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Roh SH, Mendez-Vazquez H, Sathler MF, Doolittle MJ, Zaytseva A, Brown H, Sainsbury M, Kim S. Prenatal exposure to valproic acid reduces synaptic δ-catenin levels and disrupts ultrasonic vocalization in neonates. Neuropharmacology 2024; 253:109963. [PMID: 38657945 PMCID: PMC11127754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an effective and commonly prescribed drug for epilepsy and bipolar disorder. However, children born from mothers treated with VPA during pregnancy exhibit an increased incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although VPA may impair brain development at the cellular level, the mechanism of VPA-induced ASD has not been completely addressed. A previous study has found that VPA treatment strongly reduces δ-catenin mRNA levels in cultured human neurons. δ-catenin is important for the control of glutamatergic synapses and is strongly associated with ASD. VPA inhibits dendritic morphogenesis in developing neurons, an effect that is also found in neurons lacking δ-catenin expression. We thus hypothesize that prenatal exposure to VPA significantly reduces δ-catenin levels in the brain, which impairs glutamatergic synapses to cause ASD. Here, we found that prenatal exposure to VPA markedly reduced δ-catenin levels in the brain of mouse pups. VPA treatment also impaired dendritic branching in developing mouse cortical neurons, which was partially reversed by elevating δ-catenin expression. Prenatal VPA exposure significantly reduced synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor levels and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) in the brain of mouse pups, indicating dysfunctions in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. VPA exposure also significantly altered ultrasonic vocalization (USV) in newly born pups when they were isolated from their nest. Moreover, VPA-exposed pups show impaired hypothalamic response to isolation, which is required to produce animals' USVs following isolation from the nest. Therefore, these results suggest that VPA-induced ASD pathology can be mediated by the loss of δ-catenin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Morgan Sainsbury
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Seonil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, USA.
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Roh SH, Mendez-Vazquez H, Sathler MF, Doolittle MJ, Zaytseva A, Brown H, Sainsbury M, Kim S. Prenatal exposure to valproic acid reduces synaptic δ-catenin levels and disrupts ultrasonic vocalization in neonates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571709. [PMID: 38168404 PMCID: PMC10760095 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an effective and commonly prescribed drug for epilepsy and bipolar disorder. However, children born from mothers treated with VPA during pregnancy exhibit an increased incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although VPA may impair brain development at the cellular level, the mechanism of VPA-induced ASD has not been completely addressed. A previous study has found that VPA treatment strongly reduces δ-catenin mRNA levels in cultured human neurons. δ-catenin is important for the control of glutamatergic synapses and is strongly associated with ASD. VPA inhibits dendritic morphogenesis in developing neurons, an effect that is also found in neurons lacking δ-catenin expression. We thus hypothesize that prenatal exposure to VPA significantly reduces δ-catenin levels in the brain, which impairs glutamatergic synapses to cause ASD. Here, we found that prenatal exposure to VPA markedly reduced δ-catenin levels in the brain of mouse pups. VPA treatment also impaired dendritic branching in developing mouse cortical neurons, which was reversed by elevating δ-catenin expression. Prenatal VPA exposure significantly reduced synaptic AMPA receptor levels and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) in the brain of mouse pups, indicating dysfunctions in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. VPA exposure also significantly altered ultrasonic vocalization (USV) in newly born pups when they were isolated from their nest. Moreover, VPA-exposed pups show impaired hypothalamic response to isolation, which is required to produce animals' USVs following isolation from the nest. Therefore, these results suggest that VPA-induced ASD pathology can be mediated by the loss of δ-catenin functions. Highlights Prenatal exposure of valproic acid (VPA) in mice significantly reduces synaptic δ-catenin protein and AMPA receptor levels in the pups' brains.VPA treatment significantly impairs dendritic branching in cultured cortical neurons, which is reversed by increased δ-catenin expression.VPA exposed pups exhibit impaired communication such as ultrasonic vocalization.Neuronal activation linked to ultrasonic vocalization is absent in VPA-exposed pups.The loss of δ-catenin functions underlies VPA-induced autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in early childhood.
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Mendez-Vazquez H, Roach RL, Nip K, Chanda S, Sathler MF, Garver T, Danzman RA, Moseley MC, Roberts JP, Koch ON, Steger AA, Lee R, Arikkath J, Kim S. The autism-associated loss of δ-catenin functions disrupts social behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300773120. [PMID: 37216537 PMCID: PMC10235948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300773120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
δ-catenin is expressed in excitatory synapses and functions as an anchor for the glutamatergic AMPA receptor (AMPAR) GluA2 subunit in the postsynaptic density. The glycine 34 to serine (G34S) mutation in the δ-catenin gene has been found in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients and results in loss of δ-catenin functions at excitatory synapses, which is presumed to underlie ASD pathogenesis in humans. However, how the G34S mutation causes loss of δ-catenin functions to induce ASD remains unclear. Here, using neuroblastoma cells, we identify that the G34S mutation increases glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β)-dependent δ-catenin degradation to reduce δ-catenin levels, which likely contributes to the loss of δ-catenin functions. Synaptic δ-catenin and GluA2 levels in the cortex are significantly decreased in mice harboring the δ-catenin G34S mutation. The G34S mutation increases glutamatergic activity in cortical excitatory neurons while it is decreased in inhibitory interneurons, indicating changes in cellular excitation and inhibition. δ-catenin G34S mutant mice also exhibit social dysfunction, a common feature of ASD. Most importantly, pharmacological inhibition of GSK3β activity reverses the G34S-induced loss of δ-catenin function effects in cells and mice. Finally, using δ-catenin knockout mice, we confirm that δ-catenin is required for GSK3β inhibition-induced restoration of normal social behavior in δ-catenin G34S mutant animals. Taken together, we reveal that the loss of δ-catenin functions arising from the ASD-associated G34S mutation induces social dysfunction via alterations in glutamatergic activity and that GSK3β inhibition can reverse δ-catenin G34S-induced synaptic and behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regan L. Roach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Kaila Nip
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523
| | - Soham Chanda
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Matheus F. Sathler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Tyler Garver
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Rosaline A. Danzman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Madeleine C. Moseley
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Jessica P. Roberts
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Olivia N. Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | | | - Rahmi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
| | - Jyothi Arikkath
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munore-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198
| | - Seonil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO80523
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Mendez-Vazquez H, Roach RL, Nip K, Sathler MF, Garver T, Danzman RA, Moseley MC, Roberts JP, Koch ON, Steger AA, Lee R, Arikkath J, Kim S. The autism-associated loss of δ-catenin functions disrupts social behaviors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523372. [PMID: 36711484 PMCID: PMC9882145 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
δ-catenin is expressed in excitatory synapses and functions as an anchor for the glutamatergic AMPA receptor (AMPAR) GluA2 subunit in the postsynaptic density. The glycine 34 to serine (G34S) mutation in the δ-catenin gene is found in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients and induces loss of δ-catenin functions at excitatory synapses, which is presumed to underlie ASD pathogenesis in humans. However, how the G34S mutation causes loss of δ-catenin functions to induce ASD remains unclear. Here, using neuroblastoma cells, we discover that the G34S mutation generates an additional phosphorylation site for glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β). This promotes δ-catenin degradation and causes the reduction of δ-catenin levels, which likely contributes to the loss of δ-catenin functions. Synaptic δ-catenin and GluA2 levels in the cortex are significantly decreased in mice harboring the δ-catenin G34S mutation. The G34S mutation increases glutamatergic activity in cortical excitatory neurons while it is decreased in inhibitory interneurons, indicating changes in cellular excitation and inhibition. δ-catenin G34S mutant mice also exhibit social dysfunction, a common feature of ASD. Most importantly, inhibition of GSK3β activity reverses the G34S-induced loss of δ-catenin function effects in cells and mice. Finally, using δ-catenin knockout mice, we confirm that δ-catenin is required for GSK3β inhibition-induced restoration of normal social behaviors in δ-catenin G34S mutant animals. Taken together, we reveal that the loss of δ-catenin functions arising from the ASD-associated G34S mutation induces social dysfunction via alterations in glutamatergic activity and that GSK3β inhibition can reverse δ-catenin G34S-induced synaptic and behavioral deficits. Significance Statement δ-catenin is important for the localization and function of glutamatergic AMPA receptors at synapses in many brain regions. The glycine 34 to serine (G34S) mutation in the δ-catenin gene is found in autism patients and results in the loss of δ-catenin functions. δ-catenin expression is also closely linked to other autism-risk genes involved in synaptic structure and function, further implying that it is important for the autism pathophysiology. Importantly, social dysfunction is a key characteristic of autism. Nonetheless, the links between δ-catenin functions and social behaviors are largely unknown. The significance of the current research is thus predicated on filling this gap by discovering the molecular, cellular, and synaptic underpinnings of the role of δ-catenin in social behaviors.
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Lee SY, Kim S, Han K, Woong Choi J, Byung Chae H, Yeon Choi D, Min Lee S, Kyun Park M, Mun S, Koo JW. Microarray analysis of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia in the cochlea. Gene 2022; 823:146347. [PMID: 35227853 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia alters intracochlear homeostasis and potentiates aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. However, the pathological mechanisms in the cochlea following systemic LPS-induced inflammation are unclear. In this study, three groups of mice received intraperitoneal injections [group A, saline control (n = 10); group B, 1 mg/kg LPS (n = 10); group C, 10 mg/kg LPS (n = 10)]. After 24 h, gene expression in cochlea samples was analyzed using DNA microarrays covering 28,853 genes in a duplicate manner. A total of 505 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (≥2.0-fold change; p < 0.05) were identified. Interferon- and chemotaxis-related genes, including gbp2, gbp5, cxcl10, and Rnf125, were dose-dependently upregulated by LPS-induced endotoxemia. These results were verified by RT-qPCR. Upregulated DEGs were associated with inflammation, positive regulation of immune responses, and regulation of cell adhesion, while downregulated ones were associated with chemical synaptic transmission and the synaptic vesicle cycle. Protein-protein interaction included four functional clusters associated with interleukin-4, -10, and -13 and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand binding; activation of matrix metalloproteinases and collagen degradation; recruitment of amyloid A proteins; and neutrophil degranulation. The findings of this study provide an additional basis on changes in the expression of genes in the cochlea in response to LPS-induced endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, South Korea
| | - Songmi Kim
- Center for Bio-Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Kyudong Han
- Center for Bio-Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Science and Technology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Jin Woong Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University, College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ho Byung Chae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Da Yeon Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So Min Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seyoung Mun
- Center for Bio-Medical Engineering Core Facility, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea; Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea.
| | - Ja-Won Koo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea; Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, South Korea.
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Owen N, Toms M, Young RM, Eintracht J, Sarkar H, Brooks BP, Moosajee M. Identification of 4 novel human ocular coloboma genes ANK3, BMPR1B, PDGFRA, and CDH4 through evolutionary conserved vertebrate gene analysis. Genet Med 2022; 24:1073-1084. [PMID: 35034853 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocular coloboma arises from genetic or environmental perturbations that inhibit optic fissure (OF) fusion during early eye development. Despite high genetic heterogeneity, 70% to 85% of patients remain molecularly undiagnosed. In this study, we have identified new potential causative genes using cross-species comparative meta-analysis. METHODS Evolutionarily conserved differentially expressed genes were identified through in silico analysis, with in situ hybridization, gene knockdown, and rescue performed to confirm spatiotemporal gene expression and phenotype. Interrogation of the 100,000 Genomes Project for putative pathogenic variants was performed. RESULTS Nine conserved differentially expressed genes between zebrafish and mouse were identified. Expression of zebrafish ank3a, bmpr1ba/b, cdh4, and pdgfaa was localized to the OF, periocular mesenchyme cells, or ciliary marginal zone, regions traversed by the OF. Knockdown of ank3, bmpr1b, and pdgfaa revealed a coloboma and/or microphthalmia phenotype. Novel pathogenic variants in ANK3, BMPR1B, PDGFRA, and CDH4 were identified in 8 unrelated coloboma families. We showed BMPR1B rescued the knockdown phenotype but variant messenger RNAs failed, providing evidence of pathogenicity. CONCLUSION We show the utility of cross-species meta-analysis to identify several novel coloboma disease-causing genes. There is a potential to increase the diagnostic yield for new and unsolved patients while adding to our understanding of the genetic basis of OF morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Owen
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Toms
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo M Young
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Eintracht
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hajrah Sarkar
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- Development, Ageing and Disease, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Ocular Genomics and Therapeutics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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Arslan FN, Eckert J, Schmidt T, Heisenberg CP. Holding it together: when cadherin meets cadherin. Biophys J 2021; 120:4182-4192. [PMID: 33794149 PMCID: PMC8516678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion is the key to multicellularity, and its malfunction plays an important role in various developmental and disease-related processes. Although it has been intensively studied by both biologists and physicists, a commonly accepted definition of cell-cell adhesion is still being debated. Cell-cell adhesion has been described at the molecular scale as a function of adhesion receptors controlling binding affinity, at the cellular scale as resistance to detachment forces or modulation of surface tension, and at the tissue scale as a regulator of cellular rearrangements and morphogenesis. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss recent advances in the molecular, cellular, and theoretical description of cell-cell adhesion, ranging from biomimetic models to the complexity of cells and tissues in an organismal context. In particular, we will focus on cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and the role of adhesion signaling and mechanosensation therein, two processes central for understanding the biological and physical basis of cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Nur Arslan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Julia Eckert
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Identification of a CDH12 potential candidate genetic variant for an autosomal dominant form of transgrediens and progrediens palmoplantar keratoderma in a Tunisian family. J Hum Genet 2020; 65:397-410. [PMID: 31911611 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diagnosis of rare inherited palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) is still challenging. We investigated at the clinical and genetic level a consanguineous Tunisian family presenting an autosomal dominant atypical form of transgrediens and progrediens PPK to better characterize this ultrarare disease and to identify its molecular etiology. Whole-exome sequencing (WES), filtering strategies, and bioinformatics analysis have been achieved. Clinical investigation and follow up over 13 years of this Tunisian family with three siblings formerly diagnosed as an autosomal recessive form of Mal de Melela-like conducted us to reconsider its initial phenotype. Indeed, the three patients presented clinical features that overlap both Mal de Meleda and progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma (PSEK). The mode of inheritance was also reconsidered, since the mother, initially classified as unaffected, exhibited a similar expression of the disease. WES analysis showed the absence of potentially functional rare variants in known PPKs or PSEK-related genes. Results revealed a novel heterozygous nonsynonymous variant in cadherin-12 gene (CDH12, NM_004061, c.1655C > A, p.Thr552Asn) in all affected family members. This variant is absent in dbSNP and in 50 in-house control exomes. In addition, in silico analysis of the mutated 3D domain structure predicted that this variant would result in cadherin-12 protein destabilization and thermal instability. Functional annotation and biological network construction data provide further supporting evidence for the potential role of CDH12 in the maintenance of skin integrity. Taken together, these results suggest that CDH12 gene is a potential candidate gene for an atypical presentation of an autosomal dominant form of transgrediens and progrediens PPK.
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Bhandari R, Paliwal JK, Kuhad A. Neuropsychopathology of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Complex Interplay of Genetic, Epigenetic, and Environmental Factors. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 24:97-141. [PMID: 32006358 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30402-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex heterogeneous consortium of pervasive development disorders (PDD) which ranges from atypical autism, autism, and Asperger syndrome affecting brain in the developmental stage. This debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder results in both core as well as associated symptoms. Core symptoms observed in autistic patients are lack of social interaction, pervasive, stereotyped, and restricted behavior while the associated symptoms include irritability, anxiety, aggression, and several comorbid disorders.ASD is a polygenic disorder and is multifactorial in origin. Copy number variations (CNVs) of several genes that regulate the synaptogenesis and signaling pathways are one of the major factors responsible for the pathogenesis of autism. The complex integration of various CNVs cause mutations in the genes which code for molecules involved in cell adhesion, voltage-gated ion-channels, scaffolding proteins as well as signaling pathways (PTEN and mTOR pathways). These mutated genes are responsible for affecting synaptic transmission by causing plasticity dysfunction responsible, in turn, for the expression of ASD.Epigenetic modifications affecting DNA transcription and various pre-natal and post-natal exposure to a variety of environmental factors are also precipitating factors for the occurrence of ASD. All of these together cause dysregulation of glutamatergic signaling as well as imbalance in excitatory: inhibitory pathways resulting in glial cell activation and release of inflammatory mediators responsible for the aberrant social behavior which is observed in autistic patients.In this chapter we review and provide insight into the intricate integration of various genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors which play a major role in the pathogenesis of this disorder and the mechanistic approach behind this integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Bhandari
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jyoti K Paliwal
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anurag Kuhad
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Pfeffer TJ, Schlothauer S, Pietzsch S, Schaufelberger M, Auber B, Ricke-Hoch M, List M, Berliner D, Abou Moulig V, König T, Arany Z, Sliwa K, Bauersachs J, Hilfiker-Kleiner D. Increased Cancer Prevalence in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. JACC: CARDIOONCOLOGY 2019; 1:196-205. [PMID: 34396183 PMCID: PMC8352111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study was designed to analyze the prevalence and potential genetic basis of cancer and heart failure in peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). Background PPCM manifests as heart failure late in pregnancy or postpartum in women without previous heart disease. Methods Clinical history and cancer prevalence were evaluated in a cohort of 236 PPCM patients from Germany and Sweden. Exome sequencing assessed variants in 133 genes associated with cancer predisposition syndromes (CPS) and in 115 genes associated with dilated/hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (DCM/HCM) in 14 PPCM patients with a history of cancer, and in 6 PPCM patients without a history of cancer. Results The prevalence of cancer was 16-fold higher (8.9%, 21 of 236 patients) in PPCM patients compared to age-matched women (German cancer registry, Robert-Koch-Institute: 0.59%; p < 0.001). Cancer before PPCM occurred in 12 of 21 patients of whom 11 obtained cardiotoxic cancer therapies. Of those, 17% fully recovered cardiac function by 7 ± 2 months of follow-up compared to 55% of PPCM patients without cancer (p = 0.015). Cancer occurred after PPCM in 10 of 21 patients; 80% had left ventricular ejection fraction of ≥50% after cancer therapy. Whole-exome sequencing in 14 PPCM patients with cancer revealed that 43% (6 of 14 patients) carried likely pathogenic (Class IV) or pathogenic (Class V) gene variants associated with DCM/HCM in CPT2, DSP, MYH7, TTN, and/or with CPS in ATM, ERCC5, NBN, RECQL4, and SLX4. All CPS variants affected DNA damage response genes. Conclusions Cardiotoxic cancer therapy before PPCM is associated with delayed full recovery. The high cancer prevalence in PPCM is linked to likely pathogenic/pathogenic gene variants associated with DCM/HCM and/or CPS/DNA damage response-related cancer risk. This may warrant genetic testing and screening for heart failure in pregnant women with a cancer history and screening for cancer in PPCM patients.
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Key Words
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- BMBF, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- BRCA1, breast cancer 1
- CPS, cancer predisposition syndrome
- DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DFG, Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft
- ERCC5, excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency
- FANCA, Fanconi anemia, complementation group
- FKRP, fukutin-related protein
- HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- HTX, heart transplantation
- LVAD, left ventricular assist device
- LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction
- PPCM, peripartum cardiomyopathy
- RECQL4, ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q4
- RYR1, ryanodine receptor 1
- SLX4, structure-specific endonuclease subunit SLX4
- TXNRD2, thioredoxin reductase 2
- VUS, variants of unknown significance
- cancer
- cardiotoxicity
- genetics
- peripartum cardiomyopathy
- whole-exome sequencing
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias J Pfeffer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stella Schlothauer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Pietzsch
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Schaufelberger
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bernd Auber
- Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Ricke-Hoch
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuel List
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dominik Berliner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Valeska Abou Moulig
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias König
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zolt Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Kujawski S, Sonawane M, Knust E. penner/lgl2 is required for the integrity of the photoreceptor layer in the zebrafish retina. Biol Open 2019; 8:8/4/bio041830. [PMID: 31015218 PMCID: PMC6503998 DOI: 10.1242/bio.041830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate retina is a complex tissue built from multiple neuronal cell types, which develop from a pseudostratified neuroepithelium. These cells are arranged into a highly organized and stereotypic pattern formed by nuclear and plexiform layers. The process of lamination as well as the maturation and differentiation of photoreceptor cells rely on the establishment and maintenance of apico-basal cell polarity and formation of adhesive junctions. Defects in any of these processes can result in impaired vision and are causally related to a variety of human diseases leading to blindness. While the importance of apical polarity regulators in retinal stratification and disease is well established, little is known about the function of basal regulators in retinal development. Here, we analyzed the role of Lgl2, a basolateral polarity factor, in the zebrafish retina. Lgl2 is upregulated in photoreceptor cells and in the retinal pigment epithelium by 72 h post fertilization. In both cell types, Lgl2 is localized basolaterally. Loss of zygotic Lgl2 does not interfere with retinal lamination or photoreceptor cell polarity or maturation. However, knockdown of both maternal and zygotic Lgl2 leads to impaired cell adhesion. As a consequence, severe layering defects occur in the distal retina, manifested by a breakdown of the outer plexiform layer and the outer limiting membrane. These results define zebrafish Lgl2 as an important regulator of retinal lamination, which, given the high degree of evolutionary conservation, may be preserved in other vertebrates, including human. Summary: Knockdown of penner/lgl2 leads to a breakdown of the outer plexiform layer and the outer limiting membrane in the zebrafish retina due to impaired cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Kujawski
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mahendra Sonawane
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Homi Bhabha Road, Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 01307 Dresden, Germany
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12
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Nazarian A, Yashin AI, Kulminski AM. Genome-wide analysis of genetic predisposition to Alzheimer's disease and related sex disparities. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:5. [PMID: 30636644 PMCID: PMC6330399 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly and the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. AD is mainly considered a complex disorder with polygenic inheritance. Despite discovering many susceptibility loci, a major proportion of AD genetic variance remains to be explained. METHODS We investigated the genetic architecture of AD in four publicly available independent datasets through genome-wide association, transcriptome-wide association, and gene-based and pathway-based analyses. To explore differences in the genetic basis of AD between males and females, analyses were performed on three samples in each dataset: males and females combined, only males, or only females. RESULTS Our genome-wide association analyses corroborated the associations of several previously detected AD loci and revealed novel significant associations of 35 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) outside the chromosome 19q13 region at the suggestive significance level of p < 5E-06. These SNPs were mapped to 21 genes in 19 chromosomal regions. Of these, 17 genes were not associated with AD at genome-wide or suggestive levels of associations by previous genome-wide association studies. Also, the chromosomal regions corresponding to 8 genes did not contain any previously detected AD-associated SNPs with p < 5E-06. Our transcriptome-wide association and gene-based analyses revealed that 26 genes located in 20 chromosomal regions outside chromosome 19q13 had evidence of potential associations with AD at a false discovery rate of 0.05. Of these, 13 genes/regions did not contain any previously AD-associated SNPs at genome-wide or suggestive levels of associations. Most of the newly detected AD-associated SNPs and genes were sex specific, indicating sex disparities in the genetic basis of AD. Also, 7 of 26 pathways that showed evidence of associations with AD in our pathway-bases analyses were significant only in females. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, particularly the newly discovered sex-specific genetic contributors, provide novel insight into the genetic architecture of AD and can advance our understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nazarian
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Erwin Mill Building, 2024 W. Main St., Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Anatoliy I Yashin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Erwin Mill Building, 2024 W. Main St., Durham, NC, 27705, USA
| | - Alexander M Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Erwin Mill Building, 2024 W. Main St., Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
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13
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The exploration of novel Alzheimer's therapeutic agents from the pool of FDA approved medicines using drug repositioning, enzyme inhibition and kinetic mechanism approaches. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:2513-2526. [PMID: 30551512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel drug development is onerous, time consuming and overpriced process with particularly low success and relatively high enfeebling rates. To overcome this burden, drug repositioning approach is being used to predict the possible therapeutic effects of FDA approved drugs in different diseases. Herein, we designed a computational and enzyme inhibitory mechanistic approach to fetch the promising drugs from the pool of FDA approved drugs against AD. The binding interaction patterns and conformations of screened drugs within active region of AChE were confirmed through molecular docking profiles. The possible associations of selected drugs with AD genes were predicted by pharmacogenomics analysis and confirmed through data mining. The stability behaviour of docked complexes (Drugs-AChE) were checked by MD simulations. The possible therapeutic potential of repositioned drugs against AChE were checked by in vitro analysis. Taken together, Cinitapride displayed a comparable results with standard and can be used as possible therapeutic agent in the treatment of AD.
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Frismantiene A, Philippova M, Erne P, Resink TJ. Cadherins in vascular smooth muscle cell (patho)biology: Quid nos scimus? Cell Signal 2018; 45:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Vanniya S P, Srisailapathy CRS, Kunka Mohanram R. The tip link protein Cadherin-23: From Hearing Loss to Cancer. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:25-35. [PMID: 29421162 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-23 is an atypical member of the cadherin superfamily, with a distinctly long extracellular domain. It has been known to be a part of the tip links of the inner ear mechanosensory hair cells. Several studies have been carried out to understand the role of Cadherin-23 in the hearing mechanism and defects in the CDH23 have been associated with hearing impairment resulting from defective or absence of tip links. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Cadherin-23 in several pathological conditions, including cancer, suggesting the presence of several unknown functions. Initially, it was proposed that Cadherin-23 represents a yet unspecified subtype of Cadherins; however, no other proteins with similar characteristics have been identified, till date. It has a unique cytoplasmic domain that does not bear a β-catenin binding region, but has been demonstrated to mediate cell-cell adhesions. Several protein interacting partners have been identified for Cadherin-23 and the roles of their interactions in various cellular mechanisms are yet to be explored. This review summarizes the characteristics of Cadherin-23 and its roles in several pathologies including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paridhy Vanniya S
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Madras, Taramani campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - C R Srikumari Srisailapathy
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Madras, Taramani campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramkumar Kunka Mohanram
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India.
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16
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Kong Y, Naggert JK, Nishina PM. The Impact of Adherens and Tight Junctions on Physiological Function and Pathological Changes in the Retina. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1074:545-551. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75402-4_66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Takahashi S, Mui VJ, Rosenberg SK, Homma K, Cheatham MA, Zheng J. Cadherin 23-C Regulates Microtubule Networks by Modifying CAMSAP3's Function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28706. [PMID: 27349180 PMCID: PMC4923861 DOI: 10.1038/srep28706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-related 23 (CDH23) is an adhesive protein important for hearing and vision, while CAMSAP3/Marshalin is a microtubule (MT) minus-end binding protein that regulates MT networks. Although both CDH23 and CAMSAP3/Marshalin are expressed in the organ of Corti, and carry several protein-protein interaction domains, no functional connection between these two proteins has been proposed. In this report, we demonstrate that the C isoform of CDH23 (CDH23-C) directly binds to CAMSAP3/Marshalin and modifies its function by inhibiting CAMSAP3/Marshalin-induced bundle formation, a process that requires a tubulin-binding domain called CKK. We further identified a conserved N-terminal region of CDH23-C that binds to the CKK domain. This CKK binding motif (CBM) is adjacent to the domain that interacts with harmonin, a binding partner of CDH23 implicated in deafness. Because the human Usher Syndrome 1D-associated mutation, CDH23 R3175H, maps to the CBM, we created a matched mutation in mouse CDH23-C at R55H. Both in vivo and in vitro assays decreased the ability of CDH23-C to interact with CAMSAP3/Marshalin, indicating that the interaction between CDH23 and CAMSAP3/Marshalin plays a vital role in hearing and vision. Together, our data suggest that CDH23-C is a CAMSAP3/Marshalin-binding protein that can modify MT networks indirectly through its interaction with CAMSAP3/Marshalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoe Takahashi
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA
| | - Vincent J Mui
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA
| | - Samuel K Rosenberg
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA
| | - Kazuaki Homma
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA.,Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Mary Ann Cheatham
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611, USA.,Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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18
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Abstract
During cardiac trabeculation, cardiomyocytes delaminate from the outermost (compact) layer to form complex muscular structures known as trabeculae. As these cardiomyocytes delaminate, the remodeling of adhesion junctions must be tightly coordinated so cells can extrude from the compact layer while remaining in tight contact with their neighbors. In this study, we examined the distribution of N-cadherin (Cdh2) during cardiac trabeculation in zebrafish. By analyzing the localization of a Cdh2-EGFP fusion protein expressed under the control of the zebrafish cdh2 promoter, we initially observed Cdh2-EGFP expression along the lateral sides of embryonic cardiomyocytes, in an evenly distributed pattern, and with the occasional appearance of punctae. Within a few hours, Cdh2-EGFP distribution on the lateral sides of cardiomyocytes evolves into a clear punctate pattern as Cdh2-EGFP molecules outside the punctae cluster to increase the size of these aggregates. In addition, Cdh2-EGFP molecules also appear on the basal side of cardiomyocytes that remain in the compact layer. Delaminating cardiomyocytes accumulate Cdh2-EGFP on the surface facing the basal side of compact layer cardiomyocytes, thereby allowing tight adhesion between these layers. Importantly, we find that blood flow/cardiac contractility is required for the transition from an even distribution of Cdh2-EGFP to the formation of punctae. Furthermore, using time-lapse imaging of beating hearts in conjunction with a Cdh2 tandem fluorescent protein timer transgenic line, we observed that Cdh2-EGFP molecules appear to move from the lateral to the basal side of cardiomyocytes along the cell membrane, and that Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (Erbb2) function is required for this relocalization.
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19
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Intragenic deletion mutation in the gene desmoglein 4 underlies autosomal recessive hypotrichosis in six consanguineous families. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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20
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Bao X, Liu G, Jiang Y, Jiang Q, Liao M, Feng R, Zhang L, Ma G, Zhang S, Chen Z, Zhao B, Wang R, Li K, Liu G. Cell adhesion molecule pathway genes are regulated by cis-regulatory SNPs and show significantly altered expression in Alzheimer's disease brains. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2904.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Kashef J, Franz CM. Quantitative methods for analyzing cell–cell adhesion in development. Dev Biol 2015; 401:165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Hofmeister W, Nilsson D, Topa A, Anderlid BM, Darki F, Matsson H, Tapia Páez I, Klingberg T, Samuelsson L, Wirta V, Vezzi F, Kere J, Nordenskjöld M, Syk Lundberg E, Lindstrand A. CTNND2-a candidate gene for reading problems and mild intellectual disability. J Med Genet 2014; 52:111-22. [PMID: 25473103 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytogenetically visible chromosomal translocations are highly informative as they can pinpoint strong effect genes even in complex genetic disorders. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we report a mother and daughter, both with borderline intelligence and learning problems within the dyslexia spectrum, and two apparently balanced reciprocal translocations: t(1;8)(p22;q24) and t(5;18)(p15;q11). By low coverage mate-pair whole-genome sequencing, we were able to pinpoint the genomic breakpoints to 2 kb intervals. By direct sequencing, we then located the chromosome 5p breakpoint to intron 9 of CTNND2. An additional case with a 163 kb microdeletion exclusively involving CTNND2 was identified with genome-wide array comparative genomic hybridisation. This microdeletion at 5p15.2 is also present in mosaic state in the patient's mother but absent from the healthy siblings. We then investigated the effect of CTNND2 polymorphisms on normal variability and identified a polymorphism (rs2561622) with significant effect on phonological ability and white matter volume in the left frontal lobe, close to cortical regions previously associated with phonological processing. Finally, given the potential role of CTNND2 in neuron motility, we used morpholino knockdown in zebrafish embryos to assess its effects on neuronal migration in vivo. Analysis of the zebrafish forebrain revealed a subpopulation of neurons misplaced between the diencephalon and telencephalon. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our human genetic and in vivo data suggest that defective migration of subpopulations of neuronal cells due to haploinsufficiency of CTNND2 contribute to the cognitive dysfunction in our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hofmeister
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Topa
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Anderlid
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fahimeh Darki
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Matsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Isabel Tapia Páez
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Torkel Klingberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Samuelsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valtteri Wirta
- SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Vezzi
- SciLifeLab, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Syk Lundberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindstrand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Aparisi MJ, Aller E, Fuster-García C, García-García G, Rodrigo R, Vázquez-Manrique RP, Blanco-Kelly F, Ayuso C, Roux AF, Jaijo T, Millán JM. Targeted next generation sequencing for molecular diagnosis of Usher syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:168. [PMID: 25404053 PMCID: PMC4245769 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Usher syndrome is an autosomal recessive disease that associates sensorineural hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa and, in some cases, vestibular dysfunction. It is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. To date, 10 genes have been associated with the disease, making its molecular diagnosis based on Sanger sequencing, expensive and time-consuming. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to develop a molecular diagnostics method for Usher syndrome, based on targeted next generation sequencing. Methods A custom HaloPlex panel for Illumina platforms was designed to capture all exons of the 10 known causative Usher syndrome genes (MYO7A, USH1C, CDH23, PCDH15, USH1G, CIB2, USH2A, GPR98, DFNB31 and CLRN1), the two Usher syndrome-related genes (HARS and PDZD7) and the two candidate genes VEZT and MYO15A. A cohort of 44 patients suffering from Usher syndrome was selected for this study. This cohort was divided into two groups: a test group of 11 patients with known mutations and another group of 33 patients with unknown mutations. Results Forty USH patients were successfully sequenced, 8 USH patients from the test group and 32 patients from the group composed of USH patients without genetic diagnosis. We were able to detect biallelic mutations in one USH gene in 22 out of 32 USH patients (68.75%) and to identify 79.7% of the expected mutated alleles. Fifty-three different mutations were detected. These mutations included 21 missense, 8 nonsense, 9 frameshifts, 9 intronic mutations and 6 large rearrangements. Conclusions Targeted next generation sequencing allowed us to detect both point mutations and large rearrangements in a single experiment, minimizing the economic cost of the study, increasing the detection ratio of the genetic cause of the disease and improving the genetic diagnosis of Usher syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Aparisi
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurosensoriales. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IIS-La Fe, Semisótano Escuela de Enfermería, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda. Campanar, 21, 46009, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Elena Aller
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurosensoriales. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IIS-La Fe, Semisótano Escuela de Enfermería, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda. Campanar, 21, 46009, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carla Fuster-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurosensoriales. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IIS-La Fe, Semisótano Escuela de Enfermería, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda. Campanar, 21, 46009, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gema García-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurosensoriales. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IIS-La Fe, Semisótano Escuela de Enfermería, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda. Campanar, 21, 46009, Valencia, Spain. .,CHU Montpellier, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire and Inserm, U827, Montpellier, F-34000, France.
| | - Regina Rodrigo
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurosensoriales. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IIS-La Fe, Semisótano Escuela de Enfermería, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda. Campanar, 21, 46009, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Rafael P Vázquez-Manrique
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurosensoriales. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IIS-La Fe, Semisótano Escuela de Enfermería, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda. Campanar, 21, 46009, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Fiona Blanco-Kelly
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain. .,Servicio de Genética, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz, University Hospital, UAM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Ayuso
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain. .,Servicio de Genética, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz, University Hospital, UAM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anne-Françoise Roux
- CHU Montpellier, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire and Inserm, U827, Montpellier, F-34000, France.
| | - Teresa Jaijo
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurosensoriales. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IIS-La Fe, Semisótano Escuela de Enfermería, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda. Campanar, 21, 46009, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.
| | - José M Millán
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Neurosensoriales. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IIS-La Fe, Semisótano Escuela de Enfermería, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Avda. Campanar, 21, 46009, Valencia, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain. .,Unidad de Genética y Diagnóstico Prenatal, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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A profile of transcriptomic changes in the rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Mol Vis 2014; 20:1612-28. [PMID: 25489233 PMCID: PMC4235044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a photoreceptor disease that affects approximately 100,000 people in the United States. Treatment options are limited, and the prognosis for most patients is progressive vision loss. Unfortunately, understanding of the molecular underpinnings of RP initiation and progression is still limited. However, the development of animal models of RP, coupled with high-throughput sequencing, has provided an opportunity to study the underlying cellular and molecular changes in this disease. METHODS Using RNA-Seq, we present the first retinal transcriptome analysis of the rd10 murine model of retinal degeneration. RESULTS Our data confirm the loss of rod-specific transcripts and the increased relative expression of Müller-specific transcripts, emphasizing the important role of reactive gliosis and innate immune activation in RP. Moreover, we report substantial changes in relative isoform usage among neuronal differentiation and morphogenesis genes, including a marked shift to shorter transcripts. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses implicate remodeling of the inner retina and possible Müller cell dedifferentiation.
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25
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Rudnicki A, Isakov O, Ushakov K, Shivatzki S, Weiss I, Friedman LM, Shomron N, Avraham KB. Next-generation sequencing of small RNAs from inner ear sensory epithelium identifies microRNAs and defines regulatory pathways. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:484. [PMID: 24942165 PMCID: PMC4073505 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian inner ear contains sensory organs, the organ of Corti in the cochlea and cristae and maculae in the vestibule, with each comprised of patterned sensory epithelia that are responsible for hearing and balance. The development, cell fate, patterning, and innervation of both the sensory and nonsensory regions of the inner ear are governed by tight regulation involving, among others, transcription factors and microRNAs (miRNAs). In humans, mutations in specific miRNA genes are associated with hearing loss. In mice, experimental reduction or mutations of miRNAs in the inner ear leads to severe developmental and structural abnormalities. A comprehensive identification of miRNAs in the sensory epithelia and their gene targets will enable pathways of auditory and vestibular function to be defined. RESULTS In this study, we used Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to identify the most prominent miRNAs in the inner ear and to define miRNA-target pairs that form pathways crucial for the function of the sensory epithelial cells. NGS of RNA from inner ear sensory epithelial cells led to the identification of 455 miRNAs in both cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelium, with 30 and 44 miRNAs found in only cochlea or vestibule, respectively. miR-6715-3p and miR-6715-5p were defined for the first time in the inner ear. Gene targets were identified for each of these miRNAs, including Arhgap12, a GTPase activating protein, for miR-6715-3p, implicating this miRNA in sensory hair cell bundle development, actin reorganization, cell adhesion and inner ear morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive atlas of miRNAs in the inner ear sensory epithelia. The results provide further support of the essential regulatory role of miRNAs in inner ear sensory epithelia and in regulating pathways that define development and growth of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karen B Avraham
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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The retinal phenotype of Usher syndrome: pathophysiological insights from animal models. C R Biol 2014; 337:167-77. [PMID: 24702843 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Usher syndrome (USH) is the most prevalent cause of inherited deaf-blindness. Three clinical subtypes, USH1-3, have been defined, and ten USH genes identified. The hearing impairment due to USH gene defects has been shown to result from improper organisation of the hair bundle, the sound receptive structure of sensory hair cells. In contrast, the cellular basis of the visual defect is less well understood as this phenotype is absent in almost all the USH mouse models that faithfully mimic the human hearing impairment. Structural and molecular interspecies discrepancies regarding photoreceptor calyceal processes and the association with the distribution of USH1 proteins have recently been unravelled, and have led to the conclusion that a defect in the USH1 protein complex-mediated connection between the photoreceptor outer segment and the surrounding calyceal processes (in both rods and cones), and the inner segment (in rods only), probably causes the USH1 retinal dystrophy in humans.
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Rudkouskaya A, Welch I, Dagnino L. ILK modulates epithelial polarity and matrix formation in hair follicles. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 25:620-32. [PMID: 24371086 PMCID: PMC3937088 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-08-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase–deficient hair follicles fail to develop apical–basal polarity and show impaired specification of the hair matrix cell lineage. Exogenous laminin-511 restores matrix cell formation. Hair follicle morphogenesis requires coordination of multiple signals and communication between its epithelial and mesenchymal constituents. Cell adhesion protein platforms, which include integrins and integrin-linked kinase (ILK), are critical for hair follicle formation. However, their precise contribution to this process is poorly understood. We show that in the absence of ILK, the hair follicle matrix lineage fails to develop, likely due to abnormalities in development of apical–basal cell polarity, as well as in laminin-511 and basement membrane assembly at the tip of the hair bud. These defects also result in impaired specification of hair matrix and absence of precortex and inner sheath root cell lineages. The molecular pathways affected in ILK-deficient follicles are similar to those in the absence of epidermal integrin β1 and include Wnt, but not sonic hedgehog, signaling. ILK-deficient hair buds also show abnormalities in the dermal papilla. Addition of exogenous laminin-511 restores morphological and molecular markers associated with hair matrix formation, indicating that ILK regulates hair bud cell polarity and functions upstream from laminin-511 assembly to regulate the developmental progression of hair follicles beyond the germ stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Rudkouskaya
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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Culver-Cochran AE, Chadwick BP. Loss of WSTF results in spontaneous fluctuations of heterochromatin formation and resolution, combined with substantial changes to gene expression. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:740. [PMID: 24168170 PMCID: PMC3870985 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Williams syndrome transcription factor (WSTF) is a multifaceted protein that is involved in several nuclear processes, including replication, transcription, and the DNA damage response. WSTF participates in a chromatin-remodeling complex with the ISWI ATPase, SNF2H, and is thought to contribute to the maintenance of heterochromatin, including at the human inactive X chromosome (Xi). WSTF is encoded by BAZ1B, and is one of twenty-eight genes that are hemizygously deleted in the genetic disorder Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS). RESULTS To explore the function of WSTF, we performed zinc finger nuclease-assisted targeting of the BAZ1B gene and isolated several independent knockout clones in human cells. Our results show that, while heterochromatin at the Xi is unaltered, new inappropriate areas of heterochromatin spontaneously form and resolve throughout the nucleus, appearing as large DAPI-dense staining blocks, defined by histone H3 lysine-9 trimethylation and association of the proteins heterochromatin protein 1 and structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain containing 1. In three independent mutants, the expression of a large number of genes were impacted, both up and down, by WSTF loss. CONCLUSIONS Given the inappropriate appearance of regions of heterochromatin in BAZ1B knockout cells, it is evident that WSTF performs a critical role in maintaining chromatin and transcriptional states, a property that is likely compromised by WSTF haploinsufficiency in WBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian P Chadwick
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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Weissbach A, Siegesmund K, Brüggemann N, Schmidt A, Kasten M, Pichler I, Muhle H, Lohmann E, Lohnau T, Schwinger E, Hagenah J, Stephani U, Pramstaller PP, Klein C, Lohmann K. Exome sequencing in a family with restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 2013. [PMID: 23192925 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restless legs syndrome (RLS) has a high familial aggregation. To date, several loci and genetic risk factors have been identified, but no causative gene mutation has been found. METHODS We evaluated a German family with autosomal dominantly inherited RLS in 7 definitely and 2 possibly affected members by genome-wide linkage analysis and exome sequencing. RESULTS We identified three novel missense and one splice site variant in the PCDHA3, WWC2, ATRN, and FAT2 genes that segregated with RLS in the family. All four exons of the PCDHA3 gene, the most plausible candidate, were sequenced in 64 unrelated RLS cases and 250 controls. This revealed three additional rare missense variants (frequency <1%) of unknown pathogenicity in 2 patients and 1 control. CONCLUSIONS We present the first next-generation sequencing study on RLS and suggest PCDHA3 as a candidate gene for RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Weissbach
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics at the Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Cadherin defects in inherited human diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:361-84. [PMID: 23481203 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tight control of cell-cell connectivity mediated by cadherins is a key issue in human health and disease. The human genome contains over 115 genes encoding cadherins and cadherin-like proteins. Defects in about 21 of these proteins (8 classical, 5 desmosomal, 8 atypical cadherins) have been linked to inherited disorders in humans, including skin and hair disorders, cardiomyopathies, sensory defects associated with deafness and blindness, and psychiatric disorders. With the advent of exome and genome sequencing techniques, we can anticipate the discovery of yet more evidence for the involvement of additional cadherins. Elucidation of the related physiopathological mechanisms underlying these conditions should help to clarify the roles played by these cadherins in tissues and the ways in which defects in different cadherins cause such a wide spectrum of associated phenotypes. These disorders also constitute disparate model systems for investigations of the relative contributions of mechanical adhesive strength and intracellular signaling pathways to the pathogenic process for a given cadherin.
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Sahly I, Dufour E, Schietroma C, Michel V, Bahloul A, Perfettini I, Pepermans E, Estivalet A, Carette D, Aghaie A, Ebermann I, Lelli A, Iribarne M, Hardelin JP, Weil D, Sahel JA, El-Amraoui A, Petit C. Localization of Usher 1 proteins to the photoreceptor calyceal processes, which are absent from mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 199:381-99. [PMID: 23045546 PMCID: PMC3471240 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201202012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying retinal dystrophy in Usher syndrome type I (USH1) remain unknown because mutant mice lacking any of the USH1 proteins-myosin VIIa, harmonin, cadherin-23, protocadherin-15, sans-do not display retinal degeneration. We found here that, in macaque photoreceptor cells, all USH1 proteins colocalized at membrane interfaces (i) between the inner and outer segments in rods and (ii) between the microvillus-like calyceal processes and the outer segment basolateral region in rods and cones. This pattern, conserved in humans and frogs, was mediated by the formation of an USH1 protein network, which was associated with the calyceal processes from the early embryonic stages of outer segment growth onwards. By contrast, mouse photoreceptors lacked calyceal processes and had no USH1 proteins at the inner-outer segment interface. We suggest that USH1 proteins form an adhesion belt around the basolateral region of the photoreceptor outer segment in humans, and that defects in this structure cause the retinal degeneration in USH1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Sahly
- Institut de la vision, Syndrome de Usher et autres Atteintes Rétino-Cochléaires, 75012 Paris, France
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Becker SF, Langhe R, Huang C, Wedlich D, Kashef J. Giving the right tug for migration: Cadherins in tissue movements. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 524:30-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Cadherins are Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules that play critical roles in animal morphogenesis. Various cadherin-related molecules have also been identified, which show diverse functions, not only for the regulation of cell adhesion but also for that of cell proliferation and planar cell polarity. During the past decade, understanding of the roles of these molecules in the nervous system has significantly progressed. They are important not only for the development of the nervous system but also for its functions and, in turn, for neural disorders. In this review, we discuss the roles of cadherins and related molecules in neural development and function in the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hirano
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Kochi Medical School, Okoh-cho Kohasu, Nankoku-City 783–8505, Japan.
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Cadherins and neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Res 2012; 1470:130-44. [PMID: 22765916 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cadherins mediate cell-cell adhesion but are also involved in intracellular signaling pathways associated with neuropsychiatric disease. Most of the ∼100 cadherins that are expressed in the brain exhibit characteristic spatiotemporal expression profiles. Cadherins have been shown to regulate neural tube regionalization, neuronal migration, gray matter differentiation, neural circuit formation, spine morphology, synapse formation and synaptic remodeling. The dysfunction of the cadherin-based adhesive system may alter functional connectivity and coherent information processing in the human brain in neuropsychiatric disease. Several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy/mental retardation, autism, bipolar disease and schizophrenia, have been associated with cadherins, mostly by genome-wide association studies. For example, CDH15 and PCDH19 are associated with cognitive impairment; CDH5, CDH8, CDH9, CDH10, CDH13, CDH15, PCDH10, PCDH19 and PCDHb4 with autism; CDH7, CDH12, CDH18, PCDH12 and FAT with bipolar disease and schizophrenia; and CDH11, CDH12 and CDH13 with methamphetamine and alcohol dependency. To date, disease-causing mutations are established for PCDH19 in patients with epilepsy, cognitive impairment and/or autistic features. In conclusion, genes encoding members of the cadherin superfamily are of special interest in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disease because cadherins play a pivotal role in the development of the neural circuitry as well as in mature synaptic function.
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Poudel I, Menter DE, Lim JY. Directing cell function and fate via micropatterning: Role of cell patterning size, shape, and interconnectivity. Biomed Eng Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13534-012-0045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Yang J, Wang L, Song H, Sokolov M. Current understanding of usher syndrome type II. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2012; 17:1165-83. [PMID: 22201796 DOI: 10.2741/3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Usher syndrome is the most common deafness-blindness caused by genetic mutations. To date, three genes have been identified underlying the most prevalent form of Usher syndrome, the type II form (USH2). The proteins encoded by these genes are demonstrated to form a complex in vivo. This complex is localized mainly at the periciliary membrane complex in photoreceptors and the ankle-link of the stereocilia in hair cells. Many proteins have been found to interact with USH2 proteins in vitro, suggesting that they are potential additional components of this USH2 complex and that the genes encoding these proteins may be the candidate USH2 genes. However, further investigations are critical to establish their existence in the USH2 complex in vivo. Based on the predicted functional domains in USH2 proteins, their cellular localizations in photoreceptors and hair cells, the observed phenotypes in USH2 mutant mice, and the known knowledge about diseases similar to USH2, putative biological functions of the USH2 complex have been proposed. Finally, therapeutic approaches for this group of diseases are now being actively explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
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38
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Abstract
Synaptic junctions are generated by adhesion proteins that bridge the synaptic cleft to firmly anchor pre- and postsynaptic membranes. Several cell adhesion molecule (CAM) families localize to synapses, but it is not yet completely understood how each synaptic CAM family contributes to synapse formation and/or structure, and whether or how smaller groups of CAMs serve as minimal, functionally cooperative adhesive units upon which structure is based. Synapse structure and function evolve over the course of development, and in mature animals, synapses are composed of a greater number of proteins, surrounded by a stabilizing extracellular matrix, and often contacted by astrocytic processes. Thus, in mature networks undergoing plasticity, persistent changes in synapse strength, morphology, or number must be accompanied by selective and regulated remodeling of the neuropil. Recent work indicates that regulated, extracellular proteolysis may be essential for this, and rather than simply acting permissively to enable synapse plasticity, is more likely playing a proactive role in driving coordinated synaptic structural and functional modifications that underlie persistent changes in network activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Benson
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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