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Zarezadeh E, Jonidi Jafari A, Gholami M, Farzadkia M, Ashouri E, Shahsavani A, Kermani M, Nakhjirgan P. A comprehensive study on the spatial and temporal variation of BTEX and asbestos in the northwest of Iran: Human risk assessment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31640. [PMID: 38845947 PMCID: PMC11153089 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Substances like asbestos and other air pollutants, such as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), are hazardous compounds due to their adverse effects on human health. This study aims to investigate the levels, seasonal variations, spatial distribution, potential sources, and associated health risks associated with BTEX compounds and asbestos fibers in the ambient air of Tabriz. Air samples were taken at 16 different locations during the 2020-2021 period. Glass containers with charcoal were used for sample collection, and the BTEX content was determined using the GC-FID method. Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) analysis was conducted with a low-volume peripheral pump for asbestos fiber sampling. The results showed that the average concentration of ∑BTEX was 37.94 and 27.98 μg/m3 in autumn and spring, respectively. The same parameter was 2.26 and 1.68 f/L for asbestos in the autumn and winter, respectively. The contribution of BTEX to ozone formation potential (OFP) in the research area showed that xylene and toluene were the major contributors to ozone production in different seasons. The risk of exposure to benzene compounds was 24 × 10-4 in children and 55.9 × 10-4 in adults, while the risk of exposure to ethylbenzene was 3.78 × 10-4 in children and 3.25 × 10-4 in adults. The estimated lifetime cancer risk was found to be the highest for benzene, followed by ethylbenzene. The estimated cancer risk for benzene and ethylbenzene exceeded the threshold values set by EPA, which signals a significant carcinogenic risk due to exposure to these substances in the ambient air of Tabriz. According to the EPA guidelines, the low carcinogenicity risk levels are between 10-4 and 10-6. According to the findings for the exposure to asbestos fibers, the maximum values of excess cancer risk (ECR) and estimated lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were observed in the 16-30 age range across all locations, suggesting increased exposure to asbestos fibers compared to other age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Zarezadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Farzadkia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ashouri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Air Quality and Climate Change Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Nakhjirgan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jayaraj S, Shiva Nagendra SM. Health risk assessment of workers' exposure to BTEX and PM during refueling in an urban fuel station. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1507. [PMID: 37987919 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The proximity of fuel stations to the roads and the activities inside the station can contribute to PM and VOCs and impose health risks on station workers. The study presents the exposure and health risk assessment of the fuel station personnel to total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and particulate matter (PM) during refueling operations. TVOCs and PM monitoring were carried out at a fuel station in Chennai, India, for 1 week in March 2021, covering both weekdays and weekends. The health risks were assessed using EPA's health impact assessment methodology. Exposure to TVOCs (3177.39 ± 5450.32 μg/m3) exceeded the EPA standard of 5 μg/m3, by more than 500 times, peaking during refueling operations. The average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were 76.55 ± 23.08 μg/m3, 41.81 ± 9 μg/m3, and 30.38 ± 7.56 μg/m3, respectively. The concentrations were observed to be high during morning and evening hours due to the increased traffic on the adjacent road and inside the fuel station. The synergistic health risks linked with long-term exposure to high concentrations of BTEX and PM were also estimated. At the fuel station, a significant contribution to the SOA formation potential was shown by toluene, followed by m-xylene, p-xylene, o-xylene, ethylbenzene, and benzene. Furthermore, the deposition of airborne particles in the workers' respiratory tract was calculated using the Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry model while considering the daily average exposure duration of 12 h. The results showed that 59% of PM10 particles were deposited in the head region, whereas 11% and 10% of PM2.5 and PM1 particles were deposited in the pulmonary region. Hence, the health risk assessment indicated no non-cancer risk of exposure to PM (hazard quotient = 0.13) to station personnel exposed regularly for 1 year. However, prolonged exposure to VOCs for more than 1 year can result in both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk (hazard quotient = 0.045 and cancer risk > 10-6) in workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Jayaraj
- Environmental and Water Resource Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India
| | - S M Shiva Nagendra
- Environmental and Water Resource Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600 036, India.
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A Pilot Study to Quantify Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Sources Inside and Outside Homes in Urban India in Summer and Winter during Normal Daily Activities. ENVIRONMENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/environments9070075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Indian cities have some of the poorest air quality globally but volatile organic compounds (VOCs)—many of which adversely affect health—and their indoor sources remain understudied in India. In this pilot study we quantified hundreds of VOCs inside and outside 26 homes in Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar, Gujarat, in May 2019 and in January 2020. We sampled in the morning and afternoon/evening to capture temporal variability. Total indoor VOCs were measured at higher concentrations in winter (327.0 ± 224.2 µgm−3) than summer (150.1 ± 121.0 µgm−3) and exceeded those measured outdoors. Using variable reduction techniques, we identified potential sources of compounds (cooking, plastics [with an emphasis on plasticizers], consumer products, siloxanes [as used in the production of consumer products], vehicles). Contributions differed by season and between homes. In May, when temperatures were high, plastics contributed substantially to indoor pollution (mean of 42% contribution to total VOCs) as compared to in January (mean of 4%). Indoor cooking and consumer products contributed on average 29% and 10% to all VOCs indoors in January and 16% and 4% in May. Siloxane sources contributed <4% to any home during either season. Cooking contributed substantially to outdoor VOCs (on average 18% in January and 11% in May) and vehicle-related sources accounted for up to 84% of VOCs in some samples. Overall, results indicate a strong seasonal dependence of indoor VOC concentrations and sources, underscoring the need to better understand factors driving health-harming pollutants inside homes to facilitate exposure reductions.
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Chen PW, Kuo TC, Liu ZS, Lu HF. Assessment of the mutagenicity of two common indoor air pollutants, formaldehyde and toluene. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1353-1363. [PMID: 33818839 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, direct-reading instruments have been used to directly determine the concentrations of indoor air pollutants that may exceed the regulation limits. However, these instruments cannot directly assess the potential health hazards of these pollutants to humans. In this study, we developed and improved a bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) by using a direct gas exposure module to directly determine the mutagenicity of indoor air quality using five tester bacterial strains (TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, and TA1537). Thereafter, the module was used to evaluate the effects of exposure time, different concentrations of HCHO or toluene, and mutagenic activities. We found that TA100 was the most sensitive strain and was reverted by relatively lower concentrations of 0.035 ppm HCHO. Furthermore, 50 ppm of toluene exposures caused a significant increase in the number of revertant colonies of TA100 without S9 activation at the 1.5-8-h exposure time intervals. Our findings provide new evidence that gaseous HCHO exposure could display weak but direct, time-dependent, and dose-dependent mutagenic activities. The weak, direct-acting, indirect-acting, and time-dependent mutagen of 50 ppm toluene was also confirmed. Moreover, our improved Ames module and the exposure conditions provided in this study can be further applied to evaluate the mutagenicity of indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Wen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chen Kuo
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Zhen-Shu Liu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Fu Lu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Masih A, Dviwedi S, Lal JK. Source characterization and health risks of BTEX in indoor/outdoor air during winters at a terai precinct of North India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2985-3003. [PMID: 33483909 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BTEX are the consistently found air contaminants in indoor and outdoor environments. In order to investigate the exposure levels of BTEX, the indoor and outdoor air was analyzed during winter season at homes located at four selected sites of Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, which comprised residential, roadside, industrial and agricultural areas. BTEX were sampled with a low-flow pump (SKC model 220). Samples were extracted with CS2 and the aromatic fraction was subjected to GC-FID. Mean indoor concentration of BTEX was highest at the agricultural (70.9 µg m-3) followed by industrial (30.0 µg m-3), roadside (17.5 µg m-3) and residential site (11.8 µg m-3). At outdoor locations, the mean BTEX levels were highest at the roadside (22.0 µg m-3) followed by industrial (18.7 µg m-3), agricultural (11.0 µg m-3) and residential site (9.1 µg m-3). The I/O ratios were greater than 1 at all the sites except roadside site, where I/O ratios for toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were less than unity. Poor correlation between indoor and outdoor levels at each site further indicated the dominance of indoor sources. Factor analysis followed by one-way analysis of variance depicts that the presence of BTEX compounds at all the sites indicate a mixture of vehicular and combustion activities. For benzene, the ILTCR values exceeded the safe levels, whereas ethylbenzene was nearby to the recommended level 1 × 10-6. The HQ values were above unity for agricultural (indoors) and industrial (outdoors) as an exception to all the other sites which indicted the value below unity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Masih
- Environmental Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, St. Andrew's College, Gorakhpur, India.
| | - Samriddhi Dviwedi
- Environmental Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, St. Andrew's College, Gorakhpur, India
| | - J K Lal
- Environmental Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, St. Andrew's College, Gorakhpur, India
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Ribeiro-Júnior FH, Silveira AT, de Faria HD, Dos Reis Giusto LA, Pissetti FL, Martins I. Multivariate Optimization of an SPME Technique for GC-MS Analysis of Urinary BTX. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:201-207. [PMID: 33993236 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTX), are recognized as environmental contaminants due to their acute and chronic toxic effects, and toluene is a substance contained in products used in inhalants. In this way, methods able to determine these substances in non-invasive matrices offer great applicability for assessing acute exposure. In this study, a functionalized polymer, chloropropyltrimethoxysilane/polydimethylsiloxane, was evaluated as a potential material to be used in solid-phase microextraction for the quantification of BTX in urine by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method optimization was performed by using fractional factorial planning 2 (4-1) and the Doehlert's experiment. Desorption time and salinity were the most important factors that impact the sensitivity of the method. Spectroscopic and thermogravimetric characterization demonstrated the functionalization of the material and its thermal stability up to 390°C. This allowed it to be used for ~60 analytical cycles without loss of efficiency. The proposed method demonstrated a satisfactory analytical performance to determine the VOCs studied. The protocol agrees with the principles of green analytical chemistry since the procedure reduced the reagents consumed and wastes generated. It represents a promising tool for acute exposure assessment to BTX since urine tests demonstrated its applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Henrique Ribeiro-Júnior
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analyses, Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St. 700, Alfenas-MG 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Alberto Thalison Silveira
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analyses, Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St. 700, Alfenas-MG 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Henrique Dipe de Faria
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analyses, Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St. 700, Alfenas-MG 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Luana Aparecida Dos Reis Giusto
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St. 700, Alfenas-MG 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Fábio Luiz Pissetti
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St. 700, Alfenas-MG 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Isarita Martins
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analyses, Federal University of Alfenas - UNIFAL-MG, Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St. 700, Alfenas-MG 37130-001, Brazil
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Kodidala S, Ahanger A, Gandhi A. Comparison of pulmonary functions in petrol pump workers and residents of oil refinery. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/injms.injms_80_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Masih A, Lall AS, Taneja A, Singhvi R. Exposure levels and health risk assessment of ambient BTX at urban and rural environments of a terai region of northern India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1678-1683. [PMID: 30076055 PMCID: PMC7243169 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) belong to an important group of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are usually emitted from various sources. BTX play a vital role in the tropospheric chemistry as well as pose health hazard to human beings. Thus, an investigation of ambient benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) was conducted at urban and rural sites of Gorakhpur for a span of one year in order to ascertain the contamination levels. The sampling of BTX was performed by using a low-flow SKC Model 220 sampling pump equipped with activated coconut shell charcoal tubes with a flow rate of 250 ml/min for 20-24 h. The analysis was in accordance with NIOSH method 1501. The efficiency of pump was checked weekly using regulated rotameters with an accuracy of ±1%. The samples were extracted with CS2 with occasional agitation and analyzed by GC-FID. The total BTX concentration ranged from 3.4 μg m-3 to 45.4 μg m-3 with mean value 30.95 μg m-3 and median 24.8 μg m-3. The mean concentration of total BTX was maximum during winter (39.3 μg m-3), followed by summer (28.4 μg m-3) and monsoon season (25.1 μg m-3). The mean concentration of BTX at urban site (11.8 μg m-3) was higher than that at rural site (8.8 μg m-3). At both the sites, T/B and X/B ratios were highest in monsoon and lowest in winters. Toluene against benzene plot shows R2 value of 0.96 and 0.49 at urban and rural sites respectively. Higher R2 value at urban site clearly indicates similar sources of emission for benzene and toluene. At both the sites, the estimated integrated lifetime cancer risk (ILTCR) for benzene exceeded the threshold value of 1E-06 whereas the individual hazard quotients (HQ) for BTX did not exceed unity at any of the sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Masih
- Environmental Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, St. Andrew's College, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Anurag S Lall
- Environmental Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, St. Andrew's College, Gorakhpur, India.
| | - Ajay Taneja
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. BhimRaoAmbedkar University, Agra, India
| | - Raj Singhvi
- Environment Response Team, United States Environment Protection Agency, New Jersey, USA
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Lindenmaier R, Scharko NK, Tonkyn RG, Nguyen KT, Williams SD, Johnson TJ. Improved assignments of the vibrational fundamental modes of ortho-, meta-, and para-xylene using gas- and liquid-phase infrared and Raman spectra combined with ab initio calculations: Quantitative gas-phase infrared spectra for detection. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Bang JH, Oh I, Kim S, You S, Kim Y, Kwon HJ, Kim GB. Modeling the effects of pollutant emissions from large industrial complexes on benzene, toluene, and xylene concentrations in urban areas. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:e2017022. [PMID: 29161803 PMCID: PMC5825684 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2017022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized the Community Multiscale Air Quality model to simulate the spatial distribution of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) concentrations from large national industrial complexes (IC) located in the Ulsan metropolitan region (UMR). Through controlling pollutant emissions from major IC, this study performed a quantitative analysis of the influence of pollutant emissions on BTX concentrations in surrounding urban areas. The results showed that approximately 40% of the annual average BTX concentrations in nearby urban grids were directly influenced by pollutant emissions from the IC. Seasonal modeling results indicated that average BTX concentrations were high around petrochemical complexes, with higher concentrations in the surrounding urban areas during the summer (July). All three of the BTX pollutants showed similar seasonal differences. Daily contributions differed significantly throughout the modeling period, with some values reaching a maximum of 80% during July. Overall, when urban areas were located downwind of the IC, contributions rose. Moreover, this study compared the differences in BTX contributions at each measurement point within the IC and urban areas, which showed that the influence of the IC emissions decreased significantly with distance. The spatial distribution and direct influence of the IC on BTX concentrations in the UMR identified through this study could be used to provide input data in environmental epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Bang
- Environmental Health Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Inbo Oh
- Environmental Health Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seunghee You
- Department of Environmental Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yangho Kim
- Environmental Health Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Geun-Bae Kim
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
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Verma PK, Sah D, Kumari KM, Lakhani A. Atmospheric concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs at Indo-Gangetic sites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1051-1060. [PMID: 28745351 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol samples in the dual-phase (gaseous and particulate) were collected simultaneously for the first time in Agra at a rural and a traffic dominated site during post-monsoon and winter seasons to investigate the gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The samples were collected using a high volume sampler on quartz micro-fiber filter papers and polyurethane foam plugs for particulate and gas phases respectively. The samples were extracted in a mixture of DCM and n-hexane. 16 priority PAHs and two nitro-PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. The total concentration of PAHs (gas + particulate) was 4015 and 624 ng m-3 at the traffic and rural sites respectively. Two and three ring PAHs were dominant in the gas phase while four, five and six ring PAHs were abundant in the particle phase. A statistically significant correlation (r2 = 0.69-0.98, p < 0.001) for log Kpvs. was obtained for individual PAHs at both sites where slopes varied between -2.83 and -0.04 at the traffic site and from -3.15 to -0.06 at the rural site. Regression statistics of Clausius-Clapeyron plots suggest that the concentration of highly volatile PAHs in the atmosphere is influenced by temperature. The gas-particle partitioning coefficient Kp in its logarithmic form correlated with 1/T (r2 = 0.5-0.95, p < 0.001) and a positive slope for individual PAHs was found. In health risk assessment DbA was found to be the most carcinogenic and mutagenic as compared to other PAHs followed by BaP. 1-NPyr had a larger contribution to BaP-TEQ than 3-NFla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, U.P., India 282005.
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Agodi A, Oliveri Conti G, Barchitta M, Quattrocchi A, Lombardo BM, Montesanto G, Messina G, Fiore M, Ferrante M. Validation of Armadillo officinalis Dumèril, 1816 (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) as a bioindicator: in vivo study of air benzene exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 114:171-178. [PMID: 25638523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study tests the potential for using Armadillo officinalis as a bioindicator of exposure to and activation of benzene metabolic pathways using an in vivo model. A. officinalis specimens collected in a natural reserve were divided into a control and three test groups exposed to 2.00, 5.32 or 9.09 µg/m(3) benzene for 24h. Three independent tests were performed to assess model reproducibility. Animals were dissected to obtain three pooled tissue samples per group: hepatopancreas (HEP), other organs and tissues (OOT), and exoskeleton (EXO). Muconic acid (MA), S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA), two human metabolites of benzene, and changes in mtDNA copy number, a human biomarker of benzene exposure, were determined in each sample; benzene was determined only in EXO. MA was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection, S-PMA by triple quadrupole mass spectrometer liquid chromatography with electro spray ionization (LC-MS-ESI-TQD), mtDNA by real-time quantitative PCR and end-point PCR, and benzene by quadrupole mass spectrometer head-space gas chromatography (HSGC-MS). MA and S-PMA levels rose both in HEP and OOT; EXO exhibited increasing benzene concentrations; and mtDNA copy number rose in HEP but not in OOT samples. Overall, our findings demonstrate that A. officinalis is a sensitive bioindicator of air benzene exposure and show for the first time its ability to reproduce human metabolic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agodi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - G Oliveri Conti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy; Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - M Barchitta
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - A Quattrocchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - B M Lombardo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy Via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy.
| | - G Montesanto
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy Via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy.
| | - G Messina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy Via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy.
| | - M Fiore
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy; Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - M Ferrante
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy; Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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