2018; 71:23. [PMID: 30450192 PMCID: PMC6219085 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-018-0134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This ultrasonographic study monitored lesions involving the lung surface suspected to be the early stages of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) tumours over 4 months in commercially farmed sheep. The enlargement of these lesions defined ultrasonographically, which likely represent the development of OPA tumours, have important implications for ultrasound screening schedules in veterinary management plans attempting to eliminate OPA by test-and-cull. Results The lungs of 58 adult Scottish Blackface sheep with ultrasonographic changes at the lung surface consistent with early OPA tumours were examined two to six times over 40 to 290 days. Lesion development, represented in early video recordings by 2–3 mm lesions involving the visceral pleural and comet tails, then a decreasing length of the hyperechoic line representing the normal visceral pleura and increasing depth of the sharply-demarcated and largely uniform hypoechoic areas into the lung parenchyma, was found in 26 of the 58 sheep. The rate at which the sonographic lesions progressed varied considerably and in 10 of 17 Group 1 sheep developed quickly from an estimated depth of 2–30 mm up to 70 mm between 60 and 120 days later. These sonographic lesions were confirmed as OPA at necropsy; histological changes of concurrent bacterial infection were detected in one of these 10 Group 1 sheep. Thirty-one sheep had sonographic changes ≤30 mm consistent with very early OPA at the first examination which had reduced or were not observed at subsequent examination. Five of these 31 sheep were necropsied, 3 had small OPA lesions while 2 had no significant pathology. Conclusion Lesions involving the visceral pleura, with sonographic changes consistent with previous published findings of early OPA, developed over 40–120 days to large masses in 10 of 17 Group 1 sheep with the provisional sonographic diagnosis confirmed histologically at necropsy. While it is possible that atalectic lung could have caused some of the minor sonographic changes there was no microscopic evidence of pathologies other than OPA in nine of 10 Group 1 sheep. We conclude that some small tumours progress to large tumours within 3 months questioning the assumption that OPA is a slow growing tumour in adult sheep taking several years to cause clinical disease. The findings that a proportion of small ultrasonographic lesions are not found again at subsequent scanning illustrates the challenges of interpreting small (< 1–2 cm) lesions during rapid whole flock ultrasonographic examination and we continue to recommend re-scanning suspicious sonographic changes 2 months later. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13620-018-0134-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Scott
- Capital Veterinary Services, West Latchfields, Scotland, EH41 4JN UK
| | - M P Dagleish
- 2Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Scotland, Penicuik EH26 0PZ UK
| | - C Cousens
- 2Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Scotland, Penicuik EH26 0PZ UK
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12
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Lee AM, Wolfe A, Cassidy JP, McV Messam LL, Moriarty JP, O'Neill R, Fahy C, Connaghan E, Cousens C, Dagleish MP, McElroy MC. First confirmation by PCR of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in Ireland and prevalence of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in adult sheep at slaughter. Ir Vet J 2017; 70:33. [PMID: 29270288 PMCID: PMC5735933 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-017-0111-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), is characterised by the development of invariably fatal lung tumours primarily in adult sheep. High infection rates and disease prevalence can develop during initial infection of flocks, leading to on-farm economic losses and animal welfare issues in sheep with advanced disease. The disease has been reported in Ireland and is notifiable, but the presence of JSRV has never been confirmed using molecular methods in this country. Additionally, due to the difficulties in ante-mortem diagnosis (especially of latently-infected animals, or those in the very early stages of disease), accurate information regarding national prevalence and distribution is unavailable. This study aimed to confirm the presence of JSRV in Ireland and to obtain estimates regarding prevalence and distribution by means of an abattoir survey utilising gross examination, histopathology, JSRV-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and SU protein specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) to examine the lungs of adult sheep. Results Lungs from 1911 adult sheep were examined macroscopically in the abattoir and 369 were removed for further testing due to the presence of gross lesions of any kind. All 369 were subject to histopathology and RT-PCR, and 46 to IHC. Thirty-one lungs (31/1911, 1.6%) were positive for JSRV by RT-PCR and/or IHC but only ten cases of OPA were confirmed (10/1911, 0.5%) Four lung tumours not associated with JSRV were also identified. JSRV-positive sheep tended to cluster within the same flocks, and JSRV-positive sheep were identified in the counties of Donegal, Kerry, Kilkenny, Offaly, Tipperary, Waterford and Wicklow. Conclusions The presence of JSRV has been confirmed in the Republic of Ireland for the first time using molecular methods (PCR) and IHC. In addition, an estimate of OPA prevalence in sheep at slaughter and information regarding distribution of JSRV infection has been obtained. The prevalence estimate appears similar to that of the United Kingdom (UK). Results also indicate that the virus has a diverse geographical distribution throughout Ireland. These data highlights the need for further research to establish national control and monitoring strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Marie Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Alan Wolfe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Joseph P Cassidy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - Locksley L McV Messam
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6 Ireland
| | - John P Moriarty
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Ronan O'Neill
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Claire Fahy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Emily Connaghan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ Scotland, UK
| | - Maire C McElroy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston Laboratory Campus, Celbridge, Co. Kildare W23 X3PH Ireland
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Jörger A, Acevedo C, Busley D, Ganter M, Schmiedl A, Humann-Ziehank E. Stereological and biophysical characteristics of the ovine surfactant system and its changes caused by ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Res Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Miller AD, De las Heras M, Yu J, Zhang F, Liu SL, Vaughan AE, Vaughan TL, Rosadio R, Rocca S, Palmieri G, Goedert JJ, Fujimoto J, Wistuba II. Evidence against a role for jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in human lung cancer. Retrovirology 2017; 14:3. [PMID: 28107820 PMCID: PMC5248497 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) causes a contagious lung cancer in sheep and goats that can be transmitted by aerosols produced by infected animals. Virus entry into cells is initiated by binding of the viral envelope (Env) protein to a specific cell-surface receptor, Hyal2. Unlike almost all other retroviruses, the JSRV Env protein is also a potent oncoprotein and is responsible for lung cancer in animals. Of concern, Hyal2 is a functional receptor for JSRV in humans. RESULTS We show here that JSRV is fully capable of infecting human cells, as measured by its reverse transcription and persistence in the DNA of cultured human cells. Several studies have indicated a role for JSRV in human lung cancer while other studies dispute these results. To further investigate the role of JSRV in human lung cancer, we used highly-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies and a rabbit polyclonal antiserum against JSRV Env to test for JSRV expression in human lung cancer. JSRV Env expression was undetectable in lung cancers from 128 human subjects, including 73 cases of bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC; currently reclassified as lung invasive adenocarcinoma with a predominant lepidic component), a lung cancer with histology similar to that found in JSRV-infected sheep. The BAC samples included 8 JSRV DNA-positive samples from subjects residing in Sardinia, Italy, where sheep farming is prevalent and JSRV is present. We also tested for neutralizing antibodies in sera from 138 Peruvians living in an area where sheep farming is prevalent and JSRV is present, 24 of whom were directly exposed to sheep, and found none. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that while JSRV can infect human cells, JSRV plays little if any role in human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Dusty Miller
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
- 17915 Edmundson Rd, Sisters, OR 97759 USA
| | | | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Canter, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Fushun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Canter, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bond Life Sciences Canter, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Andrew E. Vaughan
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Thomas L. Vaughan
- Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Raul Rosadio
- Veterinary Faculty, National University of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sassari University, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - James J. Goedert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ignacio I. Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
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15
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Dudek K, Lutnicki K, Bednarek D, Marczuk J, Kycko A, Reichert M. Changes in blood parameters induced by experimental jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infection. J Vet Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2016-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the changes of blood parameters in 12 three-week-old Polish Merino sheep subjected to experimental jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) infection.
Material and Methods: Haematological (WBC with leukocyte subpopulations: GRA, LYM, MID, and RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, HGB, HCT, PLT, and MPV) and biochemical blood parameters (acid/base balance, cation/anion content, and gasometry) were determined in blood samples collected one month after JSRV infection, then at four-week intervals for five consecutive months.
Results: A decrease in RBC, HCT, MCV, PLT, MPV, and LYM values in comparison with controls was found in the last month of observation. On the other hand, at the same time, an increase in HGB, MCH, MCHC, WBC, MID, and GRA indices was observed. Moreover, at the end of experiment blood gasometric indices such as pCO2, HCO3, and tCO2, and Na and K ion concentrations were higher in the affected lambs than in the healthy animals. The pH values of the challenged animals exhibited less alkaline character than in the case of controls, which was associated with a decrease in O2% saturation. However, the majority of differences between JSRV inoculated and control groups was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The observed changes in the examined blood parameters can be considered as prodromal symptoms in the preclinical phase of adenocarcinoma development associated with JSRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dudek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lutnicki
- Sub-Department of Internal Diseases of Farm Animals and Horses, Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bednarek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jan Marczuk
- Sub-Department of Internal Diseases of Farm Animals and Horses, Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Kycko
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Michał Reichert
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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16
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Borobia M, De Las Heras M, Ramos JJ, Ferrer LM, Lacasta D, De Martino A, Fernández A, Loste A, Marteles D, Ortín A. Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus Can Reach Peyer's Patches and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Lambs Nursed by Infected Mothers. Vet Pathol 2016; 53:1172-1179. [PMID: 27154541 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816641993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a contagious lung cancer of sheep caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). It is generally accepted that transmission by the respiratory route occurs under natural conditions. However recent studies strongly indicate that JSRV can also be transmitted to lambs perinatally via colostrum and milk (C/M). The aim of this work was to confirm that C/M can transmit JSRV infection to lambs under natural conditions and investigate the initial events associated with this transmission route. We have analyzed the presence of JSRV in C/M samples from 22 naturally infected, asymptomatic ewes throughout a lactation period, and in various tissues collected from a group of 36 of their lambs that were fed naturally. The lambs were euthanized at 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours and at 5 and 10 days after birth. We detected JSRV-provirus by PCR in the somatic C/M cells from 10/22 ewes (45.45%). The virus was also detected in 9/36 lambs (25%). JSRV-infected cells, with lymphoreticular-like morphology, were observed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) in Peyer's patches (PP) from the small intestine of the youngest lambs and in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) from lambs older than 72 hours. The virus was also detected by PCR in white blood cells (WBC) in 2/36 lambs (5.5%). These results confirm colostral transmission of JSRV to lambs under natural conditions. Infected lymphoreticular cells contained in C/M appear to be involved. These cells can cross the intestinal barrier of newborn lambs, reach the MLN and enter into circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Borobia
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M De Las Heras
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J J Ramos
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L M Ferrer
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - D Lacasta
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A De Martino
- Unidad de Anatomía Patológica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Aragón (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Fernández
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Loste
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - D Marteles
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Ortín
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
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17
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Youssef G, Wallace WAH, Dagleish MP, Cousens C, Griffiths DJ. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a large animal model for human lung cancer. ILAR J 2016; 56:99-115. [PMID: 25991702 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Recent progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this disease has resulted in novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific groups of patients. Further studies are required to provide additional advances in diagnosis and treatment. Animal models are valuable tools for studying oncogenesis in lung cancer, particularly during the early stages of disease where tissues are rarely available from human cases. Mice have traditionally been used for studying lung cancer in vivo, and a variety of spontaneous and transgenic models are available. However, it is recognized that other species may also be informative for studies of cancer. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer of sheep caused by retrovirus infection and has several features in common with adenocarcinoma of humans, including a similar histological appearance and activation of common cell signaling pathways. Additionally, the size and organization of human lungs are much closer to those of sheep lungs than to those of mice, which facilitates experimental approaches in sheep that are not available in mice. Thus OPA presents opportunities for studying lung tumor development that can complement conventional murine models. Here we describe the potential applications of OPA as a model for human lung adenocarcinoma with an emphasis on the various in vivo and in vitro experimental systems available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad Youssef
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - William A H Wallace
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris Cousens
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Griffiths
- Gehad Youssef, BSc, is a research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. William A. H. Wallace, MBChB(Hons), PhD, FRCPE, FRCPath, is a consultant pathologist at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Edinburgh University, UK; Mark P. Dagleish BVM&S, PhD, MRCVS, FRCPath, is Head of Pathology at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK. Chris Cousens, PhD, is a senior research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK, and David J. Griffiths, PhD, is a principal research scientist at the Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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18
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Monot M, Archer F, Gomes M, Mornex JF, Leroux C. Advances in the study of transmissible respiratory tumours in small ruminants. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:170-7. [PMID: 26340900 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sheep and goats are widely infected by oncogenic retroviruses, namely Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus (JSRV) and Enzootic Nasal Tumour Virus (ENTV). Under field conditions, these viruses induce transformation of differentiated epithelial cells in the lungs for Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus or the nasal cavities for Enzootic Nasal Tumour Virus. As in other vertebrates, a family of endogenous retroviruses named endogenous Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus (enJSRV) and closely related to exogenous Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus is present in domestic and wild small ruminants. Interestingly, Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus and Enzootic Nasal Tumour Virus are able to promote cell transformation, leading to cancer through their envelope glycoproteins. In vitro, it has been demonstrated that the envelope is able to deregulate some of the important signaling pathways that control cell proliferation. The role of the retroviral envelope in cell transformation has attracted considerable attention in the past years, but it appears to be highly dependent of the nature and origin of the cells used. Aside from its health impact in animals, it has been reported for many years that the Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus-induced lung cancer is analogous to a rare, peculiar form of lung adenocarcinoma in humans, namely lepidic pulmonary adenocarcinoma. The implication of a retrovirus related to Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus is still controversial and under investigation, but the identification of an infectious agent associated with the development of lepidic pulmonary adenocarcinomas might help us to understand cancer development. This review explores the mechanisms of induction of respiratory cancers in small ruminants and the possible link between retrovirus and lepidic pulmonary adenocarcinomas in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monot
- INRA UMR754-Université Lyon 1, Retrovirus and Comparative Pathology, France; Université de Lyon, France
| | - F Archer
- INRA UMR754-Université Lyon 1, Retrovirus and Comparative Pathology, France; Université de Lyon, France
| | - M Gomes
- INRA UMR754-Université Lyon 1, Retrovirus and Comparative Pathology, France; Université de Lyon, France
| | - J-F Mornex
- INRA UMR754-Université Lyon 1, Retrovirus and Comparative Pathology, France; Université de Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - C Leroux
- INRA UMR754-Université Lyon 1, Retrovirus and Comparative Pathology, France; Université de Lyon, France.
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19
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Cousens C, Alleaume C, Bijsmans E, Martineau HM, Finlayson J, Dagleish MP, Griffiths DJ. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infection of lung slice cultures. Retrovirology 2015; 12:31. [PMID: 25889156 PMCID: PMC4419405 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the causative agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), a transmissible neoplastic disease of sheep. OPA is an economically important veterinary disease and is also a valuable naturally occurring animal model of human lung cancer, with which it shares a similar histological appearance and the activation of common cell signaling pathways. Interestingly, the JSRV Env protein is directly oncogenic and capable of driving cellular transformation in vivo and in vitro. Previous studies of JSRV infection in cell culture have been hindered by the lack of a permissive cell line for the virus. Here, we investigated the ability of JSRV to infect slices of ovine lung tissue cultured ex vivo. Results We describe the use of precision cut lung slices from healthy sheep to study JSRV infection and transformation ex vivo. Following optimization of the culture system we characterized JSRV infection of lung slices and compared the phenotype of infected cells to natural field cases and to experimentally-induced OPA tumors from sheep. JSRV was able to infect cells within lung slices, to produce new infectious virions and induce cell proliferation. Immunohistochemical labeling revealed that infected lung slice cells express markers of type II pneumocytes and phosphorylated Akt and ERK1/2. These features closely resemble the phenotype of natural and experimentally-derived OPA in sheep, indicating that lung slice culture provides an authentic ex vivo model of OPA. Conclusions We conclude that we have established an ex vivo model of JSRV infection. This model will be valuable for future studies of JSRV replication and early events in oncogenesis and provides a novel platform for studies of JSRV-induced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Charline Alleaume
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Esther Bijsmans
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Henny M Martineau
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Jeanie Finlayson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - David J Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK.
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20
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Cousens C, Gibson L, Finlayson J, Pritchard I, Dagleish MP. Prevalence of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte) in a UK slaughterhouse sheep study. Vet Rec 2015; 176:413. [PMID: 25721510 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - L Gibson
- SAC Consulting Veterinary Services, Allan Watt Building, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QE, UK
| | - J Finlayson
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - I Pritchard
- SAC Consulting Veterinary Services, Allan Watt Building, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QE, UK
| | - M P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, UK
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21
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Zhang K, Kong H, Liu Y, Shang Y, Wu B, Liu X. Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in China. Virus Genes 2014; 48:64-73. [PMID: 24150961 PMCID: PMC3909617 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a lung tumor of sheep caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). OPA is common in sheep, and it is most commonly observed in China. Without preventative vaccines and serological diagnostic tools for assay of OPA, identification of JSRV based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is very important for prevention and control measures for OPA in practice management. In this study, the diagnosis of OPA was made from analysis of clinical signs, pathological observations, JSRV-like particle discovery, and RT-PCR of the target env gene. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the China Shandong (SD) strain studied in this article belonged to exogenous JSRV, and it was very similar to 92k3, which was isolated from sheep in the Kenya (Y18305). The current study reported a severe outbreak of OPA in Shandong Province, China. The observations could offer a comparative view of the env gene of JSRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No.1, Yanchangpu, Lanzhou, 730046 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanjin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No.1, Yanchangpu, Lanzhou, 730046 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Youjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No.1, Yanchangpu, Lanzhou, 730046 Gansu People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping No.1, Yanchangpu, Lanzhou, 730046 Gansu People’s Republic of China
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22
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Solitary Tumours Associated with Jaagsiekte Retrovirus in Sheep are Heterogeneous and Contain Cells Expressing Markers Identifying Progenitor Cells in Lung Repair. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150:138-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Walsh SR, Linnerth-Petrik NM, Yu DL, Foster RA, Menzies PI, Diaz-Méndez A, Chalmers HJ, Wootton SK. Experimental transmission of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma in sheep. Vet Res 2013; 44:66. [PMID: 23899161 PMCID: PMC3734154 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) is a contagious neoplasm of the secretory epithelial cells of the nasal mucosa of sheep and goats. It is associated with the betaretrovirus, enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV), but a causative relationship has yet to be demonstrated. In this study, 14-day-old lambs were experimentally infected via nebulization with cell-free tumor filtrates derived from naturally occurring cases of ENA. At 12 weeks post-infection (wpi), one of the five infected lambs developed clinical signs, including continuous nasal discharge and open mouth breathing, and was euthanized. Necropsy revealed the presence of a large bilateral tumor occupying the nasal cavity. At 45 wpi, when the study was terminated, none of the remaining infected sheep showed evidence of tumors either by computed tomography or post-mortem examination. ENTV-1 proviral DNA was detected in the nose, lung, spleen, liver and kidney of the animal with experimentally induced ENA, however there was no evidence of viral protein expression in tissues other than the nose. Density gradient analysis of virus particles purified from the experimentally induced nasal tumor revealed a peak reverse transcriptase (RT) activity at a buoyant density of 1.22 g/mL which was higher than the 1.18 g/mL density of peak RT activity of virus purified from naturally induced ENA. While the 1.22 g/mL fraction contained primarily immature unprocessed virus particles, mature virus particles with a similar morphology to naturally occurring ENA could be identified by electron microscopy. Full-length sequence analysis of the ENTV-1 genome from the experimentally induced tumor revealed very few nucleotide changes relative to the original inoculum with only one conservative amino acid change. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ENTV-1 is associated with transmissible ENA in sheep and that under experimental conditions, lethal tumors are capable of developing in as little as 12 wpi demonstrating the acutely oncogenic nature of this ovine betaretrovirus.
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24
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Martineau HM, Dagleish MP, Cousens C, Underwood C, Forbes V, Palmarini M, Griffiths DJ. Cellular differentiation and proliferation in the ovine lung during gestation and early postnatal development. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:255-67. [PMID: 23356932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation in specific anatomical regions of the ovine lung during prenatal and postnatal development. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify ciliated epithelial cells, Clara cells, neuroepithelial bodies and type II pneumocytes in the lungs of preterm (67, 127 and 140 days of gestation), full-term (147 days) and postnatal (9, 16 and 91 days old) lambs. Differentiation of ciliated epithelial cells was seen at 67 days of gestation and at term for Clara cells. Neuroepithelial bodies were first detected at 127 days of gestation. From 16 to 91 days of age there was a significant (P <0.05) increase in beta-tubulin (present in ciliated epithelial cells) and Clara cell protein (present in Clara cells) in multiple regions of the lung. Detection of Ki67, a marker of proliferation, in preterm lambs showed a reduction in proliferation index in multiple anatomical regions of the lung between 70 days of gestation and term. Cell proliferation increased following parturition, and then decreased between 16 and 91 days of age, with the largest reduction occurring in the alveolar compartment. Knowledge of which cells are present at specific times of lung development provides valuable information on the anatomy of the ovine lung, improving its use as a model for ovine and human neonatal disease. In addition, the antibodies used here will be valuable for future studies requiring the identification and quantification of respiratory epithelial cell phenotypes in the sheep lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Martineau
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
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Summers C, Benito A, Ortin A, Garcia de Jalon JA, González L, Norval M, Sharp JM, De las Heras M. The distribution of immune cells in the lungs of classical and atypical ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 146:1-7. [PMID: 22341799 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a contagious tumour caused by infection of sheep with Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Two forms of OPA have been identified, classical and atypical, which can be distinguished clinically and pathologically. Most notably classical OPA is progressive until death, while atypical OPA remains subclinical. In the present study the local immune responses in the lungs of cases of atypical OPA were compared with those from classical cases by immunohistochemistry using a panel of mouse anti-sheep mAbs. Distinct differences in the distribution of immune cell subsets in the two forms of OPA were observed. In particular there was an intratumoural influx of T cell subsets and MHC Class II expression on the tumour cells in atypical OPA, neither of which was seen in classical OPA. It is possible that these differences may contribute, at least in part, to determining the progressive course of classical OPA compared with the subclinical nature of atypical OPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Summers
- Departmento de Patologia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Oda SS, Youssef SA. Immunohistochemical and histopathological findings of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte) in Egyptian sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43:1611-5. [PMID: 21626063 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring retrovirus-induced transmissible lung cancer in sheep. Lungs and associated (bronchial and mediastinal) lymph nodes of seven sheep with OPA were examined. Lungs had few multifocal consolidated slightly elevated gray to white masses ranging from 0.5 to 3 cm in diameter. Histopathologically, these masses appeared as well-differentiated acinar adenocarcinoma with little evidence of anaplasia. The acini composed of well-differentiated cuboidal to low columnar epithelium with clear or vacuolated cytoplasm and low mitotic index. No metastases were observed in the bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes of any animal. The presence of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) was demonstrated in the lungs by immunohistochemistry. JSRV protein was detected in all tumor epithelial cells, histologically normal alveolar type II cells, and few bronchiolar epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. This study is the first to confirm the presence of natural OPA in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Shehata Oda
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina-Rashid-Behera, Egypt.
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Martineau HM, Cousens C, Imlach S, Dagleish MP, Griffiths DJ. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus infects multiple cell types in the ovine lung. J Virol 2011; 85:3341-55. [PMID: 21270155 PMCID: PMC3067841 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02481-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a transmissible lung cancer of sheep caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). The details of early events in the pathogenesis of OPA are not fully understood. For example, the identity of the JSRV target cell in the lung has not yet been determined. Mature OPA tumors express surfactant protein-C (SP-C) or Clara cell-specific protein (CCSP), which are specific markers of type II pneumocytes or Clara cells, respectively. However, it is unclear whether these are the cell types initially infected and transformed by JSRV or whether the virus targets stem cells in the lung that subsequently acquire a differentiated phenotype during tumor growth. To examine this question, JSRV-infected lung tissue from experimentally infected lambs was studied at early time points after infection. Single JSRV-infected cells were detectable 10 days postinfection in bronchiolar and alveolar regions. These infected cells were labeled with anti-SP-C or anti-CCSP antibodies, indicating that differentiated epithelial cells are early targets for JSRV infection in the ovine lung. In addition, undifferentiated cells that expressed neither SP-C nor CCSP were also found to express the JSRV Env protein. These results enhance the understanding of OPA pathogenesis and may have comparative relevance to human lung cancer, for which samples representing early stages of tumor growth are difficult to obtain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henny M. Martineau
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Imlach
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P. Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Murgia C, Caporale M, Ceesay O, Di Francesco G, Ferri N, Varasano V, de las Heras M, Palmarini M. Lung adenocarcinoma originates from retrovirus infection of proliferating type 2 pneumocytes during pulmonary post-natal development or tissue repair. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002014. [PMID: 21483485 PMCID: PMC3068994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is a unique oncogenic virus with distinctive biological properties. JSRV is the only virus causing a naturally occurring lung cancer (ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, OPA) and possessing a major structural protein that functions as a dominant oncoprotein. Lung cancer is the major cause of death among cancer patients. OPA can be an extremely useful animal model in order to identify the cells originating lung adenocarcinoma and to study the early events of pulmonary carcinogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated that lung adenocarcinoma in sheep originates from infection and transformation of proliferating type 2 pneumocytes (termed here lung alveolar proliferating cells, LAPCs). We excluded that OPA originates from a bronchioalveolar stem cell, or from mature post-mitotic type 2 pneumocytes or from either proliferating or non-proliferating Clara cells. We show that young animals possess abundant LAPCs and are highly susceptible to JSRV infection and transformation. On the contrary, healthy adult sheep, which are normally resistant to experimental OPA induction, exhibit a relatively low number of LAPCs and are resistant to JSRV infection of the respiratory epithelium. Importantly, induction of lung injury increased dramatically the number of LAPCs in adult sheep and rendered these animals fully susceptible to JSRV infection and transformation. Furthermore, we show that JSRV preferentially infects actively dividing cell in vitro. Overall, our study provides unique insights into pulmonary biology and carcinogenesis and suggests that JSRV and its host have reached an evolutionary equilibrium in which productive infection (and transformation) can occur only in cells that are scarce for most of the lifespan of the sheep. Our data also indicate that, at least in this model, inflammation can predispose to retroviral infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Murgia
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Caporale
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Istituto G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ousman Ceesay
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Varasano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie, Facolta' di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita' di Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Palmarini
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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29
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Dagleish M, Benavides J, Chianini F. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of infectious diseases of sheep. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Griffiths D, Martineau H, Cousens C. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142:260-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Hudachek SF, Kraft SL, Thamm DH, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, DeMartini JC, Miller AD, Dernell WS. Lung Tumor Development and Spontaneous Regression in Lambs Coinfected With Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus and Ovine Lentivirus. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:148-62. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985809352787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring and experimentally inducible lung cancer of sheep caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). The first aim of this study was to monitor the development of OPA with minimally invasive, real-time observations of animals experimentally infected with JSRV as well as ovine lentivirus (maedi-visna virus). Worldwide, simultaneous infection of sheep with these 2 retroviruses is a common occurrence, naturally and experimentally; consequently, the lung tumor homogenates used as inocula contained both viruses. Following inoculation, computed tomography was used to detect tumor nodules early, before the onset of clinical signs, and to monitor tumor advancement. However, not only was OPA disease progression observed, but the apparent spontaneous regression of OPA was witnessed. In fact, regression was more common than progression following JSRV inoculation of neonatal lambs. Immune responses were detected, particularly involving CD3+ T cells and the production of antibodies against JSRV that may mediate the spontaneous regression of JSRV-induced OPA. The second aim of this study was to determine whether OPA tumors harbor genetic alterations similar to those found in human lung adenocarcinoma. No mutations were found in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor, KRAS codons 12 and 13, or the DNA-binding domain of p53 in tumor DNA from naturally occurring and experimentally-induced OPA cases. Overall, the genetic profile combined with the disease development data provides further important characterization of OPA and describes, for the first time, spontaneous regression of OPA tumors in experimentally infected sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Hudachek
- Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - S. L. Kraft
- Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - D. H. Thamm
- Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - H. Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
- Present address: School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - J. C. DeMartini
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
| | - A. D. Miller
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - W. S. Dernell
- Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman
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Cousens C, Thonur L, Imlach S, Crawford J, Sales J, Griffiths DJ. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus is present at high concentration in lung fluid produced by ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma-affected sheep and can survive for several weeks at ambient temperatures. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87:154-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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33
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Beytut E, Sözmen M, Ergínsoy S. Immunohistochemical detection of pulmonary surfactant proteins and retroviral antigens in the lungs of sheep with pulmonary adenomatosis. J Comp Pathol 2008; 140:43-53. [PMID: 19081577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The lungs and mediastinal and bronchial lymph nodes from 26 sheep with ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (OPA) were examined. Microscopically, the tumour was disseminated throughout the lungs and displayed acinar or papillary growth. The neoplastic cells were cuboidal or columnar with clear cytoplasm and a low mitotic rate. Retrovirus antigen (Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus Capsid Protein, JSRV CA) was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of tumour cells in the lung and lymph nodes by immunohistochemistry. The neoplastic cells had more diffuse and intense expression of pulmonary surfactant protein-A (SP-A) compared with the expression of SP-B or SP-C. SP-A and SP-B expression was localized to the apical cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells, whereas SP-C was most strongly expressed in the perinuclear area of the tumour cells. In the lungs of two sheep, low numbers of tumour cells expressed Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP). The nuclei of the neoplastic epithelial cells and of the germinal centre lymphocytes within the peribronchiolar lymphoid tissue expressed the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). CD3(+) T lymphocytes infiltrated the pulmonary tissue and surrounded the neoplastic foci. The results of this study demonstrate that JSRV continues to replicate in neoplastic cells after they have been transformed, and that the neoplastic cells produce pulmonary surfactant proteins. A local T-cell response occurs within affected lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Beytut
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey.
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35
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Grego E, De Meneghi D, Alvarez V, Benito AA, Minguijón E, Ortín A, Mattoni M, Moreno B, Pérez de Villarreal M, Alberti A, Capucchio MT, Caporale M, Juste R, Rosati S, De las Heras M. Colostrum and milk can transmit jaagsiekte retrovirus to lambs. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:247-57. [PMID: 18328646 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a contagious disease caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). In the three studies performed, we have obtained data of the importance of colostrum/milk (C/M) in the transmission of JSRV. In the first study, a group of sheep from a flock with a long history of OPA, samples from colostrum and peripheral blood leucocytes (PBLs) were collected. Two specific PCRs (U3-LTR and env of the JSRV) were carried out. Using U3PCR 8/34 sheep were positive in colostrum whereas with envPCR 7/34 were positive. From these animals only one was positive with U3PCR in the PBLs. Evidence of the transmission of JSRV infection by C/M was obtained in two more separate studies. In the second study, PBLs from five lambs from JSRV+ ewes and two from JSRV-ewes were tested by the U3PCR. They were fed C/M by their mothers during 3 months and slaughtered 7 months after birth. Three out of five lambs from the JSRV+ sheep become PBL positive at 3-4 months old and the other two were also positive at 4-6 months of age. One lamb of the JSRV-sheep became also PBL positive at an age of 3 months. In the third study, a group of lambs from JSRV negative mothers were fed with C/M from JSRV+ sheep and housed in separate unit. For comparison, another group of the same origin and maintained in another different unit, were fed with C/M containing a JSRV virus preparation. All lambs were blood sampled monthly and JSRV infection was detected as early as 15 days and several times onwards in both groups. Control groups fed with C/M from JSRV free flock and JSRV blood test negative sheep were always negative. Together these results indicate that suckling is an important natural transmission route for JSRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grego
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali Epidemiologia ed Ecologia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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36
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De Las Heras M, Murcia P, Ortín A, Azúa J, Borderías L, Alvarez R, Jiménez-Más JA, Marchetti A, Palmarini M. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus is not detected in human lung adenocarcinomas expressing antigens related to the Gag polyprotein of betaretroviruses. Cancer Lett 2007; 258:22-30. [PMID: 17889995 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of human lung adenocarcinomas (hLACs) express an antigen related to the major capsid protein (CA) of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), a Betaretrovirus that causes a transmissible lung cancer in sheep. In this study, we have investigated whether JSRV or related betaretroviruses are expressed in hLACs. Results obtained indicate that JSRV is not associated with human lung adenocarcinomas. However, a proportion of hLACs reacted positively in immunohistochemistry with antibodies specific towards different domains of the JSRV Gag suggesting that a bona fide retrovirus antigen could be expressed in these tumours. Further studies will be necessary to ascertain whether the detection of antigens cross-reacting with betaretrovirus Gag antisera in some hLACs is due to expression of a human endogenous retrovirus or, more unlikely, of an uncharacterized exogenous retrovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo De Las Heras
- Departmento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
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37
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Voigt K, Brügmann M, Huber K, Dewar P, Cousens C, Hall M, Sharp JM, Ganter M. PCR examination of bronchoalveolar lavage samples is a useful tool in pre-clinical diagnosis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte). Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:419-27. [PMID: 17418304 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a contagious lung tumour of sheep caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). The disease is a particular problem in flocks in many parts of the world. The aim of the study was to assess screening methods for individual animals as a prelude to future eradication trials. Results of histological examination were used as the standard to evaluate the relative sensitivity and specificity of an established heminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for JSRV proviral DNA from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. PCR results from tissue samples are included as control data. PCR testing of blood samples was found to have an estimated sensitivity of only 10% (95% confidence interval (CI) 3-20) while the sensitivity of the PCR test on BAL samples was 89% (CI 79-96) in comparison to the results of histological examination. We conclude that PCR testing of BAL samples is an effective confirmatory test for sheep with suspected clinical OPA. It is also a useful tool for the pre-clinical identification of individual infected sheep within an infected flock and therefore may prove beneficial in future control or eradication programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Voigt
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Services, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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38
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Varela M, Golder M, Archer F, de las Heras M, Leroux C, Palmarini M. A large animal model to evaluate the effects of Hsp90 inhibitors for the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. Virology 2007; 371:206-15. [PMID: 17961623 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring lung cancer of sheep caused by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). The JSRV envelope glycoprotein (Env) functions as a dominant oncoprotein in vitro and in vivo. In order to develop the basis for the use of OPA as a lung cancer model, we screened a variety of signal transduction inhibitors for their ability to block transformation by the JSRV Env. Most inhibitors were not effective in blocking JSRV Env-induced transformation. On the contrary, various Hsp90 inhibitors efficiently blocked JSRV transformation. This phenomenon was at least partly due to Akt degradation, which is activated in JSRV-transformed cells. Hsp90 was found expressed in tumor cells of sheep with naturally occurring OPA. In addition, Hsp90 inhibitors specifically inhibited proliferation of immortalized and moreover primary cells derived from OPA tumors. Thus, OPA could be used as a large animal model for comprehensive studies investigating the effects of Hsp90 inhibitors in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Varela
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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39
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Cousens C, Maeda N, Murgia C, Dagleish MP, Palmarini M, Fan H. In vivo tumorigenesis by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) requires Y590 in Env TM, but not full-length orfX open reading frame. Virology 2007; 367:413-21. [PMID: 17610928 PMCID: PMC2065845 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV) causes ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), a transmissible lung cancer of sheep. The envelope (Env) glycoprotein protein of JSRV functions as a dominant oncoprotein in vitro and in vivo. An SH2 binding domain (YXXM) in the cytoplasmic tail of the JSRV Env is one of the main determinants of viral transformation at least in vitro. In these studies, we report the first in vivo tests of site-specific mutants of JSRV in their natural host, the sheep. We show that, in vivo, JSRV(21) with the cytoplasmic tail YXXM mutated to DXXM did not cause disease nor detectable infection, indicating that this motif is absolutely required for virus replication and possibly transformation in vivo. In contrast, mutation of the JSRV open reading frame orfX, for which no function has yet been attributed, did not alter the disease induced by JSRV(21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Cousens
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, Edinburgh, UK.
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40
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Archer F, Jacquier E, Lyon M, Chastang J, Cottin V, Mornex JF, Leroux C. Alveolar Type II Cells Isolated from Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 36:534-40. [PMID: 17158359 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0285oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a naturally occurring cancer in sheep, with clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features similar to that of human pneumonic-type bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. JSRV (Jaagsiekte Sheep RetroVirus) is the etiologic agent of this contagious lung cancer in sheep. Cells involved in the tumor derive from alveolar type II cells and Clara cells, epithelial cells of the distal respiratory tract. These cells are the major site for viral expression in JSRV-infected animals. Recent studies clearly described the oncogenic properties of the JSRV envelope protein both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the cellular pathways involved in the transformation process seem to be dependent of the origin and type of the cell used. In order to investigate the specific interactions between JSRV and alveolar type II cells, we developed an in vitro experimental model in which lung epithelial cells were isolated from OPA and control lungs. Cells in culture expressed alveolar type II cell specific markers such as surfactant protein (SP)-A, SP-C, and a high alkaline phosphatase activity. Alveolar Type II cells derived from tumoral lungs showed a proliferative advantage and expressed the JSRV virus. The reverse transcriptase activity decreased over passages in monolayer culture conditions, but was efficiently maintained in three-dimensional culture conditions. We thus report on the first in vitro system whereby alveolar type II cells from OPA were efficiently maintained in culture and stably expressed JSRV. This novel experimental model will set up the stage for elucidating lung epithelial transformation in the JSRV-induced tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Archer
- Université de Lyon, INRA, UMR754, and Department of Respiratory Diseases, Reference Center for Orphan Lung Diseases, Louis Pradel Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
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41
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Leroux C, Girard N, Cottin V, Greenland T, Mornex JF, Archer F. Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV): from virus to lung cancer in sheep. Vet Res 2007; 38:211-28. [PMID: 17257570 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV) is a betaretrovirus infecting sheep. This virus is responsible for a pulmonary adenocarcinoma, by transformation of epithelial cells from the bronchioli and alveoli. This animal cancer is similar to human bronchioloalveolar cancer (BAC), a specific form of human lung cancer for which a viral aetiology has not yet been identified. JSRV interacts with target cells through the membrane receptor Hyal2. The JSRV genome is simple and contains no recognised oncogene. It is now well established that the viral envelope protein is oncogenic by itself, via the cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane glycoprotein and some domains of the surface glycoprotein. Activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways participates in the envelope-induced transformation. Tumour development is associated with telomerase activation. This review will focus on the induction of cancer by JSRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Leroux
- Université de Lyon 1, INRA, UMR754, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, IFR 128, F-69007, Lyon, France.
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42
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Caporale M, Cousens C, Centorame P, Pinoni C, De las Heras M, Palmarini M. Expression of the jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus envelope glycoprotein is sufficient to induce lung tumors in sheep. J Virol 2006; 80:8030-7. [PMID: 16873259 PMCID: PMC1563803 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00474-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the causative agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). The expression of the JSRV envelope (Env) alone is sufficient to transform a variety of cell lines in vitro and induce lung cancer in immunodeficient mice. In order to determine the role of the JSRV Env in OPA tumorigenesis in sheep, we derived a JSRV replication-defective virus (JS-RD) which expresses env under the control of its own long terminal repeat (LTR). JS-RD was produced by transiently transfecting 293T cells with a two plasmid system, involving (i) a packaging plasmid, with the putative JSRV packaging signal deleted, expressing the structural and enzymatic proteins Gag, Pro, and Pol, and (ii) a plasmid which expresses env in trans for JS-RD particles and provides the genomes necessary to deliver JSRV env upon infection. During the optimization of the JS-RD system we determined that both R-U5 (in the viral 5' LTR) and the env region are important for JSRV particle production. Two independent experimental transmission studies were carried out with newborn lambs. Four of five lambs inoculated with JS-RD showed OPA lesions in the lungs at various times between 4 and 12 months postinoculation. Abundant expression of JSRV Env was detected in tumor cells of JS-RD-infected animals and PCR assays confirmed the presence of the deleted JS-RD genome. These data strongly suggest that the JSRV Env functions as a dominant oncoprotein in the natural immunocompetent host and that JSRV can induce OPA in the absence of viral spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caporale
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
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De Las Heras M, Ortín A, Benito A, Summers C, Ferrer LM, Sharp JM. In-situ Demonstration of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Erk 1/2 Signalling Pathway in Contagious Respiratory Tumours of Sheep and Goats. J Comp Pathol 2006; 135:1-10. [PMID: 16814801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) and enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) are two contagious neoplastic diseases of secretory epithelial cells in the respiratory system of sheep and goats. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the aetiological agent of OPA, and enzootic nasal tumour virus (ENTV) is associated with ENA. The genomes of these retroviruses do not contain known oncogenes but products of the env gene are important in the generation of transforming stimuli. However, the cell signalling pathways activated in vivo are not completely understood. This study was based on the use of activation stage antibodies specifically detecting proteins of the extracellular signal regulated kinase Erk 1/2 cell signalling pathway and transcription factors. Tissue sections were collected from four natural cases of OPA, four experimentally induced OPA tumours, four ENA tumours in sheep, four ENA tumours in goats, two normal sheep lungs and two lungs with chronic inflammation. Routine immunohistochemical procedures with phosphorylation stage-specific antibodies were carried out. Representative proteins of the Erk1/2 pathway (Raf-1, Mek1/2 and p44/42MAPK) were activated in natural cases of OPA and ENA in sheep and goats and also in experimentally induced OPA. Transcription factors 90Rsk and Elk-1 were activated in OPA and ENA tumours. However, c-Myc was activated only in OPA tumours. In contagious respiratory neoplasms of sheep and goats the Erk1/2 pathway appears to be important for the in-vivo generation of the transforming stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Las Heras
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Summers C, Dewar P, van der Molen R, Cousens C, Salvatori D, Sharp JM, Griffiths DJ, Norval M. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus-specific immune responses induced by vaccination: A comparison of immunisation strategies. Vaccine 2006; 24:1821-9. [PMID: 16289765 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the aetiological agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). No JSRV-specific immunological responses have been detected in clinical cases of OPA or in experimentally infected lambs. The aim of the present study was to induce immune responses in sheep against JSRV proteins using several immunisation strategies. The vaccines were administered subcutaneously and intradermally, or intranasally, in adjuvant. Antibodies were measured by ELISA and immunoblotting, and T cell responses by lymphoproliferation assay. Antibodies specific for JSRV-capsid protein were induced by inoculation of recombinant proteins in adjuvant, and transient JSRV-specific T cell responses by intranasal inoculation with inactivated virus. These results will help in the design of a protective vaccine against JSRV infection and the development of OPA.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Blotting, Western
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intradermal
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus/immunology
- Lipids/administration & dosage
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Pulmonary Adenomatosis, Ovine/prevention & control
- Sheep
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Summers C, Norval M, De Las Heras M, Gonzalez L, Sharp JM, Woods GM. An influx of macrophages is the predominant local immune response in ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 106:285-94. [PMID: 15878202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2004] [Revised: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infection with a retrovirus, Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV), causes ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). The excess production of surfactant proteins by alveolar tumour cells results in increased production of pulmonary fluid, which is characteristically expelled through the nostrils of affected sheep. The immune response to JSRV and the tumour is poorly understood: no JSRV-specific circulating antibodies or T cells have been detected to date. The aim of the present study was to obtain phenotypic evidence for a local immune response in OPA lungs. Specific-pathogen free lambs were infected intratracheally with JSRV. When clinical signs of OPA were apparent, the lungs were removed at necropsy and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on lung sections using a panel of mouse anti-sheep mAbs. No influx of dendritic cells, B cells, CD4, CD8 or gammadelta T cells was seen in the neoplastic nodules or in their periphery. MHC Class II-positive cells were found intratumourally, peritumourally and in the surrounding alveolar lumina. In the tumours, many of these cells were shown to be fibroblasts and the remainder were likely to be mature macrophages. In the alveolar lumen, the MHC Class II-positive cells were CD14-positive and expressed high levels of IFN-gamma. They appeared to be immature monocytes or macrophages which then differentiated to become CD14-negative as they reached the periphery of the tumours. A high level of MHC Class I expression was detected on a range of cells in the OPA lungs but the tumour nodules themselves contained no MHC Class I-positive cells. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that the lack of an effective immune response in OPA could result from a mechanism of peripheral tolerance in which the activity of the invading macrophages is suppressed by the local environment, possibly as a consequence of the inhibitory properties of the surfactant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Summers
- Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
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Caporale M, Centorame P, Giovannini A, Sacchini F, Di Ventura M, De las Heras M, Palmarini M. Infection of lung epithelial cells and induction of pulmonary adenocarcinoma is not the most common outcome of naturally occurring JSRV infection during the commercial lifespan of sheep. Virology 2005; 338:144-53. [PMID: 15950254 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 05/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is the causative agent of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). In this study, we followed over a 31-month period the natural transmission of JSRV in adult sheep and in their offspring. We established groups derived from flocks with either a high or low incidence of OPA and monitored virus transmission, clinical disease and macroscopic/microscopic lung lesions at necropsy. Results obtained show that (i) JSRV infection can occur perinatally or in the first few months of life in lambs and in adult sheep; (ii) only a minority of JSRV-infected animals develop clinical disease during their commercial lifespan; and (iii) JSRV is more readily detectable in peripheral blood leucocytes and lymphoid organs than in the lungs. These data support a model of opportunistic JSRV infection and tumorigenic conversion of type II pneumocytes/Clara cells in the lungs, while lymphoreticular cells serve as the principal virus reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caporale
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
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