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Brodesser DM, Kummer S, Eichberger JA, Schlangen K, Corteggio A, Borzacchiello G, Bertram CA, Brandt S, Pratscher B. Deregulation of Metalloproteinase Expression in Gray Horse Melanoma Ex Vivo and In Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:956. [PMID: 38891088 PMCID: PMC11172212 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of human melanoma cells to switch from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype contributes to the metastatic potential of disease. Metalloproteinases (MPs) are crucially involved in this process by promoting the detachment of tumor cells from the primary lesion and their migration to the vasculature. In gray horse melanoma, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is poorly understood, prompting us to address MP expression in lesions versus intact skin by transcriptome analyses and the immunofluorescence staining (IF) of gray horse tumor tissue and primary melanoma cells. RNAseq revealed the deregulation of several MPs in gray horse melanoma and, notably, a 125-fold upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) that was further confirmed by RT-qPCR from additional tumor material. The IF staining of melanoma tissue versus intact skin for MMP1 and tumor marker S100 revealed MMP1 expression in all lesions. The co-expression of S100 was observed at different extents, with some tumors scoring S100-negative. The IF staining of primary tumor cells explanted from the tumors for MMP1 showed that the metalloproteinase is uniformly expressed in the cytoplasm of 100% of tumor cells. Overall, the presented data point to MP expression being deregulated in gray horse melanoma, and suggest that MMP1 has an active role in gray horse melanoma by driving EMT-mediated tumor cell dissemination via the degradation of the extracellular matrix. Whilst S100 is considered a reliable tumor marker in human MM, gray horse melanomas do not seem to regularly express this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M. Brodesser
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Centre for Equine Health and Research, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (D.M.B.); (J.A.E.)
| | - Stefan Kummer
- VetImaging, VetCore Facility, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Julia A. Eichberger
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Centre for Equine Health and Research, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (D.M.B.); (J.A.E.)
| | - Karin Schlangen
- Section for Biosimulation and Bioinformatics, Centre for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna (MUV), Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I 40, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Christof A. Bertram
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Centre for Equine Health and Research, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (D.M.B.); (J.A.E.)
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Monod A, Koch C, Jindra C, Haspeslagh M, Howald D, Wenker C, Gerber V, Rottenberg S, Hahn K. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeting of BPV-1-Transformed Primary Equine Sarcoid Fibroblasts. Viruses 2023; 15:1942. [PMID: 37766348 PMCID: PMC10536948 DOI: 10.3390/v15091942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids (EqS) are fibroblast-derived skin tumors associated with bovine papillomavirus 1 and 2 (BPV-1 and -2). Based on Southern blotting, the BPV-1 genome was not found to be integrated in the host cell genome, suggesting that EqS pathogenesis does not result from insertional mutagenesis. Hence, CRISPR/Cas9 implies an interesting tool for selectively targeting BPV-1 episomes or genetically anchored suspected host factors. To address this in a proof-of-concept study, we confirmed the exclusive episomal persistence of BPV-1 in EqS using targeted locus amplification (TLA). To investigate the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of BPV-1 episomes, primary equine fibroblast cultures were established and characterized. In the EqS fibroblast cultures, CRISPR-mediated targeting of the episomal E5 and E6 oncogenes as well as the BPV-1 long control region was successful and resulted in a pronounced reduction of the BPV-1 load. Moreover, the deletion of the equine Vimentin (VIM), which is highly expressed in EqS, considerably decreased the number of BPV-1 episomes. Our results suggest CRISPR/Cas9-based gene targeting may serve as a tool to help further unravel the biology of EqS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Monod
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (A.M.)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | - Christoph Koch
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (A.M.)
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anesthesiology and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Denise Howald
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | | | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (A.M.)
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | - Kerstin Hahn
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland (S.R.)
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Gysens L, Depuydt E, Patruno M, Haspeslagh M, Spaas JH, Martens A. Immunogenicity analysis of BPV-1 positive equine sarcoid-derived cultured fibroblasts. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 256:110547. [PMID: 36621059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoids are the most common equine skin tumours Although they do not metastasize, they can be locally aggressive and cause significant clinical symptoms in affected horses. Despite being common, very little is known about the host immune response and the biological mechanisms underlying persistence and recurrence of equine sarcoids. The latter reflects the need for further research in this field. This in-vitro study used sarcoid explants from horses with naturally occurring sarcoids (n = 12) to evaluate the induction of a humoral immune response directed against equine sarcoid-derived bovine papilloma-virus (BPV)- 1 infected fibroblasts using a flow cytometric crossmatch assay. The presence of antibodies against exogenous bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fibroblast-like mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) was also evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. The viral load in the sarcoid explants, the corresponding cultured sarcoid fibroblasts, and matched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from affected horses were determined by quantitative BPV-1/- 2 PCR analysis. Antibodies against autologous sarcoid cells were present in six out of twelve sarcoid-affected horses. Serum from all horses showed cross reactivity with allogeneic sarcoid cells, while only a part reacted with BSA or MSCs. Screening of host PBMCs demonstrated the absence of BPV E1 nucleic acids. Statistical analysis revealed a significantly higher mean viral load in the parental sarcoid tissue compared to the low passage fibroblasts (P < 0.001). These results support the hypothesis that sarcoid-affected horses may develop antibodies recognizing tumour-specific antigens. In contrast to sarcoid explants, equine PBMCs do not seem to contain complete BPV genomes. These results provide a basis for future investigations on the clinical relevance of these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Gysens
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Eva Depuydt
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Medicine Belgium, Noorwegenstraat 4, 9940 Evergem, Belgium
| | - Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science BCA, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jan H Spaas
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, 30606 Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics of Large animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Detection of Equine Papillomaviruses and Gamma-Herpesviruses in Equine Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020179. [PMID: 36839451 PMCID: PMC9958655 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) seriously compromises the health and welfare of affected horses. Although robust evidence points to equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) causing genital lesions, the etiopathogenesis of equine SCC is still poorly understood. We screened a series of SCCs from the head-and-neck (HN), (peri-)ocular and genital region, and site-matched controls for the presence of EcPV2-5 and herpesvirus DNA using type-specific EcPV PCR, and consensus nested herpesvirus PCR followed by sequencing. EcPV2 DNA was detected in 45.5% of HN lesions, 8.3% of (peri-)ocular SCCs, and 100% of genital tumors, whilst control samples from tumor-free horses except one tested EcPV-negative. Two HNSCCs harbored EcPV5, and an ocular lesion EcPV4 DNA. Herpesvirus DNA was detected in 63.6%, 66.6%, 47.2%, and 14.2% of horses with HN, ocular, penile, and vulvar SCCs, respectively, and mainly identified as equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV2), 5 (EHV5) or asinine herpesvirus 5 (AsHV5) DNA. In the tumor-free control group, 9.6% of oral secretions, 46.6% of ocular swabs, 47% of penile samples, and 14.2% of vaginal swabs scored positive for these herpesvirus types. This work further highlights the role of EcPV2 as an oncovirus and is the first to provide information on the prevalence of (gamma-)herpesviruses in equine SCCs.
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Alsaaod M, Schmid RM, Zwahlen N, Soto S, Wildi N, Seuberlich T, Steiner A. First description of interdigital hyperplasia associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis in two sheep. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1028880. [PMID: 36686194 PMCID: PMC9849560 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1028880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interdigital hyperplasia (IH) is a fold of fibrous tissue protruding into the interdigital space that rarely occurs in sheep. Interdigital hyperplasia secondary infected with bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) treponemes has been reported in cattle in the course of the increasing spread of classical BDD lesions. In this report, we describe proliferative/ulcerative interdigital lesions associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) treponemes and clinically scored as (IH+CODD), occurring in both hind limbs of a ram and the left hindlimb of a ewe. Both cases exhibited epidermal hyperplasia, parakeratosis and focal-extensive areas of epidermal necrosis with numerous infiltrating neutrophils. Treponema PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were positive for Treponema phylotype 1 (PT1). In addition, Dichelobacter (D.) nodosus and Porphyromonas (P.) levii were detected in the biopsy by PCR. In three slaughter sheep, without claw lesions, which were kept together with both affected sheep, Treponema spp. were detected neither with PCR nor FISH; the PCRs for D. nodosus and P. levii were also negative. Complete clinical healing occurred in the ewe within 6 weeks after three local applications of a chlortetracycline spray in 2 weeks intervals. This report is the first description of IH+CODD in sheep as demonstrated by a combination of histopathological and molecular analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Alsaaod
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robin Michael Schmid
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Zwahlen
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Soto
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Wildi
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Torsten Seuberlich
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Jucker S, Alsaaod M, Steiner A, Zingre T, Kaessmeyer S, Gurtner C, Friker B, Brandt S, Jensen TK, Hoby S. Treatment of digital dermatitis using salicylic acid in European bison (Bison bonasus) reveals promising results. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1012226. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1012226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital dermatitis (DD) associated with the presence of multiple Treponema spp. was recently described for the first time in European bison (Bison bonasus). DD is characterized by skin inflammation in the distal foot area in various ungulates. The objective of this proof of concept study was to test a treatment protocol adopted from cattle for its applicability in this wildlife species using five animals. Keratolytic salicylic acid paste was administered topically under bandages for seven days to enable removal of the affected skin. All interventions were performed under general anesthesia. To evaluate the treatment efficacy, photographs and biopsies were taken pre- and post-treatment. The biopsies were examined histologically, by PCR for the presence of different bacterial species, by Treponema-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and by transmission electron microscopy. Based on photographs, complete clinical healing of the 15 feet with macroscopical DD lesions was achieved. Histological examination showed mild to moderate dermatitis in 17/20 feet before, and in 12/20 feet after treatment. 17/20 feet were Treponema spp. PCR positive before, and none was positive after treatment. Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Porphyromonas levii could not be detected in any of the samples. By FISH and electron microscopy, Treponema spp. could be visualized in the stratum corneum before, but not after treatment. These results suggest that this treatment method can be applied as standard practice prior to transporting DD affected European bison to prevent the spread of this contagious disease.
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Hainisch EK, Jindra C, Reicher P, Miglinci L, Brodesser DM, Brandt S. Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 or 2 Virion-Infected Primary Fibroblasts Constitute a Near-Natural Equine Sarcoid Model. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122658. [PMID: 36560661 PMCID: PMC9781842 DOI: 10.3390/v14122658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are common, locally aggressive skin tumors induced by bovine papillomavirus types 1, 2, and possibly 13 (BPV1, BPV2, BPV13). Current in vitro models do not mimic de novo infection. We established primary fibroblasts from horse skin and succeeded in infecting these cells with native BPV1 and BPV2 virions. Subsequent cell characterization was carried out by cell culture, immunological, and molecular biological techniques. Infection of fibroblasts with serial 10-fold virion dilutions (2 × 106-20 virions) uniformly led to DNA loads settling at around 150 copies/cell after four passages. Infected cells displayed typical features of equine sarcoid cells, including hyperproliferation, and loss of contact inhibition. Neither multiple passaging nor storage negatively affected cell hyperproliferation, viral DNA replication, and gene transcription, suggestive for infection-mediated cell immortalization. Intriguingly, extracellular vesicles released by BPV1-infected fibroblasts contained viral DNA that was most abundant in the fractions enriched for apoptotic bodies and exosomes. This viral DNA is likely taken up by non-infected fibroblasts. We conclude that equine primary fibroblasts stably infected with BPV1 and BPV2 virions constitute a valuable near-natural model for the study of yet unexplored mechanisms underlying the pathobiology of BPV1/2-induced sarcoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K. Hainisch
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Surgery, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Surgery, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Division Molecular Oncology and Haematology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Paul Reicher
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Surgery, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lea Miglinci
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Surgery, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela M. Brodesser
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Surgery, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Surgery, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-25077-5308
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Alsaaod M, Jensen TK, Miglinci L, Gurtner C, Brandt S, Plüss J, Studer E, Steiner A. Proof of an optimized salicylic acid paste-based treatment concept of ulcerative M2-stage digital dermatitis lesions in 21 dairy cows. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269521. [PMID: 35679311 PMCID: PMC9182225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of salicylic acid paste (SA) in the treatment of ulcerative bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) was assessed by combining clinical and histopathological analyses with molecular biological techniques. The latter were conducted in a blinded manner to reach maximum objectivity. Prior to treatment, M2-stage BDD lesions (n = 26, diagnosed in 21 dairy cows) exhibited ulceration, with severe perivascular, chronic, lymphoplasmacytic dermatitis and extensive keratinolysis being noted in most cases. Pretreatment biopsy samples (n = 12) followed by povidone-iodine ointment under bandage for one week before administration of SA paste were tested positive for Treponema spp. by blinded PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Subsequent treatment consisted of application of SA and bandaging at weekly intervals until lesions had completely resolved. The treatment duration ranged between 2 and 4 weeks. Complete healing was achieved in 100% of cases, with 2/21 animals requiring a second round of treatment upon disease reoccurrence. Importantly, only 3/26 biopsies taken from previously affected sites still tested positive by Treponema PCR, and in another biopsy, the outermost layers of the stratum corneum scored weakly positive by Treponema-specific FISH. None of these Treponema DNA-positive biopsies showed signs of ulceration. One case exhibited focal keratinolysis. Positive PCR or FISH in these cases may have arisen from DNA traces of dead bacteria or environmental contamination during biopsy harvesting. To our knowledge, this is the first study on blinded molecular biological monitoring of the therapeutic efficacy of SA with respect to treponemal infection, and on complete BDD M2-stage remission in all animals achieved by SA treatment according to an optimized protocol. Although the etiology of BDD is considered as multifactorial, our data further support the concept that treponemes have a decisive role in BDD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Alsaaod
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tim K. Jensen
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lea Miglinci
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic of Surgery, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic of Surgery, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jeanette Plüss
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eveline Studer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Strohmayer C, Klang A, Kummer S, Walter I, Jindra C, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Redmer T, Kneissl S, Brandt S. Tumor Cell Plasticity in Equine Papillomavirus-Positive Versus-Negative Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020266. [PMID: 35215208 PMCID: PMC8875230 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) is a common malignant tumor in humans and animals. In humans, papillomavirus (PV)-induced HNSCCs have a better prognosis than papillomavirus-unrelated HNSCCs. The ability of tumor cells to switch from epithelial to mesenchymal, endothelial, or therapy-resistant stem-cell-like phenotypes promotes disease progression and metastasis. In equine HNSCC, PV-association and tumor cell phenotype switching are poorly understood. We screened 49 equine HNSCCs for equine PV (EcPV) type 2, 3 and 5 infection. Subsequently, PV-positive versus -negative lesions were analyzed for expression of selected epithelial (keratins, β-catenin), mesenchymal (vimentin), endothelial (COX-2), and stem-cell markers (CD271, CD44) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF; keratins/vimentin, CD44/CD271 double-staining) to address tumor cell plasticity in relation to PV infection. Only EcPV2 PCR scored positive for 11/49 equine HNSCCs. IHC and IF from 11 EcPV2-positive and 11 EcPV2-negative tumors revealed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition events, with vimentin-positive cells ranging between <10 and >50%. CD44- and CD271-staining disclosed the intralesional presence of infiltrative tumor cell fronts and double-positive tumor cell subsets independently of the PV infection status. Our findings are indicative of (partial) epithelial–mesenchymal transition events giving rise to hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal and stem-cell-like tumor cell phenotypes in equine HNSCCs and suggest CD44 and CD271 as potential malignancy markers that merit to be further explored in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Strohmayer
- Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Andrea Klang
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.K.); (C.W.-L.)
| | - Stefan Kummer
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.K.); (I.W.)
| | - Ingrid Walter
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (S.K.); (I.W.)
- Institute of Morphology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.K.); (C.W.-L.)
| | - Torben Redmer
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Sibylle Kneissl
- Clinical Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (C.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-12-5077-5308
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Gysens L, Vanmechelen B, Haspeslagh M, Maes P, Martens A. New approach for genomic characterisation of equine sarcoid-derived BPV-1/-2 using nanopore-based sequencing. Virol J 2022; 19:8. [PMID: 34991633 PMCID: PMC8740336 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types 1 and 2 play a central role in the etiology of the most common neoplasm in horses, the equine sarcoid. The unknown mechanism behind the unique variety in clinical presentation on the one hand and the host dependent clinical outcome of BPV-1 infection on the other hand indicate the involvement of additional factors. Earlier studies have reported the potential functional significance of intratypic sequence variants, along with the existence of sarcoid-sourced BPV variants. Therefore, intratypic sequence variation seems to be an important emerging viral factor. This study aimed to give a broad insight in sarcoid-sourced BPV variation and explore its potential association with disease presentation. METHODS In order to do this, a nanopore sequencing approach was successfully optimized for screening a wide spectrum of clinical samples. Specimens of each tumour were initially screened for BPV-1/-2 by quantitative real-time PCR. A custom-designed primer set was used on BPV-positive samples to amplify the complete viral genome in two multiplex PCR reactions, resulting in a set of overlapping amplicons. For phylogenetic analysis, separate alignments were made of all available complete genome sequences for BPV-1/-2. The resulting alignments were used to infer Bayesian phylogenetic trees. RESULTS We found substantial genetic variation among sarcoid-derived BPV-1, although this variation could not be linked to disease severity. Several of the BPV-1 genomes had multiple major deletions. Remarkably, the majority of them cluster within the region coding for late viral genes. Together with the extensiveness (up to 603 nucleotides) of the described deletions, this suggests an altered function of L1/L2 in disease pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS By generating a significant amount of complete-length BPV genomes, we succeeded to introduce next-generation sequencing into veterinary research focusing on the equine sarcoid, thus facilitating the first report of both nanopore-based sequencing of complete sarcoid-sourced BPV-1/-2 and the simultaneous nanopore sequencing of multiple complete genomes originating from a single clinical sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Gysens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49/Box 1040, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49/Box 1040, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Martens
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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ALTAMURA G, CUCCARO B, ELENI C, STROHMAYER C, BRANDT S, BORZACCHIELLO G. Investigation of multiple <i>Felis catus</i> papillomavirus types (-1/-2/-3/-4/-5/-6) DNAs in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma: a multicentric study. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:881-884. [PMID: 35431284 PMCID: PMC9246691 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a possible association of Felis catus
papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV-2) DNA with feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC). In
this study, type-specific PCR targeting two genes (L1/E6 or E1/E6) of
FcaPV-1/-2/-3/-4/-5/-6 was performed to detect viral DNA in a large amount of FOSCC
samples collected in Italy and Austria. FcaPV-1/-2/-3/-4/-5 were detected in 7/113 (6.2%),
7/93 (7.5%), 6/113 (5.3%), 1/113 (0.9%) and 2/113 (1.8%) specimens, respectively, with
different prevalences in Italian vs. Austrian samples, whilst FcaPV-6
went undetected. Our results confirms that FcaPV-2 is the most prevalent in FOSCC,
followed by FcaPV-1/-3 and suggest that FcaPVs have variable circulation rates in European
countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro ALTAMURA
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II
| | - Bianca CUCCARO
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II
| | - Claudia ELENI
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’
| | | | - Sabine BRANDT
- University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Giuseppe BORZACCHIELLO
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II
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12
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Jindra C, Kamjunke AK, Jones S, Brandt S. Screening for bovine papillomavirus type 13 (BPV13) in a European population of sarcoid-bearing equids. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:662-669. [PMID: 34459020 PMCID: PMC9292424 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV1 and BPV2) are accepted aetiological agents of equine sarcoids. Recently, genetically similar BPV13 has been identified from equine sarcoids in Brazil. OBJECTIVES To determine whether BPV13 DNA can be also found in sarcoid-affected horses in Austria, and donkeys in Northern Italy and the UK, and should hence be considered in the context of vaccine-mediated sarcoid prevention. STUDY DESIGN Cross sectional study. METHODS A total of 194 archival, equine and asinine DNA isolates derived from confirmedly delta-BPV-positive tumours were subjected to quality control by photometric analysis and equine beta-actin PCR. Isolates with DNA concentrations >0.9 ng/µl and confirmed PCR-compatibility (n = 135) were subsequently screened for the presence of BPV13 DNA using BPV13-specific PCR primers for amplification of a 771 bp region comprising the BPV13 E5 gene. RESULTS BPV13 E5 PCR scored negative for all 135 samples. Included positive, negative and no-template controls yielded anticipated results, thus confirming reliability of obtained data. MAIN LIMITATIONS Moderate number of tested tumour DNA extracts (n = 135; equivalent to 127 tumour-affected equids). CONCLUSIONS Despite its moderate size, the sample was considered representative enough to suggest a low occurrence of BPV13 in Austria, as it randomly comprised equine patients of different breed, age, gender, and European provenience. BPV13 was not associated with tested sarcoids in rescued donkeys originating from several other European countries. Large-scale BPV13 screenings are necessary to allow for a more precise estimation of the prevalence and distribution of BPV13 infections in European equids suffering from sarcoid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ann-Kristin Kamjunke
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Jones
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Gallina L, Savini F, Canziani S, Frasnelli M, Lavazza A, Scagliarini A, Lelli D. Bovine Papillomatosis Hiding a Zoonotic Infection: Epitheliotropic Viruses in Bovine Skin Lesions. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070583. [PMID: 32709033 PMCID: PMC7400346 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe two cases of skin co-infections with epitheliotropic viruses, detected in two cattle during lumpy skin disease (LSD) surveillance in northern Italy. A diagnostic protocol including different molecular methods as well as negative staining electron microscopy was applied to detect the most common viral agents belonging to the family Papillomaviridae, Poxviridae and Herpesviridae which cause skin diseases in cattle. Two specimens were collected from cases clinically diagnosed as papillomatosis and pseudo-LSD. Both skin lesions were shown to harbor more than one viral species. This case report shows, for the first time, co-infection of zoonotic parapoxvirus with bovine papillomavirus and herpesvirus in skin lesions of cattle. In particular, the simultaneous presence of virions morphologically referable to parapoxvirus and papillomavirus confirms that the replication of both viruses in the same lesion can happen and the so-called papillomatosis can bear zoonotic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gallina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05120-97085
| | - Federica Savini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Matteo Frasnelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini” (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.F.); (A.L.); (D.L.)
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14
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Bovine Papillomavirus 1 Gets Out of the Flock: Detection in an Ovine Wart in Sicily. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060429. [PMID: 32486181 PMCID: PMC7350338 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A proliferative cauliflower lesion was excised from the udder of a sheep. Histological investigation confirmed the macroscopic classification of the lesion as a papilloma, without any fibroblastic proliferation. PCR revealed the presence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV), which was further confirmed by the identification of a Deltapapillomavirus4 by Next Generation Sequencing analysis. This was subsequently classified as bovine papillomavirus type 1. Negative staining electron microscopy (EM) analyses produced negative test results for papillomavirus particles. RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) confirmed the presence of BPV-1. The results further confirm the ability of BPVs belonging to the Deltapapillomavirus genus to infect distantly related species and to cause lesions that are different from sarcoids.
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15
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Apprich V, Licka T, Freiler S, Gabriel C. Equine Hoof Canker: Bovine Papillomavirus Infection Is Not Associated With Impaired Keratinocyte Differentiation. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:525-534. [PMID: 32347169 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820921820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impaired keratinocyte differentiation has recently been suggested as a key event in equine hoof canker development. Koilocytotic appearance of keratinocytes, one of the most characteristic morphological alterations in hoof canker tissue, is also a common marker for papillomavirus (PV) infection, and bovine PV-1 and/or -2 (BPV-1/2) has previously been detected in equine canker patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to correlate the frequency and severity of koilocytotic keratinocytes with BPV detection in hoof canker samples. Hoof tissue of 5/18 canker-affected horses and 2/6 control horses tested positive for BPV-1/2 DNA using polymerase chain reaction. Thus, no association between the presence of BPV-1/2 papillomaviral DNA and koilocytotic appearance was found. Proteins associated with but not specific for PV infection were also investigated. Using immunohistochemistry, specific adhesion molecules (E-cadherin and β-catenin) and intermediate filaments (keratins 6 and 14) important for intact epidermal barrier function and keratinocyte differentiation were documented in control samples (n = 6) and in hoof canker tissue samples (n = 19). Altered expression patterns of intermediate filaments and adhesion molecules were demonstrated in canker tissue, confirming the importance of incomplete keratinocyte differentiation, as well as the crucial role of keratinocyte differentiation in hoof canker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresia Licka
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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16
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Martano M, Altamura G, Power K, Restucci B, Carella F, Borzacchiello G, Maiolino P. Evaluation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha (HIF-1α) in Equine Sarcoid: An Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Study. Pathogens 2020; 9:E58. [PMID: 31947661 PMCID: PMC7168668 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND equine sarcoids are the most frequent skin tumors in equidae worldwide. It is well known that delta bovine papillomaviruses are their causative agents. We have recently shown the presence in equine sarcoids of abnormal vessel structures, which could cause a hypoxic condition. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in a subset of BPV positive equine sarcoids and explore the relationship with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. RESULTS 80% of equine sarcoids showed strong cytoplasmic staining in >60% of neoplastic fibroblasts, while 20% of samples showed a moderate cytoplasmic staining in 40-60% of neoplastic fibroblasts for HIF-1α. Results of Western blotting (WB) were consistent with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Moreover, a positive correlation between HIF-1α and VEGF expression (r = 0.60, p < 0.01) was observed. CONCLUSION we have shown that HIF-1α was strongly expressed in equine sarcoid. The upregulation of HIF-1α has been described in numerous tumors and can be modulated by many proteins encoded by transforming viruses. Thus, it is also possible that BPV could have a relevant role in HIF-1α pathway regulation, contributing to the development of equine sarcoids by promoting HIF-1α/VEGF mediated tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Francesca Carella
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (K.P.); (B.R.); (G.B.); (P.M.)
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17
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The Molecular Detection of Equine Herpesviruses 2 and 5 in Genital Swabs From Clinically Normal Thoroughbred Mares in South Korea. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 79:68-72. [PMID: 31405504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus (EHV) 2 and equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) have been getting attention as potential causative pathogens of reproductive disorders in horses. Equine herpesviruses 2 and 5 are widespread among horses and have been detected in various samples including nasal swabs, blood, and ocular swabs. However, the detection of these pathogens in genital swabs has not been determined. The aims of this study were to determine the positive rate of EHV-2 and EHV-5 DNA in genital swabs taken from clinically normal mares and to define the genetic diversity of these EHV-2 and EHV-5 DNA sequences by comparing them to previously reported EHV-2 and EHV-5 nucleotide sequences. Four hundred and thirty genital swabs from clinically normal mares were tested for EHV-2 and EHV-5 by glycoprotein B (gB)-specific polymerase chain reaction. From 430 genital swabs, 10 (2.3%) contained EHV-2 DNA, and 11 (2.6%) were positive for EHV-5. The sequences of the EHV-2 and EHV-5 gB gene were used in phylogenetic analyses and revealed that the Korean EHV-2 and EHV-5 strains have a marked genetic diversity, with a nucleotide sequence identity among the strains that ranged from 92.57% to 100% and from 98.07% to 100% for EHV-2 and EHV-5, respectively. The degree of similarity between Korean strains and those recovered from horses elsewhere ranged from 88.13% to 100% for EHV-2 and 95.96% to 100% for EHV-5. Further studies are now required to determine if the presence of EHV-2 and EHV-5 DNA is associated with reproductive disorders in clinically affected horses.
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18
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Knottenbelt DC. The Equine Sarcoid: Why Are There so Many Treatment Options? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:243-262. [PMID: 31097356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article discusses the main treatments for sarcoid and the specific difficulties of these. It explains to some extent why the frustrations of a condition for which there is no single treatment option have led to the burgeoning of an industry of irrational treatments. The factors that need to be considered before selecting an option for treatment are wider than is the case in most other disease entities as a result of the complexity of the condition, its variable phenotypes, and the individual perceptions and experiences of both veterinarians and owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Knottenbelt
- Equine Medical Solutions Ltd, STEP Building, Kildean Business & Enterprise Hub, 146 Drip Road, Stirling, Scotland, FK8 1RW, UK.
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19
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Savini F, Gallina L, Mazza F, Mariella J, Castagnetti C, Scagliarini A. Molecular Detection of Bovine Papillomavirus DNA in the Placenta and Blood of Healthy Mares and Respective Foals. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6010014. [PMID: 30736349 PMCID: PMC6466198 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the characteristic species specificity of Papillomaviruses (PVs), the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types 1, 2, and-more rarely-13, can cross-infect equids, where they are involved in the pathogenesis of sarcoid neoplasms. Sarcoids are locally invasive fibroblastic skin tumors that represent the most common skin neoplasms in horses worldwide. The transmission mechanism of BPV is still controversial in horses. Thus far, direct and indirect routes have been implicated, while vertical transmission has been suggested after the detection of viral DNA in the semen of healthy stallions. Testing of the blood and placenta of non-sarcoid baring mares and their respective foals revealed that the equine placenta can harbor BPV DNA, leading us to speculate a possible prenatal vertical DNA transmission in equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Savini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy.
| | - Laura Gallina
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mazza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy.
| | - Jole Mariella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy.
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna 40064, Italy.
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20
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Pratscher B, Hainisch EK, Sykora S, Brandt S, Jindra C. No evidence of bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 infection in healthy equids. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:612-616. [PMID: 30560998 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a large body of evidence supporting bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV1; BPV2) as aetiological agents of equine sarcoids. However, there is conflicting data regarding BPV1/2 infection in sarcoid-free equids. OBJECTIVES Data obtained between 2007 and 2017 by BPV1/2 screening of sarcoids and nonsarcoid tumours vs. samples from healthy equids are presented to help clarify this issue. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Tumour material obtained from horses, donkeys and mules with confirmed sarcoids (n = 130), suspected sarcoids (n = 120), or nonsarcoid lesions (n = 70), skin biopsies from 102 tumour-free horses and dandruff/hair roots from 35 tumour-free donkeys and mules were screened for BPV1/2 infection. Sample DNA was extracted and validated by equine β-actin PCR. BPV1/2 screening was performed by BPV1/2 E5-specific PCR allowing for the detection of less than 10 viral DNA molecules. Twenty-six amplicons were bidirectionally sequenced and compared to known E5 variants using BLAST program. RESULTS BPV1/2 E5 PCR scored positive for 130/130 diagnosed sarcoids, 63/120 suspected sarcoids and 13/70 nonsarcoid lesions, whereas 137/137 DNA aliquots derived from tumour-free equids tested negative. On predicted E5 protein level, six different BPV1 E5 variants were identified. MAIN LIMITATIONS The diagnosis of equine sarcoid was not confirmed in 120 lesions. CONCLUSIONS Lack of BPV1/2 E5 DNA in tumour-free equids and the prevalence of sarcoid disease in young adult individuals suggest that the time span between initial infection and sarcoid development is short. This contrasts with the long phase of virus latency characterising infection of humans by carcinogenic papillomaviruses. Presence of BPV1/2 DNA in several cases of poor wound healing/hypergranulation and dermatitis points to these skin disorders being possibly co-induced by BPV1/2. PCR screening of tumour tissue/scrapings for BPV1/2 DNA represents a reliable tool for the rapid validation of a clinical diagnosis of equine sarcoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pratscher
- Clinical Unit of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University Clinic for Small Animals, Vienna, Austria.,Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine, University Clinic for Horses, Vienna, Austria
| | - E K Hainisch
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Sykora
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Jindra
- Research Group Oncology, Clinical Unit of Equine Surgery, University Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Roperto S, Russo V, De Falco F, Taulescu M, Roperto F. Congenital papillomavirus infection in cattle: Evidence for transplacental transmission. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:95-100. [PMID: 30827412 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vertical transmission of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infection was investigated on livers and kidneys of four foetuses from cows suffering from BPV-2-associated urothelial cancers of the urinary bladder. PCR analysis revealed the presence of BPV-2 E5 DNA in the livers and kidneys of two foetuses. Amplified DNA fragments, composed of 502 bp, showed a 100% homology with BPV-2 sequences (GenBank accession number: M20219.1). BPV-2 was found to be transcriptionally active. Indeed, reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR showed BPV-2 E5 transcripts. Sequencing of amplified cDNA, composed of 154 bp, showed a 100% identity with BPV-2 E5 sequences (GenBank accession number: M20219.1). Western blot analysis revealed the presence of dimers of E5 oncoprotein. Furthermore, a statistically significant increase of the phosphorylated (activated) form of the platelet-derived growth factor ß receptor (PDGFßR) was also detected in the fetal tissues. PDGFßR is believed to form the most important interaction with the E5 oncoprotein, thus regulating biological activity of virus protein. The strong concordance between virus found in fetal organs with virus detected in infected mothers provides evidence that BPV-2 can spread through blood and vertical infection occurs via transplacental transmission. Finally, molecular findings of this study raise unsolved questions about the potential role of BPVs in reproductive disorders. The presence of E5 oncoprotein, as in adult organs, may also activate the constitutive receptor PDGFßR in foetal organs, which plays a pivotal role in angiogenesis and embryonic development. Therefore, abnormal phosphorylation of PDGFßR may be involved in vascular and organogenesis abnormalities other than cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valeria Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Marian Taulescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Franco Roperto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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22
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Lee SK, Lee JK, Lee I. Molecular Detection of Equus caballus Papillomavirus Type 2 in Genital Swabs From Healthy Horses in the Republic of Korea. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 72:97-100. [PMID: 30929791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2) is implicated in genital neoplasms in horses, including equine penile papillomas, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This virus seldom regresses spontaneously and can result in the development of SCC, which may result in significant clinical damage and economic cost. However, the prevalence of this virus is unknown in clinically unaffected horses. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of EcPV-2 DNA in genital swabs from healthy horses in the Republic of Korea and to investigate genetic variability within EcPV-2. A total of 797 genital swab samples obtained from Thoroughbred horses (35 stallions and 762 mares) were tested for the presence of the EcPV-2 gene E1 using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Positive results were confirmed by repeat PCR to detect the presence of E6 and amplicon sequencing. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 DNA was detected in 1% (8/762) of mare swabs but in none of stallion swabs (0/35). All EcPV-2-positive mares had been imported from the United States. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 E6 gene sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis and revealed three subdivisions related to the European strains, and three isolates were located on two separate branches. This study documents the molecular prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of EcPV-2 DNA in the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Center, Korea Racing Authority, Gwacheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Inhyung Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Roperto S, Russo V, Corrado F, Munday JS, De Falco F, Roperto F. Detection of bovine Deltapapillomavirus DNA in peripheral blood of healthy sheep (Ovis aries). Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:758-764. [PMID: 29330926 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood samples from 65 sheep were tested for the presence of bovine Deltapapillomavirus (δPVs) DNA. The sheep were divided into three groups. Sheep in groups 1 and 2 were from Sardinia and Campania, respectively, and were in contact with cattle and grazed on lands contaminated with bracken fern. Sheep in Group 3 lived in closed pens and had no contact with cattle. These sheep were fed hay that did not contain bracken fern. Bovine δPV E5 DNA was detected in blood from 24 of 27 (89%) sheep in Group 1. A single bovine δPV type was detected in the blood from nine (33%) sheep, including the detection of bovine δPV-1 DNA in four sheep, bovine δPV-2 in four and δPV-13 in one sheep. Two δPV types were detected in 33% of the sheep, and three bovine δPV types were detected in 22% of the sheep. Bovine δPVs were detected in 17 of 20 (85%) sheep from Group 2. The detection rate by a single δPV type was 40% with just δPV-1 DNA amplified from two, just δPV-2 DNA from four, and just δPV-13 DNA from two sheep. Two and three δPVs were detected in 30% and 15%, respectively. All sequenced amplicons showed a 100% identity with papillomaviral E5 DNA deposited in GenBank. Bovine δPV-14 DNA sequences were not detected from any sheep. No bovine δPV DNA was revealed in blood samples from sheep in Group 3. The detection of bovine δPV DNA in the blood of sheep means that sheep may be able to be infected by these PVs. This suggests that bovine δPVs could potentially be a previously unrecognized cause of disease in sheep. Furthermore, it is possible that sheep could act as a reservoir for these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - V Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - F Corrado
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici (Na), Italia
| | - J S Munday
- Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - F De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - F Roperto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
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24
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Koch C, Ramsauer AS, Drögemüller M, Ackermann M, Gerber V, Tobler K. Genomic comparison of bovine papillomavirus 1 isolates from bovine, equine and asinine lesional tissue samples. Virus Res 2017; 244:6-12. [PMID: 29113823 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several attempts have been made to categorize equid- and bovid-specific bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1) isolates based on sequence tags. This study includes newly determined sequence information from 33 BPV1 isolates of equine, asinine and bovine origin and investigates sequence bias due to host species. Twenty of the viral genomes were sequenced over their entire length and a further thirteen were sequenced, including flanking sequences, at two specific sites, the LCR and the E5 ORF. Alignment and analyses of the sequences did not reveal statistically significant site differences between the sequences of bovine and equid origin. None of the proposed sites of divergence noted by other authors demonstrated significant species-specific characteristics. Our results suggest that BPV1 is shared between equine, asinine and bovine host species, and that viral transfer between bovines and equids is a repeated and ongoing phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Koch
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Berne, and ALP-Haras, Länggasstrasse 124, Postfach 8466, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland.
| | - A S Ramsauer
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Postfach 8466, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - M Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - V Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Berne, and ALP-Haras, Länggasstrasse 124, Postfach 8466, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - K Tobler
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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25
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Altamura G, Jebara G, Cardeti G, Borzacchiello G. Felis catus papillomavirus type-2 but not type-1 is detectable and transcriptionally active in the blood of healthy cats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:497-503. [PMID: 29086505 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are small DNA viruses that induce benign and/or malignant epithelial tumours in different species, including the domestic cat (Felis catus). To date, five F. catus papillomavirus genotypes have been identified (FcaPV-1 to FcaPV-5). FcaPV-1 is associated with skin and oral benign lesions, while FcaPV-2 infection is widely associated with feline squamous cell carcinomas. Several human and animal PVs have been found in body fluids such as peripheral blood; however, the presence of FcaPVs in non-epithelial tissues has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the presence and gene expression of FcaPV-1 and FcaPV-2 in the blood of healthy cats. We detected FcaPV-2 DNA in 26 of 103 (25%) blood samples. Importantly, FcaPV-2 L1, E2, E6 and E7 genes were found to be expressed in 3 (25%), 11 (92%), 6 (50%) and 5 (42%) of the samples available for mRNA analysis, respectively. FcaPV-1 was not detected in any of the blood samples analysed here. The data obtained in this work suggest active and eventually productive infection of FcaPV-2 in the blood of healthy cats, implying a possible role in intra-individual spreading as well as in vertical and horizontal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Altamura
- Department of Veterinary medicine and Animal productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - G Jebara
- Unit of Immunology, Environmental Microbiology and Carcinogenesis (IMEC), Science Faculty of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - G Cardeti
- Electron Microscopy and Special Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M.Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - G Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary medicine and Animal productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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26
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Harnacker J, Hainisch EK, Shafti-Keramat S, Kirnbauer R, Brandt S. Type-specific L1 virus-like particle-mediated protection of horses from experimental bovine papillomavirus 1-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation is long-lasting. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1329-1333. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Harnacker
- Research Group Oncology, Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edmund K. Hainisch
- Research Group Oncology, Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saeed Shafti-Keramat
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Hainisch EK, Abel-Reichwald H, Shafti-Keramat S, Pratscher B, Corteggio A, Borzacchiello G, Wetzig M, Jindra C, Tichy A, Kirnbauer R, Brandt S. Potential of a BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine to prevent BPV1- or BPV2-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation and safety and immunogenicity of EcPV2 L1 VLPs in horse. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:230-241. [PMID: 28284277 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that immunization of horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) is safe and highly immunogenic and that BPV1 and bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV2) are closely related serotypes. Here we evaluated the protective potential of a BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine against experimental BPV1 and BPV2 challenge and studied the safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2)/BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine. Fourteen healthy horses were immunized with BPV1 L1 VLPs (100 µg per injection) plus adjuvant on days 0 and 28, while seven remained unvaccinated. On day 42, all 21 horses were challenged intradermally at 10 sites of the neck with 107 BPV1 virions per injection. In analogy, 14 horses immunized twice with EcPV2 plus BPV1 L1 VLPs (50 µg each) and seven control animals were challenged with 107 BPV2 virions per injection. Immunization with BPV1 L1 VLPs alone induced a robust antibody response (day 42 median titre: 12 800), and BPV1-inoculated skin remained unchanged in 13/14 vaccinated horses. Immunization with the bivalent vaccine was safe, resulted in lower median day 42 antibody titres of 400 for BPV1 and 1600 for EcPV2 and conferred significant yet incomplete cross-protection from BPV2-induced tumour formation, with 11/14 horses developing small, short-lived papules. Control horses developed pseudo-sarcoids at all inoculation sites. The monovalent BPV1 L1 VLP vaccine proved highly effective in protecting horses from BPV1-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation. Incomplete protection from BPV2-induced tumour development conferred by the bivalent vaccine is due to the poorer immune response by immune interference or lower cross-neutralization titres to heterologous BPV2 virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund K Hainisch
- Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Abel-Reichwald
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saeed Shafti-Keramat
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Wetzig
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Platform, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Araldi RP, Assaf SMR, Carvalho RFD, Carvalho MACRD, Souza JMD, Magnelli RF, Módolo DG, Roperto FP, Stocco RDC, Beçak W. Papillomaviruses: a systematic review. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:1-21. [PMID: 28212457 PMCID: PMC5409773 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, a group of viruses has received great attention due to its
relationship with cancer development and its wide distribution throughout the
vertebrates: the papillomaviruses. In this article, we aim to review some of the most
relevant reports concerning the use of bovines as an experimental model for studies
related to papillomaviruses. Moreover, the obtained data contributes to the
development of strategies against the clinical consequences of bovine
papillomaviruses (BPV) that have led to drastic hazards to the herds. To overcome the
problem, the vaccines that we have been developing involve recombinant DNA
technology, aiming at prophylactic and therapeutic procedures. It is important to
point out that these strategies can be used as models for innovative procedures
against HPV, as this virus is the main causal agent of cervical cancer, the second
most fatal cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Fiusa Magnelli
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Peppino Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | | | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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29
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Abel-Reichwald H, Hainisch EK, Zahalka S, Corteggio A, Borzacchiello G, Massa B, Merlone L, Nasir L, Burden F, Brandt S. Epidemiologic analysis of a sarcoid outbreak involving 12 of 111 donkeys in Northern Italy. Vet Microbiol 2016; 196:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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30
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Geisshüsler H, Marti E, Stoffel M, Kühni K, Stojiljkovic A, von Tscharner C, Vidondo B, Gerber V, Koch C. Quantitative analysis of infiltrating immune cells and bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2-positive cells in equine sarcoids. Vet J 2016; 216:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Berruex F, Gerber V, Wohlfender FD, Burger D, Koch C. Clinical course of sarcoids in 61 Franches-Montagnes horses over a 5–7 year period. Vet Q 2016; 36:189-196. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1204483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Berruex
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne and Avenches, Switzerland
| | - V. Gerber
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne and Avenches, Switzerland
| | - F. D. Wohlfender
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne and Avenches, Switzerland
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - D. Burger
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne and Avenches, Switzerland
| | - C. Koch
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne and Avenches, Switzerland
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32
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Molecular and Phylogenetic Analysis of Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1: First Report in Iraqi Cattle. Adv Virol 2016; 2016:2143024. [PMID: 27413374 PMCID: PMC4931078 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2143024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to provide the first molecular characterization of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) in Iraq. BPV is a widely spread oncogenic virus in Iraqi cattle and is associated with the formation of both benign and malignant lesions, resulting in notable economic losses in dairy and beef cattle. In the current study, 140 cutaneous papilloma specimens were collected from cattle in central Iraq. These samples were submitted to histopathological examination, PCR, and sequencing analysis. The histopathology revealed that the main lesion type among the specimens was fibropapilloma. BPV-1 DNA was detected in 121 of the samples (86.42%) in Iraqi cattle as the main causative agent for the disease. A partial sequence for the E2, L2 genes, and complete sequence for the E5 gene were deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of BPV-1 and showed that the origin of infection may be imported European cattle. Obtaining a complete E5 gene sequence enabled us to perform structural predictions. This study presents the first report of BPV-1 infection in the Iraqi cattle and contributes to extending the knowledge of the origin of the spread of this disease. The results of this study will aid in the development of appropriate control measures and therapeutic strategies.
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33
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Dong J, Zhu W, Haga T. Papillomavirus in yaks: the isolates of bovine papillomavirus type 1 have a high possibility of belonging to a novel type. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1059-61. [PMID: 26922971 PMCID: PMC4937144 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although papillomaviruses (PVs) have been widely reported in vertebrates, there have been only a few PV
reports in yaks (Bos grunniens). In 2012, Bam et al. reported bovine
papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and BPV-2 associated with cutaneous papillomatosis in yaks, which provided
genomic and pathology information for yak PVs. However, nucleotide identity and phylogenic analyses revealed
that there are two isolates with a high possibility of belonging to a novel type that is not BPV-1. The
argument was thought to be caused by type-specific primers. Our analysis showed that BPV-1 type-specific
primers can detect not only BPV-1 but also other PVs. It suggests that identification results using
type-specific primers should be confirmed with more robust methods in molecular epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbao Dong
- Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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34
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Bovine papillomatosis: First detection of bovine papillomavirus types 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 in Italian cattle herds. Vet J 2016; 210:82-4. [PMID: 26965086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Limited information about the distribution of different bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types in Italy is available; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of BPVs in bovine lesions in the Emilia Romagna region. Sixty-four proliferative lesions were collected between december 2011 and december 2014, and subsequently analysed by qualitative PCR with genus- and type-specific primer pairs, as well as rolling circle amplification (RCA). The results demonstrated, for the first time in Italy, the presence of BPV 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 and also types previously described elsewhere. In addition, the high prevalence of viral co-infections in this sample set provides new information about viral tropism.
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35
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Scagliarini A, Casà G, Trentin B, Gallina L, Savini F, Morent M, Lavazza A, Puleio R, Buttaci C, Cannella V, Purpari G, Di Marco P, Piquemal D, Guercio A. Evidence of zoonotic Poxviridae coinfections in clinically diagnosed papillomas using a newly developed mini-array test. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 28:59-64. [PMID: 26699526 DOI: 10.1177/1040638715614604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study describes a newly developed mini-array test for the rapid detection of poxviruses in animals and humans. The method is based on detection that combines target nucleic acid amplification by polymerase chain reaction and specific hybridization, using enzyme-linked antibodies, allowing identification of zoonotic orthopoxviruses and parapoxviruses in animal and human biological samples. With 100% specificity, the test rules out the possibility of cross-reactions with viral agents causing look-alike diseases. The assay was employed in the field to investigate the causes of several outbreaks of a malignant proliferative skin disease that affected domestic ruminants in Sicily during 2011-2014. Due to specific aspects of the lesions, the animals were clinically diagnosed with papillomatosis. The mini-array test allowed the identification of coinfections caused by more than 1 viral species belonging to the Parapoxvirus and Orthopoxvirus genera, either in goats or in cattle. Our study suggests that the so-called "papillomatosis" can be the result of multiple infections with epitheliotropic viruses, including zoonotic poxviruses that cannot be properly identified with classical diagnostic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Scagliarini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Giovanni Casà
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Bernadette Trentin
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Laura Gallina
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Federica Savini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Marine Morent
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Calogera Buttaci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Vincenza Cannella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Patrizia Di Marco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - David Piquemal
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy (Scagliarini, Casà, Gallina, Savini)Acobiom, Biopôle Euromédecine II, Montpellier Cedex 4, France (Trentin, Morent, Piquemal)Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, Italy (Lavazza)Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Palermo, Italy (Puleio, Buttaci, Cannella, Purpari, Di Marco, Guercio)
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Federica S, Laura G, Alice P, Mara B, Giuliano B, Alessandra S. E5 nucleotide polymorphisms suggest quasispecies occurrence in BPV-1 sub-clinically infected horses. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:80-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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37
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Mählmann K, Hamza E, Marti E, Dolf G, Klukowska J, Gerber V, Koch C. Increased FOXP3 expression in tumour-associated tissues of horses affected with equine sarcoid disease. Vet J 2014; 202:516-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Fifty years ago, inoculation with bovine papillomavirus (BPV) was found to cause mesenchymal tumors of the skin in cattle and horses, as well as tumors of the bladder in cattle. Subsequent to these studies of BPVs, human papillomaviruses (HPVs) were found to cause cervical cancer resulting in intense research into papillomaviruses. During the past 50 years, the ways that HPVs and BPVs cause disease have been investigated, and both HPVs and BPVs have been associated with an increasingly diverse range of diseases. Herein, the biology, oncogenic mechanisms, and diseases associated with BPVs are compared with those of HPVs. As reviewed, there are currently significant differences between BPVs and HPVs. However, research 50 years ago into BPVs formed a prologue for the recognition that papillomaviruses have a significant role in human disease, and it is possible that future research may similarly reveal that BPVs are less different from HPVs than is currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Munday
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Christen G, Gerber V, Dolf G, Burger D, Koch C. Inheritance of equine sarcoid disease in Franches-Montagnes horses. Vet J 2014; 199:68-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Silva MAR, Silva ECB, Gurgel APAD, Nascimento KCG, Freitas AC. Bovine papillomavirus E2 and E5 gene expression in sperm cells of healthy bulls. Virusdisease 2014; 25:125-8. [PMID: 24426320 PMCID: PMC3889234 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are found in epithelial lesions and are linked to different carcinogenic processes in humans and other animals. Although BPV has been characterized as epitheliotropic, the presence of viral DNA has been detected in other tissues and fluids, such as fresh semen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and expression of BPV in sperm cells of bulls (Bos taurus) asymptomatic for papillomatosis. A PCR assay was carried out with specific primers to test BPV2 in 26 semen samples. The presence of BPV transcripts was assessed by RT-PCR to E2 and E5 genes. BPV2 DNA was detected in nine out of 26 samples and the expression of E2 and E5 were detected in five out of nine BPV positive samples. This is the first record of BPV2 expression in bull sperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. R. Silva
- />Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - E. C. B. Silva
- />Laboratório de Andrologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - A. P. A. D. Gurgel
- />Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - K. C. G. Nascimento
- />Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
| | - A. C. Freitas
- />Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE Brazil
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41
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Papillomavirus associated diseases of the horse. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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42
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Sykora S, Pieber K, Simhofer H, Hackl V, Brodesser D, Brandt S. Isolation of Treponema and Tannerella spp. from equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis related periodontal disease. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:358-63. [PMID: 23742079 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Red complex bacteria, i.e. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia, are involved in the onset and progression of periodontal disease in man, yet seldom inhabit the oral cavity of healthy individuals. Periodontal disease is also encountered in horses, with equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EOTRH) constituting a particular form of disease. However, only little is known about the oral microbiome of healthy and periodontitis-affected equids. OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the hypothesis that red complex bacteria are also associated with EOTRH-related periodontal disease. STUDY DESIGN Controlled cross-sectional study. METHODS We screened DNA purified from crevicular fluid derived from 23 EOTRH-affected and 21 disease-free horses for the presence of Treponema spp., Tannerella spp. and Porphyromonas gingivalis DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, amplified DNA was bidirectionally sequenced and identified via BLAST analysis. RESULTS Treponema and/or Tannerella DNA was detected in 100% of periodontitis-related samples and in 52.2% of DNA derived from healthy horses. Twenty-six amplicon sequences were 98-100% homologous to published bacterial sequences, which mostly corresponded to Treponema pectinovorum, oral Treponema clones JU025 and OMZ 840, and Tannerella forsythia. P. gingivalis DNA was only found in 3 EOTRH-related samples. Forty-three amplicon sequences revealed weaker homologies ranging between 80% and 97% to known Treponema or Tannerella strains, partly because of their heterogeneity, partly because they obviously represented so far unknown types. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report in which known and novel Treponema and Tannerella spp. were isolated in association with EOTRH-related periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sykora
- Research Group Oncology (RGO), Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Austria; Clinic of Large Animal Surgery, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Austria
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43
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Scagliarini A, Gallina L, Battilani M, Turrini F, Savini F, Lavazza A, Chiari M, Coradduzza E, Peli A, Erdélyi K, Alberti A. Cervus elaphus papillomavirus (CePV1): New insights on viral evolution in deer. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:252-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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DiMaio D, Petti LM. The E5 proteins. Virology 2013; 445:99-114. [PMID: 23731971 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The E5 proteins are short transmembrane proteins encoded by many animal and human papillomaviruses. These proteins display transforming activity in cultured cells and animals, and they presumably also play a role in the productive virus life cycle. The E5 proteins are thought to act by modulating the activity of cellular proteins. Here, we describe the biological activities of the best-studied E5 proteins and discuss the evidence implicating specific protein targets and pathways in mediating these activities. The primary target of the 44-amino acid BPV1 E5 protein is the PDGF β receptor, whereas the EGF receptor appears to be an important target of the 83-amino acid HPV16 E5 protein. Both E5 proteins also bind to the vacuolar ATPase and affect MHC class I expression and cell-cell communication. Continued studies of the E5 proteins will elucidate important aspects of transmembrane protein-protein interactions, cellular signal transduction, cell biology, virus replication, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, USA; Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, USA; Yale Cancer Center, USA.
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45
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Silva MAR, Batista MVA, Pontes NE, Santos EUD, Coutinho LCA, Castro RS, Balbino VQ, Freitas AC. Comparison of two PCR strategies for the detection of bovine papillomavirus. J Virol Methods 2013; 192:55-8. [PMID: 23669103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is a diverse group of double-stranded DNA oncogenic viruses, which have been detected in epithelial lesions and body fluids. Most studies of BPV infection rely on a single method for DNA detection; however the use of any single method or technique may underestimate the true prevalence of this virus. The purpose of this study was to compare two PCR strategies for the detection of BPV in skin lesions and fluids: these involve the use of BPV type-specific and consensus primers. Seventy-two cutaneous lesions, 57 blood samples and 59 semen samples were collected. PCR was used with the FAP consensus primers and BPV type-specific primers (for BPVs 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10), along with sequencing assays, to detect the BPV types. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out by means of the maximum likelihood method. It was found that both FAP and BPV type-specific primer sets could amplify BPV types of DNA in skin lesions, blood and semen samples. However, the BPV type-specific primers were more sensitive than the consensus primers and were able to detect co-infection of BPV in the samples. The consensus primers amplified five BPV types and were more suitable for detecting new putative BPV types. Thus, account should be taken of both PCR primer systems to identify co-infection, the presence of novel viruses, and avoid false-negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A R Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50740521 Pernambuco, Brazil.
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46
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Sharma R, Bhat TK, Sharma OP. The environmental and human effects of ptaquiloside-induced enzootic bovine hematuria: a tumorous disease of cattle. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 224:53-95. [PMID: 23232919 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5882-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address the major aspects of enzootic bovine hematuria and have placed special emphasis on describing the etiology, human health implications, and advanced molecular diagnosis of the disease.Enzootic bovine hematuria (EBH) is a bovine disease characterized by the intermittent presence of blood in the urine and is caused by malignant lesions in the urinary bladder. This incurable disease is a serious malady in several countries across many continents. Accurate early-stage diagnosis of the disease is possible by applying advanced molecular techniques, e.g., detection of genetic mutations in the urine of cows from endemic areas. Use of such diagnostic approaches may help create an effective therapy against the disease.There is a consensus that EBH is caused primarily by animals consuming bracken fern (P. aquilinum) as they graze. The putative carcinogen in bracken is ptaquiloside(PT), a glycoside. However, other bracken constituents like quercetin, isoquercetin,ptesculentoside, caudatoside, astragalin, and tannins may also be carcinogenic.Studies are needed to identify the role of other metabolites in inducing urinary bladder carcinogenesis.The bovine papilloma virus is also thought to be an associated etiology in causing EBH in cattle. There is growing alarm that these fern toxins and their metabolites reach and contaminate the soil and water environment and that the carcinogen (PT)is transmitted via cow's milk to the human food chain, where it may now pose a threat to human health. An increased incidence of gastric and esophageal cancer has been recorded in humans consuming bracken ferns, and among those living for long periods in areas infested with bracken ferns.Although preliminary therapeutic vaccine trials with inactivated BPV-2 against EBH have been performed, further work is needed to standardize and validate vaccine doses for animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Sharma
- Disease Investigation Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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47
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Silva MAR, Silva KMG, Jesus ALS, Barros LO, Corteggio A, Altamura G, Borzacchiello G, Freitas AC. The presence and gene expression of bovine papillomavirus in the peripheral blood and semen of healthy horses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:329-33. [PMID: 23210736 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) are double-stranded DNA viruses that can cause both benignant and malignant tumours in mammals. Twelve genotypes of bovine papillomavirus (BPV1-12) have been identified so far. The presence of BPV1 and 2 has been found in the body fluids of cattle and horses. The aim of this study is to investigate the presence of BPV DNA and the expression of viral genes in the blood and sperm cells of healthy horses using PCR and RT-PCR. BPV-1 or 2 was detected in 14 of 70 blood samples (20%) and in 11 of 31 semen samples (35%). In five of fourteen blood samples, the E5 expression tested positive, while no blood sample was positive for L1 expression. Four of 11 (36%) semen cell samples proved to be positive for E5 expression, while no gene expression in L1 could be detected. This is the first study that shows BPV1 gene expression in the blood and semen of healthy horses. Our data illustrate the need for a better understanding of the presence of BPV in non-epithelial tissues of horses and their role in the vertical and horizontal transmission of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A R Silva
- Department of Genetics, Center for Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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48
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Sykora S, Samek L, Schönthaler K, Palm F, Borzacchiello G, Aurich C, Brandt S. EcPV-2 is transcriptionally active in equine SCC but only rarely detectable in swabs and semen from healthy horses. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:194-8. [PMID: 22386674 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are malignant tumours arising from keratinocytes. In horses, there is increasing evidence for Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2) being causally involved in SCC development. However, only little is known regarding intralesional transcription of the virus, and sparse information on the incidence of EcPV-2 infection in healthy equids is available so far. Using RT-PCR, total mRNA from 8 EcPV-2 DNA-positive and 1 EcPV-2 negative SCC/SCC precursor lesions was screened for the presence of EcPV-2 E6 and E1 transcripts. Using PCR, we tested 193 sample specimens (30 ocular swabs, 94 genital swabs, 54 semen and 15 milk samples) from a total of 161 apparently healthy horses for the presence of EcPV-2 genes E7 and E6 or E2. Positive results were confirmed by repeating the PCR reactions, and by amplicon sequencing. E6 mRNA was detectable in 8/8 EcPV-2 DNA-positive lesions, whereas only 3/8 scored positive for E1 mRNA. EcPV-2 PCR scored positive for DNA from 1/30 ocular swabs, 4/94 genital swabs, 0/54 semen and 0/15 milk samples, thus resulting in an overall detection rate of 5/193, i.e. 2.6%. The demonstrated presence of viral mRNA in all EcPV-2 DNA-positive lesions is suggestive for an active pathogenic role of the virus in SCC development. This finding and the low incidence of EcPV-2 DNA in healthy equids further strengthen the concept of an aetiologic association of EcPV-2 with equine SCC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Sykora
- Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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49
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Hartl B, Hainisch EK, Shafti-Keramat S, Kirnbauer R, Corteggio A, Borzacchiello G, Tober R, Kainzbauer C, Pratscher B, Brandt S. Inoculation of young horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 virions leads to early infection of PBMCs prior to pseudo-sarcoid formation. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2437-2445. [PMID: 21715602 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.033670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV-1 and BPV-2) are known to induce common equine skin tumours, termed sarcoids. Recently, it was demonstrated that vaccination with BPV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) is safe and highly immunogenic in horses. To establish a BPV-1 challenge model for evaluation of the protective potential of BPV-1 VLPs, four foals were injected intradermally with infectious BPV-1 virions and with viral genome-based and control inocula, and monitored daily for tumour development. Blood was taken before inoculation and at weekly intervals. BPV-1-specific serum antibodies were detected by a pseudo-virion neutralization assay. Total nucleic acids extracted from tumours, intact skin and PBMCs were tested for the presence of BPV-1 DNA and mRNA using PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. Intralesional E5 oncoprotein expression was determined by immunofluorescence. Pseudo-sarcoids developed exclusively at sites inoculated with virions. Tumours became palpable 11-32 days after virion challenge, reached a size of ≤20 mm in diameter and then resolved in ≤6 months. No neutralizing anti-BPV-1 serum antibodies were detectable pre- or post-challenge. BPV-1 DNA was present in lesions but not in intact skin. In PBMCs, viral DNA was already detectable before lesions were first palpable, in concentrations correlating directly with tumour growth kinetics. PBMCs from two of two foals also harboured E5 mRNA. Immunofluorescence revealed the presence of the E5 protein in tumour fibroblasts, but not in the apparently normal epidermis overlying the lesions. Together with previous findings obtained in horses and cows, these data suggest that papillomavirus infection may include a viraemic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hartl
- Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edmund K Hainisch
- Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saeed Shafti-Keramat
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Reinhard Tober
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Kainzbauer
- Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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KAINZBAUER C, RUSHTON J, TOBER R, SCASE T, NELL B, SYKORA S, BRANDT S. Bovine papillomavirus type 1 and Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 in equine squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in a Connemara mare. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:112-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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