1
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Meiksin A. Using the SEIR model to constrain the role of contaminated fomites in spreading an epidemic: An application to COVID-19 in the UK. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:3564-3590. [PMID: 35341264 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of the SEIR model of compartmentalized population dynamics with an added fomite term is analysed as a means of statistically quantifying the contribution of contaminated fomites to the spread of a viral epidemic. It is shown that for normally expected lifetimes of a virus on fomites, the dynamics of the populations are nearly indistinguishable from the case without fomites. With additional information, such as the change in social contacts following a lockdown, however, it is shown that, under the assumption that the reproduction number for direct infection is proportional to the number of social contacts, the population dynamics may be used to place meaningful statistical constraints on the role of fomites that are not affected by the lockdown. The case of the Spring 2020 UK lockdown in response to COVID-19 is presented as an illustration. An upper limit is found on the transmission rate by contaminated fomites of fewer than 1 in 30 per day per infectious person (95% CL) when social contact information is taken into account. Applied to postal deliveries and food packaging, the upper limit on the contaminated fomite transmission rate corresponds to a probability below 1 in 70 (95% CL) that a contaminated fomite transmits the infection. The method presented here may be helpful for guiding health policy over the contribution of some fomites to the spread of infection in other epidemics until more complete risk assessments based on mechanistic modelling or epidemiological investigations may be completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Meiksin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
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2
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COVID-19: Research Directions for Non-Clinical Aerosol-Generating Facilities in the Built Environment. BUILDINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings11070282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physical contact and respiratory droplet transmission have been widely regarded as the main routes of COVID-19 infection. However, mounting evidence has unveiled the risk of aerosol transmission of the virus. Whereas caution has been taken to avoid this risk in association with clinical facilities, facilities such as spa pools and Jacuzzis, which are characterized by bubble-aerosol generation, high bather loads, and limited turnover rates, may promote aerosol transmission. Focusing on these non-clinical facilities in the built environment, a review study was undertaken. First, the typical water disinfection and ventilation-aided operations for the facilities were illustrated. Second, cross comparisons were made between the applicable standards and guidelines of the World Health Organization and countries including Australia, Canada, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The similarities and differences in their water quality specifications, ventilation requirements, and air quality enhancement measures were identified; there were no specific regulations for preventing aerosol transmission at those aerosol-generating facilities. Third, a qualitative review of research publications revealed the emergence of studies on potential air-borne transmission of COVID-19, but research on built facilities posing high risks of aerosol transmission remains scant. This study’s results inform key directions for future research on abating aerosol transmission of COVID-19: the development of bespoke personal protective equipment and engineering and management controls on water quality, ventilation, and air quality.
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Haas CN. Action Levels for SARS-CoV-2 in Air: Preliminary Approach. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 41:705-709. [PMID: 33818802 PMCID: PMC8251121 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative microbial risk assessment has been used to develop criteria for exposure to many microorganisms. In this article, the dose-response curve for Coronavirus 229E is used to develop preliminary risk-based exposure criteria for SARS-CoV-2 via the respiratory portals of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. Haas
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental EngineeringDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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4
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Hoover AG, Heiger-Bernays W, Ojha S, Pennell KG. Balancing incomplete COVID-19 evidence and local priorities: risk communication and stakeholder engagement strategies for school re-opening. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:27-37. [PMID: 33001857 PMCID: PMC7933073 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, United States (U.S.) educational institutions must weigh incomplete scientific evidence to inform decisions about how best to re-open schools without sacrificing public health. While many communities face surging case numbers, others are experiencing case plateaus or even decreasing numbers. Simultaneously, some U.S. school systems face immense infrastructure challenges and resource constraints, while others are better positioned to resume face-to-face instruction. In this review, we first examine potential engineering controls to reduce SARS-CoV-2 exposures; we then present processes whereby local decision-makers can identify and partner with scientists, faculty, students, parents, public health officials, and others to determine the controls most appropriate for their communities. While no solution completely eliminates risks of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and illness, this mini-review discusses engaged decision and communication processes that incorporate current scientific knowledge, school district constraints, local tolerance for health risk, and community priorities to help guide schools in selecting and implementing re-opening strategies that are acceptable, feasible, and context-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G. Hoover
- University of Kentucky, College of Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Wendy Heiger-Bernays
- Boston University, School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sweta Ojha
- University of Kentucky, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Kelly G. Pennell
- University of Kentucky, College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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5
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Lai CC, Hsu CY, Jen HH, Yen AMF, Chan CC, Chen HH. The Bayesian Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered model for the outbreak of COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship. STOCHASTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND RISK ASSESSMENT : RESEARCH JOURNAL 2021; 35:1319-1333. [PMID: 33519302 PMCID: PMC7837082 DOI: 10.1007/s00477-020-01968-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The outbreak of COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship provides an unprecedented opportunity to estimate its original transmissibility with basic reproductive number (R0) and the effectiveness of containment measures. We developed an ordinary differential equation-based Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovery (SEIR) model with Bayesian underpinning to estimate the main parameter of R0 determined by transmission coefficients, incubation period, and the recovery rate. Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation method was used to tackle the parameters of uncertainty resulting from the outbreak of COVID-19 given a small cohort of the cruise ship. The extended stratified SEIR model was also proposed to elucidate the heterogeneity of transmission route by the level of deck with passengers and crews. With the application of the overall model, R0 was estimated as high as 5.70 (95% credible interval: 4.23-7.79). The entire epidemic period without containment measurements was approximately 47 days and reached the peak one month later after the index case. The partial containment measure reduced 63% (95% credible interval: 60-66%) infected passengers. With the deck-specific SEIR model, the heterogeneity of R0 estimates by each deck was noted. The estimated R0 figures were 5.18 for passengers (5-14 deck), mainly from the within-deck transmission, and 2.46 for crews (2-4 deck), mainly from the between-deck transmission. Modelling the dynamic of COVID-19 on the cruise ship not only provides an insight into timely evacuation and early isolation and quarantine but also elucidates the relative contributions of different transmission modes on the cruise ship though the deck-stratified SEIR model. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s00477-020-01968-w).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chih Lai
- Emergency Department of Taipei City Hospital, Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei, 106 Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Room 533, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
- Master of Public Health Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yang Hsu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Room 533, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
- Master of Public Health Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hsuan Jen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Room 533, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Amy Ming-Fang Yen
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110 Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
- Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hsi Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Room 533, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
- Innovation and Policy Center for Population Health and Sustainable Environment, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100 Taiwan
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6
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D’Orazio M, Bernardini G, Quagliarini E. A probabilistic model to evaluate the effectiveness of main solutions to COVID-19 spreading in university buildings according to proximity and time-based consolidated criteria. BUILDING SIMULATION 2021; 14:1795-1809. [PMID: 33680337 PMCID: PMC7910197 DOI: 10.1007/s12273-021-0770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED University buildings are one of the most relevant closed environments in which the COVID-19 event clearly pointed out stakeholders' needs toward safety issues, especially because of the possibility of day-to-day presences of the same users (i.e. students, teachers) and overcrowding causing long-lasting contacts with possible "infectors". While waiting for the vaccine, as for other public buildings, policy-makers' measures to limit virus outbreaks combine individual's strategies (facial masks), occupants' capacity and access control. But, up to now, no easy-to-apply tools are available for assessing the punctual effectiveness of such measures. To fill this gap, this work proposes a quick and probabilistic simulation model based on consolidated proximity and exposure-time-based rules for virus transmission confirmed by international health organizations. The building occupancy is defined according to university scheduling, identifying the main "attraction areas" in the building (classrooms, break-areas). Scenarios are defined in terms of occupants' densities and the above-mentioned mitigation strategies. The model is calibrated on experimental data and applied to a relevant university building. Results demonstrate the model capabilities. In particular, it underlines that if such strategies are not combined, the virus spreading can be limited by only using high protection respiratory devices (i.e. FFP3) by almost every occupant. On the contrary, the combination between access control and building capacity limitation can lead to the adoption of lighter protective devices (i.e. surgical masks), thus improving the feasibility, users' comfort and favorable reception. Simplified rules to combine acceptable mask filters-occupants' density are thus provided to help stakeholders in organizing users' presences in the building during the pandemic. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ESM supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12273-021-0770-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco D’Orazio
- Department of Construction, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gabriele Bernardini
- Department of Construction, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Enrico Quagliarini
- Department of Construction, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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7
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Novelli G, Biancolella M, Mehrian-Shai R, Erickson C, Godri Pollitt KJ, Vasiliou V, Watt J, Reichardt JKV. COVID-19 update: the first 6 months of the pandemic. Hum Genomics 2020; 14:48. [PMID: 33357238 PMCID: PMC7757844 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-020-00298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is sweeping the world and will feature prominently in all our lives for months and most likely for years to come. We review here the current state 6 months into the declared pandemic. Specifically, we examine the role of the pathogen, the host and the environment along with the possible role of diabetes. We also firmly believe that the pandemic has shown an extraordinary light on national and international politicians whom we should hold to account as performance has been uneven. We also call explicitly on competent leadership of international organizations, specifically the WHO, UN and EU, informed by science. Finally, we also condense successful strategies for dealing with the current COVID-19 pandemic in democratic countries into a developing pandemic playbook and chart a way forward into the future. This is useful in the current COVID-19 pandemic and, we hope, in a very distant future again when another pandemic might arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | | | - Ruty Mehrian-Shai
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jessica Watt
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Juergen K V Reichardt
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia
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8
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Zhang XS, Duchaine C. SARS-CoV-2 and Health Care Worker Protection in Low-Risk Settings: a Review of Modes of Transmission and a Novel Airborne Model Involving Inhalable Particles. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 34:e00184-20. [PMID: 33115724 PMCID: PMC7605309 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00184-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been intense debate over SARS-CoV-2's mode of transmission and appropriate personal protective equipment for health care workers in low-risk settings. The objective of this review is to identify and appraise the available evidence (clinical trials and laboratory studies on masks and respirators, epidemiological studies, and air sampling studies), clarify key concepts and necessary conditions for airborne transmission, and shed light on knowledge gaps in the field. We find that, except for aerosol-generating procedures, the overall data in support of airborne transmission-taken in its traditional definition (long-distance and respirable aerosols)-are weak, based predominantly on indirect and experimental rather than clinical or epidemiological evidence. Consequently, we propose a revised and broader definition of "airborne," going beyond the current droplet and aerosol dichotomy and involving short-range inhalable particles, supported by data targeting the nose as the main viral receptor site. This new model better explains clinical observations, especially in the context of close and prolonged contacts between health care workers and patients, and reconciles seemingly contradictory data in the SARS-CoV-2 literature. The model also carries important implications for personal protective equipment and environmental controls, such as ventilation, in health care settings. However, further studies, especially clinical trials, are needed to complete the picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Sophie Zhang
- Department of General Medicine, CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- CHSLD Bruchési and CHSLD Jean De La Lande, Montreal, Canada
- GMF-U Faubourgs, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche et d'Aide aux Narcomanes, Montreal, Canada
| | - Caroline Duchaine
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute-Université Laval (CRIUCPQ), Quebec City, Canada
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9
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Rowe F, Ngwenyama O, Richet JL. Contact-tracing apps and alienation in the age of COVID-19. EUR J INFORM SYST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0960085x.2020.1803155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frantz Rowe
- IAE de Nantes, LEMNA, Universite De Nantes and KTO, SKEMA Business School , Nantes, France
| | | | - Jean-Loup Richet
- IAE Paris – Sorbonne Business School, Université Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne , Paris, France
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10
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Yamamoto V, Bolanos JF, Fiallos J, Strand SE, Morris K, Shahrokhinia S, Cushing TR, Hopp L, Tiwari A, Hariri R, Sokolov R, Wheeler C, Kaushik A, Elsayegh A, Eliashiv D, Hedrick R, Jafari B, Johnson JP, Khorsandi M, Gonzalez N, Balakhani G, Lahiri S, Ghavidel K, Amaya M, Kloor H, Hussain N, Huang E, Cormier J, Wesson Ashford J, Wang JC, Yaghobian S, Khorrami P, Shamloo B, Moon C, Shadi P, Kateb B. COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-psychiatric Implications. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:459-504. [PMID: 32925078 PMCID: PMC7592693 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease that has claimed >150,000 lives and infected millions in the United States thus far, especially the elderly population. Emerging evidence has shown the virus to cause hemorrhagic and immunologic responses, which impact all organs, including lungs, kidneys, and the brain, as well as extremities. SARS-CoV-2 also affects patients', families', and society's mental health at large. There is growing evidence of re-infection in some patients. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, its mechanism of infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and treatment strategies, while also focusing on less attended aspects by previous studies, including nutritional support, psychological, and rehabilitation of the pandemic and its management. We performed a systematic review of >1,000 articles and included 425 references from online databases, including, PubMed, Google Scholar, and California Baptist University's library. COVID-19 patients go through acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, acute hypercoagulable state, and autonomic dysfunction, which must be managed by a multidisciplinary team including nursing, nutrition, and rehabilitation. The elderly population and those who are suffering from Alzheimer's disease and dementia related illnesses seem to be at the higher risk. There are 28 vaccines under development, and new treatment strategies/protocols are being investigated. The future management for COVID-19 should include B-cell and T-cell immunotherapy in combination with emerging prophylaxis. The mental health and illness aspect of COVID-19 are among the most important side effects of this pandemic which requires a national plan for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Yamamoto
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Keck School of Medicine, The USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joe F. Bolanos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Fiallos
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susanne E. Strand
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Morris
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanam Shahrokhinia
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tim R. Cushing
- UCLA-Cedar-Sinai California Rehabilitation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Hopp
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center Department of Ophthalmology and UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ambooj Tiwari
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- New York University, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Hariri
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Celularity Corporation, Warren, NJ, USA
- Weill Cornell School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rick Sokolov
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Infectious Disease Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Wheeler
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- T-NeuroPharma, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Arts, and Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA
| | - Ashraf Elsayegh
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Pulmonology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dawn Eliashiv
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA David Geffen, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Hedrick
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Behrouz Jafari
- University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J. Patrick Johnson
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Spine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mehran Khorsandi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nestor Gonzalez
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Guita Balakhani
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shouri Lahiri
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kazem Ghavidel
- University of Tehran School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marco Amaya
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harry Kloor
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Namath Hussain
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Edmund Huang
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Cormier
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Lafayette Surgical Specialty Hospital, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA
| | - J. Wesson Ashford
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine (Affiliated), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Department of Veteran’s Affair, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Wang
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC-Keck School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shadi Yaghobian
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Payman Khorrami
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bahman Shamloo
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Pain Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles Moon
- Cedars Sinai Orthopaedic Center, Department of Orthopedics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Payam Shadi
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Loma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- National Center for NanoBioElectronic (NCNBE), Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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