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Das S, Kar I, Patra AK. Cadmium induced bioaccumulation, histopathology, gene regulation in fish and its amelioration - A review. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127202. [PMID: 37263063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Different anthropogenic activities as well as natural sources contribute enormously towards various heavy metal contaminations in aquatic habitats. Cadmium (Cd) is one of most prevalent and toxic heavy metals with a long half life. Unlike terrestrial animals, exposure of Cd in fishes may happen not only through feeds but also from its habitat water. Bioaccumulation of Cd in fishes occurs in many tissues, but mainly in gill, liver, kidney, skin, and muscle. The concentrations of Cd in fish tissues depend upon the extent and duration of Cd exposure, species and age of fishes, dietary minerals and antioxidant concentrations, and habitat water quality. Specific histopathological observations in liver, kidney, and gill are useful to understand the effects of Cd, which could help to determine the ameliorating methods to be adopted. Exposure of Cd exerts several adverse effects on general growth and development, reproductive processes, osmoregulation, morphological and histological structures, stress tolerance, and endocrine system, mainly due to changes in biological functions induced by differential expressions of several genes related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, immunosuppressions, genotoxicity, Cd chelation and carbohydrate metabolism. Chronic biomagnifications of Cd exceeding the permitted level may be harmful not only to the fishes itself but also to humans through food chains. Amelioration of such toxic heavy metal that has been categorized as a potent carcinogenic in humans is of utmost importance. Main modes of amelioration encompas reducing oxidative damages by promoting the antioxidative defenses, decreasing Cd absorption, increasing excretion through excretory system and improving the tolerance of fishes to Cd toxicity. Many amelioration measures such as use of minerals (for example, zinc, calcium, and iron), vitamins (vitamin C, A, and E), different herbs, probiotics and other agents (taurine, bentonite, chitosan, zeolite, and metallothionein) have been explored for their effective roles to reduce Cd bioaccumulation and toxicity symptoms in fishes. The present review discusses bioaccumulation of Cd, histopathological alterations, oxidative stress, synergism-antagonism, and gene regulation in different tissues, and its amelioration measures in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinibas Das
- Department of Fish Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Kar
- Department of Avian Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
| | - Amlan Kumar Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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An Experimental Investigation of the Environmental Risk of a Metallurgical Waste Deposit. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12060661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental risk of long-term metallurgical waste disposal. The investigated site was used for the open storage of lead and zinc waste materials originating from a lead smelter and refinery. Even after remediation was performed, the soil in the close vicinity of the metallurgical waste deposit was heavily loaded with heavy metals and arsenic. The pollutants were bound in various compounds in the form of sulfides, oxides, and chlorides, as well as complex minerals, impacting the pH values of the investigated soil, such that they varied between 2.8 for sample 6 and 7.34 for sample 8. In order to assess the environmental risk, some eight soil samples were analyzed by determining the total metal concentration by acid digestion and chemical fractionation of heavy metals using the BCR sequential extraction method. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to determine six elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni). Total concentrations of the elements in the tested soil samples were in the range of 3870.4–52,306.18 mg/kg for As, 2.19–49.84 mg/kg for Cd, 268.03–986.66 mg/kg for Cu, 7.34–114.67 mg/kg for Ni, 1223.13–30,339.74 mg/kg for Pb, and 58.21–8212.99 mg/kg for Zn. The ratio between the mean concentrations of the tested metals was determined in this order: As > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cd. The BCR results showed that Pb (50.7%), Zn (49.2%), and Cd (34.7%) had the highest concentrations in mobile fractions in the soil compared to the other metals. The contamination factor was very high for Pb (0.09–33.54), As (0.004–195.8), and Zn (0.14–16.06). According to the calculated index of potential environmental risk, it was confirmed that the mobility of Pb and As have a great impact on the environment.
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Mamdouh AZ, Zahran E, Mohamed F, Zaki V. Nannochloropsis oculata feed additive alleviates mercuric chloride-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 238:105936. [PMID: 34388370 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using microalgae to alleviate the adverse effects of aquaculture pollutants, including metals, has recently gained much attention. In this context, bioaccumulation, hematological indices, oxidative and antioxidant responses, and histopathological alterations were investigated in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with either a control diet or diets containing Nannochloropsis oculata (N. oculata) after exposure to mercuric chloride in order to evaluate the role of this microalgae in protecting against mercury-induced toxicity. Fish exposed to HgCl2 at a dose of ¼ LC50 (0.3 mg/L) (Hg group) for 7-21 days exhibited a significant increase in total mercury concentration with a bioaccumulation pattern of liver>gills>muscle, and a significant decrease in all blood indices except mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), monocyte counts, and neutrophil counts. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly increased in the Hg group at all time points relative to the control. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was significantly increased at days 14 and 21, while catalase (CAT) and GPx activities increased and decreased, respectively, at day 7 compared to the control. Additionally, lysozyme activity and immunoglobulin M (IgM) were significantly decreased in the Hg-exposed group. Severe histopathological alterations were evident in the liver, kidneys, and gills. However, supplementation with N. oculata at a low (5%, 50 g/kg feed) or high (10%, 100 g/kg feed) dose stabilized all parameters and reduced the severity of the histopathological alterations with the high N. oculata diet showing more prominent effects. These results suggest that feeding N. oculata protects Nile tilapia against mercuric chloride-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Zahraa Mamdouh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; National institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Egypt
| | - Eman Zahran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Fatma Mohamed
- National institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Egypt
| | - Viola Zaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Han YS, Park JH, Ahn JS. Aging effects on fractionation and speciation of redox-sensitive metals in artificially contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127931. [PMID: 33297015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artificially contaminated soil is often used in laboratory experiments as a substitute for actual field contaminated soils. In the preparation and use of laboratory contaminated soils, questions remain as to how much and how long metals remain in labile form and in their oxidation state during the contamination process. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine if the speciation of added contaminants can be retained in the original form and to observe the change in lability of each element with aging time. In this study, natural soil was artificially polluted with five redox-sensitive toxic elements in their oxidized or reduced forms, i.e., As(III)/As(V), Sb(III)/Sb(V), Cr(III)/Cr(VI), Mo(VI), and W(V). Metal distribution was measured in progressive chemical fractionation using sequential extraction methods in contaminated soils after 3, 100, and 300 days of aging. The results indicated that the more strongly bound fraction of metals increased by day 100; whereas the fractions were not significantly different from those in the 300-day-aged soil. Among five metals, the ratio of weakly-bound fractions remained highest in As- and lowest in Cr-contaminated soils. The W(VI)-contaminated soil showed strong sorption without changes in speciation during aging. The oxidized or reduced metal species converged to occur as a single species under given soil conditions, regardless of the initial form of metal used to spike the soil. Both As and Sb existed as their oxidized form while Cr existed as its reduced form. The results of this study may provide a useful and practical guideline for artificial soil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Soo Han
- Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Park
- Department of Environmental & Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Sung Ahn
- Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
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Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Properties on Tetraena mongolica in the Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145142. [PMID: 32708726 PMCID: PMC7400279 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Tetraena mongolica is a rare and endangered species unique to China. The total number and density of Tetraena mongolica shrubs in desertification areas have experienced a sharp decrease with increases in coal mining activities. However, available information on the T. mongolica rhizosphere soil quality and microbial properties is scarce. Here, we investigated the effect of coal mining on the soil bacterial community and its response to the soil environment in the T. mongolica region. The results showed that the closer to the coal mining area, the lower the vegetation coverage and species diversity. The electrical conductivity (EC) in the contaminated area increased, while the total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and soil organic carbon (SOC) decreased. The activity of NAG, sucrose, β-glucosidase, and alkaline phosphatase further decreased. In addition, the mining area could alter the soil’s bacterial abundance and diversity. The organic pollutant degradation bacteria such as Sphingomonas, Gemmatimonas, Nocardioides, and Gaiella were enriched in the soil, and the carbon-nitrogen cycle was changed. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed that the change in the bacterial community structure was mainly caused by environmental factors such as water content (SWC) and EC. Taken together, these results suggested that open pit mining led to the salinization of the soil, reduction the soil nutrient content and enzyme activity, shifting the rhizosphere soil microbial community structure, and altering the carbon-nitrogen cycle, and the soil quality declined and the growth of T. mongolica was affected in the end. Therefore, the development of green coal mining technology is of great significance to protect the growth of T. mongolica.
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Wu Z, Zhang L, Xia T, Jia X, Wang S. Heavy metal pollution and human health risk assessment at mercury smelting sites in Wanshan district of Guizhou Province, China. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23066-23079. [PMID: 35520318 PMCID: PMC9054694 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01004a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wanshan district of Guizhou Province has a long history of mercury mining and smelting. Previous studies have been carried out on heavy metal (HM) pollution in the soil around Wanshan (such as in urban and farmland areas), but these studies have not been conducted at mercury smelting sites. In this study, the distribution characteristics of As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Sb, Pb and Zn and their sources in the shallow stratum (<10 m) of the mercury smelting site in the Wanshan district were analyzed. Human health risks were evaluated using deterministic risk assessment (DRA) and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) models. The contribution rates of different HM sources to human health risks were also calculated. The maximum HM concentration in mercury smelting site soil occured in the shallow soil (0-1 m), and the concentration sequences were as follows: 358.51 mg kg-1 (Hg) > 248.6 mg kg-1 (Zn) > 67.42 mg kg-1 (As) > 59.04 mg kg-1 (Ni) > 57.56 mg kg-1 (Pb) > 49.59 mg kg-1 (Cr) > 46.65 mg kg-1 (Sb) > 15.65 mg kg-1 (Cu) > 2.02 mg kg-1 (Be) > 0.78 mg kg-1 (Cd). The variable coefficients (CVs) were 1.64 (As), 0.67 (Be), 3.15 (Cd), 1.89 (Cr), 0.95 (Cu), 3.08 (Hg), 0.79 (Ni), 1.41 (Sb), 0.68 (Pb) and 1.13 (Zn), respectively. The HM concentrations in deep soils (9 m) still exceed the local background values, suggesting that heavy metals in shallow soil have migrated downward in the site. Three pollution sources identified with the shallow soil (0-1 m) HMs using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, were mercury smelting and coal combustion mixed sources (As, Hg and Zn), parent material sources (Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd and Sb) and wastewater discharge sources (Cu and Pb), respectively. DRA indicated that oral ingestion was the main pathway affecting the carcinogenic risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ) of heavy metals. The total-CR of twenty-five sampling points is between 1.219 × 10-6 and 3.446 × 10-4, and the total-HQ is between 0.37 and 43.56. PRA results indicated that DRA will underestimate the health risk of all populations in Guizhou Province, especially female, and BWa is the most influential variable for the PRA results. Smelting and coal combustion mixed sources contributed the most CR (99.29%) and with an HQ of 89.38% were the major sources of pollution affecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wu
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites 100037 Beijing China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites 100037 Beijing China
| | - Tianxiang Xia
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites 100037 Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyang Jia
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites 100037 Beijing China
| | - Shijie Wang
- Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection, Beijing Key Laboratory for Risk Modeling and Remediation of Contaminated Sites 100037 Beijing China
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Kaninga BK, Chishala BH, Maseka KK, Sakala GM, Lark MR, Tye A, Watts MJ. Review: mine tailings in an African tropical environment-mechanisms for the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1069-1094. [PMID: 31134395 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are of environmental significance due to their effect on human health and the ecosystem. One of the major exposure pathways of Heavy metals for humans is through food crops. It is postulated in the literature that when crops are grown in soils which have excessive concentrations of heavy metals, they may absorb elevated levels of these elements thereby endangering consumers. However, due to land scarcity, especially in urban areas of Africa, potentially contaminated land around industrial dumps such as tailings is cultivated with food crops. The lack of regulation for land-usage on or near to mine tailings has not helped this situation. Moreover, most countries in tropical Africa have not defined guideline values for heavy metals in soils for various land uses, and even where such limits exist, they are based on total soil concentrations. However, the risk of uptake of heavy metals by crops or any soil organisms is determined by the bioavailable portion and not the total soil concentration. Therefore, defining bioavailable levels of heavy metals becomes very important in HM risk assessment, but methods used must be specific for particular soil types depending on the dominant sorption phases. Geochemical speciation modelling has proved to be a valuable tool in risk assessment of heavy metal-contaminated soils. Among the notable ones is WHAM (Windermere Humic Aqueous Model). But just like most other geochemical models, it was developed and adapted on temperate soils, and because major controlling variables in soils such as SOM, temperature, redox potential and mineralogy differ between temperate and tropical soils, its predictions on tropical soils may be poor. Validation and adaptation of such models for tropical soils are thus imperative before such they can be used. The latest versions (VI and VII) of WHAM are among the few that consider binding to all major binding phases. WHAM VI and VII are assemblages of three sub-models which describe binding to organic matter, (hydr)oxides of Fe, Al and Mn and clays. They predict free ion concentration, total dissolved ion concentration and organic and inorganic metal ion complexes, in soils, which are all important components for bioavailability and leaching to groundwater ways. Both WHAM VI and VII have been applied in a good number of soils studies with reported promising results. However, all these studies have been on temperate soils and have not been tried on any typical tropical soils. Nonetheless, since WHAM VII considers binding to all major binding phases, including those which are dominant in tropical soils, it would be a valuable tool in risk assessment of heavy metals in tropical soils. A discussion of the contamination of soils with heavy metals, their subsequent bioavailability to crops that are grown in these soils and the methods used to determine various bioavailable phases of heavy metals are presented in this review, with an emphasis on prospective modelling techniques for tropical soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda K Kaninga
- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Mount Makulu Central Research Station, P/B 7, Chilanga, Zambia
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Benson H Chishala
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kakoma K Maseka
- Copperbelt University, Jambo Drive, Riverside, Kitwe, Zambia
| | - Godfrey M Sakala
- Zambia Agriculture Research Institute, Mount Makulu Central Research Station, P/B 7, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - Murray R Lark
- School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Andrew Tye
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, NG12 5GG, UK.
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Chemical speciation and mobility study of some heavy metals in soils around municipal solid waste dumpsites in Benin City metropolis, Nigeria. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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9
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Tőzsér D, Magura T, Simon E, Mizser S, Papp D, Tóthmérész B. Pollution intensity-dependent metal accumulation in ground beetles: a meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:32092-32102. [PMID: 31494846 PMCID: PMC6875149 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Survival of organisms in polluted habitats is a key factor regarding their long-term population persistence. To avoid harmful physiological effects of pollutants' accumulation in organisms, decontamination and excretion could be effective mechanisms. Among invertebrates, ground beetles are reliable indicators of environmental pollution. Published results, however, are inconsistent, as some studies showed effective decontamination and excretion of pollutants, while others demonstrated severe toxic symptoms due to extreme accumulation. Using ground beetles as model organisms, we tested our pollution intensity-dependent disposal hypothesis for five pollutants (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn) among four soil pollution intensity levels (low, moderate, high, and extreme) by categorical meta-analysis on published data. According to our hypothesis, decontamination and excretion of pollutants in ground beetles are effective in lowly or moderately polluted habitats, while disposal is ineffective in highly or extremely polluted ones, contributing to intense accumulation of pollutants in ground beetles. In accordance with the hypothesis, we found that in an extremely polluted habitat, accumulation of Cd and Pb in ground beetles was significantly higher than in lowly polluted ones. These findings may suggest the entomoremediation potential of ground beetles in an extremely polluted environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Tőzsér
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Tibor Magura
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Edina Simon
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary.
| | - Szabolcs Mizser
- MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Dalma Papp
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Béla Tóthmérész
- MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
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Krishnankutty N, Idris M, Hamzah FM, Manan Y. The chemical form and spatial variation of metals from sediment of Jemberau mining region of Tasik Chini, Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:25046-25056. [PMID: 31250391 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bauxite and iron ore mining is the major contributor to metal pollution in Tasik Chini, Malaysia. Deforestation of the protected zone of reserve forest exacerbates the problem. The current study is to understand the speciation of metals spatially in sediment to analyse the risk associated in terms of its mobility and bioavailability. The samples of sediment are collected from Sungai Jemberau, Laut Jemberau, and Laut Gumum of Tasik Chini. Four samplings were conducted for a year, by collecting the surface sediment. Sequential extraction method was followed for speciation of sediment and classified it into exchangeable, reducible, Fe-Mn oxides, organic and residual fractions. The results were also analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). The result reveals that Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, and Pb are the primary constituents of sediment contributing to about 98% of residual fraction. Co, Cd, Cr, As, and Ni are found in trace metal concentration and are identified to be mainly released from anthropogenic sources nearby. Although the individual proportion is less than major metals in exchangeable and carbonate fraction, they possess geochemically significant concentration above the permissible limit. More than 70-80% of all its total concentration proportion is hence found in mobile and bioavailable state. These possess toxic and have chronic effects to aquatic life and public health even in trace elemental concentration. Hence, these metals are the most toxic and bioavailable metals pausing risk for aquatic and public health. PCA analysis highlights that the enrichment of heavy metals in bioavailable fraction is mostly contributed from anthropogenic sources. The same results are emphasized by cluster analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Krishnankutty
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mushrifah Idris
- Tasik Chini Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Firdaus Mohamad Hamzah
- Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Manan
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Evaluation of Vegetation Restoration along an Expressway in a Cold, Arid, and Desertified Area of China. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11082313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vegetation restoration plays a significant role in the restoration of expressways in the arid zone of China, but we still do not know which soil and vegetation types are most effective. We investigated soil particle size (SPZ), volume weight of the soil (VWS), soil water content (SWC), total porosity of soil (TP), soil organic matter (SOM), water erosion (WrE), and wind erosion (WdE) of eight sites (S1–S8) and evaluated them using the gray correlation method (GCM). Based on our results, the average SWC of the treatments ranged from 9.6% to 18.8%, following the order S4 > S5 > S8 > S6 > S3 > S7 > S1 > S2. The average SPZ of soils in S1, S2, S4, S5, S6, and S8 was larger, ranging from 0.23 to 0.68 mm, while that of soils in S3 and S7 was smaller, ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 mm. The TP in different treatment areas ranged from 50% to 60%, which is not conducive to soil and water conservation. The SOM levels varied widely among the different soils and were always below the threshold levels established by the second National Soil Census, rendering the soils not suitable for plant growth. The WrE (36–80 t/ha) was greater than the WdE (7–24 t/ha). In general, to achieve high soil and water conservation outcomes in this area, S1 and S7 offered the best protection benefits in terms of soil and water conservation.
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Nazarpour A, Watts MJ, Madhani A, Elahi S. Source, Spatial Distribution and Pollution Assessment of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Pb, Isotopes in urban soils of Ahvaz City, a semi-arid metropolis in southwest Iran. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5349. [PMID: 30926876 PMCID: PMC6441049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the status of toxic metal contamination of the urban industrial city of Ahvaz in Iran. Two hundred and twenty-seven surface soils from a depth horizon of 0–10 cm were collected from urban areas. In addition, 15 soil samples were collected to recognise the sources of Pb in urban topsoils in Ahvaz city. Mean concentration of Pb, Zn, Cu and As were 181 ± 167, 123 ± 118, 185 ± 167 and 6.9 ± 8.9 mg.kg−1, respectively. Results of inter-element relationship among studied toxic metals revealed that Pb, Zn and Cu may have the same anthropogenic origin, whilst As originated from different sources. The results of pollution index (PI) and Nemerow pollution index (NPI) implied that Pb, Zn, and Cu had a moderate to high level of pollution. The Pb isotopic composition analysis suggested clear anthropogenic origins of Pb including industrial emission, vehicle exhaust and dust storm with the mean contributions of 47%, 15% and 7%, respectively, by a four-end member model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Nazarpour
- Department of Geology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey Keyworth, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ayoub Madhani
- Department of civil engineering, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Abadan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Elahi
- Department of Chemistry, Abadan Branch, Islamic Azad university, Abadan, Iran
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Spahić MP, Manojlović D, Tančić P, Cvetković Ž, Nikić Z, Kovačević R, Sakan S. Environmental impact of industrial and agricultural activities to the trace element content in soil of Srem (Serbia). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:133. [PMID: 30726528 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the contents and sources of Cu, Hg, Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, and B pollution in soil samples from Srem in the province of Vojvodina (Republic of Serbia). They are collected in the vicinity of local industrial facilities. The main objective of this study is evaluating the impact of the industrial facilities on the eventual contamination of soils used mostly for agricultural manufacturing. This paper describes the implementation of the combination of methods to estimate the ecological status and determine potential ecological risk. This study applies sequential extraction, pollution indices, comparison with the guidelines, and statistical analysis. Other soil parameters, such as organic matter content, pH, and clay content were measured to evaluate their influence on the trace element content. The investigated soil samples exhibited the raised contents of Ni, Hg, and Cu. Elevated contents of toxic elements observed in localities accommodated within an impact zone affected by industrial complexes, indicating a correlation between the contamination of surrounding soil and potential impact on plants. The most mobile elements are Hg, Cd, and B, while Cr is the least mobile and potential least bioavailable. The results indicate Cr and Ni content increase marking the presence of bedrock, notably in the area of underlying ultramafic rocks and the surface zones influenced by diluvial-proluvial and alluvial processes. The second source of Cr and Ni in the soils of Srem is industrial activities such as leather, cement industry, as well as the metal processing factory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dragan Manojlović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
- South Ural State University, Lenin prospekt 76, 454080, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Pavle Tančić
- Geological Survey of Serbia, Rovinjska 12, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Zoran Nikić
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, KnezaVišeslava 1, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Renata Kovačević
- Mining and Metallurgy Institute, Zeleni bulevar 35, Bor, 19210, Serbia
| | - Sanja Sakan
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering, Institute for Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, 11158, Serbia
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Retracted: Chemical Speciation and Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in the Soil of Former Tin Mining Catchment. ScientificWorldJournal 2018; 2018:5780515. [PMID: 30643491 PMCID: PMC6311236 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5780515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Kodirov O, Kersten M, Shukurov N, Martín Peinado FJ. Trace metal(loid) mobility in waste deposits and soils around Chadak mining area, Uzbekistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1658-1667. [PMID: 29111241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of potential trace metal(loid) contamination in tailing dumps and soils was characterized in the Chadak mining area (Uzbekistan). Concentrations of trace elements (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, Pb) were determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis and compared with background and intervention values (IV). The concentrations of As, Zn, Sb, and Pb were higher in the abandoned than in the active tailing dump, ranging from 42-1689mg/kg for As, 73-332mg/kg for Zn, 14-1507mg/kg for Sb, and 27-386mg/kg for Pb. Selective extractions were applied in order to assess the mobility and availability of trace metal(loid)s in samples. Oxyanion-forming elements such as As and Sb were immobilized by Fe oxides, although to some extent also extractable with acetic acid and soluble-in-water forms were detected, indicating potential bioavailability that can impose a potential toxicity risk for the environment. Selective extractions data also showed that Zn and Pb were relatively immobile, although in higher contamination sites significant amounts of these elements were also extractable with acetic acid. In tailing materials Zn and Pb mobility were negatively correlated by the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and clay content, indicating the importance of these factors in the reduction of the potential toxicity for these elements. Total concentration of As, Sb, and Pb were also negatively correlated with soil pH, indicating that the oxidation process of sulphide tailings and thus the generation of acidic conditions may lead to release of contaminants over time. However, due to the calcium carbonate content, the acid neutralization capacity of the tailings is not yet exhausted and contaminant concentrations in soil-pore water are still relatively low. The results of our investigation suggest that environmental risk associated with these wastes in semi-arid climate is therefore not a short-term problem but rather requires constant monitoring and additional ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obidjon Kodirov
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Olimlar, 49, 100041 Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Michael Kersten
- Geosciences Institute, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz 55099, Germany
| | - Nosir Shukurov
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Olimlar, 49, 100041 Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Francisco José Martín Peinado
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18002 Granada, Spain.
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Arabyarmohammadi H, Darban AK, van der Zee SEATM, Abdollahy M, Ayati B. Fractionation and leaching of heavy metals in soils amended with a new biochar nanocomposite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:6826-6837. [PMID: 29264860 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surface soils of the Bama Pb-Zn mine-impacted area were sampled for an area surrounding the mineral processing plant. After collecting 65 samples and analyzing them for initial Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd metal contents, the area was zonated based on the concentration distribution using ordinary kriging in R. A single homogenous sample was prepared by mixing equal weights of each sample as being representative of the whole impacted area (ST). Next, a synthetic model soil (SM) was prepared according to the mean ST texture (SM), divided into two portions, where one portion was amended with a biochar composite (10% w/w) (SMA), both portions were artificially contaminated with Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd (SMAC and SMC). The mixed soil ST, and the model soils SMC and SMAC, were subjected to soil sequential extraction procedure to determine the variations in fractionation of heavy metals. Results showed that the fractionation in the unamended model soil (SMC) was very close to the original real soil (ST). Moreover, in both amended and unamended soils, Cd and Pb had the highest and the lowest mobility, respectively. Zn and Cu showed intermediate mobilities. The performance of the amendment was evaluated using a 150-day column leaching test taking leachate samples at designated time intervals, and Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd concentrations were analyzed. Results of column leaching were in good agreement with the soil fractionation as Cd and Pb showed the highest and the lowest mobilities, respectively. Leaching through the soil column was also simulated by HP1 model. Results of simulation found in acceptable proximity to the experimental data despite remarkable differences due to limitations in defining soil to the simulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Arabyarmohammadi
- Mineral Processing Group, Mining Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khodadadi Darban
- Mineral Processing Group, Mining Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sjoerd E A T M van der Zee
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mahmoud Abdollahy
- Mineral Processing Group, Mining Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Ayati
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Iwegbue CM, Tesi GO, Overah LC, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Chemical fractionation and mobility of metals in floodplain soils of the lower reaches of the River Niger, Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0035919x.2017.1361483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chukwujindu M.A. Iwegbue
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X45001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Godswill O. Tesi
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Loretta C. Overah
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X45001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Godwin E. Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S. Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X45001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Isimekhai KA, Garelick H, Watt J, Purchase D. Heavy metals distribution and risk assessment in soil from an informal E-waste recycling site in Lagos State, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:17206-17219. [PMID: 28589272 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Informal E-waste recycling can pose a risk to human health and the environment which this study endeavours to evaluate. The distribution of a number of heavy metals in soil from an informal recycling site in the largest market for used and new electronics and electrical equipment in West Africa was investigated. The potential bioavailability of heavy metals, extent of contamination, potential risk due to the recycling activities and impact of external factors such as rainfall were also assessed. The concentrations of all the heavy metals tested were higher in the area where burning of the waste occurred than at the control site, suggesting an impact of the recycling activities on the soil. The order of total metal concentrations was Cu > Pb > Zn > Mn > Ni > Sb > Cr > Cd for both the dry and wet seasons. The total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn were all significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the dry season than in the wet season. The concentrations of Cu (329-7106 mg kg-1), Pb (115-9623 mg kg-1) and Zn (508-8178 mg kg-1) were consistently higher than international soil guideline values. Using a sequential extraction method, the potential bioavailability of the heavy metals was indicated as Cd > Sb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr. When the risk was assessed using the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), Cu was found to contribute the most to the potential ecological risk and Cd gave rise to the greatest concern due to its high toxic-response factor within the study site. Similarly, utilising the Risk Assessment Code (RAC) suggested that Cd posed the most risk in this site. This research establishes a high level of contamination in the study site and underscores the importance of applying the appropriate chemical speciation in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah A Isimekhai
- Centre for Decision Analysis and Risk Management, Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Hemda Garelick
- Centre for Decision Analysis and Risk Management, Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - John Watt
- Centre for Decision Analysis and Risk Management, Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Diane Purchase
- Centre for Decision Analysis and Risk Management, Department of Natural Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK.
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Arreghini S, de Cabo L, Serafini R, de Iorio AF. Effect of the combined addition of Zn and Pb on partitioning in sediments and their accumulation by the emergent macrophyte Schoenoplectus californicus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:8098-8107. [PMID: 28144860 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands usually provide a natural mechanism that diminishes the transport of toxic compounds to other compartments of the ecosystem by immobilization and accumulation in belowground tissues and/or soil. This study was conducted to assess the ability of Schoenoplectus californicus growing in natural marsh sediments, with zinc and lead addition, to tolerate and accumulate these metals, taking account of the metal distribution in the sediment fractions. The Zn and Pb were mainly found in available (exchangeable) and potentially available (bound to organic matter) forms, respectively. The absorption of Zn and Pb by plants increased in sediments with added metals. Both metals were largely retained in roots (translocation factor < 1). Lead rhizome concentrations only increased significantly in treatments with high doses of metal independently of added Zn. The addition of Zn increased its concentration in roots and shoots significantly, while its concentration in rhizomes only increased when both metals were added together. Zinc concentration in shoots did not reach the toxic level for plants. Zinc and Pb concentrations in roots were high, but they were not sufficient to reduce biomass growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Arreghini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Química Analítica, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Laura de Cabo
- CONICET-Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Av. A. Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Serafini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Química Analítica, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Fabrizio de Iorio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Química Analítica, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Adesokan MD, Adie GU, Osibanjo O. Soil Pollution by Toxic Metals near E-waste Recycling Operations in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Health Pollut 2016; 6:26-33. [PMID: 30524795 PMCID: PMC6221485 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-6-11.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unsound recycling of e-waste releases toxic metals into environmental media and has deleterious health consequences to humans as the metals transfer to humans through the food chain, direct contact and inhalation. OBJECTIVES This study assessed soil contamination with lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) arising from crude e-waste recycling. METHODS Forty-eight soil samples were collected from the vicinity of high-, medium- and low-activity recycling operations in Ogunpa in Ibadan, Nigeria as well as from the botanical garden of the University of Ibadan for background samples. Total extractable metals were leached with aqua regia and the leachates were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Speciation analysis was also conducted on soil samples that showed high concentrations of metals to determine the distributions in various phases. RESULTS All soil samples were determined to be sandy loam in composition with pH and organic matter ranging from 7.1-7.9 and 1.56-1.81%, respectively. Metal concentrations (mg/kg) for soils from the study area ranged as follows: Pb, 269 - 5650; Cu, 203 - 3483; Cr, 3.30 - 42.4; Ni, 0.14 - 24.0; and Cd, below detection limit - 2.50. The results indicated enrichment in soil by all metals, especially Pb and Cu, which were many times higher compared with background concentrations. Additionally, average Pb and Cu concentrations were higher than regulatory limits for soil set by selected countries across the globe. Speciation studies indicated that about 65% and 88% of Pb and Cu, respectively, were liable to potential mobility with slight changes in natural conditions. Other metal concentrations, although with higher concentrations compared with background levels, were within the permissible limits in soils accepted by many countries across the globe. There were significant correlations between all metals, suggesting that they may have been released from a common source. CONCLUSIONS Soils from the study area require urgent clean-up, especially for Pb and Cu, to safeguard human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Adesokan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Gilbert U. Adie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oladele Osibanjo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Mitchell KN, Ramos Gómez MS, Guerrero Barrera AL, Yamamoto Flores L, Flores de la Torre JA, Avelar González FJ. Evaluation of Environmental Risk of Metal Contaminated Soils and Sediments Near Mining Sites in Aguascalientes, Mexico. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:216-224. [PMID: 27178544 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1820-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A total of sixteen composite soil and sediment samples were collected during the rainy and dry season in Asientos, Aguascalientes, Mexico, an area recently affected by increased mining operations. Physicochemical characterization showed that substrates were moderately to strongly calcareous with predominantly neutral to slightly alkaline pH, moderate to high cation-exchange capacity and high organic matter content. Due to these conditions, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn were not water leachable despite high concentrations; up to 105.3, 7052.8, 414.7 and 12,263.2 mg kg(-1) respectively. However, Cd and Pb were considered to be easily mobilizable as they were found predominantly associated with exchangeable and carbonate fractions, whereas Cu and Zn were found associated with Fe/Mn oxide and organic matter fractions. The results highlighted the influence of physicochemical substrate properties on the mobility of metals and its importance during the evaluation of the potential current and future risk metal contamination presents in affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Nigel Mitchell
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad #940, Aguascalientes, 20231, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | | | - Laura Yamamoto Flores
- Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Avenida Universidad #940, Aguascalientes, 20231, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Al-Hwaiti MS, Brumsack HJ, Schnetger B. Fraction distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in waste clay sediment discharged through the phosphate beneficiation process in Jordan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:401. [PMID: 26041061 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of clay waste through the phosphate beneficiation process is a serious problem faced by scientists and regulators worldwide. Through the beneficiation process, heavy metals naturally present in the phosphate rocks became concentrated in the clay waste. This study evaluated the concentration of heavy metals and their fractions in the clay waste in order to assess the risk of environmental contamination. A five-step sequential extraction method, the risk assessment code (RAC), effects range low (ERL), effects range medium (ERM), the lowest effect level (LEL), the severe effect level (SEL), the redistribution index (U tf), the reduced partition index (I), residual partition index (I R), and the Nemerow multi-factor index (PC) were used to assess for clay waste contamination. Heavy metals were analyzed using high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Correlation analyses were carried out to better understand the relationships between the chemical characteristics and the contents of the different phase fractions. Concentrations of Cd and Cu confirmed that both were bound to the exchangeable fraction (F1) and the carbonate fraction (F2), presenting higher mobility, whereas Pb was most abundant in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction (F3) and organic matter fraction (F4). The residual fraction (F5) contained the highest concentrations (>60%) of As, Cr, Mo, V, and Zn, with lower mobility. Application of the RAC index showed that Cd and Cu should be considered a moderate risk, whereas As, Cr, Mo, Pb, and Zn presented a low risk. Cadmium and Cu contents in mobile fractions F1 and F2 were higher than ERL but lower than ERM. On the other hand, As, Pb, and Zn contents of mobile fractions F1 and F2 were lower than ERL and ERM guideline values. Moreover, total Pb concentrations in the clay waste were below the lowest effect level (LEL) threshold value period, Cr and Zn values in the clay waste were determined to have exceeded the severe effect level (SEL) limit values, whereas Cd and Cu level ranges between LEL and SEL indicate moderate contamination. I R values of heavy metals in the clay waste confirmed that Cd and Cu were bound to the exchangeable and carbonate fractions and presented higher mobility, whereas As, Cr, Mo, Pb, V, and Zn were bound to organic or residual fractions and consequently exhibit lower mobility. A Nemerow multi-factor index revealed that the mine site contains high levels of Cd, Cu, V, and Zn pollution. As and Cr were found at a moderate level of contamination, whereas Pb was present at a safe level of contamination. The order of the comprehensive contamination indices was Cd > Cu > Mo > Zn > V > Cr > As > Pb, indicating that the assessment of clay waste, especially with Cd and Cu, should be undertaken to control heavy metal contamination in adjacent urban and mine areas at the Eshidiya mines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salem Al-Hwaiti
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, P.O. Box (20), Ma'an, Jordan,
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