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Zane L, Kraschowetz S, Trentini MM, Alves VDS, Araujo SC, Goulart C, Leite LCDC, Gonçalves VM. Peptide linker increased the stability of pneumococcal fusion protein vaccine candidate. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1108300. [PMID: 36777254 PMCID: PMC9909212 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen exclusive to humans, responsible for respiratory and systemic diseases. Pneumococcal protein vaccines have been proposed as serotype-independent alternatives to currently used conjugated polysaccharide vaccines, which have presented limitations regarding their coverage. Previously in our group, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and detoxified pneumolysin (PdT) were genetically fused and the hybrid protein protected mice against pneumococcal challenge, offered higher cross-protection against different strains and showed greater opsonophagocytosis rate than co-administered proteins. As juxtaposed fusion was unstable to upscale production of the protein, flexible (PspA-FL-PdT) and rigid (PspA-RL-PdT) molecular linkers were inserted between the antigens to increase stability. This work aimed to produce recombinant fusion proteins, evaluate their stability after linker insertion, both in silico and experimentally, and enable the production of two antigens in a single process. The two constructs with linkers were cloned into Escherichia coli and hybrid proteins were purified using chromatography; purity was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and stability by Western blot and high performance size exclusion chromatography. PspA-FL-PdT showed higher stability at -20°C and 4°C, without additional preservatives. In silico analyses also showed differences regarding stability of the fusion proteins, with molecule without linker presenting disallowed amino acid positions in Ramachandran plot and PspA-FL-PdT showing the best scores, in agreement with experimental results. Mice were immunized with three doses and different amounts of each protein. Both fusion proteins protected all groups of mice against intranasal lethal challenge. The results show the importance of hybrid protein structure on the stability of the products, which is essential for a successful bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Zane
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Kraschowetz
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor dos Santos Alves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Carneiro Araujo
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cibelly Goulart
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Viviane Maimoni Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Viviane Maimoni Gonçalves,
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Grigoryan L, Lee A, Walls AC, Lai L, Franco B, Arunachalam PS, Feng Y, Luo W, Vanderheiden A, Floyd K, Wrenn S, Pettie D, Miranda MC, Kepl E, Ravichandran R, Sydeman C, Brunette N, Murphy M, Fiala B, Carter L, Coffman RL, Novack D, Kleanthous H, O’Hagan DT, van der Most R, McLellan JS, Suthar M, Veesler D, King NP, Pulendran B. Adjuvanting a subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with clinically relevant adjuvants induces durable protection in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:55. [PMID: 35606518 PMCID: PMC9126867 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants enhance the magnitude and the durability of the immune response to vaccines. However, there is a paucity of comparative studies on the nature of the immune responses stimulated by leading adjuvant candidates. In this study, we compared five clinically relevant adjuvants in mice-alum, AS03 (a squalene-based adjuvant supplemented with α-tocopherol), AS37 (a TLR7 ligand emulsified in alum), CpG1018 (a TLR9 ligand emulsified in alum), O/W 1849101 (a squalene-based adjuvant)-for their capacity to stimulate immune responses when combined with a subunit vaccine under clinical development. We found that all four of the adjuvant candidates surpassed alum with respect to their capacity to induce enhanced and durable antigen-specific antibody responses. The TLR-agonist-based adjuvants CpG1018 (TLR9) and AS37 (TLR7) induced Th1-skewed CD4+ T cell responses, while alum, O/W, and AS03 induced a balanced Th1/Th2 response. Consistent with this, adjuvants induced distinct patterns of early innate responses. Finally, vaccines adjuvanted with AS03, AS37, and CpG1018/alum-induced durable neutralizing-antibody responses and significant protection against the B.1.351 variant 7 months following immunization. These results, together with our recent results from an identical study in non-human primates (NHPs), provide a comparative benchmarking of five clinically relevant vaccine adjuvants for their capacity to stimulate immunity to a subunit vaccine, demonstrating the capacity of adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccines to provide durable protection against the B.1.351 variant. Furthermore, these results reveal differences between the widely-used C57BL/6 mouse strain and NHP animal models, highlighting the importance of species selection for future vaccine and adjuvant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Grigoryan
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Audrey Lee
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Present Address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Benjamin Franco
- Veterinary Service Center, Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Prabhu S. Arunachalam
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Yupeng Feng
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Wei Luo
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Abigail Vanderheiden
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Katharine Floyd
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Samuel Wrenn
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Deleah Pettie
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Marcos C. Miranda
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Elizabeth Kepl
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Claire Sydeman
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Natalie Brunette
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Brooke Fiala
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Robert L. Coffman
- grid.418630.80000 0004 0409 1245Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Emeryville, CA USA
| | - David Novack
- grid.418630.80000 0004 0409 1245Dynavax Technologies Corporation, Emeryville, CA USA
| | - Harry Kleanthous
- grid.418309.70000 0000 8990 8592Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | | | | | - Jason S. McLellan
- grid.55460.320000000121548364Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA
| | - Mehul Suthar
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - David Veesler
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Present Address: Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Neil P. King
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
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Naz SS, Munir I. An Outline of Contributing Vaccine Technologies for SARS CoV2 Advancing in Clinical and Preclinical Phase-Trials. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16:122-143. [PMID: 35040422 DOI: 10.2174/1872208316666220118094344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV2) is an RNA virus involving 4 structural and 16 non-structural proteins, and exhibiting high transmission potential and fatality. The emergence of this newly encountered beta coronavirus-SARS CoV2 has brought over 2 million people to death, and more than 10 billion people got infected across the globe as yet. Consequently, the global scientific community has contributed to the synthesis and design of effective immunization technologies to combat this virus. OBJECTIVES This literature review was intended to gather an update on published reports of the vaccines advancing in the clinical trial phases or preclinical trials, to summarize the foundations and implications of contributing vaccine candidates inferring their impact in the pandemic repression. In addition, this literature review distinctly facilitates an outline of the overall vaccine effectiveness at current doses. METHODS The reported data in this review was extracted from research articles, review articles and patents published from January 2020 to July 2021, available on Google Scholar, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Research Gate, Science direct, and Free Patent Online Database by using combination of keywords. Moreover, some information is retrieved from native web pages of vaccine manufacturing companies' due to progressing research and unavailability of published research papers. CONCLUSION Contributing vaccine technologies include: RNA (Ribonucleic acid) vaccines, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) vaccines, viral vector vaccines, protein-based vaccines, inactivated vaccines, viruses-like particles, protein superglue, and live-attenuated vaccines. Some vaccines are prepared by establishing bacterial and yeast cell lines and as self-assembling adenovirus- derived multimeric protein-based self-assembling nanoparticle (ADDOmer). On May 19, WHO has issued an emergency use sanction of Moderna, Pfizer, Sinopharm, AstraZeneca, and Covishield vaccine candidates on account of clinical credibility from experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Saba Naz
- Department of Microbiology, Jinnah University for Women, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Munir
- Department of Microbiology, Jinnah University for Women, Pakistan
- National Nanotechnology Research Center-UNAM, Bilkent University, Turkey
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4
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O'Hagan DT, van der Most R, Lodaya RN, Coccia M, Lofano G. "World in motion" - emulsion adjuvants rising to meet the pandemic challenges. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:158. [PMID: 34934069 PMCID: PMC8692316 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00418-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emulsion adjuvants such as MF59 and AS03 have been used for more than two decades as key components of licensed vaccines, with over 100 million doses administered to diverse populations in more than 30 countries. Substantial clinical experience of effectiveness and a well-established safety profile, along with the ease of manufacturing have established emulsion adjuvants as one of the leading platforms for the development of pandemic vaccines. Emulsion adjuvants allow for antigen dose sparing, more rapid immune responses, and enhanced quality and quantity of adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms of enhancement of immune responses are well defined and typically characterized by the creation of an "immunocompetent environment" at the site of injection, followed by the induction of strong and long-lasting germinal center responses in the draining lymph nodes. As a result, emulsion adjuvants induce distinct immunological responses, with a mixed Th1/Th2 T cell response, long-lived plasma cells, an expanded repertoire of memory B cells, and high titers of cross-neutralizing polyfunctional antibodies against viral variants. Because of these various properties, emulsion adjuvants were included in pandemic influenza vaccines deployed during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, are still included in seasonal influenza vaccines, and are currently at the forefront of the development of vaccines against emerging SARS-CoV-2 pandemic variants. Here, we comprehensively review emulsion adjuvants, discuss their mechanism of action, and highlight their profile as a benchmark for the development of additional vaccine adjuvants and as a valuable tool to allow further investigations of the general principles of human immunity.
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5
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Mukhopadhyay L, Yadav PD, Gupta N, Mohandas S, Patil DY, Shete-Aich A, Panda S, Bhargava B. Authors' response. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:703-704. [PMID: 34643572 PMCID: PMC8555597 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.318735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Labanya Mukhopadhyay
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Shete-Aich
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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6
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Lien CE, Lin YJ, Chen C, Lian WC, Kuo TY, Campbell JD, Traquina P, Lin MY, Liu LTC, Chuang YS, Ko HY, Liao CC, Chen YH, Jan JT, Ma HH, Sun CP, Lin YS, Wu PY, Wang YC, Tao MH, Lin YL. CpG-adjuvanted stable prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike protein protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8761. [PMID: 33888840 PMCID: PMC8062487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presents an unprecedented challenge to global public health. Rapid development and deployment of safe and effective vaccines are imperative to control the pandemic. In the current study, we applied our adjuvanted stable prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-2P)-based vaccine, MVC-COV1901, to hamster models to demonstrate immunogenicity and protection from virus challenge. Golden Syrian hamsters immunized intramuscularly with two injections of 1 µg or 5 µg of S-2P adjuvanted with CpG 1018 and aluminum hydroxide (alum) were challenged intranasally with SARS-CoV-2. Prior to virus challenge, the vaccine induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies with 10,000-fold higher IgG level and an average of 50-fold higher pseudovirus neutralizing titers in either dose groups than vehicle or adjuvant control groups. Six days after infection, vaccinated hamsters did not display any weight loss associated with infection and had significantly reduced lung pathology and most importantly, lung viral load levels were reduced to lower than detection limit compared to unvaccinated animals. Vaccination with either 1 μg or 5 μg of adjuvanted S-2P produced comparable immunogenicity and protection from infection. This study builds upon our previous results to support the clinical development of MVC-COV1901 as a safe, highly immunogenic, and protective COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-En Lien
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jiun Lin
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Charles Chen
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Wei-Cheng Lian
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Yung Kuo
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Meei-Yun Lin
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Ya-Shan Chuang
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ying Ko
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hui Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hua Ma
- Genomic Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Pu Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Shiou Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yi Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiuan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mi-Hua Tao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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7
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Mukhopadhyay L, Yadav PD, Gupta N, Mohandas S, Patil DY, Shete-Aich A, Panda S, Bhargava B. Comparison of the immunogenicity & protective efficacy of various SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates in non-human primates. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:93-114. [PMID: 33361645 PMCID: PMC8184077 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_4431_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a global public health crisis and research groups worldwide are engaged in developing vaccine candidates to curb its transmission, with a few vaccines having progressed to advanced stages of clinical trials. The aim of this systematic review was to compare immunogenicity and protective efficacy of various SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates tested in non-human primate (NHP) models. METHODS Literature on effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in NHP models reported on PubMed and preprint platforms (medRxiv and bioRxiv) till October 22, 2020, was searched with the following terms: coronavirus vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, nonhuman primate, and rhesus macaque. RESULTS Our search yielded 19 studies, which reported immune response elicited by 18 vaccine candidates in NHP. All the vaccines induced detectable neutralizing antibody (NAb) titres in the serum of vaccinated animals, with some showing effective viral clearance from various organs. The vaccinated animals also showed nil to mild histopathological changes in their lungs compared to placebo groups in the trials that performed necropsy. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlighted onset of quick immunogenicity and protective efficacy of mRNA-1273, followed by Ad26.CoV2.S, NVX-CoV2373, BNT162b2, RBD and BBV152 vaccine candidates in preclinical trials as compared to the others. NHP data also showed correlation with clinical trial data available for a few vaccines. Preclinical trials of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in NHPs yielded promising results, with some candidates faring better than others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Virology Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y. Patil
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Shete-Aich
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected lives of billions of individuals, globally. There is an urgent need to develop interventions including vaccines to control the ongoing pandemic. Recent Findings Development of tools for fast-tracked testing including small and large animal models for vaccine efficacy analysis, assays for immunogenicity assessment, critical reagents, international biological standards, and data sharing allowed accelerated development of vaccines. More than 300 vaccines are under development and 9 of them are approved for emergency use in various countries, with impressive efficacy ranging from 50 to 95%. Recently, several new SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and are circulating globally, and preliminary findings imply that some of them may escape immune responses against previous variants and diminish efficacy of current vaccines. Most of these variants acquired new mutations in their surface protein (Spike) which is the antigen in most of the approved/under development vaccines. Summary In this review, we summarize novel and traditional approaches for COVID-19 vaccine development including inactivated, attenuated, nucleic acid, vector and protein based. Critical assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by vaccines has shown comparative immunogenicity profiles of various vaccines in clinical phases. Recent reports confirmed that some currently available vaccines provide partial to complete protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. If more mutated variants emerge, current vaccines might need to be updated accordingly either by developing vaccines matching the circulating strain or designing multivalent vaccines to extend the breadth.
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9
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Klasse PJ, Nixon DF, Moore JP. Immunogenicity of clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in nonhuman primates and humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe8065. [PMID: 33608249 PMCID: PMC7978427 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple preventive vaccines are being developed to counter the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The leading candidates have now been evaluated in nonhuman primates (NHPs) and human phase 1 and/or phase 2 clinical trials. Several vaccines have already advanced into phase 3 efficacy trials, while others will do so before the end of 2020. Here, we summarize what is known of the antibody and T cell immunogenicity of these vaccines in NHPs and humans. To the extent possible, we compare how the vaccines have performed, taking into account the use of different assays to assess immunogenicity and inconsistencies in how the resulting data are presented. We also review the outcome of challenge experiments with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in immunized macaques, while noting variations in the protocols used, including but not limited to the virus challenge doses. Press releases on the outcomes of vaccine efficacy trials are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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10
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Li T, Zhang T, Gu Y, Li S, Xia N. Current progress and challenges in the design and development of a successful COVID-19 vaccine. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2021. [PMCID: PMC7835609 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still a worldwide concern, with little to no sign of a decreasing trend. There is a general consensus that normal life will be hampered until a safe and effective vaccine strategy is available and globally administered. Numerous countries have accelerated the clinical trials process for the development of a successful COVID-19 treatment, with over 200 candidates presently available for testing against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we provide an overview of the COVID-19 vaccine candidates currently in development, discuss the scientific and practical challenges associated with COVID-19 vaccine design, and share the potential strategies that could be exploited for vaccine design success.
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11
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Pollet J, Chen WH, Versteeg L, Keegan B, Zhan B, Wei J, Liu Z, Lee J, Kundu R, Adhikari R, Poveda C, Villar MJ, de Araujo Leao AC, Rivera JA, Momin Z, Gillespie PM, Kimata JT, Strych U, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. SARS-CoV-2 RBD219-N1C1: A Yeast-Expressed SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Receptor-Binding Domain Candidate Vaccine Stimulates Virus Neutralizing Antibodies and T-cell Immunity in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.11.04.367359. [PMID: 33173864 PMCID: PMC7654852 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.04.367359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for an accessible and low-cost COVID-19 vaccine suitable for low- and middle-income countries. Here we report on the development of a SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein, expressed at high levels in yeast ( Pichia pastoris ), as a suitable vaccine candidate against COVID-19. After introducing two modifications into the wild-type RBD gene to reduce yeast-derived hyperglycosylation and improve stability during protein expression, we show that the recombinant protein, RBD219-N1C1, is equivalent to the wild-type RBD recombinant protein (RBD219-WT) in an in vitro ACE-2 binding assay. Immunogenicity studies of RBD219-N1C1 and RBD219-WT proteins formulated with Alhydrogel ® were conducted in mice, and, after two doses, both the RBD219-WT and RBD219-N1C1 vaccines induced high levels of binding IgG antibodies. Using a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, we further showed that sera obtained after a two-dose immunization schedule of the vaccines were sufficient to elicit strong neutralizing antibody titers in the 1:1,000 to 1:10,000 range, for both antigens tested. The vaccines induced IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 secretion, among other cytokines. Overall, these data suggest that the RBD219-N1C1 recombinant protein, produced in yeast, is suitable for further evaluation as a human COVID-19 vaccine, in particular, in an Alhydrogel ® containing formulation and possibly in combination with other immunostimulants.
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Abstract
Vaccines are urgently needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to help the return to pre-pandemic normalcy. A great many vaccine candidates are being developed, several of which have completed late-stage clinical trials and are reporting positive results. In this Progress article, we discuss which viral elements are used in COVID-19 vaccine candidates, why they might act as good targets for the immune system and the implications for protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Won JH, Lee H. The Current Status of Drug Repositioning and Vaccine Developments for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9775. [PMID: 33371468 PMCID: PMC7767501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified, the world has vehemently worked to develop treatments and vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at an unprecedented speed. Few of the repositioned drugs for COVID-19 have shown that they were efficacious and safe. In contrast, a couple of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 will be ready for mass rollout early next year. Despite successful vaccine development for COVID-19, the world will face a whole new set of challenges including scale-up manufacturing, cold-chain logistics, long-term safety, and low vaccine acceptance. We highlighted the importance of knowledge sharing and collaboration to find innovative answers to these challenges and to prepare for newly emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Won
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Center for Convergence Approaches in Drug Development, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Howard Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Center for Convergence Approaches in Drug Development, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea
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