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Zhao NQ, Pi R, Nguyen DN, Ranganath T, Seiler C, Holmes S, Marson A, Blish CA. NKp30 and NKG2D contribute to natural killer recognition of HIV-infected cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.600449. [PMID: 38979175 PMCID: PMC11230221 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.600449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells respond rapidly in early HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 prevention and control strategies harnessing NK cells could be enabled by mechanistic understanding of how NK cells recognize HIV-infected T cells. Here, we profiled the phenotype of human primary NK cells responsive to autologous HIV-1-infected CD4 + T cells in vitro. We characterized the patterns of NK cell ligand expression on CD4 + T cells at baseline and after infection with a panel of transmitted/founder HIV-1 strains to identify key receptor-ligand pairings. CRISPR editing of CD4 + T cells to knockout the NKp30 ligand B7-H6, or the NKG2D ligands MICB or ULBP2 reduced NK cell responses to HIV-infected cells in some donors. In contrast, overexpression of NKp30 or NKG2D in NK cells enhanced their targeting of HIV-infected cells. Collectively, we identified receptor-ligand pairs including NKp30:B7-H6 and NKG2D:MICB/ULBP2 that contribute to NK cell recognition of HIV-infected cells.
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2
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Burnie J, Fernandes C, Patel A, Persaud AT, Chaphekar D, Wei D, Lee TKH, Tang VA, Cicala C, Arthos J, Guzzo C. Applying Flow Virometry to Study the HIV Envelope Glycoprotein and Differences Across HIV Model Systems. Viruses 2024; 16:935. [PMID: 38932227 PMCID: PMC11209363 DOI: 10.3390/v16060935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) is a trimeric protein that facilitates viral binding and fusion with target cells. As the sole viral protein on the HIV surface, Env is important both for immune responses to HIV and in vaccine designs. Targeting Env in clinical applications is challenging due to its heavy glycosylation, high genetic variability, conformational camouflage, and its low abundance on virions. Thus, there is a critical need to better understand this protein. Flow virometry (FV) is a useful methodology for phenotyping the virion surface in a high-throughput, single virion manner. To demonstrate the utility of FV to characterize Env, we stained HIV virions with a panel of 85 monoclonal antibodies targeting different regions of Env. A broad range of antibodies yielded robust staining of Env, with V3 antibodies showing the highest quantitative staining. A subset of antibodies tested in parallel on viruses produced in CD4+ T cell lines, HEK293T cells, and primary cells showed that the cellular model of virus production can impact Env detection. Finally, in addition to being able to highlight Env heterogeneity on virions, we show FV can sensitively detect differences in Env conformation when soluble CD4 is added to virions before staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claire Fernandes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Ayushi Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Arvin Tejnarine Persaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Deepa Chaphekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Danlan Wei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (D.W.); (C.C.); (J.A.)
| | - Timothy Kit Hin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
| | - Vera A. Tang
- Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (D.W.); (C.C.); (J.A.)
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (D.W.); (C.C.); (J.A.)
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; (J.B.); (C.F.); (A.P.); (A.T.P.); (D.C.); (T.K.H.L.)
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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3
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Prakash P, Swami Vetha BS, Chakraborty R, Wenegieme TY, Masenga SK, Muthian G, Balasubramaniam M, Wanjalla CN, Hinton AO, Kirabo A, Williams CR, Aileru A, Dash C. HIV-Associated Hypertension: Risks, Mechanisms, and Knowledge Gaps. Circ Res 2024; 134:e150-e175. [PMID: 38781298 PMCID: PMC11126208 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
HIV type 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of AIDS. Since the start of the epidemic, HIV/AIDS has been responsible for ≈40 million deaths. Additionally, an estimated 39 million people are currently infected with the virus. HIV-1 primarily infects immune cells, such as CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4+) T lymphocytes (T cells), and as a consequence, the number of CD4+ T cells progressively declines in people living with HIV. Within a span of ≈10 years, HIV-1 infection leads to the systemic failure of the immune system and progression to AIDS. Fortunately, potent antiviral therapy effectively controls HIV-1 infection and prevents AIDS-related deaths. The efficacy of the current antiviral therapy regimens has transformed the outcome of HIV/AIDS from a death sentence to a chronic disease with a prolonged lifespan of people living with HIV. However, antiviral therapy is not curative, is challenged by virus resistance, can be toxic, and, most importantly, requires lifelong adherence. Furthermore, the improved lifespan has resulted in an increased incidence of non-AIDS-related morbidities in people living with HIV including cardiovascular diseases, renal disease, liver disease, bone disease, cancer, and neurological conditions. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the cardiovascular comorbidities associated with HIV-1 infection, with a particular focus on hypertension. We also discuss the potential mechanisms known to drive HIV-1-associated hypertension and the knowledge gaps in our understanding of this comorbid condition. Finally, we suggest several directions of future research to better understand the factors, pathways, and mechanisms underlying HIV-1-associated hypertension in the post-antiviral therapy era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Prakash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Berwin Singh Swami Vetha
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, MS 701, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Rajasree Chakraborty
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Tara-Yesomi Wenegieme
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology; Boonshoft School of Medicine and the College of Science and Mathematics; Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Sepiso K. Masenga
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Central Province, 10101, Zambia
- HAND Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe, Central Province, 10101, Zambia
| | - Gladson Muthian
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
| | | | - Antentor O Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Clintoria R. Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology; Boonshoft School of Medicine and the College of Science and Mathematics; Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Azeez Aileru
- Department of Foundational Sciences and Research, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, 1851 MacGregor Downs Road, MS 701, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, 37208, USA
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4
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Marichannegowda MH, Zemil M, Wieczorek L, Sanders-Buell E, Bose M, O'Sullivan AM, King D, Francisco L, Diaz-Mendez F, Setua S, Chomont N, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Hsu D, Vasan S, Michael NL, Eller LA, Tovanabutra S, Tagaya Y, Robb ML, Polonis VR, Song H. Tracking coreceptor switch of the transmitted/founder HIV-1 identifies co-evolution of HIV-1 antigenicity, coreceptor usage and CD4 subset targeting: the RV217 acute infection cohort study. EBioMedicine 2023; 98:104867. [PMID: 37939456 PMCID: PMC10665704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CCR5 (R5) to CXCR4 (X4) coreceptor switch in natural HIV-1 infection is associated with faster progression to AIDS, but the mechanisms remain unclear. The difficulty in elucidating the evolutionary origin of the earliest X4 viruses limits our understanding of this phenomenon. METHODS We tracked the evolution of the transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 in RV217 participants identified in acute infection. The origin of the X4 viruses was elucidated by single genome amplification, deep sequencing and coreceptor assay. Mutations responsible for coreceptor switch were confirmed by mutagenesis. Viral susceptibility to neutralization was determined by neutralization assay. Virus CD4 subset preference was demonstrated by sequencing HIV-1 RNA in sorted CD4 subsets. FINDINGS We demonstrated that the earliest X4 viruses evolved de novo from the T/F strains. Strong X4 usage can be conferred by a single mutation. The mutations responsible for coreceptor switch can confer escape to neutralization and drive the X4 variants to replicate mainly in the central memory (CM) and naïve CD4 subsets. Likely due to the smaller viral burst size of the CM and naïve subsets, the X4 variants existed at low frequency in plasma. The origin of the X4 viruses preceded accelerated CD4 decline. All except one X4 virus identified in the current study lost the conserved V3 N301 glycan site. INTERPRETATIONS The findings demonstrate co-evolution of HIV-1 antigenicity, coreceptor usage and CD4 subset targeting which have implications for HIV-1 therapeutics and functional cure. The observations provide evidence that coreceptor switch can function as an evolutionary mechanism of immune evasion. FUNDING Institute of Human Virology, National Institutes of Health, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Gilead Sciences, Merck, and ViiV Healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Zemil
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric Sanders-Buell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Meera Bose
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne Marie O'Sullivan
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David King
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leilani Francisco
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Felisa Diaz-Mendez
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saini Setua
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - Denise Hsu
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yutaka Tagaya
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria R Polonis
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hongshuo Song
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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5
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Zhou Y, Jadlowsky J, Baiduc C, Klattenhoff AW, Chen Z, Bennett AD, Pumphrey NJ, Jakobsen BK, Riley JL. Chimeric antigen receptors enable superior control of HIV replication by rapidly killing infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011853. [PMID: 38100526 PMCID: PMC10773964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineered T cells hold great promise to become part of an effective HIV cure strategy, but it is currently unclear how best to redirect T cells to target HIV. To gain insight, we generated engineered T cells using lentiviral vectors encoding one of three distinct HIV-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) or a previously optimized HIV-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and compared their functional capabilities. All engineered T cells had robust, antigen-specific polyfunctional cytokine profiles when mixed with artificial antigen-presenting cells. However, only the CAR T cells could potently control HIV replication. TCR affinity enhancement did not augment HIV control but did allow TCR T cells to recognize common HIV escape variants. Interestingly, either altering Nef activity or adding additional target epitopes into the HIV genome bolstered TCR T cell anti-HIV activity, but CAR T cells remained superior in their ability to control HIV replication. To better understand why CAR T cells control HIV replication better than TCR T cells, we performed a time course to determine when HIV-specific T cells were first able to activate Caspase 3 in HIV-infected targets. We demonstrated that CAR T cells recognized and killed HIV-infected targets more rapidly than TCR T cells, which correlates with their ability to control HIV replication. These studies suggest that the speed of target recognition and killing is a key determinant of whether engineered T cell therapies will be effective against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julie Jadlowsky
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Baiduc
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alex W. Klattenhoff
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | | | - Bent K. Jakobsen
- Adaptimmune Ltd, Abingdon, United Kingdom
- Immunocore Ltd., Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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6
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Cheedarla N, Verkerke HP, Potlapalli S, McLendon KB, Patel A, Frank F, O’Sick WH, Cheedarla S, Baugh TJ, Damhorst GL, Wu H, Graciaa D, Hudaib F, Alter DN, Bryksin J, Ortlund EA, Guarner J, Auld S, Shah S, Lam W, Mattoon D, Johnson JM, Wilson DH, Dhodapkar MV, Stowell SR, Neish AS, Roback JD. Rapid, high throughput, automated detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan-WT, delta and omicron BA1, BA2 spike trimers. iScience 2023; 26:108256. [PMID: 37965140 PMCID: PMC10641509 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional cellular and live-virus methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are labor- and time-intensive, and thus not suited for routine use in the clinical lab to predict vaccine efficacy and natural immune protection. Here, we report the development and validation of a rapid, high throughput method for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAbs against native-like trimeric spike proteins. This assay uses a blockade of human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE-2) binding (BoAb) approach in an automated digital immunoassay on the Quanterix HD-X platform. BoAb assays using Wuhan-WT (vaccine strain), delta (B.1.167.2), omicron BA1 and BA2 variant viral strains showed strong correlation with cell-based pseudovirus neutralization activity (PNA) and live-virus neutralization activity. Importantly, we were able to detect similar patterns of delta and omicron variant resistance to neutralization in samples with paired vaccine strain and delta variant BoAb measurements. Finally, we screened clinical samples from patients with or without evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure by a single-dilution screening version of our assays, finding significant nAb activity only in exposed individuals. Importantly, this completely automated assay can be performed in 4 h to measure neutralizing antibody titers for 16 samples over 8 serial dilutions or, 128 samples at a single dilution with replicates. In principle, these assays offer a rapid, robust, and scalable alternative to time-, skill-, and cost-intensive standard methods for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAb levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hans P. Verkerke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sindhu Potlapalli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kaleb Benjamin McLendon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anamika Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Filipp Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William Henry O’Sick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Suneethamma Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tyler Jon Baugh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory L. Damhorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Huixia Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel Graciaa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fuad Hudaib
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David N. Alter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Janetta Bryksin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeanette Guarner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sara Auld
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sarita Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wilbur Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dawn Mattoon
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Joseph M. Johnson
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - David H. Wilson
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Madhav V. Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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7
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Rodriguez OL, Safonova Y, Silver CA, Shields K, Gibson WS, Kos JT, Tieri D, Ke H, Jackson KJL, Boyd SD, Smith ML, Marasco WA, Watson CT. Genetic variation in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus shapes the human antibody repertoire. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4419. [PMID: 37479682 PMCID: PMC10362067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in the antibody response has been linked to differential outcomes in disease, and suboptimal vaccine and therapeutic responsiveness, the determinants of which have not been fully elucidated. Countering models that presume antibodies are generated largely by stochastic processes, we demonstrate that polymorphisms within the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH) impact the naive and antigen-experienced antibody repertoire, indicating that genetics predisposes individuals to mount qualitatively and quantitatively different antibody responses. We pair recently developed long-read genomic sequencing methods with antibody repertoire profiling to comprehensively resolve IGH genetic variation, including novel structural variants, single nucleotide variants, and genes and alleles. We show that IGH germline variants determine the presence and frequency of antibody genes in the expressed repertoire, including those enriched in functional elements linked to V(D)J recombination, and overlapping disease-associated variants. These results illuminate the power of leveraging IGH genetics to better understand the regulation, function, and dynamics of the antibody response in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar L Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yana Safonova
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Catherine A Silver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Shields
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - William S Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Justin T Kos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David Tieri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hanzhong Ke
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Melissa L Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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8
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Purcell RA, Theisen RM, Arnold KB, Chung AW, Selva KJ. Polyfunctional antibodies: a path towards precision vaccines for vulnerable populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183727. [PMID: 37600816 PMCID: PMC10433199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy determined within the controlled environment of a clinical trial is usually substantially greater than real-world vaccine effectiveness. Typically, this results from reduced protection of immunologically vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly individuals and people with chronic comorbidities. Consequently, these high-risk groups are frequently recommended tailored immunisation schedules to boost responses. In addition, diverse groups of healthy adults may also be variably protected by the same vaccine regimen. Current population-based vaccination strategies that consider basic clinical parameters offer a glimpse into what may be achievable if more nuanced aspects of the immune response are considered in vaccine design. To date, vaccine development has been largely empirical. However, next-generation approaches require more rational strategies. We foresee a generation of precision vaccines that consider the mechanistic basis of vaccine response variations associated with both immunogenetic and baseline health differences. Recent efforts have highlighted the importance of balanced and diverse extra-neutralising antibody functions for vaccine-induced protection. However, in immunologically vulnerable populations, significant modulation of polyfunctional antibody responses that mediate both neutralisation and effector functions has been observed. Here, we review the current understanding of key genetic and inflammatory modulators of antibody polyfunctionality that affect vaccination outcomes and consider how this knowledge may be harnessed to tailor vaccine design for improved public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert M. Theisen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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9
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Min AK, Keane AM, Weinstein MP, Swartz TH. The impact of cannabinoids on inflammasome signaling in HIV-1 infection. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:79-88. [PMID: 37027347 PMCID: PMC10070009 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a chronic disease that afflicts over 38 million people worldwide without a known cure. The advent of effective antiretroviral therapies (ART) has significantly decreased the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-1 infection in people living with HIV-1 (PWH), thanks to durable virologic suppression. Despite this, people with HIV-1 experience chronic inflammation associated with co-morbidities. While no single known mechanism accounts for chronic inflammation, there is significant evidence to support the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome as a key driver. Numerous studies have demonstrated therapeutic impact of cannabinoids, including exerting modulatory effects on the NLRP3 inflammasome. Given the high rates of cannabinoid use in PWH, it is of great interest to understand the intersecting biology of the role of cannabinoids in HIV-1-associated inflammasome signaling. Here we describe the literature of chronic inflammation in people with HIV, the therapeutic impact of cannabinoids in PWH, endocannabinoids in inflammation, and HIV-1-associated inflammation. We describe a key interaction between cannabinoids, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and HIV-1 viral infection, which supports further investigation of the critical role of cannabinoids in HIV-1 infection and inflammasome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K. Min
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aislinn M. Keane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Paltiel Weinstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Talia H. Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Min AK, Fortune T, Rodriguez N, Hedge E, Swartz TH. Inflammasomes as mediators of inflammation in HIV-1 infection. Transl Res 2023; 252:1-8. [PMID: 35917903 PMCID: PMC10160852 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a chronic disease without a known cure. The advent of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) has enabled people with HIV (PWH) to have significantly prolonged life expectancies. As a result, morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-1 infection have declined considerably. However, these individuals experience chronic systemic inflammation whose multifaceted etiology is associated with other numerous comorbidities. Inflammasomes are vital mediators that contribute to inflammatory signaling in HIV-1 infection. Here, we provide an overview of the inflammatory pathway that underlies HIV-1 infection, explicitly highlighting the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We also delineate the current literature on inflammasomes and the therapeutic targeting strategies aimed at the NLRP3 inflammasome to moderate HIV-1 infection-associated inflammation. Here we describe the NLRP3 inflammasome as a key pathway in developing novel therapeutic targets to block HIV-1 replication and HIV-1-associated inflammatory signaling. Controlling the inflammatory pathways is critical in alleviating the morbidities and mortality associated with chronic HIV-1 infection in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice K Min
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Trinisia Fortune
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Natalia Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Esha Hedge
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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11
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Marichannegowda MH, Zemil M, Wieczorek L, Sanders-Buell E, Bose M, O'Sullivan AM, King D, Francisco L, Diaz-Mendez F, Setua S, Chomont N, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Hsu D, Vasan S, Michael NL, Eller LA, Tovanabutra S, Tagaya Y, Robb ML, Polonis VR, Song H. Tracking coreceptor switch of the transmitted/founder HIV-1 identifies co-evolution of HIV-1 antigenicity, coreceptor usage and CD4 subset targeting. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.21.525033. [PMID: 36712089 PMCID: PMC9882280 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.21.525033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The CCR5 (R5) to CXCR4 (X4) coreceptor switch in natural HIV-1 infection is associated with faster progression to AIDS, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The difficulty in capturing the earliest moment of coreceptor switch in vivo limits our understanding of this phenomenon. Here, by tracking the evolution of the transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 in a prospective cohort of individuals at risk for HIV-1 infection identified very early in acute infection, we investigated this process with high resolution. The earliest X4 variants evolved from the R5 tropic T/F strains. Strong X4 usage can be conferred by a single mutation. The mutations responsible for coreceptor switch can confer escape to neutralization and drive X4 variants to replicate mainly in the central memory and naïve CD4+ T cells. We propose a novel concept to explain the co-evolution of virus antigenicity and entry tropism termed "escape by shifting". This concept posits that for viruses with receptor or coreceptor flexibility, entry tropism alteration represents a mechanism of immune evasion in vivo .
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12
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Daniel Lišková V, Kosztyu P, Kuchař M, Černý J, Bharadwaj S, Petroková H, Vroblová E, Křupka M, Malý M, Zosinčuková T, Šulc J, Rašková Kafková L, Raška M, Malý P. Myomedin replicas of gp120 V3 loop glycan epitopes recognized by PGT121 and PGT126 antibodies as non-cognate antigens for stimulation of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1066361. [PMID: 36569830 PMCID: PMC9772448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1066361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Imprinting broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) paratopes by shape complementary protein mimotopes represents a potential alternative for developing vaccine immunogens. This approach, designated as a Non-Cognate Ligand Strategy (NCLS), has recently been used for the identification of protein variants mimicking CD4 binding region epitope or membrane proximal external region (MPER) epitope of HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein. However, the potential of small binding proteins to mimic viral glycan-containing epitopes has not yet been verified. Methods In this work, we employed a highly complex combinatorial Myomedin scaffold library to identify variants recognizing paratopes of super candidate bNAbs, PGT121 and PGT126, specific for HIV-1 V3 loop epitopes. Results In the collection of Myomedins called MLD variants targeted to PGT121, three candidates competed with gp120 for binding to this bNAb in ELISA, thus suggesting an overlapping binding site and epitope-mimicking potential. Myomedins targeted to PGT126 designated MLB also provided variants that competed with gp120. Immunization of mice with MLB or MLD binders resulted in the production of anti-gp120 and -Env serum antibodies. Mouse hyper-immune sera elicited with MLB036, MLB041, MLB049, and MLD108 moderately neutralized 8-to-10 of 22 tested HIV-1-pseudotyped viruses of A, B, and C clades in vitro. Discussion Our data demonstrate that Myomedin-derived variants can mimic particular V3 glycan epitopes of prominent anti-HIV-1 bNAbs, ascertain the potential of particular glycans controlling neutralizing sensitivity of individual HIV-1 pseudoviruses, and represent promising prophylactic candidates for HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Daniel Lišková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Petr Kosztyu
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Milan Kuchař
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Jiří Černý
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics of Proteins, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Hana Petroková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Eliška Vroblová
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Michal Křupka
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Michal Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia,Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics of Proteins, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Tereza Zosinčuková
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Josef Šulc
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia
| | | | - Milan Raška
- Department of Immunology, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska, Olomouc, Czechia,*Correspondence: Petr Malý, ; Milan Raška,
| | - Petr Malý
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Prumyslova, Vestec, Czechia,*Correspondence: Petr Malý, ; Milan Raška,
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13
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Broadly neutralizing antibodies for treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:247-257. [PMID: 35762380 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are promising agents in the fight against the AIDS epidemic. Multiple bNAbs have been already evaluated in clinical trials with encouraging results. This review discusses the use of bNAbs for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection, focusing on manufactured products that have been evaluated in clinical settings. RECENT FINDINGS More than 17 bNAbs have been evaluated for safety and pharmacokinetics in humans. The vast majority presented a well tolerated profile and were generally well tolerated. Serum half-life varied from 12 to 73.5 days and can be improved by the addition of mutations to the Fc regions. Results from the antibody-mediated prevention (AMP) study show that VRC01, a CD4-binding-site bNAb, was effective at preventing the acquisition of sensitive HIV-1 strains but did not prevent the acquisition of strains whose in vitro sensitivity to the antibody had an IC80 of more than 1 μg/ml. New bNAb combinations to improve coverage are currently being evaluated. SUMMARY In this review, we discuss the current landscape of HIV-1 bNAbs in clinical development. We also present the current strategies employed to improve the breadth, potency, serum half-life, effector function and administration of these compounds.
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14
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Romero-Martín L, Tarrés-Freixas F, Pedreño-López N, de la Concepción MLR, Cunyat F, Hartigan-O'Connor D, Carrillo J, Mothe B, Blanco J, Ruiz-Riol M, Brander C, Olvera A. T-Follicular-Like CD8 + T Cell Responses in Chronic HIV Infection Are Associated With Virus Control and Antibody Isotype Switching to IgG. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928039. [PMID: 35784304 PMCID: PMC9241491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses are considered critical for the in vivo control of HIV, but the contribution of different T cell subsets to this control remains unclear. Using a boosted flow cytometric approach that is able to differentiate CD4+ and CD8+ T cell Th1/Tc1, Th2/Tc2, Th17/Tc17, Treg and Tfh/Tfc-like HIV-specific T cell populations, we identified CD8+ Tfc responses that were related to HIV plasma viral loads and associated with rate of antibody isotype class switching to IgG. This favorable balance towards IgG responses positively correlated with increased virus neutralization, higher avidity of neutralizing antibodies and more potent antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) in PBMCs from HIV controllers compared to non-controllers. Our results identified the CD8+ Tfc-like T-cell response as a component of effective virus control which could possibly be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Romero-Martín
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, de Fisiologia i d’Immunologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Núria Pedreño-López
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria L. Rodríguez de la Concepción
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesc Cunyat
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Dennis Hartigan-O'Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Fundació Lluita contra la Sida, Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Riol
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- AELIX Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Instituto de salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
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15
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Houser KV, Gaudinski MR, Happe M, Narpala S, Verardi R, Sarfo EK, Corrigan AR, Wu R, Rothwell RS, Novik L, Hendel CS, Gordon IJ, Berkowitz NM, Cartagena CT, Widge AT, Coates EE, Strom L, Hickman S, Conan-Cibotti M, Vazquez S, Trofymenko O, Plummer S, Stein J, Case CL, Nason M, Biju A, Parchment DK, Changela A, Cheng C, Duan H, Geng H, Teng IT, Zhou T, O'Connell S, Barry C, Carlton K, Gall JG, Flach B, Doria-Rose NA, Graham BS, Koup RA, McDermott AB, Mascola JR, Kwong PD, Ledgerwood JE. Safety and immunogenicity of an HIV-1 prefusion-stabilized envelope trimer (Trimer 4571) vaccine in healthy adults: A first-in-human open-label, randomized, dose-escalation, phase 1 clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 48:101477. [PMID: 35783486 PMCID: PMC9249552 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in therapeutic drugs have increased life-expectancies for HIV-infected individuals, but the need for an effective vaccine remains. We assessed safety and immunogenicity of HIV-1 vaccine, Trimer 4571 (BG505 DS-SOSIP.664) adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide (alum), in HIV-negative adults. METHODS We conducted a phase I, randomized, open-label, dose-escalation trial at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, USA. Eligible participants were HIV-negative, healthy adults between 18-50 years. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive Trimer 4571 adjuvanted with 500 mcg alum by either the subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular (IM) route at weeks 0, 8, and 20 in escalating doses of 100 mcg or 500 mcg. The primary objectives were to evaluate the safety and tolerability of Trimer 4571 with a secondary objective of evaluating vaccine-induced antibody responses. The primary and safety endpoints were evaluated in all participants who received at least one dose of Trimer 4571. Trial results were summarized using descriptive statistics. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03783130. FINDINGS Between March 7 and September 11, 2019, 16 HIV-negative participants were enrolled, including six (38%) males and ten (62%) females. All participants received three doses of Trimer 4571. Solicited reactogenicity was mild to moderate in severity, with one isolated instance of severe injection site redness (6%) following a third 500 mcg SC administration. The most commonly reported solicited symptoms included mild injection site tenderness in 14 (88%) and mild myalgia in six (38%) participants. The most frequent unsolicited adverse event attributed to vaccination was mild injection site pruritus in six (38%) participants. Vaccine-induced seropositivity occurred in seven (44%) participants and resolved in all but one (6%). No serious adverse events occurred. Trimer 4571-specific binding antibodies were detected in all groups two weeks after regimen completion, primarily focused on the glycan-free trimer base. Neutralizing antibody activity was limited to the 500 mcg dose groups. INTERPRETATION Trimer 4571 was safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic in this first-in-human trial. While this phase 1 trial is limited in size, our results inform and support further evaluation of prefusion-stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimers as a component of vaccine design strategies to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1. FUNDING Intramural Research Program of the Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine V. Houser
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Corresponding author at: Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Martin R. Gaudinski
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Commissioned Corps, U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Myra Happe
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandeep Narpala
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edward K. Sarfo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela R. Corrigan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Wu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Commissioned Corps, U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ro Shauna Rothwell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Novik
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia S. Hendel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingelise J. Gordon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nina M. Berkowitz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cora Trelles Cartagena
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alicia T. Widge
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily E. Coates
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larisa Strom
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Somia Hickman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Conan-Cibotti
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra Vazquez
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olga Trofymenko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Plummer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Judy Stein
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher L. Case
- Vaccine Clinical Materials Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Martha Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Biju
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danealle K. Parchment
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anita Changela
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hongying Duan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hui Geng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chris Barry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Carlton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason G. Gall
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Britta Flach
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole A. Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie E. Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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Liang Y, Lin H, Dzakah EE, Tang S. Influence of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy on HIV-1 Serological Responses and Their Implications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844023. [PMID: 35432309 PMCID: PMC9006953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze HIV-1 seroreversion caused by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and to explore antibody levels of anti-HIV-1 as an alternative biomarker of HIV-1 reservoir. We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science up to August 2021 for publications about the performance of HIV-1 serological assays or the association between antibody responses against HIV-1 and HIV-1 reservoirs. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored by meta-regression analysis, including the year of publication, country, pretreatment viral load, sample size, the timing of treatment, time on cART, and principle or type of serological assay. Twenty-eight eligible studies with a total population of 1,883 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled frequency of HIV-1 seronegativity is 38.0% (95% CI: 28.0%–49.0%) among children with vertical HIV-1 infection and cART initiation at the age of less than 6 months, while the percentage of HIV-1 seronegativity declined to 1.0% (95% CI: 0%–3.0%) when cART was initiated at the age of >6 months. For adult patients, 16.0% (95% CI: 9.0%–24.0%) of them were serologically negative when cART was initiated at acute/early infection of HIV-1, but the seronegative reaction was rarely detected when cART was started at chronic HIV-1 infection. Substantial heterogeneity was observed among the studies to estimate the frequency of HIV-1 seronegativity in the early-cART population (I2 ≥ 70%, p < 0.05 and all), while mild heterogeneity existed for the deferred-cART subjects. Moreover, anti-HIV-1 antibody response positively correlates with HIV-1 reservoir size with a pooled rho of 0.43 (95% CI: 0.28–0.55), suggesting that anti-HIV antibody level may be a feasible biomarker of HIV-1 reservoir size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongqing Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Emmanuel Enoch Dzakah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Shixing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Fused deposition modeling three-dimensional printing of flexible polyurethane intravaginal rings with controlled tunable release profiles for multiple active drugs. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:906-924. [PMID: 35211869 PMCID: PMC8870081 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We designed and engineered novel intravaginal ring (IVR) medical devices via fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing for controlled delivery of hydroxychloroquine, IgG, gp120 fragment (encompassing the CD4 binding site), and coumarin 6 PLGA-PEG nanoparticles (C6NP). The hydrophilic polyurethanes were utilized to 3D-print reservoir-type IVRs containing a tunable release controlling membrane (RCM) with varying thickness and adaptable micro porous structures (by altering the printing patterns and interior fill densities) for controlled sustained drug delivery over 14 days. FDM 3D printing of IVRs were optimized and implemented using a lab-developed Cartesian 3D printer. The structures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and in vitro release was performed using 5 mL of daily-replenished vaginal fluid simulant (pH 4.2). The release kinetics of the IVR segments were tunable with various RCM (outer diameter to inner diameter ratio ranging from 1.12 to 2.61) produced from FDM 3D printing by controlling the printing perimeter to provide daily zero-order release of HCQ ranging from 23.54 ± 3.54 to 261.09 ± 32.49 µg/mL/day. IgG, gp120 fragment, and C6NP release rates demonstrated pattern and in-fill density-dependent characteristics. The current study demonstrated the utility of FDM 3D printing to rapidly fabricate complex micro-structures for tunable and sustained delivery of a variety of compounds including HCQ, IgG, gp120 fragment, and C6NP from IVRs in a controlled manner.
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18
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Cheedarla N, Verkerke HP, Potlapalli S, McLendon KB, Patel A, Frank F, Damhorst GL, Wu H, O’Sick WH, Graciaa D, Hudaib F, Alter DN, Bryksin J, Ortlund EA, Guarner J, Auld S, Shah S, Lam W, Mattoon D, Johnson JM, Wilson DH, Dhodapkar MV, Stowell SR, Neish AS, Roback JD. Rapid, high throughput, automated detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against native-like vaccine and delta variant spike trimers. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1322411. [PMID: 35194599 PMCID: PMC8863158 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1322411/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditional cellular and live-virus methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are labor- and time-intensive, and thus not suited for routine use in the clinical lab to predict vaccine efficacy and natural immune protection. Here, we report the development and validation of a rapid, high throughput method for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAbs against native-like trimeric spike proteins. This assay uses a blockade of hACE-2 binding (BoAb) approach in an automated digital immunoassay on the Quanterix HD-X platform. BoAb assays using vaccine and delta variant viral strains showed strong correlation with cell-based pseudovirus and live-virus neutralization activity. Importantly, we were able to detect similar patterns of delta variant resistance to neutralization in samples with paired vaccine and delta variant BoAb measurements. Finally, we screened clinical samples from patients with or without evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure by a single-dilution screening version of our assays, finding significant nAb activity only in exposed individuals. In principle, these assays offer a rapid, robust, and scalable alternative to time-, skill-, and cost-intensive standard methods for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAb levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanaiah Cheedarla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- These authors contributed equally as a first authors
| | - Hans P. Verkerke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- These authors contributed equally as a first authors
| | - Sindhu Potlapalli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kaleb Benjamin McLendon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anamika Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Filipp Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory L. Damhorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of infectious diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Huixia Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - William Henry O’Sick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Daniel Graciaa
- Department of Medicine, Division of infectious diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fuad Hudaib
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David N Alter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeannette Bryksin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeanette Guarner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sara Auld
- Department of Medicine, Division of infectious diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sarita Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of infectious diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wilbur Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dawn Mattoon
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Joseph M Johnson
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - David H Wilson
- Quanterix Corporation, 900 Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821
| | | | - Sean R. Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Neish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - John D. Roback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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19
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van Heuvel Y, Schatz S, Rosengarten JF, Stitz J. Infectious RNA: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Biology, Therapeutic Intervention, and the Quest for a Vaccine. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020138. [PMID: 35202165 PMCID: PMC8876946 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different mechanisms mediate the toxicity of RNA. Genomic retroviral mRNA hijacks infected host cell factors to enable virus replication. The viral genomic RNA of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encompasses nine genes encoding in less than 10 kb all proteins needed for replication in susceptible host cells. To do so, the genomic RNA undergoes complex alternative splicing to facilitate the synthesis of the structural, accessory, and regulatory proteins. However, HIV strongly relies on the host cell machinery recruiting cellular factors to complete its replication cycle. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) targets different steps in the cycle, preventing disease progression to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The comprehension of the host immune system interaction with the virus has fostered the development of a variety of vaccine platforms. Despite encouraging provisional results in vaccine trials, no effective vaccine has been developed, yet. However, novel promising vaccine platforms are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin van Heuvel
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schatz
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jamila Franca Rosengarten
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-9, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörn Stitz
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln—University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany; (Y.v.H.); (S.S.); (J.F.R.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Cheedarla N, Verkerke HP, Potlapalli S, McLendon KB, Patel A, Frank F, Damhorst GL, Wu H, Oâ Sick WH, Graciaa D, Hudaib F, Alter DN, Bryksin J, Ortlund EA, Guarner J, Auld S, Shah S, Lam W, Mattoon D, Johnson JM, Wilson DH, Dhodapkar MV, Stowell SR, Neish AS, Roback JD. Rapid, high throughput, automated detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against native-like vaccine and delta variant spike trimers. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.02.01.22270279. [PMID: 35132426 PMCID: PMC8820678 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.01.22270279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Traditional cellular and live-virus methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are labor- and time-intensive, and thus not suited for routine use in the clinical lab to predict vaccine efficacy and natural immune protection. Here, we report the development and validation of a rapid, high throughput method for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAbs against native-like trimeric spike proteins. This assay uses a blockade of hACE-2 binding (BoAb) approach in an automated digital immunoassay on the Quanterix HD-X platform. BoAb assays using vaccine and delta variant viral strains showed strong correlation with cell-based pseudovirus and live-virus neutralization activity. Importantly, we were able to detect similar patterns of delta variant resistance to neutralization in samples with paired vaccine and delta variant BoAb measurements. Finally, we screened clinical samples from patients with or without evidence of SARS-CoV-2 exposure by a single-dilution screening version of our assays, finding significant nAb activity only in exposed individuals. In principle, these assays offer a rapid, robust, and scalable alternative to time-, skill-, and cost-intensive standard methods for measuring SARS-CoV-2 nAb levels.
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21
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Marichannegowda MH, Song H. Immune escape mutations selected by neutralizing antibodies in natural HIV-1 infection can alter coreceptor usage repertoire of the transmitted/founder virus. Virology 2022; 568:72-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Zaongo SD, Sun F, Chen Y. Are HIV-1-Specific Antibody Levels Potentially Useful Laboratory Markers to Estimate HIV Reservoir Size? A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:786341. [PMID: 34858439 PMCID: PMC8632222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.786341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the benefits achieved by the widespread availability of modern antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV RNA integration into the host cell genome is responsible for the creation of latent HIV reservoirs, and represents a significant impediment to completely eliminating HIV infection in a patient via modern ART alone. Several methods to measure HIV reservoir size exist; however, simpler, cheaper, and faster tools are required in the quest for total HIV cure. Over the past few years, measurement of HIV-specific antibodies has evolved into a promising option for measuring HIV reservoir size, as they can be measured via simple, well-known techniques such as the western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this article, we re-visit the dynamic evolution of HIV-1-specific antibodies and the factors that may influence their levels in the circulation of HIV-positive individuals. Then, we describe the currently-known relationship between HIV-1-specific antibodies and HIV reservoir size based on study of data from contemporary literature published during the past 5 years. We conclude by highlighting current trends, and discussing the individual HIV-specific antibody that is likely to be the most reliable antibody for potential future utilization for quantification of HIV reservoir size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvere D Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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23
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Morales-Núñez JJ, Muñoz-Valle JF, Torres-Hernández PC, Hernández-Bello J. Overview of Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Potential in COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121376. [PMID: 34960121 PMCID: PMC8706198 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody response to respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a major focus of COVID-19 research due to its clinical relevance and importance in vaccine and therapeutic development. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) evaluations are useful for the determination of individual or herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, vaccine efficacy, and humoral protective response longevity, as well as supporting donor selection criteria for convalescent plasma therapy. In the current manuscript, we review the essential concepts of NAbs, examining their concept, mechanisms of action, production, and the techniques used for their detection; as well as presenting an overview of the clinical use of antibodies in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Morales-Núñez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | | | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (J.J.M.-N.); (J.F.M.-V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-333-450-9355
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24
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Duerr R, Crosse KM, Valero-Jimenez AM, Dittmann M. SARS-CoV-2 Portrayed against HIV: Contrary Viral Strategies in Similar Disguise. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1389. [PMID: 34198973 PMCID: PMC8307803 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and HIV are zoonotic viruses that rapidly reached pandemic scale, causing global losses and fear. The COVID-19 and AIDS pandemics ignited massive efforts worldwide to develop antiviral strategies and characterize viral architectures, biological and immunological properties, and clinical outcomes. Although both viruses have a comparable appearance as enveloped viruses with positive-stranded RNA and envelope spikes mediating cellular entry, the entry process, downstream biological and immunological pathways, clinical outcomes, and disease courses are strikingly different. This review provides a systemic comparison of both viruses' structural and functional characteristics, delineating their distinct strategies for efficient spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; (K.M.C.); (A.M.V.-J.); (M.D.)
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25
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Gao H, Ozantürk AN, Wang Q, Harlan GH, Schmitz AJ, Presti RM, Deng K, Shan L. Evaluation of HIV-1 latency reversal and antibody-dependent viral clearance by quantification of singly spliced HIV-1 vpu/ env mRNA. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02124-20. [PMID: 33762408 PMCID: PMC8139706 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02124-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir of HIV-1 is a major barrier for viral eradication. Potent HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNabs) have been used to prevent and treat HIV-1 infections in animal models and clinical trials. Combination of bNabs and latency-reversing agents (LRAs) is considered a promising approach for HIV-1 eradication. PCR-based assays that can rapidly and specifically measure singly spliced HIV-1 vpu/env mRNA are needed to evaluate the induction of the viral envelope production at the transcription level and bNab-mediated reservoir clearance. Here we reported a PCR-based method to accurately quantify the production of intracellular HIV-1 vpu/env mRNA. With the vpu/env assay, we determined the LRA combinations that could effectively induce vpu/env mRNA production in CD4+ T cells from ART-treated individuals. None of the tested LRAs were effective alone. A comparison between the quantitative viral outgrowth assay (Q-VOA) and the vpu/env assay showed that vpu/env mRNA production was closely associated with the reactivation of replication-competent HIV-1, suggesting that vpu/env mRNA was mainly produced by intact viruses. Finally, antibody-mediated in vitro killing in HIV-1-infected humanized mice demonstrated that the vpu/env assay could be used to measure the reduction of infected cells in tissues and was more accurate than the commonly used gag-based PCR assay which measured unspliced viral genomic RNA. In conclusion, the vpu/env assay allows convenient and accurate assessment of HIV-1 latency reversal and bNab-mediated therapeutic strategies.ImportanceHIV-1 persists in individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) due to the long-lived cellular reservoirs that contain dormant viruses. Recent discoveries of HIV-1-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNabs) targeting HIV-1 Env protein rekindled the interest in antibody-mediated elimination of latent HIV-1. Latency-reversing agents (LRAs) together with HIV-1 bNabs is a possible strategy to clear residual viral reservoirs, which makes the evaluation of HIV-1 Env expression upon LRA treatment critical. We developed a PCR-based assay to quantify the production of intracellular HIV-1 vpu/env mRNA. Using patient CD4+ T cells, we found that induction of HIV-1 vpu/env mRNA required a combination of different LRAs. Using in vitro, ex vivo and humanized mouse models, we showed that the vpu/env assay could be used to measure antibody efficacy in clearing HIV-1 infection. These results suggest that the vpu/env assay can accurately evaluate HIV-1 reactivation and bNab-based therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Gao
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ayşe N Ozantürk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Qiankun Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gray H Harlan
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kai Deng
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Shan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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26
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Kumar S, Batra H, Singh S, Chawla H, Singh R, Katpara S, Hussain AW, Das BK, Lodha R, Kabra SK, Luthra K. Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on human immunodeficiency virus 1 specific antibody responses in subtype-C infected children. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1289-1299. [PMID: 32915123 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection evolve only in a fraction of infected individuals by developing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and/or effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 chronically infected adults and children on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) showed a reduction in ADCC activity and improvement in HIV-1 specific neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses. Early initiation of cART in infected adults is found to be beneficial in reducing the viral load and delaying disease progression. Herein, we longitudinally evaluated the effect of cART on HIV-1 specific plasma ADCC and nAb responses in a cohort of 20 perinatally HIV-1 subtype-C infected infants and children ≤2 years of age, pre-cART and up to 1 year post-cART initiation. Significant reductions in HIV-1 specific plasma ADCC responses to subtype-C and subtype-B viruses and improvement in HIV-1 neutralization were observed in HIV-1 infected children 1 year post-cART initiation. A positive correlation between reduction in viral load and the loss of ADCC response was observed. This study provides information aiding the understanding of the effects of early initiation of cART on antibody effector functions and viral neutralization in HIV-1 infected children, which needs to be further evaluated in large cohorts of HIV-1 infected children on cART to plan future intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Centre, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Batra
- Department of Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshi Chawla
- Present address: Biological Sciences and the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanket Katpara
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul Wahid Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Pedreño-Lopez N, Ricciardi MJ, Rosen BC, Song G, Andrabi R, Burton DR, Rakasz EG, Watkins DI. An Automated Fluorescence-Based Method to Isolate Bone Marrow-Derived Plasma Cells from Rhesus Macaques Using SIVmac239 SOSIP.664. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:781-790. [PMID: 32953929 PMCID: PMC7476808 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of Indian rhesus macaques (RMs) is one of the best-characterized animal models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have shown promise for prevention and treatment of HIV infection. However, it has been difficult to isolate mAbs that potently neutralize the highly pathogenic SIVmac239 strain. This has been largely due to the low frequency of circulating B cells encoding neutralizing Abs. Here we describe a novel technique to isolate mAbs directly from bone marrow-derived, Ab-secreting plasma cells. We employed an automated micromanipulator to isolate single SIVmac239 SOSIP.664-specific plasma cells from the bone marrow of a SIVmac239-infected RM with serum neutralization titers against SIVmac239. After picking plasma cells, we obtained 44 paired Ab sequences. Ten of these mAbs were SIV specific. Although none of these mAbs neutralized SIVmac239, three mAbs completely neutralized the related SIVmac316 strain. The majority of these mAbs bound to primary rhesus CD4+ T cells infected with SIVmac239 and induced Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. This method is a first step in successful isolation of antigen-specific bone marrow-derived plasma cells from RMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Corresponding author: Nuria Pedreño-Lopez, Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Michael J. Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Brandon C. Rosen
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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SARS-CoV-2 will constantly sweep its tracks: a vaccine containing CpG motifs in 'lasso' for the multi-faced virus. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:801-812. [PMID: 32656668 PMCID: PMC7354743 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the current COVID-19 pandemic, the global ratio between the dead and the survivors is approximately 1 to 10, which has put humanity on high alert and provided strong motivation for the intensive search for vaccines and drugs. It is already clear that if we follow the most likely scenario, which is similar to that used to create seasonal influenza vaccines, then we will need to develop improved vaccine formulas every year to control the spread of the new, highly mutable coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In this article, using well-known RNA viruses (HIV, influenza viruses, HCV) as examples, we consider the main successes and failures in creating primarily highly effective vaccines. The experience accumulated dealing with the biology of zoonotic RNA viruses suggests that the fight against COVID-19 will be difficult and lengthy. The most effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 will be those able to form highly effective memory cells for both humoral (memory B cells) and cellular (cross-reactive antiviral memory T cells) immunity. Unfortunately, RNA viruses constantly sweep their tracks and perhaps one of the most promising solutions in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic is the creation of 'universal' vaccines based on conservative SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences (antigen-presenting) and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (adjuvant) in the composition of the phosphorothioate backbone of single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides (ODN), which can be effective for long periods of use. Here, we propose a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on a lasso-like phosphorothioate oligonucleotide construction containing CpG motifs and the antigen-presenting unique ACG-containing genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2. We found that CpG dinucleotides are the most rare dinucleotides in the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and other known human coronaviruses, and hypothesized that their higher frequency could be responsible for the unwanted increased lethality to the host, causing a ‘cytokine storm’ in people who overexpress cytokines through the activation of specific Toll-like receptors in a manner similar to TLR9-CpG ODN interactions. Interestingly, the virus strains sequenced in China (Wuhan) in February 2020 contained on average one CpG dinucleotide more in their genome than the later strains from the USA (New York) sequenced in May 2020. Obviously, during the first steps of the microevolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population, natural selection tends to select viral genomes containing fewer CpG motifs that do not trigger a strong innate immune response, so the infected person has moderate symptoms and spreads SARS-CoV-2 more readily. However, in our opinion, unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are also capable of preparing the host immune system for the coronavirus infection and should be present in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines as strong adjuvants.
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Fisher KL, Mabuka JM, Sivro A, Ngcapu S, Passmore JAS, Osman F, Ndlovu B, Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Chung AW, Baxter C, Archary D. Topical Tenofovir Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Mucosal HIV-Specific Fc-Mediated Antibody Activities in Women. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1274. [PMID: 32733445 PMCID: PMC7357346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The RV144 HIV-vaccine trial highlighted the importance of envelope-specific non-neutralizing antibody (nNAb) Fc-mediated functions as immune correlates of reduced risk of infection. Since pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and HIV-vaccines are being used as a combination prevention strategy in at risk populations, the effects of PrEP on nNAb functions both mucosally and systemically remain undefined. Previous animal and human studies demonstrated reduced HIV-specific antibody binding avidity post-HIV seroconversion with PrEP, which in turn may affect antibody functionality. In seroconverters from the CAPRISA 004 tenofovir gel trial, we previously reported significantly higher detection and titres of HIV-specific binding antibodies in the plasma and genital tract (GT) that distinguished the tenofovir from the placebo arm. We hypothesized that higher HIV-specific antibody titres and detection reflected corresponding increased antibody-dependent neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis (ADNP) and NK-cell-activated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) activities. HIV-specific V1V2-gp70, gp120, gp41, p66, and p24 antibodies in GT and plasma samples of 48 seroconverters from the CAPRISA 004 tenofovir gel trial were tested for ADCP and ADCC at 3, 6- and 12-months post-HIV-infection. GT gp41- and p24-specific ADNP were significantly higher in the tenofovir than the placebo arm at 6 and 12 months respectively (p < 0.05). Plasma gp120-, gp41-, and p66-specific ADNP, and GT gp41-specific ADCC increased significantly over time (p < 0.05) in the tenofovir arm. In the tenofovir arm only, significant inverse correlations were observed between gp120-specific ADCC and gp120-antibody titres (r = −0.54; p = 0.009), and gp41-specific ADNP and gp41-specific antibody titres at 6 months post-infection (r = −0.50; p = 0.015). In addition, in the tenofovir arm, gp41-specific ADCC showed significant direct correlations between the compartments (r = 0.53; p = 0.045). Certain HIV-specific nNAb activities not only dominate specific immunological compartments but can also exhibit diverse functions within the same compartment. Our previous findings of increased HIV specific antibody detection and titres in women who used tenofovir gel, and the limited differences in nNAb activities between the arms, suggest that prior PrEP did not modulate these nNAb functions post-HIV seroconversion. Together these data provide insight into envelope-specific-nNAb Fc-mediated functions at the site of exposure which may inform on ensuing immunity during combination HIV prevention strategies including PrEP and HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimone Leigh Fisher
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jennifer M Mabuka
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Aida Sivro
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sinaye Ngcapu
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann Shelley Passmore
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Farzana Osman
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bongiwe Ndlovu
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, The Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Amy W Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cheryl Baxter
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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30
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Mutua JM, Wang FB, Vaidya NK. Effects of periodic intake of drugs of abuse (morphine) on HIV dynamics: Mathematical model and analysis. Math Biosci 2020; 326:108395. [PMID: 32485213 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse, such as opiates, have been widely associated with diminishing host-immune responses, including suppression of HIV-specific antibody responses. In particular, periodic intake of the drugs of abuse can result in time-varying periodic antibody level within HIV-infected individuals, consequently altering the HIV dynamics. In this study, we develop a mathematical model to analyze the effects of periodic intake of morphine, a widely used opiate. We consider two routes of morphine intake, namely, intravenous morphine (IVM) and slow-release oral morphine (SROM), and integrate several morphine pharmacodynamic parameters into HIV dynamics model. Using our non-autonomous model system we formulate the infection threshold, Ri, for global stability of infection-free equilibrium, which provides a condition for avoiding viral infection in a host. We demonstrate that the infection threshold highly depends on the morphine pharmacodynamic parameters. Such information can be useful in the design of antibody-based vaccines. In addition, we also thoroughly evaluate how alteration of the antibody level due to periodic intake of morphine can affect the viral load and the CD4 count in HIV infected drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jones M Mutua
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, & Physics, Missouri Western State University, St. Joseph, MO, USA
| | - Feng-Bin Wang
- Department of Natural Science in the Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung Branch, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Naveen K Vaidya
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
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31
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Petravic J, Wilson DP. Simulating the entire natural course of HIV infection by extending the basic viral dynamics equations to include declining viral clearance. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5545593. [PMID: 31397848 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic model of viral dynamics is a relatively simple set of equations describing the most essential features of the host-pathogen interactions. Coupled with data, it has been used extensively and successfully to reproduce and explain the features of the early acute phase of HIV infection and the effects of antiretroviral treatment, as well as to estimate the lifespan of infected cells, viral growth and clearance rates and predict early outcomes under different circumstances. However, it cannot reproduce the entire natural course of untreated HIV infection consistently with constant parameters. Here we show that it is possible to qualitatively reproduce the whole course of untreated HIV infection within the general framework of the basic model by assuming progressively declining viral clearance coupled with viral load. We discuss the interpretation of this model as proof-of-concept that may inspire further research into the role of viral clearance in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janka Petravic
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David P Wilson
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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32
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Nadir CD4 Is Negatively Associated With Antinuclear Antibody Detection in HCV/HIV-Coinfected Patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2019; 80:461-466. [PMID: 30570526 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV infections are associated with higher risk of autoimmune diseases and T-cell dysfunction. SETTING We evaluate prevalence and factors associated with the presence of autoimmune antinuclear (ANA), anti-smooth muscle actin (aSMA), and anti-liver kidney microsome (aLKM1) antibodies (Ab) in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients during the post-combined antiretroviral therapy era. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study nested in the ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH cohort (NCT number: NCT03324633). We selected patients with both ANA testing and T-cell immunophenotyping determination during the cohort follow-up and collected aLKM1 and aSMA data when available. Logistic regression models were built to determine factors associated with the presence of auto-Ab. RESULTS Two hundred twenty-three HCV/HIV-coinfected patients fulfilled selection criteria. Prevalence of ANA and aSMA was 43.5% and 23.2%, respectively, and both were detected in 13.3% of patients. Isolated aSMA were detected in 9.9% and aLKM1 in 2 patients. In multivariable analysis, only a low nadir CD4 T-cell count was significantly associated with ANA detection. CONCLUSIONS ANA and aSMA detection remain frequent in HCV/HIV-coinfected patients during the post-combined antiretroviral therapy era, despite fair immune restoration. These results advocate for a close monitoring of ANA before immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in these patients with greater caution for those with a low nadir CD4 T-cell count.
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Su B, Dispinseri S, Iannone V, Zhang T, Wu H, Carapito R, Bahram S, Scarlatti G, Moog C. Update on Fc-Mediated Antibody Functions Against HIV-1 Beyond Neutralization. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2968. [PMID: 31921207 PMCID: PMC6930241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are the major component of the humoral immune response and a key player in vaccination. The precise Ab-mediated inhibitory mechanisms leading to in vivo protection against HIV have not been elucidated. In addition to the desired viral capture and neutralizing Ab functions, complex Ab-dependent mechanisms that involve engaging immune effector cells to clear infected host cells, immune complexes, and opsonized virus have been proposed as being relevant. These inhibitory mechanisms involve Fc-mediated effector functions leading to Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, cell-mediated virus inhibition, aggregation, and complement inhibition. Indeed, the decreased risk of infection observed in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial was correlated with the production of non-neutralizing inhibitory Abs, highlighting the role of Ab inhibitory functions besides neutralization. Moreover, Ab isotypes and subclasses recognizing specific HIV envelope epitopes as well as pecular Fc-receptor polymorphisms have been associated with disease progression. These findings further support the need to define which Fc-mediated Ab inhibitory functions leading to protection are critical for HIV vaccine design. Herein, based on our previous review Su & Moog Front Immunol 2014, we update the different inhibitory properties of HIV-specific Abs that may potentially contribute to HIV protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Su
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Stefania Dispinseri
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Iannone
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Raphael Carapito
- INSERM U1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- INSERM U1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
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34
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Talathi SP, Shaikh NN, Pandey SS, Saxena VA, Mamulwar MS, Thakar MR. FcγRIIIa receptor polymorphism influences NK cell mediated ADCC activity against HIV. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:1053. [PMID: 31842762 PMCID: PMC6916223 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-specific Antibody Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC) has shown to be important in HIV control and resistance. The ADCC is mediated primarily by natural killer cell activated through the binding of FcγRIIIa receptor to the Fc portion of antibody bound to the antigen expressed on the infected cells. However, no data is available on the influence of the polymorphism in FcγRIIIa receptor on HIV-specific ADCC response. METHODS The Sanger's method of sequencing was used to sequence the exon of FcγRIIIa receptor while the ADCC activity was determined using NK cell activation assay. The polymorphism in FcγRIIIa receptor was assessed in HIV-infected Indian individuals with or without HIV-specific ADCC antibodies and its influence on the magnitude of HIV-specific ADCC responses was analyzed. RESULTS Two polymorphisms: V176F (rs396991) and Y158H (rs396716) were observed. The Y158H polymorphism is reported for the first time in Indian population. Both, V176F (V/V genotype) (p = 0.004) and Y158H (Y/H genotype) (p = 0.032) were found to be significantly associated with higher magnitude of HIV-specific ADCC response. CONCLUSION The study underscores the role of polymorphism in the FcγRIIIa receptor on HIV-specific ADCC response and suggests that the screening of the individuals for FcγRIIIa-V176F and Y158H polymorphisms could be useful for prediction of efficient treatment in monoclonal antibody-based therapies aimed at ADCC in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Pramod Talathi
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, 411026, India
| | - Nawaj Najir Shaikh
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, 411026, India
| | - Sudhanshu Shekhar Pandey
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, 411026, India
| | - Vandana Ashish Saxena
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, 411026, India
| | - Megha Sunil Mamulwar
- Department of Epidemiology, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, 411026, India
| | - Madhuri Rajeev Thakar
- Department of Immunology, National AIDS Research Institute, Plot No. 73, G-Block, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, Maharashtra, 411026, India.
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35
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Habibi P, Daniell H, Soccol CR, Grossi‐de‐Sa MF. The potential of plant systems to break the HIV-TB link. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1868-1891. [PMID: 30908823 PMCID: PMC6737023 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can place a major burden on healthcare systems and constitute the main challenges of diagnostic and therapeutic programmes. Infection with HIV is the most common cause of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which can accelerate the risk of latent TB reactivation by 20-fold. Similarly, TB is considered the most relevant factor predisposing individuals to HIV infection. Thus, both pathogens can augment one another in a synergetic manner, accelerating the failure of immunological functions and resulting in subsequent death in the absence of treatment. Synergistic approaches involving the treatment of HIV as a tool to combat TB and vice versa are thus required in regions with a high burden of HIV and TB infection. In this context, plant systems are considered a promising approach for combatting HIV and TB in a resource-limited setting because plant-made drugs can be produced efficiently and inexpensively in developing countries and could be shared by the available agricultural infrastructure without the expensive requirement needed for cold chain storage and transportation. Moreover, the use of natural products from medicinal plants can eliminate the concerns associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and anti-TB therapy (ATT), including drug interactions, drug-related toxicity and multidrug resistance. In this review, we highlight the potential of plant system as a promising approach for the production of relevant pharmaceuticals for HIV and TB treatment. However, in the cases of HIV and TB, none of the plant-made pharmaceuticals have been approved for clinical use. Limitations in reaching these goals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Habibi
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and BiotechnologyFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and BiotechnologyBrasíliaDFBrazil
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Maria Fatima Grossi‐de‐Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and BiotechnologyBrasíliaDFBrazil
- Catholic University of BrasíliaBrasíliaDFBrazil
- Post Graduation Program in BiotechnologyUniversity PotiguarNatalRNBrazil
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Williams KL, Wang B, Arenz D, Williams JA, Dingens AS, Cortez V, Simonich CA, Rainwater S, Lehman DA, Lee KK, Overbaugh J. Superinfection Drives HIV Neutralizing Antibody Responses from Several B Cell Lineages that Contribute to a Polyclonal Repertoire. Cell Rep 2019; 23:682-691. [PMID: 29669274 PMCID: PMC5990032 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting broad and potent HIV-specific neutralizing antibody responses represents the holy grail of HIV vaccine efforts. Data from singly infected individuals with broad and potent plasma neutralizing activity targeting one epitope have guided our understanding of how these responses develop. However, far less is known about responses developed by super-infected individuals who acquire two distinct HIV strains. Here, we isolated HIV-specific mAbs from a superinfected individual with a broad plasma response. In this superinfection case, neutralizing activity resulted from multiple distinct B cell lineages that arose in response to either the initial or the superinfecting virus, including an antibody that targets the N332 supersite. This nAb, QA013.2, was specific to the superinfecting virus and was associated with eventual reemergence of the initial infecting virus. The complex dynamic between viruses in superinfection may drive development of a unique collection of polyclonal nAbs that present a higher barrier to escape than monoclonal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Williams
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dana Arenz
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James A Williams
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Valerie Cortez
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cassandra A Simonich
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Stephanie Rainwater
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dara A Lehman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Bai H, Li Y, Michael NL, Robb ML, Rolland M. The breadth of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies depends on the conservation of key sites in their epitopes. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007056. [PMID: 31170145 PMCID: PMC6581281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing HIV-1 vaccines that trigger broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a priority as bnAbs are considered key to elicitation of a protective immune response. To investigate whether the breadth of a neutralizing antibody (nAb) depended on the conservation of its epitope among circulating viruses, we examined Antibody:Envelope (Ab:Env) interactions and worldwide Env diversity. We found that sites corresponding to bnAb epitopes were as variable as other accessible, non-hypervariable Env sites (p = 0.50, Mann-Whitney U-test) with no significant relationship between epitope conservation and neutralization breadth (Spearman’s ρ = -0.44, adjusted p = 0.079). However, when accounting for key sites in the Ab:Env interaction, we showed that the broadest bnAbs targeted more conserved epitopes (Spearman’s ρ = -0.70, adjusted p = 5.0e-5). Neutralization breadth did not stem from the overall conservation of Ab epitopes but depended instead on the conservation of key sites of the Ab:Env interaction, revealing a mechanistic basis for neutralization breadth that could be exploited for vaccine design. So far, no HIV-1 vaccine has elicited broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in humans. HIV-1, one of the most rapidly evolving pathogens, is remarkable for its high variability across individuals and adaptability within hosts. We tested the relationship between HIV-1 diversity and neutralization breadth. While bnAbs did not specifically target more conserved regions of HIV-1 Env, we found that the broadest bnAbs relied forcibly more on structural interactions at key sites of the Ab:Env interaction than other Abs. Understanding mechanisms underlying neutralization breadth provides guidelines to design more efficacious vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Bai
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Yifan Li
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Enhancement of Immune Responses by Guanosine-Based Particles in DNA Plasmid Formulations against Infectious Diseases. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3409371. [PMID: 31240233 PMCID: PMC6556318 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3409371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines can be efficiently improved by adding adjuvants into their formulations. In this regard, the application of nano- and microparticles as vaccines adjuvants, or delivery systems, provides a powerful tool in designing modern vaccines. In the present study, we examined the role of “Supramolecular Hacky Sacks” (SHS) particles, made via the hierarchical self-assembly of a guanosine derivative, as a novel immunomodulator for DNA plasmid preparations. These plasmids code for the proteins HIV-1 Gag (pGag), the wild-type vaccinia virus Western Reserve A27 (pA27L), or a codon-optimized version of the latter (pOD1A27Lopt), which is also linked to the sequence of the outer domain-1 (OD1) from HIV-1 gp120 protein. We evaluated the enhancement of the immune responses generated by our DNA plasmid formulations in a murine model through ELISpot and ELISA assays. The SHS particles increased the frequencies of IFN-γ-producing cells in mice independently immunized with pGag and pA27L plasmids. Moreover, the addition of SHS to pGag and pA27L DNA plasmid formulations enhanced the production of IFN-γ (Th1-type) over IL-4 (Th2-type) cellular immune responses. Furthermore, pGag and pA27L plasmids formulated with SHS, triggered the production of antigen-specific IgG in mice, especially the IgG2a isotype. However, no improvement of either of those adaptive immune responses was observed in mice receiving pOD1A27Lopt+SHS. Here, we demonstrated that SHS particles have the ability to improve both arms of adaptive immunity of plasmid coding “wild-type” antigens without additional strategies to boost their immunogenicity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of SHS guanosine-based particles as DNA plasmid adjuvants.
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Protect, modify, deprotect (PMD): A strategy for creating vaccines to elicit antibodies targeting a specific epitope. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9947-9952. [PMID: 31028143 PMCID: PMC6525525 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1822062116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of broadly neutralizing Abs (bnAbs) against infectious agents such as influenza virus and HIV-1 has sparked interest in creating vaccines that focus an Ab response toward a particular epitope of a protein. These “immunofocusing” strategies have shown promise but are also burdened with inherent limitations. We introduce an immunofocusing method called protect, modify, deprotect (PMD) that uses a bnAb as a molecular stencil to create vaccine candidates that direct the immune response toward the epitope of the bnAb. PMD has the potential to provide epitope-specific immunofocusing, in a generalizable manner. In creating vaccines against infectious agents, there is often a desire to direct an immune response toward a particular conformational epitope on an antigen. We present a method, called protect, modify, deprotect (PMD), to generate immunogenic proteins aimed to direct a vaccine-induced antibody (Ab) response toward an epitope defined by a specific monoclonal Ab (mAb). The mAb is used to protect the target epitope on the protein. Then the remaining exposed surfaces of the protein are modified to render them nonimmunogenic. Finally, the epitope is deprotected by removal of the mAb. The resultant protein is modified at surfaces other than the target epitope. We validate PMD using a well-characterized antigen, hen egg white lysozyme, then demonstrate the utility of PMD using influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). We use an mAb to protect a highly conserved epitope on the stem domain of HA. Exposed surface amines are then modified with short polyethylene glycol chains. The resultant antigen shows markedly reduced binding to mAbs that target the head region of HA, while maintaining binding to mAbs at the epitope of interest. This antigenic preference is also observed with yeast cells displaying Ab fragments. Antisera from guinea pigs immunized with the PMD-modified HA show increased cross-reactivity with HAs from other influenza strains, compared with antisera obtained with unmodified HA trimers. PMD has the potential to direct an Ab response at high resolution and could be used in combination with other such strategies. There are many attractive targets for the application of PMD.
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Modeling the Effects of Morphine-Altered Virus Specific Antibody Responses on HIV/SIV Dynamics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5423. [PMID: 30931971 PMCID: PMC6443976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs of abuse, such as opiates, have been widely associated with enhancing HIV replication, accelerating disease progression and diminishing host-immune responses, thereby making it harder to effectively manage HIV infection. It is thus important to study the effects of drugs of abuse on HIV-infection and immune responses. Here, we develop mathematical models that incorporate the effects of morphine-altered antibody responses on HIV/SIV dynamics. Based on fitting the model to experimental data from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections in control and morphine-addicted macaques, we found that two of the most significant effects of virus specific antibodies are neutralizing viral particles and enhancing viral clearance. Using our model, we quantified how morphine alters virus-specific antibody responses, and how this alteration affects the key components of virus dynamics such as infection rate, virus clearance, viral load, CD4+ T cell count, and CD4+ T cell loss in SIV-infected macaques under conditioning with morphine. We found that in a subpopulation of SIV-infected morphine addicted macaques, the presence of drugs of abuse may cause significantly diminished antibody responses, resulting in more severe infection with increased SIV infectivity, a decreased viral clearance rate, increased viral load, and higher CD4+ T cell loss.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The design of an HIV vaccine remains an elusive but top priority. Data from the non-human primate model and the first moderately protective HIV vaccine trial (RV144) point to a role for qualitative changes in humoral immune functions in protection from infection. Here, we review the current understanding of the antibody response throughout HIV infection, the known correlates of protection, and current strategies to manipulate antibodies to put an end to the epidemic. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies point to innate immune-recruiting antibody function in preventing infection as well as controlling viremia following infection. These data have begun to inform next-generation design of HIV vaccines and antibody therapies by uncovering new viral targets and antibody architectures to improve potency and breadth. Emerging data illustrate a role for innate immune recruiting-antibodies in conferring protection against HIV infection as well as promoting viral control and clearance, offering an unprecedented opportunity to modulate and improve antibody function to fight HIV more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L. Butler
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Galit Alter
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
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Munusamy Ponnan S, Swaminathan S, Tiruvengadam K, K. K. V, Cheedarla N, Nesakumar M, Kathirvel S, Goyal R, Singla N, Mukherjee J, Bergin P, T. Kopycinski J, Gilmour J, Prasad Tripathy S, Luke HE. Induction of circulating T follicular helper cells and regulatory T cells correlating with HIV-1 gp120 variable loop antibodies by a subtype C prophylactic vaccine tested in a Phase I trial in India. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203037. [PMID: 30157242 PMCID: PMC6114930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A Phase I HIV-1 vaccine trial sponsored by the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) was conducted in India in 2009 to test a subtype C prophylactic vaccine in a prime-boost regimen comprising of a DNA prime (ADVAX) and MVA (TBC-M4) boost. The trial demonstrated that the regimen was safe and well tolerated and resulted in enhancement of HIV-specific immune responses. Preliminary observations on vaccine-induced immune responses were limited to analysis of neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ ELISPOT response. The present study involves a more detailed analysis of the nature of the vaccine-induced humoral immune response using specimens that were archived from the volunteers at the time of the trial. Interestingly, we found vaccine induced production of V1/V2 and V3 region-specific antibodies in a significant proportion of vaccinees. Variable region antibody levels correlated directly with the frequency of circulating T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and regulatory T cells (Treg). Our findings provide encouraging evidence to demonstrate the immunogenicity of the tested vaccine. Better insights into vaccine-induced immune responses can aid in informing future design of a successfulHIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Tiruvengadam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Vidyavijayan K. K.
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Narayana Cheedarla
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Manohar Nesakumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sujitha Kathirvel
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Singla
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Philip Bergin
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Hanna Elizabeth Luke
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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Xu H, Ziani W, Shao J, Doyle-Meyers LA, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Ratterree MS, Veazey RS, Wang X. Impaired Development and Expansion of Germinal Center Follicular Th Cells in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Neonatal Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1994-2003. [PMID: 30104244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) CD4+ follicular Th (Tfh) cells are critical for cognate B cell help in humoral immune responses to pathogenic infections. Although Tfh cells are expanded or depleted in HIV/SIV-infected adults, the effects of pediatric HIV/SIV infection on Tfh cells remain unclear. In this study, we examined changes in lymphoid follicle formation in lymph nodes focusing on GC Tfh cells, B cell development, and differentiation in SIV-infected neonatal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) compared with age-matched cohorts. Our data showed that follicles and GCs of normal infants rapidly formed in the first few weeks of age, in parallel with increasing GC Tfh cells in various lymphoid tissues. In contrast, GC development and GC Tfh cells were markedly impaired in SIV-infected infants. There was a very low frequency of GC Tfh cells throughout SIV infection in neonates and subsequent infants, accompanied by high viremia, reduction of B cell proliferation/resting memory B cells, and displayed proinflammatory unresponsiveness. These findings indicate neonatal HIV/SIV infection compromises the development of GC Tfh cells, likely contributing to ineffective Ab responses, high viremia, and eventually rapid disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Widade Ziani
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Jiasheng Shao
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Marion S Ratterree
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433
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44
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HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure. Immunity 2018; 48:855-871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Are microRNAs Important Players in HIV-1 Infection? An Update. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030110. [PMID: 29510515 PMCID: PMC5869503 DOI: 10.3390/v10030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has already claimed over 35 million human lives globally. No curative treatments are currently available, and the only treatment option for over 36 million people currently living with HIV/AIDS are antiretroviral drugs that disrupt the function of virus-encoded proteins. However, such virus-targeted therapeutic strategies are constrained by the ability of the virus to develop drug-resistance. Despite major advances in HIV/AIDS research over the years, substantial knowledge gaps exist in many aspects of HIV-1 replication, especially its interaction with the host. Hence, understanding the mechanistic details of virus–host interactions may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and/or management of HIV/AIDS. Notably, unprecedented progress in deciphering host gene silencing processes mediated by several classes of cellular small non-coding RNAs (sncRNA) presents a promising and timely opportunity for developing non-traditional antiviral therapeutic strategies. Cellular microRNAs (miRNA) belong to one such important class of sncRNAs that regulate protein synthesis. Evidence is mounting that cellular miRNAs play important roles in viral replication, either usurped by the virus to promote its replication or employed by the host to control viral infection by directly targeting the viral genome or by targeting cellular proteins required for productive virus replication. In this review, we summarize the findings to date on the role of miRNAs in HIV-1 biology.
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46
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Wang X, Xu H. Potential Epigenetic Regulation in the Germinal Center Reaction of Lymphoid Tissues in HIV/SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:159. [PMID: 29449847 PMCID: PMC5799247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of high-affinity and broadly neutralizing antibodies plays a key role in the defense against pathogens. These antibody responses require effective germinal center (GC) reaction within anatomical niches of GCs, where follicular helper T (Tfh) cells provide cognate help to B cells for T cell-dependent antibody responses. Emerging evidences indicate that GC reaction in normal state and perhaps establishment of latent Tfh cell reservoir in HIV/SIV infection are tightly regulated by epigenetic histone modifications, which are responsible for activating or silencing chromatin. A better understanding of the mechanisms behind GC responses at cellular and molecular levels thus provides necessary knowledge for vaccination and immunotherapy. In this review, we discussed the epigenetic regulation of GC responses, especially for GC B and Tfh cell under normal state or HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
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47
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Louie RHY, Kaczorowski KJ, Barton JP, Chakraborty AK, McKay MR. Fitness landscape of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein that is targeted by antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E564-E573. [PMID: 29311326 PMCID: PMC5789945 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717765115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV is a highly mutable virus, and over 30 years after its discovery, a vaccine or cure is still not available. The isolation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from HIV-infected patients has led to renewed hope for a prophylactic vaccine capable of combating the scourge of HIV. A major challenge is the design of immunogens and vaccination protocols that can elicit bnAbs that target regions of the virus's spike proteins where the likelihood of mutational escape is low due to the high fitness cost of mutations. Related challenges include the choice of combinations of bnAbs for therapy. An accurate representation of viral fitness as a function of its protein sequences (a fitness landscape), with explicit accounting of the effects of coupling between mutations, could help address these challenges. We describe a computational approach that has allowed us to infer a fitness landscape for gp160, the HIV polyprotein that comprises the viral spike that is targeted by antibodies. We validate the inferred landscape through comparisons with experimental fitness measurements, and various other metrics. We show that an effective antibody that prevents immune escape must selectively bind to high escape cost residues that are surrounded by those where mutations incur a low fitness cost, motivating future applications of our landscape for immunogen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond H Y Louie
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kevin J Kaczorowski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - John P Barton
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Matthew R McKay
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong;
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Thomas AS, Ghulam-Smith M, Sagar M. Neutralization and beyond: Antibodies and HIV-1 acquisition. CURRENT TOPICS IN VIROLOGY 2018; 15:73-86. [PMID: 31787808 PMCID: PMC6884343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that an effective HIV-1 preventative vaccine must elicit antibodies that can block virus acquisition. Although, anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have been isolated, unfortunately, no vaccine immunogens have been designed that can elicit these bnAbs in uninfected at-risk individuals. Some studies have suggested that other antibody functionalities, besides neutralization, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), may prevent HIV-1 acquisition. In contrast to bnAbs, ADCC-inducing antibodies may be more amenable to elicitation by current vaccine technologies. This review will provide clarity about the role of nAbs and ADCC-inducing antibodies in preventing transmission, highlight mechanisms that potentially explain how ADCC-mediating antibodies may work, and speculate about the generation of these novel protective antibodies. Anti-HIV-1 ADCC-inducing antibodies may provide a new avenue for developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Kumar S, Kumar R, Khan L, Makhdoomi MA, Thiruvengadam R, Mohata M, Agarwal M, Lodha R, Kabra SK, Sinha S, Luthra K. CD4-Binding Site Directed Cross-Neutralizing scFv Monoclonals from HIV-1 Subtype C Infected Indian Children. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1568. [PMID: 29187855 PMCID: PMC5694743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection in children is faster than adults. HIV-1 subtype C is responsible for more than 50% of the infections globally and more than 90% infections in India. To date, there is no effective vaccine against HIV-1. Recent animal studies and human Phase I trials showed promising results of the protective effect of anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Interaction between CD4 binding site (CD4bs) on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and CD4 receptor on the host immune cells is the primary event leading to HIV-1 infection. The CD4bs is a highly conserved region, comprised of a conformational epitope, and is a potential target of bnAbs such as VRC01 that is presently under human clinical trials. Recombinant scFvs can access masked epitopes due to their small size and have shown the potential to inhibit viral replication and neutralize a broad range of viruses. Pediatric viruses are resistant to many of the existing bnAbs isolated from adults. Therefore, in this study, pooled peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 9 chronically HIV-1 subtype C infected pediatric cross-neutralizers whose plasma antibodies exhibited potent and cross-neutralizing activity were used to construct a human anti-HIV-1 scFv phage library of 9 × 108 individual clones. Plasma mapping using CD4bs-specific probes identified the presence of CD4bs directed antibodies in 4 of these children. By extensive biopanning of the library with CD4bs-specific antigen RSC3 core protein, we identified two cross-neutralizing scFv monoclonals 2B10 and 2E4 demonstrating a neutralizing breadth and GMT of 77%, 17.9 µg/ml and 32%, 51.2 µg/ml, respectively, against a panel of 49 tier 1, 2 and 3 viruses. Both scFvs competed with anti-CD4bs bnAb VRC01 confirming their CD4bs epitope specificity. The 2B10 scFv was effective in neutralizing the 7 subtype C and subtype A pediatric viruses tested. Somatic hypermutations in the VH gene of scFvs (10.1–11.1%) is comparable with that of the adult antibodies. These cross-neutralizing CD4bs-directed scFvs can serve as potential reagents for passive immunotherapy. A combination of cross-neutralizing scFvs of diverse specificities with antiretroviral drugs may be effective in suppressing viremia at an early stage of HIV-1 infection and prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lubina Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Madhav Mohata
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mudit Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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50
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Pathogenic Correlates of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated B Cell Dysfunction. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01051-17. [PMID: 28931679 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01051-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared and contrasted pathogenic (in pig-tailed macaques [PTMs]) and nonpathogenic (in African green monkeys [AGMs]) SIVsab infections to assess the significance of the B cell dysfunction observed in simian (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. We report that the loss of B cells is specifically associated with the pathogenic SIV infection, while in the natural hosts, in which SIV is nonpathogenic, B cells rapidly increase in both lymph nodes (LNs) and intestine. SIV-associated B cell dysfunction associated with the pathogenic SIV infection is characterized by loss of naive B cells, loss of resting memory B cells due to their redistribution to the gut, increases of the activated B cells and circulating tissue-like memory B cells, and expansion of the B regulatory cells (Bregs). While circulating B cells are virtually restored to preinfection levels during the chronic pathogenic SIV infection, restoration is mainly due to an expansion of the "exhausted," virus-specific B cells, i.e., activated memory cells and tissue-like memory B cells. Despite of the B cell dysfunction, SIV-specific antibody (Ab) production was higher in the PTMs than in AGMs, with the caveat that rapid disease progression in PTMs was strongly associated with lack of anti-SIV Ab. Neutralization titers and the avidity and maturation of immune responses did not differ between pathogenic and nonpathogenic infections, with the exception of the conformational epitope recognition, which evolved from low to high conformations in the natural host. The patterns of humoral immune responses in the natural host are therefore more similar to those observed in HIV-infected subjects, suggesting that natural hosts may be more appropriate for modeling the immunization strategies aimed at preventing HIV disease progression. The numerous differences between the pathogenic and nonpathogenic infections with regard to dynamics of the memory B cell subsets point to their role in the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV infections and suggest that monitoring B cells may be a reliable approach for assessing disease progression.IMPORTANCE We report here that the HIV/SIV-associated B cell dysfunction (defined by loss of total and memory B cells, increased B regulatory cell [Breg] counts, and B cell activation and apoptosis) is specifically associated with pathogenic SIV infection and absent during the course of nonpathogenic SIV infection in natural nonhuman primate hosts. Alterations of the B cell population are not correlated with production of neutralizing antibodies, the levels of which are similar in the two species. Rapid progressive infections are associated with a severe impairment in SIV-specific antibody production. While we did not find major differences in avidity and maturation between the pathogenic and nonpathogenic SIV infections, we identified a major difference in conformational epitope recognition, with the nonpathogenic infection being characterized by an evolution from low to high conformations. B cell dysfunction should be considered in designing immunization strategies aimed at preventing HIV disease progression.
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