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Yang TH, Gao WC, Ma X, Liu Q, Pang PP, Zheng YT, Jia Y, Zheng CB. A Review on The Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease of Flaviviridea Viruses Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:365. [PMID: 38543730 PMCID: PMC10974792 DOI: 10.3390/v16030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the Flaviviridae family, encompassing the Flavivirus and Hepacivirus genera, are implicated in a spectrum of severe human pathologies. These diseases span a diverse spectrum, including hepatitis, vascular shock syndrome, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and adverse fetal outcomes, such as congenital heart defects and increased mortality rates. Notably, infections by Flaviviridae viruses have been associated with substantial cardiovascular compromise, yet the exploration into the attendant cardiovascular sequelae and underlying mechanisms remains relatively underexplored. This review aims to explore the epidemiology of Flaviviridae virus infections and synthesize their cardiovascular morbidities. Leveraging current research trajectories and our investigative contributions, we aspire to construct a cogent theoretical framework elucidating the pathogenesis of Flaviviridae-induced cardiovascular injury and illuminate prospective therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Hua Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China; (T.-H.Y.); (P.-P.P.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Diseases Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (X.M.); (Y.-T.Z.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Wen-Cong Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Xin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Diseases Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (X.M.); (Y.-T.Z.)
- College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China;
| | - Pan-Pan Pang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China; (T.-H.Y.); (P.-P.P.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Diseases Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (X.M.); (Y.-T.Z.)
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Diseases Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (X.M.); (Y.-T.Z.)
- Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yinnong Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Chang-Bo Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China;
- College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Vaccine Laboratory, Kunming 650500, China
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Freekh DA, Helmy MW, Said M, El-Khodary NM. The effect of direct acting antiviral agents on vascular endothelial function in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:1120-1128. [PMID: 34703365 PMCID: PMC8523355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is correlated with cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to assess the effect of treatment with DAAs on vascular endothelial function in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic HCV infected patients without any CVD risk factors. Fifty chronic HCV genotype 4 infected patients, without cardiovascular risks who have been listed to receive sofosbuvir/daclatasvir with ribavirin combination as triple therapy for 3 months were prospectively recruited. Endothelial dysfunction markers as soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and Von willebrand factor (vWf) and inflammation marker (IL6) were estimated at baseline and 3 months post the end of therapy (SVR). All patients achieved SVR. VCAM1 level was significantly improved after HCV clearance with DAA in cirrhotic HCV patients (P = 0.002) compared to patients with mild liver fibrosis (P = 0.006). Levels of vWF also decreased significantly in cirrhosis and non-cirrhosis groups after SVR (P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). Systemic inflammatory marker (IL6) showed significant decrease in cirrhotic patients (P = 0.001). While, IL6 level did not change significantly in non-cirrhotic group (P = 0.061). Also at SVR, noninvasive liver fibrosis indices have been reduced significantly in the two groups (P < 0.001). HCV clearance by new DAA treatment improves the vascular endothelial dysfunction in Egyptian HCV infected patients with different levels of liver fibrosis and with no risk factors for endothelial dysfunction or CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia A Freekh
- Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour City, Egypt
| | - Maged W Helmy
- Professor of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Said
- Professor of Endemic Medicine & Hepatology, Endemic Medicine & Hepatology Department, Cairo University, Cairo City, Egypt
| | - Noha M El-Khodary
- Lecturer of Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour City, Egypt
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Up-regulation of CXCL8 expression is associated with a poor prognosis and enhances tumor cell malignant behaviors in liver cancer. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226000. [PMID: 32766720 PMCID: PMC7441367 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL8, a member of CXC chemokines, was constitutively expressed in many types of human cancers, and its overexpression has been shown to play a critical role in promoting tumorigenesis. The purpose of the present study was to determine CXCL8 expression in a commercial human liver tissue microarray, and elucidate the effects and underlying mechanisms by which CXCL8 is involved in the malignant progression of human liver cancer. Our data showed that high level expression of CXCL8 in tissues with liver cancer was identified as compared with non-cancer tissues, and its up-regulation was closely associated with clinical stage and tumor infiltration. In vitro, exogenous CXCL8 at concentrations of 10, 20 or 40 ng/ml obviously stimulated the proliferation abilities of HepG2 cells. Coupled with this, 10, 20 or 40 ng/ml of exogenous CXCL8 also triggered a significant elevation in HepG2 cells migration. Additionally, overexpression of CXCL8 in HepG2 cells also resulted in increased cell proliferation and migration capacities. Finally, Western blotting analysis showed that overexpression of CXCL8 increased the expression of ERK, p-ERK and survivin, decreased the expression of caspase-3 and BAX at protein level.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with an increased incidence and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as higher mortality in CKD and renal transplant patients. Direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have revolutionized the treatment of HCV, with viral eradication attained in 90-100% of treated patients. DAAs have an excellent safety and tolerability profile in CKD and renal transplant patients. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the association of HCV with incidence and progression of CKD as well as its effect on outcomes and mortality. We also discuss the available treatment options in patients with CKD and renal transplant and in HCV-associated glomerular disease. EXPERT OPINION The availability of newly available direct acting anti-viral agents has revolutionized the treatment of HCV in persons with advanced CKD and undergoing dialysis. With these regimens, viral eradication can be attained in 90-100% of the treated patients. The safety, tolerability, and efficacy of these drugs in renal transplant patients have also made it possible to use HCV-infected grafts and successful virus eradication at a later stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair Khan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Mahmoud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar
| | - Adeel A Butt
- Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, Qatar.,Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha, Qatar
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Interferon- and ribavirin-free therapy with new direct acting antivirals (DAA) for chronic hepatitis C improves vascular endothelial function. Int J Cardiol 2018; 271:296-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Romano C, Cuomo G, Ferrara R, Del Mastro A, Esposito S, Sellitto A, Adinolfi LE. Uncommon immune-mediated extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14:1089-1099. [PMID: 30338718 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1538790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been associated with myriad extrahepatic manifestations, often resulting from aberrant immune responses. Among the most common immune-mediated manifestations of HCV infection, mixed cryoglobulinemia is the best known extra-hepatic complication. Areas covered: Here we review less common extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection, with ascertained or presumed immune pathogenesis and the role of the new all oral direct-acting antiviral agents. Rheumatologic, dermatologic, ophthalmologic, renal, pulmonary, hematologic, cardiovascular, and neuropsychiatric manifestations of HCV infection have been considered. Expert commentary: Pathogenesis of HCV-induced aberrant immune responses resulting in peculiar clinical manifestations is not restricted to a single mechanism. A sound approach would therefore consider implementation of an etiologic treatment, through use of antiviral medications, to stop upstream in the pathogenic process all the immune mechanisms leading to hepatic and extrahepatic abnormalities. With the recent introduction of interferon-free, direct antiviral agents, capable of warranting cure for nearly all HCV-infected patients subjected to therapy, both common and uncommon extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C are expected to no longer constitute a matter of comorbidity in the course of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Romano
- a Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania , Naples , Italy
| | - Giovanna Cuomo
- a Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania , Naples , Italy
| | - Roberta Ferrara
- a Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania , Naples , Italy
| | - Andrea Del Mastro
- a Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Emergency and Admittance , Cardarelli Hospital , Naples , Italy
| | - Sergio Esposito
- a Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania , Naples , Italy
| | - Ausilia Sellitto
- a Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania , Naples , Italy.,c Department of Emergency and Admittance , "San Giuseppe Moscati" Hospital , Avellino , Italy
| | - Luigi Elio Adinolfi
- a Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania , Naples , Italy
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a prevalent condition associated with numerous extrahepatic manifestations. Epidemiologic studies have found that HCV is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, in particular with carotid atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular events, and coronary heart disease. The mechanisms involved encompass a chronic systemic inflammatory state, insulin resistance, and a potential, direct infection of the vascular endothelium. Sustained virologic response with interferon-based regimens is associated with reduced cardiovascular events, although this must be validated with newer direct-acting antivirals. This clear association between HCV and cardiovascular events may have significant economical and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Negro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland.
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Lin GL, Chang HH, Lien TS, Chen PK, Chan H, Su MT, Liao CY, Sun DS. Suppressive effect of dengue virus envelope protein domain III on megakaryopoiesis. Virulence 2017. [PMID: 28622093 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1343769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection can cause severe, life-threatening events, and no specific treatments of DENV infection are currently approved. Although thrombocytopenia is frequently observed in dengue patients, its pathogenesis is still not fully understood. Previous studies have suggested that DENV-induced thrombocytopenia occurs through viral-replication-mediated megakaryopoiesis inhibition in the bone marrow; however, the exact mechanism for megakaryopoiesis suppression remains elusive. In this study, a reductionist approach was applied, in which C57B/6J mice were inoculated with recombinant DENV-envelope protein domain III (DENV-EIII) instead of the full viral particle. Our results demonstrated that DENV-EIII-suppressed megakaryopoiesis is similar to those observed with DENV infection. Furthermore, in agreement with our in vivo analyses, DENV-EIII sufficiently suppressed the megakaryopoiesis of progenitor cells from murine bone marrow and human cord blood in vitro. Additional analyses suggested that autophagy impairment and apoptosis are involved in DENV-EIII-mediated suppression of megakaryopoiesis. These data suggest that, even without viral replication, the binding of DENV-EIII to the cell surface is sufficient to suppress megakaryopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Ling Lin
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hou Chang
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan.,b Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Te-Sheng Lien
- b Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Po-Kong Chen
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Hao Chan
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Mei-Tzu Su
- b Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Liao
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Mennonite Christian Hospital , Hualien , Taiwan
| | - Der-Shan Sun
- a Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan.,b Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics , Tzu-Chi University , Hualien , Taiwan
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Barsoum RS, William EA, Khalil SS. Hepatitis C and kidney disease: A narrative review. J Adv Res 2017; 8:113-130. [PMID: 28149647 PMCID: PMC5272932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis-C (HCV) infection can induce kidney injury, mostly due to formation of immune-complexes and cryoglobulins, and possibly to a direct cytopathic effect. It may cause acute kidney injury (AKI) as a part of systemic vasculitis, and augments the risk of AKI due to other etiologies. It is responsible for mesangiocapillary or membranous glomerulonephritis, and accelerates the progression of chronic kidney disease due to other causes. HCV infection increases cardiovascular and liver-related mortality in patients on regular dialysis. HCV-infected patients are at increased risk of acute post-transplant complications. Long-term graft survival is compromised by recurrent or de novo glomerulonephritis, or chronic transplant glomerulopathy. Patient survival is challenged by increased incidence of diabetes, sepsis, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and liver failure. Effective and safe directly acting antiviral agents (DAAs) are currently available for treatment at different stages of kidney disease. However, the relative shortage of DAAs in countries where HCV is highly endemic imposes a need for treatment-prioritization, for which a scoring system is proposed in this review. It is concluded that the thoughtful use of DAAs, will result in a significant change in the epidemiology and clinical profiles of kidney disease, as well as improvement of dialysis and transplant outcomes, in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad S. Barsoum
- Kasr-El-Aini Medical School, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- The Cairo Kidney Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad A. William
- The Cairo Kidney Center, Cairo, Egypt
- National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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11
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DebRoy S, Hiraga N, Imamura M, Hayes CN, Akamatsu S, Canini L, Perelson AS, Pohl RT, Persiani S, Uprichard SL, Tateno C, Dahari H, Chayama K. Hepatitis C virus dynamics and cellular gene expression in uPA-SCID chimeric mice with humanized livers during intravenous silibinin monotherapy. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:708-17. [PMID: 27272497 PMCID: PMC4974116 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Legalon SIL (SIL) is a chemically hydrophilized version of silibinin, an extract of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds that has exhibited hepatoprotective and antiviral effectiveness against hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients leading to viral clearance in combination with ribavirin. To elucidate the incompletely understood mode of action of SIL against HCV, mathematical modelling of HCV kinetics and human hepatocyte gene expression studies were performed in uPA-SCID-chimeric mice with humanized livers. Chronically HCV-infected mice (n = 15) were treated for 14 days with daily intravenous SIL at 469, 265 or 61.5 mg/kg. Serum HCV and human albumin (hAlb) were measured frequently, and liver HCV RNA was analysed at days 3 and 14. Microarray analysis of human hepatocyte gene expression was performed at days 0, 3 and 14 of treatment. While hAlb remained constant, a biphasic viral decline in serum was observed consisting of a rapid 1st phase followed by a second slower phase (or plateau with the two lower SIL dosings). SIL effectiveness in blocking viral production was similar among dosing groups (median ε = 77%). However, the rate of HCV-infected hepatocyte decline, δ, was dose-dependent. Intracellular HCV RNA levels correlated (r = 0.66, P = 0.01) with serum HCV RNA. Pathway analysis revealed increased anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative gene expression in human hepatocytes in SIL-treated mice. The results suggest that SIL could lead to a continuous second-phase viral decline, that is potentially viral clearance, in the absence of adaptive immune response along with increased anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative gene expression in human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati DebRoy
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA,Department of Mathematics and Computational Science, University of South Carolina-Beaufort, Bluffton, SC, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Hiraga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C. Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sakura Akamatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Laetitia Canini
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA,Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ralf T. Pohl
- German Association of Phytotherapy, Nachtigallenweg 46, Speyer 67346, Germany
| | | | - Susan L. Uprichard
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - Harel Dahari
- The Program for Experimental & Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Urbaczek AC, Ribeiro LCDA, Ximenes VF, Afonso A, Nogueira CT, Generoso WC, Alberice JV, Rudnicki M, Ferrer R, da Fonseca LM, da Costa PI. Inflammatory response of endothelial cells to hepatitis C virus recombinant envelope glycoprotein 2 protein exposure. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:748-56. [PMID: 25317702 PMCID: PMC4238766 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) encodes approximately 10 different structural and non-structural proteins, including the envelope glycoprotein 2 (E2). HCV proteins, especially the envelope proteins, bind to cell receptors and can damage tissues. Endothelial inflammation is the most important determinant of fibrosis progression and, consequently, cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the inflammatory response of endothelial cells to two recombinant forms of the HCV E2 protein produced in different expression systems (Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris). We observed the induction of cell death and the production of nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor A in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated by the two recombinant E2 proteins. The E2-induced apoptosis of HUVECs was confirmed using the molecular marker PARP. The apoptosis rescue observed when the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine was used suggests that reactive oxygen species are involved in E2-induced apoptosis. We propose that these proteins are involved in the chronic inflammation caused by HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Urbaczek
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas,
Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Valdecir Farias Ximenes
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual
Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Afonso
- Departamento de Parasitologia Médica, Unidade de Parasitologia Médica e
Microbiologia, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropcal, Universidade Nova de Lisboa,
Lisboa, Portugal
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São
Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
- Grupo de Bioanalítica, Microfabricações e Separações, Departamento de
Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São
Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Camila Tita Nogueira
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas,
Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Wesley Cardoso Generoso
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São
Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Vieira Alberice
- Grupo de Bioanalítica, Microfabricações e Separações, Departamento de
Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São
Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Martina Rudnicki
- Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,
SP, Brasil
| | - Renila Ferrer
- Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,
SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Marcos da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas,
Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Inácio da Costa
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas,
Escola de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Bauru, SP, Brasil
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Reactive oxygen species activate NFκB (p65) and p53 and induce apoptosis in RVFV infected liver cells. Virology 2014; 449:270-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Langhans B, Krämer B, Louis M, Nischalke HD, Hüneburg R, Staratschek-Jox A, Odenthal M, Manekeller S, Schepke M, Kalff J, Fischer HP, Schultze JL, Spengler U. Intrahepatic IL-8 producing Foxp3⁺CD4⁺ regulatory T cells and fibrogenesis in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2013; 59:229-35. [PMID: 23624000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Regulatory CD4(+) T cells (Tregs) are considered to affect outcomes of HCV infection, because they increase in number during chronic hepatitis C and can suppress T-cell functions. METHODS Using microarray analysis, in situ immunofluorescence, ELISA, and flowcytometry, we characterised functional differentiation and localisation of adaptive Tregs in patients with chronic hepatitis C. RESULTS We found substantial upregulation of IL-8 in Foxp3(+)CD4(+) Tregs from chronic hepatitis C. Activated GARP-positive IL-8(+) Tregs were particularly enriched in livers of patients with chronic hepatitis C in close proximity to areas of fibrosis and their numbers were correlated with the stage of fibrosis. Moreover, Tregs induced upregulation of profibrogenic markers TIMP1, MMP2, TGF-beta1, alpha-SMA, collagen, and CCL2 in primary human hepatic stellate cells (HSC). HSC activation, but not Treg suppressor function, was blocked by adding a neutralizing IL-8 antibody. CONCLUSIONS Our studies identified Foxp3(+)CD4(+) Tregs as an additional intrahepatic source of IL-8 in chronic hepatitis C acting on HSC. Thus, Foxp3(+)CD4(+) Tregs in chronic hepatitis C have acquired differentiation as regulators of fibrogenesis in addition to suppressing local immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Langhans
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Mantarro S, Tuccori M, Pasqualetti G, Tognini S, Montagnani S, Monzani F, Blandizzi C. Acute portal vein thrombosis precipitated by indomethacin in a HCV-positive elderly patient. BMC Geriatr 2012; 12:69. [PMID: 23148576 PMCID: PMC3538652 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2318-12-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An increased risk of venous thromboembolism has been reported in patients treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). We describe a case of acute portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in a hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive elderly patient following administration of indomethacin. Case presentation A 79-year-old HCV-positive man was hospitalized for severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, 15 days after starting indomethacin for back pain. Clinical signs and imaging evaluations disclosed a picture of PVT. Indomethacin was discontinued, and the patient was started on fondaparinux and antithrombin. He was discharged 15 days later due to improvement of his clinical conditions. Thirty days later, a follow-up ultrasound did not show appreciable signs of PVT. The time elapsing between the start of analgesic therapy and PVT onset suggests a role of indomethacin as the triggering agent. Indomethacin could have precipitated PVT by a combination of at least two detrimental mechanisms: 1) direct action on liver vascular endothelium by inhibition of prostacyclin biosynthesis; 2) damage to the intestinal mucosa, followed by inflammatory and pro-coagulant activation of portal endothelium upon exposure to bacterial endotoxins. Conclusions This case can be of interest to physicians, who should exert caution when prescribing NSAIDs for inflammatory pain in patients with background inflammatory dysfunctions of the portal vein endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mantarro
- Tuscan Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance, Interdepartmental Centre for Research in Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, Pisa 56126, Italy
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Akbar H, Idrees M, Butt S, Awan Z, Sabar MF, Rehaman IU, Hussain A, Saleem S. High baseline interleukine-8 level is an independent risk factor for the achievement of sustained virological response in chronic HCV patients. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2011; 11:1301-5. [PMID: 21554996 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major cause of liver disease throughout the world, is difficult to treat with interferon (IFN) (and various formulations and combinations thereof) being the only approved molecule available. It has been investigated recently that proinflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) induced by HCV partially inhibits the antiviral IFN-α therapy. Therefore, the current study was aimed to prospectively utilize the baseline IL-8 levels in the HCV infected serum and predicts its role in sustained virological response (SVR) to IFN-α+ribavirin therapy, in chronic HCV patients in Pakistan. One hundred and ten hepatitis C patients without any other infections underwent IFN-α+ribavirin combination treatment. Baseline IL-8 levels were determined before starting of the therapy for all these patients. Fifteen normal volunteers negative for HCV were kept as control. The baseline IL-8 levels were found significantly higher in all HCV positive patients as compared to normal healthy volunteers (1083.54 ± 85.72 pg/ml versus 6.99 ± 1.05 pg/ml [mean ± SEM], p<0.01) and were also significantly higher in non-responders than responders (p<0.05). Comparatively higher mean baseline IL-8 levels were observed in non-responders (2442.02 ± 159.92 pg/ml), than late (1009.31 ± 45.31) and rapid (540.91 ± 27.06 pg/ml) responders. Significant relation was observed between baseline IL-8 level and response to IFN therapy (p<0.01). Results of this study suggest that increased levels of IL-8 in HCV infection might be involved in pathogenesis, persistence and resistance to IFN-α+ribavirin combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haji Akbar
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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17
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Pawlak K, Mysliwiec M, Pawlak D. Hepatitis C virus seropositivity and TNF superfamily receptors: sCD40, sFas – the new putative determinants of endothelial dysfunction in haemodialysis patients. Thromb Res 2010; 126:393-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kang SM, Won SJ, Lee GH, Lim YS, Hwang SB. Modulation of interferon signaling by hepatitis C virus non-structural 5A protein: implication of genotypic difference in interferon treatment. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:4069-76. [PMID: 20804757 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) response rate in hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients has been varied with genotypes. In this study, we investigated the effects of HCV NS5A protein on IFN resistance and compared the genotypic differences of NS5A. We showed that IFN-α-, poly I:C-, and Sendai virus-induced ISRE transcriptional activities were inhibited by both genotype 1b and 2a NS5A protein. We demonstrated that not only genotype 1b but also genotype 2a NS5A exerted the similar extent of IFN-α-induced antiviral activity. We showed that NS5A derived from both genotype 1b and 2a showed no significant differential IFN responses as seen in HCV patients. These data imply that some other host factor may be involved in genotypic differences of IFN antagonism in HCV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Kang
- National Research Laboratory of Hepatitis C Virus, Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Dongan-gu, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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19
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Critical issues related to porcine xenograft exposure to human viruses: lessons from allotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010; 15:230-5. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328336b8f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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Minakata Y, Ueda H, Akamatsu K, Kanda M, Yanagisawa S, Ichikawa T, Koarai A, Hirano T, Sugiura H, Matsunaga K, Ichinose M. High COPD prevalence in patients with liver disease. Intern Med 2010; 49:2687-91. [PMID: 21173543 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Comorbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been recognized as an important issue in COPD management. We have reported that patients with liver diseases show a higher prevalence of COPD, but the number of patients with liver diseases was small and the details of liver diseases were not clearly investigated. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of COPD in patients with liver diseases by recruiting a large number of patients, and also investigated was the effect of hepatitis virus infection on COPD prevalence. PATIENTS AND METHODS Six hundred sixty-six patients were recruited from 9 primary care clinics and three hospitals. All of these patients were aged 40 years or older with chronic diseases and had not been diagnosed as having respiratory diseases. A spirometry was performed without administration of an inhaled bronchodilator. Airflow limitation was defined as FEV1/FVC<70%. Underlying diseases were diagnosed by doctors of the clinics or the hospitals. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-six patients had liver diseases, and 410 did not. Of 410 patients without liver diseases, 37 patients (9.0%) were diagnosed as COPD, and of 256 patients with liver diseases, 35 patients (13.8%) were COPD. When the prevalence was analyzed according to smoking, age and gender, liver diseases showed a significantly high odds ratio (2.10, 95%CI 1.23-3.57, p=0.006), but hepatitis virus infection showed a non-significant tendency toward a high odds ratio. CONCLUSION The patients with liver diseases had a significantly high prevalence of COPD. The presence of liver disease might become a useful predictor for the early detection of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Minakata
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama
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21
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Pazienza V, Clément S, Pugnale P, Conzelmann S, Pascarella S, Mangia A, Negro F. Gene expression profile of Huh-7 cells expressing hepatitis C virus genotype 1b or 3a core proteins. Liver Int 2009; 29:661-9. [PMID: 18803589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver disease expression in chronic hepatitis C patients is variable and may partially depend on the sequence of the infecting viral genotype. AIM To identify some hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype-specific virus-host interactions potentially leading to clinically significant consequences. METHODS We compared the gene expression profile of Huh-7 cells transiently expressing the core protein of HCV genotype 1b and 3a using microarray technology. RESULTS Thirty-two genes were overexpressed in Huh-7 transfected with the HCV genotype 1b core protein and 57 genes in cells transfected with the genotype 3a core protein. On the other hand, we found 20 genes downregulated by core 1b and 31 genes by core 3a. These included genes involved in lipid transport and metabolism, cell cycle, immune response and insulin signalling. CONCLUSION The expression of HCV core proteins of different genotypes leads to a specific gene expression profile. This may account for the variable disease expression associated with HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Pazienza
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus, a noncytopathic hepatotropic RNA virus, affects over 170 million people worldwide. In the majority of cases, neither the early innate immune response nor the later adaptive immune response succeeds in clearing the virus, and the infection becomes chronic. Furthermore, in many patients, the ineffective inflammatory response drives fibrogenesis and the development of cirrhosis. It is critical to understand this immune pathology if preventative and curative therapies are to be developed. Chemokines are a superfamily of small proteins that promote leukocyte migration and orchestrate the immune response to viruses, including hepatitis C virus. Chemokines are crucial for viral elimination, but inappropriate persistence of expression in chronic hepatitis C infection can drive tissue damage and inflammation. Here we review the role of chemokines and their receptors in hepatitis C virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Heydtmann
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Liver Disease, MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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23
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Asselah T, Bièche I, Laurendeau I, Martinot-Peignoux M, Paradis V, Vidaud D, Valla DC, Bedossa P, Marcellin P, Vidaud M. Significant gene expression differences in histologically "Normal" liver biopsies: Implications for control tissue. Hepatology 2008; 48:953-62. [PMID: 18726958 PMCID: PMC2816363 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gene expression technologies allow the analysis of gene networks whose expression is associated with specific pathological conditions compared with normal tissue. We hypothesized that histologically normal tissue obtained in different ways (percutaneous or surgical liver biopsies), usually used as normal controls in gene expression studies, could have different gene expression patterns. Group A comprised percutaneous liver biopsies in 14 patients with mildly elevated alanine aminotransferase in whom all causes of liver disease had been ruled out. Group B comprised 14 surgical liver biopsies of nontumoral livers. All 28 specimens were histologically normal. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to compare the messenger RNA expression of 240 selected genes in these two groups. Expression of 26 of the 240 genes was significantly different between groups A and B; 23 genes were up-regulated in group A, while three were down-regulated in group B. The most notable changes occurred in the inflammatory response family genes. Eight genes discriminated perfectly between groups A and B: seven up-regulated genes (PAI1, THBS1, IL8, PTGS2, CXCR4, JUN, and FOS), and one down-regulated gene (IHH). In chronic hepatitis C liver samples, a lower or higher expression of a IL8 was found depending on whether the controls were obtained percutaneously or surgically. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that histologically normal liver tissue obtained in two different ways (percutaneous or surgical) has different gene expression patterns emphasizing the importance of an adequate selection of histologically normal controls to prevent discordant results in gene expression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Asselah
- Service d'Hépatologie & Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U733, CRB3, Université Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital BeaujonClichy, France,INSERMU745, Paris, France; Université René DescartesParis, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- INSERMU745, Paris, France; Université René DescartesParis, France,Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital BeaujonClichy, France
| | | | - Michelle Martinot-Peignoux
- Service d'Hépatologie & Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U733, CRB3, Université Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital BeaujonClichy, France
| | - Valerie Paradis
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital BeaujonClichy, France
| | - Dominique Vidaud
- INSERMU745, Paris, France; Université René DescartesParis, France,Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital BeaujonClichy, France
| | - Dominique-Charles Valla
- Service d'Hépatologie & Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U733, CRB3, Université Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital BeaujonClichy, France
| | - Pierre Bedossa
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital BeaujonClichy, France
| | - Patrick Marcellin
- Service d'Hépatologie & Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U733, CRB3, Université Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital BeaujonClichy, France
| | - Michel Vidaud
- INSERMU745, Paris, France; Université René DescartesParis, France,Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital BeaujonClichy, France
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24
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Minakata Y, Sugiura H, Yamagata T, Yanagisawa S, Ichikawa T, Koarai A, Akamatsu K, Hirano T, Matsunaga K, Ichinose M. Prevalence of COPD in primary care clinics: correlation with non-respiratory diseases. Intern Med 2008; 47:77-82. [PMID: 18195495 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Various extrapulmonary effects and comorbidities have been noted to contribute to the burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the relationship between the prevalence of COPD and non-respiratory diseases has not been well investigated. The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not COPD is different among patients already suffering from other diseases. METHODS Spirometry was performed by patients aged >or=40 years old with non-respiratory diseases who visited primary care clinics. Four hundred eighty-one patients performed spirometry and 7 patients were excluded because of poor spirometry maneuvers, resulting in 474 patients that were eligible for the current study. In subjects showing abnormalities in their spirograms, precise diagnoses were made using a questionnaire and chest X-ray examination. RESULTS Among the 474 patients, airflow limitation (FEV(1)/FVC<70%) was observed in 53 patients (11.2%). Forty-nine patients (10.3%) were diagnosed as COPD and 4 patients (0.8%) as bronchial asthma. Among the various diseases, the prevalence of COPD was significantly higher only in the patients with liver diseases, which was 18.8% (12 of 64 patients). The odds ratio adjusted by both the amount of smoking and age was 2.66 (95%CI 1.06-6.63, p=0.037). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of COPD was different according to the type of disease, and patients with liver diseases had a higher prevalence of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Minakata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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25
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Balasubramanian A, Groopman JE, Ganju RK. Underlying pathophysiology of HCV infection in HIV-positive drug users. J Addict Dis 2008; 27:75-82. [PMID: 18681194 PMCID: PMC2720610 DOI: 10.1300/j069v27n02_09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HCV and HIV infections are very common among injection drug users (IDUs). It is well known that 80-90% of HIV-infected IDUs are also infected with HCV. Furthermore, patients with HCV/HIV co-infection are at a higher risk of progressing to end-stage liver disease, namely cirrhosis. Even though there is increasing global awareness of HCV/HIV co-infection and extended therapeutic programs for this infected population, little is known about the HCV/HIV pathophysiology that mediates the rapid progression to hepatic disease. Liver disease caused by HCV/HIV co-infection is characterized by inflammation and cell-death. Recent reports suggest that the HIV and HCV envelope proteins may induce apoptosis and inflammation in hepatocytes via a novel pathway involving collaborative signaling. Moreover, HCV/HIV co-infection may also alter the cytokine production in vivo. Further studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of HCV and HIV-mediated pathogenesis will help in the development of therapeutic strategies against HCV/HIV co-infection in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Balasubramanian
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jerome E. Groopman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ramesh K. Ganju
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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26
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Oem JK, Jackel-Cram C, Li YP, Kang HN, Zhou Y, Babiuk LA, Liu Q. Hepatitis C virus non-structural protein-2 activates CXCL-8 transcription through NF-kappaB. Arch Virol 2007; 153:293-301. [PMID: 18074095 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a devastating disease worldwide. Proteins encoded by the etiologic agent, hepatitis C virus (HCV), are believed to play important roles in HCV-associated pathogenesis. However, the biological functions of the non-structural protein-2 (NS2) encoded by HCV are not well characterized. Here, we show that HCV NS2 protein activates CXCL-8 (interleukin-8, IL-8) transcription in HepG2 cells as measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and IL-8 promoter-luciferase reporter assays. Furthermore, when the kappaB site on the IL-8 promoter was eliminated by mutagenesis or when intracellular NF-kappaB activity was suppressed by an inhibitor, NS2 did not activate the IL-8 promoter, suggesting a role of NF-kappaB in this process. These results prompted us to hypothesize that HCV NS2 might be able to activate NF-kappaB. This hypothesis was tested by determination of NF-kappaB-driven reporter gene expression and NF-kappaB p65 subunit subcellular localization after HCV NS2 expression. Indeed, NS2 could up-regulate NF-kappaB-driven luciferase activity and was associated with p65 nuclear localization. These results demonstrate that HCV NS2 up-regulates IL-8 transcription through NF-kappaB. This newly identified function increases our understanding of the role of HCV NS2 protein in virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-K Oem
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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27
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Tang W, Lázaro CA, Campbell JS, Parks WT, Katze MG, Fausto N. Responses of nontransformed human hepatocytes to conditional expression of full-length hepatitis C virus open reading frame. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1831-46. [PMID: 17991716 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. To study the effects of HCV protein expression on host cells, we established conditional expression of the full-length open reading frame (ORF) of an infectious cDNA clone of HCV (genotype 1a, H77 strain) in the nontransformed human hepatocyte line cell HH4 using the ecdysone receptor regulatory system. Treatment with the ecdysone analog ponasterone-A induced tightly regulated and dose-dependent full-length HCV ORF expression and properly processed HCV proteins. HCV Core, NS3, and NS5A colocalized in perinuclear regions and associated with the early endosomal protein EEA1. HCV ORF expression caused marked growth inhibition, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, up-regulation of glutamate-l-cysteine ligase activity, increased glutathione level, and activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Although it was not directly cytotoxic, HCV ORF expression sensitized HH4 cells to Fas at certain concentrations but not to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. HCV ORF expression in HH4 cells up-regulated genes involved in innate immune response/inflammation and oxidative stress responses and down-regulated cell growth-related genes. Expression of HCV ORF in host cells may contribute to HCV pathogenesis by producing oxidative stress and increasing the expression of genes related to the innate immune response and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, K078 Health Sciences Building, Box 357705, Seattle, WA 98195-7705, USA
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Tumurbaatar B, Sun Y, Chan T, Sun J. Cre-estrogen receptor-mediated hepatitis C virus structural protein expression in mice. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:5-13. [PMID: 17628708 PMCID: PMC2104783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte apoptosis is an important feature of liver injury in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the mechanism of apoptosis and consequences on disease progression in vivo have not been investigated fully in part due to the lack of adequate small animal models. In this study, transgenic (tg) mice were produced that express conditionally HCV structural proteins (core, E1, E2 and p7) in the liver following Cre-mediated DNA recombination. Using a novel Cre-estrogen receptor fusion protein (Cre-ER) induction strategy, tamoxifen was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.), which induced Cre nuclear translocation, transgene recombination and HCV protein expression in the liver. Hepatic expression of HCV core and envelope proteins resulted in increased hepatocyte apoptosis, detected by the TUNEL assay, between 7 and 33 days after induction. These results were confirmed by the presence of increased levels of apoptosis-associated cytokeratin 18 (CK-18) in the sera of the same animals. The presence of cleaved caspase-3 and elevated levels of CHOP/GADD153 in the liver suggests an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated apoptosis mechanism. This study suggests an in vivo correlation between HCV structural protein expression, ER stress and hepatocyte apoptosis, implicating a potentially important mechanism of HCV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batbayar Tumurbaatar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Hepatitis Research Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
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29
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Shelburne CE, Coopamah MD, Sweier DG, An FYP, Lopatin DE. HtpG, the Porphyromonas gingivalis HSP-90 homologue, induces the chemokine CXCL8 in human monocytic and microvascular vein endothelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:1611-9. [PMID: 17346315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CXCL8 (interlukin 8, IL-8) has a diverse spectrum of biological activities including T cell, neutrophil and basophil chemotactic properties. It is produced by a wide variety of cell types and plays a significant role in the initiation of the acute inflammatory response. During inflammation, CXCL8 attracts and activates leukocytes at the site of infection leading to leukocyte infiltration, which can lead to tissue damage. Porphyromonas gingivalis, an aetiological agent of periodontitis, induces production of CXCL8 from several types of cells via its LPS and outer membrane proteins. Bacterial chaperones elicit a strong pro-inflammatory response in cells of the innate immune system. In P. gingivalis the htpG gene codes for the homologue of human Hsp90, a chaperone that associates with transcription factors, hormone receptors and protein kinases, affecting signal transduction pathways. CXCL8 mRNA and CXCL8 protein production was induced in monocytic/human microvascular vein endothelial cells treated with P. gingivalis cells or rHtpG protein. Blocking of receptors CD91 and TLR4 reduced the production of CXCL8 by rHtpG either using receptor-specific antibody or by siRNA silencing. Pre-incubation of P. gingivalis rHtpG preparations with human anti-HtpG significantly inhibited CXCL8 production. A P. gingivalis HtpG disruption mutant also induced less CXCL8 mRNA and protein. These results suggest that P. gingivalis HtpG might be involved in CXCL8-mediated immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Shelburne
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
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Núñez M, Soriano V, López M, Ballesteros C, Cascajero A, González-Lahoz J, Benito JM. Coinfection with hepatitis C virus increases lymphocyte apoptosis in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:1209-12. [PMID: 17029144 DOI: 10.1086/508355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in CD4 cell depletion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfected patients, T cell apoptosis was measured by annexin V labeling in 31 HIV-infected and 30 HIV-HCV-coinfected patients who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Apoptosis in naive CD4(+) T cells and in naive and memory CD8(+) T cells was significantly higher in HIV-HCV-coinfected than in monoinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Núñez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Tsao ML, Chao CH, Yeh CT. Interaction of hepatitis C virus F protein with prefoldin 2 perturbs tubulin cytoskeleton organization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:271-7. [PMID: 16876117 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
By use of the yeast two-hybrid system, hepatitis C virus (HCV) F protein was found to interact with a cellular protein named prefoldin 2. The interaction was confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy as well as coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Prefoldin 2 is a subunit of a hexameric molecular chaperone complex, named prefoldin, which delivers nascent actin and tubulin proteins to the eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonin for facilitated folding. Functional prefoldin spontaneously assembles from its six subunits (prefoldin 1-6). In the yeast three-hybrid system, it was found that expression of HCV F protein impeded the interaction between prefoldin 1 and 2. By performing immunofluorescence experiment and non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, it was shown that expression of HCV F protein resulted in aberrant organization of tubulin cytoskeleton. Since HCV replication requires intact microtubule and actin polymerization, HCV F protein may serve as a modulator to prevent high level of HCV replication and thus contributes to viral persistence in chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Tsao
- Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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