1
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Yildirim RM, Seli E. Mitochondria as determinants of reproductive senescence and competence: implications for diagnosis of embryo competence in assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod 2024:deae171. [PMID: 39066612 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deae171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are commonly recognized as the powerhouses of the cell, primarily responsible for energy production through oxidative phosphorylation. Alongside this vital function, they also play crucial roles in regulating calcium signaling, maintaining membrane potential, and modulating apoptosis. Their involvement in various cellular pathways becomes particularly evident during oogenesis and embryogenesis, where mitochondrial quantity, morphology, and distribution are tightly controlled. The efficiency of the mitochondrial network is maintained through multiple quality control mechanisms that are essential for reproductive success. These include mitochondrial unfolded protein response, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy. Not surprisingly, mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in infertility and ovarian aging, prompting investigation into mitochondria as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in assisted reproduction. To date, mitochondrial DNA copy number in oocytes, cumulus cells, and trophectoderm biopsies, and fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy-based assessment of NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide content have been explored as potential predictors of embryo competence, yielding limited success. Despite challenges in the clinical application of mitochondrial diagnostic strategies, these enigmatic organelles have a significant impact on reproduction, and their potential role as diagnostic targets in assisted reproduction is likely to remain an active area of investigation in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziye Melike Yildirim
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emre Seli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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2
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Goel D, Kumar S. Advancements in unravelling the fundamental function of the ATAD3 protein in multicellular organisms. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 93:101041. [PMID: 38909398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2024.101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
ATPase family AAA domain containing protein 3, commonly known as ATAD3 is a versatile mitochondrial protein that is involved in a large number of pathways. ATAD3 is a transmembrane protein that spans both the inner mitochondrial membrane and outer mitochondrial membrane. It, therefore, functions as a connecting link between the mitochondrial lumen and endoplasmic reticulum facilitating their cross-talk. ATAD3 contains an N-terminal domain which is amphipathic in nature and is inserted into the membranous space of the mitochondria, while the C-terminal domain is present towards the lumen of the mitochondria and contains the ATPase domain. ATAD3 is known to be involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, cholesterol transport, hormone synthesis, apoptosis and several other pathways. It has also been implicated to be involved in cancer and many neurological disorders making it an interesting target for extensive studies. This review aims to provide an updated comprehensive account of the role of ATAD3 in the mitochondria especially in lipid transport, mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum interactions, cancer and inhibition of mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goel
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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3
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Zhang C, Meng Y, Han J. Emerging roles of mitochondrial functions and epigenetic changes in the modulation of stem cell fate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:26. [PMID: 38212548 PMCID: PMC11072137 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria serve as essential organelles that play a key role in regulating stem cell fate. Mitochondrial dysfunction and stem cell exhaustion are two of the nine distinct hallmarks of aging. Emerging research suggests that epigenetic modification of mitochondria-encoded genes and the regulation of epigenetics by mitochondrial metabolites have an impact on stem cell aging or differentiation. Here, we review how key mitochondrial metabolites and behaviors regulate stem cell fate through an epigenetic approach. Gaining insight into how mitochondria regulate stem cell fate will help us manufacture and preserve clinical-grade stem cells under strict quality control standards, contributing to the development of aging-associated organ dysfunction and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junhong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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4
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Peng Y, Liu X, Liu X, Cheng X, Xia L, Qin L, Guan S, Wang Y, Wu X, Wu J, Yan D, Liu J, Zhang Y, Sun L, Liang J, Shang Y. RCCD1 promotes breast carcinogenesis through regulating hypoxia-associated mitochondrial homeostasis. Oncogene 2023; 42:3684-3697. [PMID: 37903896 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulator of chromosome condensation domain-containing protein 1 (RCCD1), previously reported as a partner of histone H3K36 demethylase KDM8 involved in chromosome segregation, has been identified as a potential driver for breast cancer in a recent transcriptome-wide association study. We report here that, unexpectedly, RCCD1 is also localized in mitochondria. We show that RCCD1 resides in the mitochondrial matrix, where it interacts with the mitochondrial contact site/cristae organizing system (MICOS) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to regulate mtDNA transcription, oxidative phosphorylation, and the production of reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, RCCD1 is upregulated under hypoxic conditions, leading to decreased generation of reactive oxygen species and alleviated apoptosis favoring cancer cell survival. We show that RCCD1 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and accelerates breast tumor growth in vivo. Indeed, RCCD1 is overexpressed in breast carcinomas, and its level of expression is associated with aggressive breast cancer phenotypes and poor patient survival. Our study reveals an additional dimension of RCCD1 functionality in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis, whose dysregulation inflicts pathologic states such as breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Leyi Qin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Sudun Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Luyang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongfeng Shang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 100069, Beijing, China.
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5
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Nusir A, Sinclair P, Kabbani N. Mitochondrial Proteomes in Neural Cells: A Systematic Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1638. [PMID: 38002320 PMCID: PMC10669788 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are ancient endosymbiotic double membrane organelles that support a wide range of eukaryotic cell functions through energy, metabolism, and cellular control. There are over 1000 known proteins that either reside within the mitochondria or are transiently associated with it. These mitochondrial proteins represent a functional subcellular protein network (mtProteome) that is encoded by mitochondrial and nuclear genomes and significantly varies between cell types and conditions. In neurons, the high metabolic demand and differential energy requirements at the synapses are met by specific modifications to the mtProteome, resulting in alterations in the expression and functional properties of the proteins involved in energy production and quality control, including fission and fusion. The composition of mtProteomes also impacts the localization of mitochondria in axons and dendrites with a growing number of neurodegenerative diseases associated with changes in mitochondrial proteins. This review summarizes the findings on the composition and properties of mtProteomes important for mitochondrial energy production, calcium and lipid signaling, and quality control in neural cells. We highlight strategies in mass spectrometry (MS) proteomic analysis of mtProteomes from cultured cells and tissue. The research into mtProteome composition and function provides opportunities in biomarker discovery and drug development for the treatment of metabolic and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Nusir
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
| | - Patricia Sinclair
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;
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6
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Fu Y, Sacco O, DeBitetto E, Kanshin E, Ueberheide B, Sfeir A. Mitochondrial DNA breaks activate an integrated stress response to reestablish homeostasis. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3740-3753.e9. [PMID: 37832546 PMCID: PMC11229056 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA double-strand breaks (mtDSBs) lead to the degradation of circular genomes and a reduction in copy number; yet, the cellular response in human cells remains elusive. Here, using mitochondrial-targeted restriction enzymes, we show that a subset of cells with mtDSBs exhibited defective mitochondrial protein import, reduced respiratory complexes, and loss of membrane potential. Electron microscopy confirmed the altered mitochondrial membrane and cristae ultrastructure. Intriguingly, mtDSBs triggered the integrated stress response (ISR) via the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) by DELE1 and heme-regulated eIF2α kinase (HRI). When ISR was inhibited, the cells experienced intensified mitochondrial defects and slower mtDNA recovery post-breakage. Lastly, through proteomics, we identified ATAD3A-a membrane-bound protein interacting with nucleoids-as potentially pivotal in relaying signals from impaired genomes to the inner mitochondrial membrane. In summary, our study delineates the cascade connecting damaged mitochondrial genomes to the cytoplasm and highlights the significance of the ISR in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis amid genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Cell Biology Department, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivia Sacco
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emily DeBitetto
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Evgeny Kanshin
- Proteomics Laboratory, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Laboratory, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Agnel Sfeir
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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7
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Grady CI, Walsh LM, Heiss JD. Mitoepigenetics and gliomas: epigenetic alterations to mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA alter mtDNA expression and contribute to glioma pathogenicity. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1154753. [PMID: 37332990 PMCID: PMC10270738 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1154753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms allow cells to fine-tune gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. For decades, it has been known that mitochondria have genetic material. Still, only recently have studies shown that epigenetic factors regulate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene expression. Mitochondria regulate cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and energy metabolism, all critical areas of dysfunction in gliomas. Methylation of mtDNA, alterations in mtDNA packaging via mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and regulation of mtDNA transcription via the micro-RNAs (mir 23-b) and long noncoding RNAs [RNA mitochondrial RNA processing (RMRP)] have all been identified as contributing to glioma pathogenicity. Developing new interventions interfering with these pathways may improve glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare I. Grady
- Neurosurgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa M. Walsh
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John D. Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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8
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The potential role of environmental factors in modulating mitochondrial DNA epigenetic marks. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 122:107-145. [PMID: 36863791 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Many studies implicate mitochondrial dysfunction in the development and progression of numerous chronic diseases. Mitochondria are responsible for most cellular energy production, and unlike other cytoplasmic organelles, mitochondria contain their own genome. Most research to date, through investigating mitochondrial DNA copy number, has focused on larger structural changes or alterations to the entire mitochondrial genome and their role in human disease. Using these methods, mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to cancers, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic health. However, like the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial genome may experience epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation that may partially explain some of the health effects of various exposures. Recently, there has been a movement to understand human health and disease within the context of the exposome, which aims to describe and quantify the entirety of all exposures people encounter throughout their lives. These include, among others, environmental pollutants, occupational exposures, heavy metals, and lifestyle and behavioral factors. In this chapter, we summarize the current research on mitochondria and human health, provide an overview of the current knowledge on mitochondrial epigenetics, and describe the experimental and epidemiologic studies that have investigated particular exposures and their relationships with mitochondrial epigenetic modifications. We conclude the chapter with suggestions for future directions in epidemiologic and experimental research that is needed to advance the growing field of mitochondrial epigenetics.
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9
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Molano-Fernández M, Hickson ID, Herranz H. Cyclin E overexpression in the Drosophila accessory gland induces tissue dysplasia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:992253. [PMID: 36704199 PMCID: PMC9871066 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.992253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the cell division cycle is governed by a complex network of factors that together ensure that growing or proliferating cells maintain a stable genome. Defects in this system can lead to genomic instability that can affect tissue homeostasis and thus compromise human health. Variations in ploidy and cell heterogeneity are observed frequently in human cancers. Here, we examine the consequences of upregulating the cell cycle regulator Cyclin E in the Drosophila melanogaster male accessory gland. The accessory gland is the functional analog of the human prostate. This organ is composed of a postmitotic epithelium that is emerging as a powerful in vivo system for modelling different aspects of tumor initiation and progression. We show that Cyclin E upregulation in this model is sufficient to drive tissue dysplasia. Cyclin E overexpression drives endoreplication and affects DNA integrity, which results in heterogeneous nuclear and cellular composition and variable degrees of DNA damage. We present evidence showing that, despite the presence of genotoxic stress, those cells are resistant to apoptosis and thus defective cells are not eliminated from the tissue. We also show that Cyclin E-expressing cells in the accessory gland display mitochondrial DNA aggregates that colocalize with Cyclin E protein. Together, the findings presented here show that Cyclin E upregulation in postmitotic cells of the accessory gland organ causes cellular defects such as genomic instability and mitochondrial defects, eventually leading to tissue dysplasia. This study highlights novel mechanisms by which Cyclin E might contribute to disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Molano-Fernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian D. Hickson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Héctor Herranz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Héctor Herranz,
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10
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Marszalek J, Craig EA, Tomiczek B. J-Domain Proteins Orchestrate the Multifunctionality of Hsp70s in Mitochondria: Insights from Mechanistic and Evolutionary Analyses. Subcell Biochem 2023; 101:293-318. [PMID: 36520311 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14740-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial J-domain protein (JDP) co-chaperones orchestrate the function of their Hsp70 chaperone partner(s) in critical organellar processes that are essential for cell function. These include folding, refolding, and import of mitochondrial proteins, maintenance of mitochondrial DNA, and biogenesis of iron-sulfur cluster(s) (FeS), prosthetic groups needed for function of mitochondrial and cytosolic proteins. Consistent with the organelle's endosymbiotic origin, mitochondrial Hsp70 and the JDPs' functioning in protein folding and FeS biogenesis clearly descended from bacteria, while the origin of the JDP involved in protein import is less evident. Regardless of their origin, all mitochondrial JDP/Hsp70 systems evolved unique features that allowed them to perform mitochondria-specific functions. Their modes of functional diversification and specialization illustrate the versatility of JDP/Hsp70 systems and inform our understanding of system functioning in other cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Marszalek
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Elizabeth A Craig
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Bartlomiej Tomiczek
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Lee JH, Hussain M, Kim EW, Cheng SJ, Leung AKL, Fakouri NB, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Mitochondrial PARP1 regulates NAD +-dependent poly ADP-ribosylation of mitochondrial nucleoids. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:2135-2147. [PMID: 36473936 PMCID: PMC9794712 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PARPs play fundamental roles in multiple DNA damage recognition and repair pathways. Persistent nuclear PARP activation causes cellular NAD+ depletion and exacerbates cellular aging. However, very little is known about mitochondrial PARP (mtPARP) and poly ADP-ribosylation (PARylation). The existence of mtPARP is controversial, and the biological roles of mtPARP-induced mitochondrial PARylation are unclear. Here, we demonstrate the presence of PARP1 and PARylation in purified mitochondria. The addition of the PARP1 substrate NAD+ to isolated mitochondria induced PARylation, which was suppressed by treatment with the inhibitor olaparib. Mitochondrial PARylation was also evaluated by enzymatic labeling of terminal ADP-ribose (ELTA). To further confirm the presence of mtPARP1, we evaluated mitochondrial nucleoid PARylation by ADP ribose-chromatin affinity purification (ADPr-ChAP) and PARP1 chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). We observed that NAD+ stimulated PARylation and TFAM occupancy on the mtDNA regulatory region D-loop, inducing mtDNA transcription. These findings suggest that PARP1 is integrally involved in mitochondrial PARylation and that NAD+-dependent mtPARP1 activity contributes to mtDNA transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyuk Lee
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, 31404, USA
| | - Mansoor Hussain
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Edward W Kim
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Shang-Jung Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Departments of Oncology, Genetics Medicine, Molecular Biology & Genetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nima Borhan Fakouri
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Computational Biology and Genomic Core Facility, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
- Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Abd Radzak SM, Mohd Khair SZN, Ahmad F, Patar A, Idris Z, Mohamed Yusoff AA. Insights regarding mitochondrial DNA copy number alterations in human cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:104. [PMID: 35713211 PMCID: PMC9304817 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the critical organelles involved in various cellular functions. Mitochondrial biogenesis is activated by multiple cellular mechanisms which require a synchronous regulation between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA). The mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is a proxy indicator for mitochondrial activity, and its alteration reflects mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Despite the precise mechanisms that modulate the amount and composition of mtDNA, which have not been fully elucidated, mtDNA-CN is known to influence numerous cellular pathways that are associated with cancer and as well as multiple other diseases. In addition, the utility of current technology in measuring mtDNA-CN contributes to its extensive assessment of diverse traits and tumorigenesis. The present review provides an overview of mtDNA-CN variations across human cancers and an extensive summary of the existing knowledge on the regulation and machinery of mtDNA-CN. The current information on the advanced methods used for mtDNA-CN assessment is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Muslihah Abd Radzak
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zulaikha Nashwa Mohd Khair
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Farizan Ahmad
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Azim Patar
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Zamzuri Idris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
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13
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Almannai M, Salah A, El-Hattab AW. Mitochondrial Membranes and Mitochondrial Genome: Interactions and Clinical Syndromes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060625. [PMID: 35736332 PMCID: PMC9229594 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are surrounded by two membranes; the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane. They are unique organelles since they have their own DNA, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is replicated continuously. Mitochondrial membranes have direct interaction with mtDNA and are therefore involved in organization of the mitochondrial genome. They also play essential roles in mitochondrial dynamics and the supply of nucleotides for mtDNA synthesis. In this review, we will discuss how the mitochondrial membranes interact with mtDNA and how this interaction is essential for mtDNA maintenance. We will review different mtDNA maintenance disorders that result from defects in this crucial interaction. Finally, we will review therapeutic approaches relevant to defects in mitochondrial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Genetics and Precision Medicine Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, Riyadh P.O. Box 22490, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Azza Salah
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 72772, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ayman W. El-Hattab
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 72772, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Genetics and Metabolic Department, KidsHeart Medical Center, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 505193, United Arab Emirates
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14
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Monitoring DNA polymerase β mitochondrial localization and dynamics. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 116:103357. [PMID: 35717762 PMCID: PMC9253048 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mouse fibroblasts lacking (null) DNA polymerase β (pol β) were transfected with fluorescently tagged pol β and stained with biomarkers to allow visualization within living cells by confocal microscopy. Transient transfection resulted in varying pol β expression levels. Separating cells into three groups based on pol β fluorescence intensity and morphological distribution, permitted analysis of the concentration dependence and spatial distribution of cytoplasmic pol β. Colocalization between pol β and mitochondria was pol β concentration dependent. A decrease in overlap with nucleoids containing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was observed at the highest pol β intensity where pol β exhibits a tubular appearance, suggesting the ability to load elevated levels of pol β into mitochondria readily available for relocation to damaged mtDNA. The dynamics of pol β and mitochondrial nucleoids were followed by confocal recording of time series images. Two populations of mitochondrial nucleoids were observed, with and without pol β. Micro-irradiation, known to form DNA single-strand breaks, in a line across nucleus and cytoplasm of pol β stably transfected cells enhanced apparent localization of pol β with mitochondria in the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm near the nuclear membrane. Exposure of pol β expressing cells to H2O2 resulted in a time-dependent increase in cytoplasmic pol β observed by immunofluorescence analysis of fixed cells. Further screening revealed increased levels of colocalization of pol β with a mitochondrial probe and an increase in oxidative DNA damage in the cytoplasm. ELISA quantification confirmed an increase of an oxidative mitochondrial base lesion, 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine, after H2O2 treatment. Taken together, the results suggest that pol β is recruited to mitochondria in response to oxidatively-induced mtDNA damage to participate in mtDNA repair.
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15
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Proteomic analysis of the mitochondrial glucocorticoid receptor interacting proteins reveals pyruvate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial 60 kDa heat shock protein as potent binding partners. J Proteomics 2022; 257:104509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Criscuolo D, Avolio R, Matassa DS, Esposito F. Targeting Mitochondrial Protein Expression as a Future Approach for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:797265. [PMID: 34888254 PMCID: PMC8650000 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.797265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive metabolic remodeling is a fundamental feature of cancer cells. Although early reports attributed such remodeling to a loss of mitochondrial functions, it is now clear that mitochondria play central roles in cancer development and progression, from energy production to synthesis of macromolecules, from redox modulation to regulation of cell death. Biosynthetic pathways are also heavily affected by the metabolic rewiring, with protein synthesis dysregulation at the hearth of cellular transformation. Accumulating evidence in multiple organisms shows that the metabolic functions of mitochondria are tightly connected to protein synthesis, being assembly and activity of respiratory complexes highly dependent on de novo synthesis of their components. In turn, protein synthesis within the organelle is tightly connected with the cytosolic process. This implies an entire network of interactions and fine-tuned regulations that build up a completely under-estimated level of complexity. We are now only preliminarily beginning to reconstitute such regulatory level in human cells, and to perceive its role in diseases. Indeed, disruption or alterations of these connections trigger conditions of proteotoxic and energetic stress that could be potentially exploited for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we summarize the available literature on the coordinated regulation of mitochondrial and cytosolic mRNA translation, and their effects on the integrity of the mitochondrial proteome and functions. Finally, we highlight the potential held by this topic for future research directions and for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Criscuolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Avolio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo Swann Matassa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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17
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Allkanjari K, Baldock RA. Beyond base excision repair: an evolving picture of mitochondrial DNA repair. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20211320. [PMID: 34608928 PMCID: PMC8527207 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly specialised organelles required for key cellular processes including ATP production through cellular respiration and controlling cell death via apoptosis. Unlike other organelles, mitochondria contain their own DNA genome which encodes both protein and RNA required for cellular respiration. Each cell may contain hundreds to thousands of copies of the mitochondrial genome, which is essential for normal cellular function - deviation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is associated with cellular ageing and disease. Furthermore, mtDNA lesions can arise from both endogenous or exogenous sources and must either be tolerated or corrected to preserve mitochondrial function. Importantly, replication of damaged mtDNA can lead to stalling and introduction of mutations or genetic loss, mitochondria have adapted mechanisms to repair damaged DNA. These mechanisms rely on nuclear-encoded DNA repair proteins that are translocated into the mitochondria. Despite the presence of many known nuclear DNA repair proteins being found in the mitochondrial proteome, it remains to be established which DNA repair mechanisms are functional in mammalian mitochondria. Here, we summarise the existing and emerging research, alongside examining proteomic evidence, demonstrating that mtDNA damage can be repaired using Base Excision Repair (BER), Homologous Recombination (HR) and Microhomology-mediated End Joining (MMEJ). Critically, these repair mechanisms do not operate in isolation and evidence for interplay between pathways and repair associated with replication is discussed. Importantly, characterising non-canonical functions of key proteins and understanding the bespoke pathways used to tolerate, repair or bypass DNA damage will be fundamental in fully understanding the causes of mitochondrial genome mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Allkanjari
- Formerly: Solent University Southampton, East Park Terrace, Southampton, SO14 0YN, UK
| | - Robert A. Baldock
- School of Natural and Social Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Francis Close Hall, Swindon Road, Cheltenham GL50 4AZ, UK
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18
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Mahapatra K, Banerjee S, De S, Mitra M, Roy P, Roy S. An Insight Into the Mechanism of Plant Organelle Genome Maintenance and Implications of Organelle Genome in Crop Improvement: An Update. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:671698. [PMID: 34447743 PMCID: PMC8383295 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.671698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the nuclear genome, plants possess two small extra chromosomal genomes in mitochondria and chloroplast, respectively, which contribute a small fraction of the organelles’ proteome. Both mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA have originated endosymbiotically and most of their prokaryotic genes were either lost or transferred to the nuclear genome through endosymbiotic gene transfer during the course of evolution. Due to their immobile nature, plant nuclear and organellar genomes face continuous threat from diverse exogenous agents as well as some reactive by-products or intermediates released from various endogenous metabolic pathways. These factors eventually affect the overall plant growth and development and finally productivity. The detailed mechanism of DNA damage response and repair following accumulation of various forms of DNA lesions, including single and double-strand breaks (SSBs and DSBs) have been well documented for the nuclear genome and now it has been extended to the organelles also. Recently, it has been shown that both mitochondria and chloroplast possess a counterpart of most of the nuclear DNA damage repair pathways and share remarkable similarities with different damage repair proteins present in the nucleus. Among various repair pathways, homologous recombination (HR) is crucial for the repair as well as the evolution of organellar genomes. Along with the repair pathways, various other factors, such as the MSH1 and WHIRLY family proteins, WHY1, WHY2, and WHY3 are also known to be involved in maintaining low mutation rates and structural integrity of mitochondrial and chloroplast genome. SOG1, the central regulator in DNA damage response in plants, has also been found to mediate endoreduplication and cell-cycle progression through chloroplast to nucleus retrograde signaling in response to chloroplast genome instability. Various proteins associated with the maintenance of genome stability are targeted to both nuclear and organellar compartments, establishing communication between organelles as well as organelles and nucleus. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of DNA damage repair and inter compartmental crosstalk mechanism in various sub-cellular organelles following induction of DNA damage and identification of key components of such signaling cascades may eventually be translated into strategies for crop improvement under abiotic and genotoxic stress conditions. This review mainly highlights the current understanding as well as the importance of different aspects of organelle genome maintenance mechanisms in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Mahapatra
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Samrat Banerjee
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Sayanti De
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Mehali Mitra
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Pinaki Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Sujit Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
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19
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Zhou Z, Goodrich JM, Strakovsky RS. Mitochondrial Epigenetics and Environmental Health: Making a Case for Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. Toxicol Sci 2021; 178:16-25. [PMID: 32777053 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies implicate mitochondrial dysfunction in the development and progression of numerous chronic diseases, which may be partially due to modifications in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). There is also mounting evidence that epigenetic modifications to mtDNA may be an additional layer of regulation that controls mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Several environmental factors (eg, smoking, air pollution) have been associated with altered mtDNA methylation in a handful of mechanistic studies and in observational human studies. However, little is understood about other environmental contaminants that induce mtDNA epigenetic changes. Numerous environmental toxicants are classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Beyond their actions on hormonal pathways, EDC exposure is associated with elevated oxidative stress, which may occur through or result in mitochondrial dysfunction. Although only a few studies have assessed the impacts of EDCs on mtDNA methylation, the current review provides reasons to consider mtDNA epigenetic disruption as a mechanism of action of EDCs and reviews potential limitations related to currently available evidence. First, there is sufficient evidence that EDCs (including bisphenols and phthalates) directly target mitochondrial function, and more direct evidence is needed to connect this to mtDNA methylation. Second, these and other EDCs are potent modulators of nuclear DNA epigenetics, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. Finally, EDCs have been shown to disrupt several modulators of mtDNA methylation, including DNA methyltransferases and the mitochondrial transcription factor A/nuclear respiratory factor 1 pathway. Taken together, these studies highlight the need for future research evaluating mtDNA epigenetic disruption by EDCs and to detail specific mechanisms responsible for such disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jaclyn M Goodrich
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Rita S Strakovsky
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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20
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Pérez-Muñoz AA, de Lourdes Muñoz M, García-Hernández N, Santander-Lucio H. A New Approach to Identify the Methylation Sites in the Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA. Curr Mol Med 2021; 21:151-164. [PMID: 32484108 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200528154005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) methylation has the potential to be used as a biomarker of human development or disease. However, mtDNA methylation procedures are costly and time-consuming. Therefore, we developed a new approach based on an RT-PCR assay for the base site identification of methylated cytosine in the control region of mtDNA through a simple, fast, specific, and low-cost strategy. Total DNA was purified, and methylation was determined by RT-PCR bisulfite sequencing. This procedure included the DNA purification, bisulfite treatment and RT-PCR amplification of the control region divided into three subregions with specific primers. Sequences obtained with and without the bisulfite treatment were compared to identify the methylated cytosine dinucleotides. Furthermore, the efficiency of C to U conversion of cytosines was assessed by including a negative control. Interestingly, mtDNA methylation was observed mainly within non-Cphosphate- G (non-CpG) dinucleotides and mostly in the regions containing regulatory elements, such as OH or CSBI, CSBII, and CSBIII. This new approach will promote the generation of new information regarding mtDNA methylation patterns in samples from patients with different pathologies or that are exposed to a toxic environment in diverse human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashael Alfredo Pérez-Muñoz
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Research and Advanced Studies Center of National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV of IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María de Lourdes Muñoz
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Research and Advanced Studies Center of National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV of IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Normand García-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Genetica Humana, Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Pediatria "Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freund", Centro Medico Nacional "Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Heriberto Santander-Lucio
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Research and Advanced Studies Center of National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV of IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Sercel AJ, Carlson NM, Patananan AN, Teitell MA. Mitochondrial DNA Dynamics in Reprogramming to Pluripotency. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:311-323. [PMID: 33422359 PMCID: PMC7954944 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells, with the exception of erythrocytes, harbor mitochondria, which are organelles that provide energy, intermediate metabolites, and additional activities to sustain cell viability, replication, and function. Mitochondria contain multiple copies of a circular genome called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whose individual sequences are rarely identical (homoplasmy) because of inherited or sporadic mutations that result in multiple mtDNA genotypes (heteroplasmy). Here, we examine potential mechanisms for maintenance or shifts in heteroplasmy that occur in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated by cellular reprogramming, and further discuss manipulations that can alter heteroplasmy to impact stem and differentiated cell performance. This additional insight will assist in developing more robust iPSC-based models of disease and differentiated cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Sercel
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Natasha M Carlson
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, CA, USA 91330; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Alexander N Patananan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095.
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22
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Ghazal N, Peoples JN, Mohiuddin TA, Kwong JQ. Mitochondrial functional resilience after TFAM ablation in the adult heart. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C929-C942. [PMID: 33760663 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00508.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear genome-encoded mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription factor A (TFAM) is indispensable for mitochondrial energy production in the developing and postnatal heart; a similar role for TFAM is inferred in adult heart. Here, we provide evidence that challenges this long-standing paradigm. Unexpectedly, conditional Tfam ablation in vivo in adult mouse cardiomyocytes resulted in a prolonged period of functional resilience characterized by preserved mtDNA content, mitochondrial function, and cardiac function, despite mitochondrial structural alterations and decreased transcript abundance. Remarkably, TFAM protein levels did not directly dictate mtDNA content in the adult heart, and mitochondrial translation was preserved with acute TFAM inactivation, suggesting maintenance of respiratory chain assembly/function. Long-term Tfam inactivation, however, downregulated the core mtDNA transcription and replication machinery, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyopathy. Collectively, in contrast to the developing heart, these data reveal a striking resilience of the differentiated adult heart to acute insults to mtDNA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasab Ghazal
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica N Peoples
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jennifer Q Kwong
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
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23
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Natarajan GK, Mishra J, Camara AKS, Kwok WM. LETM1: A Single Entity With Diverse Impact on Mitochondrial Metabolism and Cellular Signaling. Front Physiol 2021; 12:637852. [PMID: 33815143 PMCID: PMC8012663 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.637852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 2 decades since its discovery as one of the genes responsible for the Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS), the primary function of the leucine-zipper EF-hand containing transmembrane 1 (LETM1) protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) or the mechanism by which it regulates mitochondrial Ca2+ handling is unresolved. Meanwhile, LETM1 has been associated with the regulation of fundamental cellular processes, such as development, cellular respiration and metabolism, and apoptosis. This mini-review summarizes the diversity of cellular functions impacted by LETM1 and highlights the multiple roles of LETM1 in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri K Natarajan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jyotsna Mishra
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Amadou K S Camara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Wai-Meng Kwok
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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24
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Dumoulin B, Ufer C, Kuhn H, Sofi S. Expression Regulation, Protein Chemistry and Functional Biology of the Guanine-Rich Sequence Binding Factor 1 (GRSF1). J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166922. [PMID: 33713675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells RNA-binding proteins have been implicated in virtually all post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene expression regulation. Based on the structural features of their RNA binding domains these proteins have been divided into several subfamilies. The presence of at least two RNA recognition motifs defines the group of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins H/F and one of its members is the guanine-rich sequence binding factor 1 (GRSF1). GRSF1 was first described 25 years ago and is widely distributed in eukaryotic cells. It is present in the nucleus, the cytoplasm and in mitochondria and has been implicated in a variety of physiological processes (embryogenesis, erythropoiesis, redox homeostasis, RNA metabolism) but also in the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review summarizes our current understanding on GRSF1 biology, critically discusses the literature reports and gives an outlook of future developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Dumoulin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Ufer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sajad Sofi
- University of York, Department of Biology, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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25
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The mechanism and prevention of mitochondrial injury after exercise. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:215-225. [PMID: 33650090 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
With the development of society, physical activity has come to be an effective means by which people pursue good health to improve the quality of life. However, with the increase of intensity and the passage of time, exercise injury has become a hazard that can no longer be ignored. It is imperative to find effective ways to inhibit or reduce the negative effects of exercise. Mitochondria are important organelles involved in exercise and play an important role in exercise injury and prevention. Studies have found that exercise preconditioning and increased mitochondrial nutrition can effectively decrease mitochondrial damage after exercise. Against this background, some of the newest developments in this important field are reviewed here. The results discussed indicate that exercise preconditioning and supplement mitochondrial nutrition need to be increased to prevent exercise-related injuries.
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26
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Proteomic Profiling of Cerebrum Mitochondria, Myelin Sheath, and Synaptosome Revealed Mitochondrial Damage and Synaptic Impairments in Association with 3 × Tg-AD Mice Model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1745-1763. [PMID: 33560469 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-associated dementia with complex pathological hallmarks. Mitochondrion, synaptosome, and myelin sheath appear to be vulnerable and play a key role in the pathogenesis of AD. To clarify the early mechanism associated with AD, followed by subcellular components separation, we performed iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)-based proteomics analysis to simultaneously investigate the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) within the mitochondria, synaptosome, and myelin sheath in the cerebrum of the 6-month-old triple transgenic AD (3 × Tg-AD) and 6-month-old wild-type (WT) mice. A large number of DEPs between the AD and WT mice were identified. Most of them are related to mitochondria and synaptic dysfunction and cytoskeletal protein change. Differential expressions of Lrpprc, Nefl, and Sirpa were verified by Western blot analysis. The results suggest that decreased energy metabolism, impaired amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis, increase compensatory fatty acid metabolism, up-regulated cytoskeletal protein expression, and oxidative stress are the early events of AD. Among these, mitochondrial damage, synaptic dysfunction, decreased energy metabolism, and abnormal amino acid metabolism are the most significant events. The results indicate that it is feasible to separate and simultaneously perform proteomics analysis on the three subcellular components.
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27
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Melicher D, Illés A, Littvay L, Tárnoki ÁD, Tárnoki DL, Bikov A, Kunos L, Csabán D, Buzás EI, Molnár MJ, Falus A. Positive association and future perspectives of mitochondrial DNA copy number and telomere length - a pilot twin study. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:1191-1199. [PMID: 34522248 PMCID: PMC8425227 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.83173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent experimental and population studies have highlighted the existence of telomere-mitochondria interplay. Besides studies revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying the associations of telomere defects and mitochondrial functions, investigations of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) and telomere length (TL) in healthy and disease phenotypes have likewise begun, with the aim of gaining more insights about their relationship in humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 142 asymptomatic adult twins, comprising 96 monozygotic (MZ) and 46 dizygotic (DZ) twins (mean age: 50.54 ±15.43 years), members of the Hungarian Twin Registry, were included in the analysis. Applying the qPCR standard curve method, we investigated the relationship of mtDNA copy number, telomere length and clinical data, besides assessing co-twin similarities of MZ and DZ twins for their mtDNAcn and TL measures. RESULTS We found that twins were similar in their intraclass correlation coefficients irrespective of zygosity, suggesting a possibly more important role of common (shared) environmental factors compared to non-shared (unique) environmental and to a smaller degree also individual genetic influences. We confirmed a significant positive association between mtDNAcn and TL (r = 0.28, p < 0.01) in age- and sex-corrected analysis. Following bivariate estimates and correction with significant predictors, the independent positive associations were further verified. CONCLUSIONS Our results extend the until now modest number of studies investigating mtDNAcn and TL simultaneously in humans. In addition, we are the first to examine the relationship between mtDNAcn and telomere length in MZ and DZ twin subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Melicher
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Immunproteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group
- Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anett Illés
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Littvay
- Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary
- Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Domonkos Tárnoki
- Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Radiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid László Tárnoki
- Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Radiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Bikov
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Kunos
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Csabán
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Irén Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Immunproteogenomics Extracellular Vesicle Research Group
| | - Mária Judit Molnár
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Falus
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Prole DL, Chinnery PF, Jones NS. Visualizing, quantifying, and manipulating mitochondrial DNA in vivo. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17588-17601. [PMID: 33454000 PMCID: PMC7762947 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.015101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes proteins and RNAs that support the functions of mitochondria and thereby numerous physiological processes. Mutations of mtDNA can cause mitochondrial diseases and are implicated in aging. The mtDNA within cells is organized into nucleoids within the mitochondrial matrix, but how mtDNA nucleoids are formed and regulated within cells remains incompletely resolved. Visualization of mtDNA within cells is a powerful means by which mechanistic insight can be gained. Manipulation of the amount and sequence of mtDNA within cells is important experimentally and for developing therapeutic interventions to treat mitochondrial disease. This review details recent developments and opportunities for improvements in the experimental tools and techniques that can be used to visualize, quantify, and manipulate the properties of mtDNA within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Prole
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Nick S Jones
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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29
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Focus on Mitochondrial DNA. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120591. [PMID: 33321831 PMCID: PMC7763033 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the energy stations of the cell, are the only extranuclear organelles, containing their own (mitochondrial) DNA (mtDNA) and the protein synthesizing machinery. The location of mtDNA in close proximity to the oxidative phosphorylation system of the inner mitochondrial membrane, the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is an important factor responsible for its much higher mutation rate than nuclear DNA. Being more vulnerable to damage than nuclear DNA, mtDNA accumulates mutations, crucial for the development of mitochondrial dysfunction playing a key role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Good evidence exists that some mtDNA mutations are associated with increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the movement disorder resulted from the degenerative loss of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra. Although their direct impact on mitochondrial function/dysfunction needs further investigation, results of various studies performed using cells isolated from PD patients or their mitochondria (cybrids) suggest their functional importance. Studies involving mtDNA mutator mice also demonstrated the importance of mtDNA deletions, which could also originate from abnormalities induced by mutations in nuclear encoded proteins needed for mtDNA replication (e.g., polymerase γ). However, proteomic studies revealed only a few mitochondrial proteins encoded by mtDNA which were downregulated in various PD models. This suggests nuclear suppression of the mitochondrial defects, which obviously involve cross-talk between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes for maintenance of mitochondrial functioning.
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Cirigliano A, Amelina A, Biferali B, Macone A, Mozzetta C, Bianchi MM, Mori M, Botta B, Pick E, Negri R, Rinaldi T. Statins interfere with the attachment of S. cerevisiae mtDNA to the inner mitochondrial membrane. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:129-137. [PMID: 31694426 PMCID: PMC6844431 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1687461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme of the mevalonate pathway for the synthesis of cholesterol in mammals (ergosterol in fungi), is inhibited by statins, a class of cholesterol lowering drugs. Indeed, statins are in a wide medical use, yet statins treatment could induce side effects as hepatotoxicity and myopathy in patients. We used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model to investigate the effects of statins on mitochondria. We demonstrate that statins are active in S.cerevisiae by lowering the ergosterol content in cells and interfering with the attachment of mitochondrial DNA to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Experiments on murine myoblasts confirmed these results in mammals. We propose that the instability of mitochondrial DNA is an early indirect target of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cirigliano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia Amelina
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Biferali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Mozzetta
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Maria Bianchi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elah Pick
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa at Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Rinaldi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy
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31
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Ma MJL, Yakovenko S, Zhang H, Cheng SH, Apryshko V, Zhavoronkov A, Jiang P, Chan KCA, Chiu RWK, Lo YMD. Fetal mitochondrial DNA in maternal plasma in surrogate pregnancies: Detection and topology. Prenat Diagn 2020; 41:368-375. [PMID: 33140416 PMCID: PMC7984455 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Due to the maternally‐inherited nature of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), there is a lack of information regarding fetal mtDNA in the plasma of pregnant women. We aim to explore the presence and topologic forms of circulating fetal and maternal mtDNA molecules in surrogate pregnancies. Methods Genotypic differences between fetal and surrogate maternal mtDNA were used to identify the fetal and maternal mtDNA molecules in plasma. Plasma samples were obtained from the surrogate pregnant mothers. Using cleavage‐end signatures of BfaI restriction enzyme, linear and circular mtDNA molecules in maternal plasma could be differentiated. Results Fetal‐derived mtDNA molecules were mainly linear (median: 88%; range: 80%–96%), whereas approximately half of the maternal‐derived mtDNA molecules were circular (median: 51%; range: 42%–60%). The fetal DNA fraction of linear mtDNA was lower (median absolute difference: 9.8%; range: 1.1%–27%) than that of nuclear DNA (median: 20%; range: 9.7%–35%). The fetal‐derived linear mtDNA molecules were shorter than the maternal‐derived ones. Conclusion Fetal mtDNA is present in maternal plasma, and consists mainly of linear molecules. Surrogate pregnancies represent a valuable clinical scenario for exploring the biology and potential clinical applications of circulating mtDNA, for example, for pregnancies conceived following mitochondrial replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Jane L Ma
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sergey Yakovenko
- Altravita IVF-clinic, ECO Center, Moscow, Russia.,Biophysics Department, Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Haiqiang Zhang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suk Hang Cheng
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine Ltd, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peiyong Jiang
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - K C Allen Chan
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rossa W K Chiu
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y M Dennis Lo
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
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32
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The Origin of Mitochondria and their Role in the Evolution of Life and Human Health. ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2020. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2020-5.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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33
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Ben Maamar M, Beck D, Nilsson E, McCarrey JR, Skinner MK. Developmental origins of transgenerational sperm histone retention following ancestral exposures. Dev Biol 2020; 465:31-45. [PMID: 32628935 PMCID: PMC7484192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous environmental toxicants have been shown to induce the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease and phenotypic variation. Alterations in the germline epigenome are necessary to transmit transgenerational phenotypes. In previous studies, the pesticide DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and the agricultural fungicide vinclozolin were shown to promote the transgenerational inheritance of sperm differential DNA methylation regions, non-coding RNAs and histone retention, which are termed epimutations. These epimutations are able to mediate this epigenetic inheritance of disease and phenotypic variation. The current study was designed to investigate the developmental origins of the transgenerational differential histone retention sites (called DHRs) during gametogenesis of the sperm. Vinclozolin and DDT were independently used to promote the epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of these DHRs. Male control lineage, DDT lineage and vinclozolin lineage F3 generation rats were used to isolate round spermatids, caput epididymal spermatozoa, and caudal sperm. The DHRs distinguishing the control versus DDT lineage or vinclozolin lineage samples were determined at these three developmental stages. DHRs and a reproducible core of histone H3 retention sites were observed using an H3 chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) analysis in each of the germ cell populations. The chromosomal locations and genomic features of the DHRs were analyzed. A cascade of epigenetic histone retention site alterations was found to be initiated in the round spermatids and then further modified during epididymal sperm maturation. Observations show that in addition to alterations in sperm DNA methylation and ncRNA expression previously identified, the induction of differential histone retention sites (DHRs) in the later stages of spermatogenesis also occurs. This novel component of epigenetic programming during spermatogenesis can be environmentally altered and transmitted to subsequent generations through epigenetic transgenerational inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millissia Ben Maamar
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Daniel Beck
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Eric Nilsson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - John R McCarrey
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Michael K Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA.
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34
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Vozáriková V, Kunová N, Bauer JA, Frankovský J, Kotrasová V, Procházková K, Džugasová V, Kutejová E, Pevala V, Nosek J, Tomáška Ľ. Mitochondrial HMG-Box Containing Proteins: From Biochemical Properties to the Roles in Human Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081193. [PMID: 32824374 PMCID: PMC7463775 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules are packaged into compact nucleo-protein structures called mitochondrial nucleoids (mt-nucleoids). Their compaction is mediated in part by high-mobility group (HMG)-box containing proteins (mtHMG proteins), whose additional roles include the protection of mtDNA against damage, the regulation of gene expression and the segregation of mtDNA into daughter organelles. The molecular mechanisms underlying these functions have been identified through extensive biochemical, genetic, and structural studies, particularly on yeast (Abf2) and mammalian mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) mtHMG proteins. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the biochemical properties of mtHMG proteins, the structural basis of their interaction with DNA, their roles in various mtDNA transactions, and the evolutionary trajectories leading to their rapid diversification. We also describe how defects in the maintenance of mtDNA in cells with dysfunctional mtHMG proteins lead to different pathologies at the cellular and organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Vozáriková
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina B-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.V.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Nina Kunová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (N.K.); (J.A.B.); (V.K.); (E.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Jacob A. Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (N.K.); (J.A.B.); (V.K.); (E.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Ján Frankovský
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina B-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.V.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Veronika Kotrasová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (N.K.); (J.A.B.); (V.K.); (E.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Katarína Procházková
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina B-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.V.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Vladimíra Džugasová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina B-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.V.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (V.D.)
| | - Eva Kutejová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (N.K.); (J.A.B.); (V.K.); (E.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vladimír Pevala
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (N.K.); (J.A.B.); (V.K.); (E.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Jozef Nosek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina CH-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Ľubomír Tomáška
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Mlynská dolina B-1, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.V.); (J.F.); (K.P.); (V.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-90149-433
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35
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Dhar R. Role of Mitochondria in Generation of Phenotypic Heterogeneity in Yeast. J Indian Inst Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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36
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Little AC, Kovalenko I, Goo LE, Hong HS, Kerk SA, Yates JA, Purohit V, Lombard DB, Merajver SD, Lyssiotis CA. High-content fluorescence imaging with the metabolic flux assay reveals insights into mitochondrial properties and functions. Commun Biol 2020; 3:271. [PMID: 32472013 PMCID: PMC7260371 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flux technology with the Seahorse bioanalyzer has emerged as a standard technique in cellular metabolism studies, allowing for simultaneous kinetic measurements of respiration and glycolysis. Methods to extend the utility and versatility of the metabolic flux assay would undoubtedly have immediate and wide-reaching impacts. Herein, we describe a platform that couples the metabolic flux assay with high-content fluorescence imaging to simultaneously provide means for normalization of respiration data with cell number; analyze cell cycle distribution; and quantify mitochondrial content, fragmentation state, membrane potential, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Integration of fluorescent dyes directly into the metabolic flux assay generates a more complete data set of mitochondrial features in a single assay. Moreover, application of this integrated strategy revealed insights into mitochondrial function following PGC1a and PRC1 inhibition in pancreatic cancer and demonstrated how the Rho-GTPases impact mitochondrial dynamics in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Charles Little
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ilya Kovalenko
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Insitro Inc, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Laura Elaine Goo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hanna Sungok Hong
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Samuel Andrew Kerk
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joel Anthony Yates
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Vinee Purohit
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David Benner Lombard
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sofia Diana Merajver
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Costas Andreas Lyssiotis
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles in eukaryotes. Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and translated in the cytosol. Nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins need to be imported, processed, folded, and assembled into their functional states. To maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis), mitochondria are equipped with a distinct set of quality control machineries. Deficiencies in such systems lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a hallmark of aging and many human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the unique challenges and solutions of proteostasis in mitochondria. The import machinery coordinates with mitochondrial proteases and chaperones to maintain the mitochondrial proteome. Moreover, mitochondrial proteostasis depends on cytosolic protein quality control mechanisms during crises. In turn, mitochondria facilitate cytosolic proteostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that enhancing mitochondrial proteostasis may hold therapeutic potential to protect against protein aggregation-associated cellular defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Ruan
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Alexis Tomaszewski
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Joshua T McNamara
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology (BCMB) Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; , , , , ,
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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38
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Krupinska K, Blanco NE, Oetke S, Zottini M. Genome communication in plants mediated by organelle-n-ucleus-located proteins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190397. [PMID: 32362260 PMCID: PMC7209962 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of eukaryotic proteins have been shown to have a dual localization in the DNA-containing organelles, mitochondria and plastids, and/or the nucleus. Regulation of dual targeting and relocation of proteins from organelles to the nucleus offer the most direct means for communication between organelles as well as organelles and nucleus. Most of the mitochondrial proteins of animals have functions in DNA repair and gene expression by modelling of nucleoid architecture and/or chromatin. In plants, such proteins can affect replication and early development. Most plastid proteins with a confirmed or predicted second location in the nucleus are associated with the prokaryotic core RNA polymerase and are required for chloroplast development and light responses. Few plastid–nucleus-located proteins are involved in pathogen defence and cell cycle control. For three proteins, it has been clearly shown that they are first targeted to the organelle and then relocated to the nucleus, i.e. the nucleoid-associated proteins HEMERA and Whirly1 and the stroma-located defence protein NRIP1. Relocation to the nucleus can be experimentally demonstrated by plastid transformation leading to the synthesis of proteins with a tag that enables their detection in the nucleus or by fusions with fluoroproteins in different experimental set-ups. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolás E Blanco
- Centre of Photosynthetic and Biochemical Studies, Faculty of Biochemical Science and Pharmacy, National University of Rosario (CEFOBI/UNR-CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Svenja Oetke
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michela Zottini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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39
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Abstract
Ever since its discovery, the double-stranded DNA contained in the mitochondria of eukaryotes has fascinated researchers because of its bacterial endosymbiotic origin, crucial role in encoding subunits of the respiratory complexes, compact nature, and specific inheritance mechanisms. In the last few years, high-throughput sequencing techniques have accelerated the sequencing of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) and uncovered the great diversity of organizations, gene contents, and modes of replication and transcription found in living eukaryotes. Some early divergent lineages of unicellular eukaryotes retain certain synteny and gene content resembling those observed in the genomes of alphaproteobacteria (the inferred closest living group of mitochondria), whereas others adapted to anaerobic environments have drastically reduced or even lost the mitogenome. In the three main multicellular lineages of eukaryotes, mitogenomes have pursued diverse evolutionary trajectories in which different types of molecules (circular versus linear and single versus multipartite), gene structures (with or without self-splicing introns), gene contents, gene orders, genetic codes, and transfer RNA editing mechanisms have been selected. Whereas animals have evolved a rather compact mitochondrial genome between 11 and 50 Kb in length with a highly conserved gene content in bilaterians, plants exhibit large mitochondrial genomes of 66 Kb to 11.3 Mb with large intergenic repetitions prone to recombination, and fungal mitogenomes have intermediate sizes of 12 to 236 Kb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Zardoya
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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40
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Gibellini L, De Gaetano A, Mandrioli M, Van Tongeren E, Bortolotti CA, Cossarizza A, Pinti M. The biology of Lonp1: More than a mitochondrial protease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 354:1-61. [PMID: 32475470 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Initially discovered as a protease responsible for degradation of misfolded or damaged proteins, the mitochondrial Lon protease (Lonp1) turned out to be a multifaceted enzyme, that displays at least three different functions (proteolysis, chaperone activity, binding of mtDNA) and that finely regulates several cellular processes, within and without mitochondria. Indeed, LONP1 in humans is ubiquitously expressed, and is involved in regulation of response to oxidative stress and, heat shock, in the maintenance of mtDNA, in the regulation of mitophagy. Furthermore, its proteolytic activity can regulate several biochemical pathways occurring totally or partially within mitochondria, such as TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, steroid and heme biosynthesis and glutamine production. Because of these multiple activities, Lon protease is highly conserved throughout evolution, and mutations occurring in its gene determines severe diseases in humans, including a rare syndrome characterized by Cerebral, Ocular, Dental, Auricular and Skeletal anomalies (CODAS). Finally, alterations of LONP1 regulation in humans can favor tumor progression and aggressiveness, further highlighting the crucial role of this enzyme in mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Mauro Mandrioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elia Van Tongeren
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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41
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Reynolds JC, Bwiza CP, Lee C. Mitonuclear genomics and aging. Hum Genet 2020; 139:381-399. [PMID: 31997134 PMCID: PMC7147958 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our cells operate based on two distinct genomes that are enclosed in the nucleus and mitochondria. The mitochondrial genome presumably originates from endosymbiotic bacteria. With time, a large portion of the original genes in the bacterial genome is considered to have been lost or transferred to the nuclear genome, leaving a reduced 16.5 Kb circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Traditionally only 37 genes, including 13 proteins, were thought to be encoded within mtDNA, its genetic repertoire is expanding with the identification of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs). The biology of aging has been largely unveiled to be regulated by genes that are encoded in the nuclear genome, whereas the mitochondrial genome remained more cryptic. However, recent studies position mitochondria and mtDNA as an important counterpart to the nuclear genome, whereby the two organelles constantly regulate each other. Thus, the genomic network that regulates lifespan and/or healthspan is likely constituted by two unique, yet co-evolved, genomes. Here, we will discuss aspects of mitochondrial biology, especially mitochondrial communication that may add substantial momentum to aging research by accounting for both mitonuclear genomes to more comprehensively and inclusively map the genetic and molecular networks that govern aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Reynolds
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Conscience P Bwiza
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Changhan Lee
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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Pisetsky DS, Spencer DM, Mobarrez F, Fuzzi E, Gunnarsson I, Svenungsson E. The binding of SLE autoantibodies to mitochondria. Clin Immunol 2020; 212:108349. [PMID: 31982644 PMCID: PMC10538439 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by immune complexes. Because these complexes contain mitochondrial components, we assessed the presence of antibodies to whole mitochondria (wMITO) using an ELISA in which mitochondria from mouse liver are bound to microtiter plates pre-coated with poly-l-lysine. Studies with this ELISA demonstrated that SLE plasmas contain abundant anti-wMITO activity. While digestion with DNase 1 did not affect anti-wMITO activity, adsorption of plasma on DNA affinity columns could reduce binding activity. Assay for anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) by immunofluorescence and an ELISA with the M2 antigen (2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase protein complex) showed a low frequency of positivity, indicating that AMA and anti-wMITO are distinct specificities. In the study of 204 patients with SLE, the levels of anti-wMITO were higher in active SLE and correlated with levels of anti-DNA. These findings suggest that anti-wMITO can form immune complexes with mitochondria which may drive pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Pisetsky
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America; Medical Research Service, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America.
| | - Diane M Spencer
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Fariborz Mobarrez
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Enrico Fuzzi
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Nissanka N, Moraes CT. Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in disease and targeted nuclease-based therapeutic approaches. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49612. [PMID: 32073748 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes a subset of the genes which are responsible for oxidative phosphorylation. Pathogenic mutations in the human mtDNA are often heteroplasmic, where wild-type mtDNA species co-exist with the pathogenic mtDNA and a bioenergetic defect is only seen when the pathogenic mtDNA percentage surpasses a threshold for biochemical manifestations. mtDNA segregation during germline development can explain some of the extreme variation in heteroplasmy from one generation to the next. Patients with high heteroplasmy for deleterious mtDNA species will likely suffer from bona-fide mitochondrial diseases, which currently have no cure. Shifting mtDNA heteroplasmy toward the wild-type mtDNA species could provide a therapeutic option to patients. Mitochondrially targeted engineered nucleases, such as mitoTALENs and mitoZFNs, have been used in vitro in human cells harboring pathogenic patient-derived mtDNA mutations and more recently in vivo in a mouse model of a pathogenic mtDNA point mutation. These gene therapy tools for shifting mtDNA heteroplasmy can also be used in conjunction with other therapies aimed at eliminating and/or preventing the transfer of pathogenic mtDNA from mother to child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadee Nissanka
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Carlos T Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Prieto J, Ponsoda X, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Torres J. Mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism in induced pluripotency. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110870. [PMID: 32045634 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency by either ectopic expression of defined factors or exposure to chemical cocktails. During reprogramming, somatic cells undergo dramatic changes in a wide range of cellular processes, such as metabolism, mitochondrial morphology and function, cell signaling pathways or immortalization. Regulation of these processes during cell reprograming lead to the acquisition of a pluripotent state, which enables indefinite propagation by symmetrical self-renewal without losing the ability of reprogrammed cells to differentiate into all cell types of the adult. In this review, recent data from different laboratories showing how these processes are controlled during the phenotypic transformation of a somatic cell into a pluripotent stem cell will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Prieto
- Departamento Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Calle Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Xavier Ponsoda
- Departamento Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Calle Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Avenida de Menéndez y Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Josema Torres
- Departamento Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Universitat de València, Calle Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (INCLIVA), Avenida de Menéndez y Pelayo 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
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45
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Bottleneck and selection in the germline and maternal age influence transmission of mitochondrial DNA in human pedigrees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25172-25178. [PMID: 31757848 PMCID: PMC6911200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906331116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroplasmy-the presence of multiple mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes in an individual-can lead to numerous mitochondrial diseases. The presentation of such diseases depends on the frequency of the heteroplasmic variant in tissues, which, in turn, depends on the dynamics of mtDNA transmissions during germline and somatic development. Thus, understanding and predicting these dynamics between generations and within individuals is medically relevant. Here, we study patterns of heteroplasmy in 2 tissues from each of 345 humans in 96 multigenerational families, each with, at least, 2 siblings (a total of 249 mother-child transmissions). This experimental design has allowed us to estimate the timing of mtDNA mutations, drift, and selection with unprecedented precision. Our results are remarkably concordant between 2 complementary population-genetic approaches. We find evidence for a severe germline bottleneck (7-10 mtDNA segregating units) that occurs independently in different oocyte lineages from the same mother, while somatic bottlenecks are less severe. We demonstrate that divergence between mother and offspring increases with the mother's age at childbirth, likely due to continued drift of heteroplasmy frequencies in oocytes under meiotic arrest. We show that this period is also accompanied by mutation accumulation leading to more de novo mutations in children born to older mothers. We show that heteroplasmic variants at intermediate frequencies can segregate for many generations in the human population, despite the strong germline bottleneck. We show that selection acts during germline development to keep the frequency of putatively deleterious variants from rising. Our findings have important applications for clinical genetics and genetic counseling.
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46
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Mei H, Mei D, Yu H, Sun S, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Chai R, Li H. Increased mitochondrial DNA copy number protects hair cells and HEI‑OC1 cells against drug‑induced apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:338-346. [PMID: 31939628 PMCID: PMC6896317 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several factors trigger apoptosis in cochlear hair cells. Previous studies have shown that mitochondria play key roles in apoptosis, but the role of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) copy number in the pathogenesis of hair cell apoptosis remains largely unknown. We used mouse cochlear hair cells and House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells to explore the relationship between mtDNA copy number and cell apoptosis. We found that the mtDNA copy number of hair cells was reduced relative to mitochondrial mass and hypothesized that increasing it might have a protective effect. We then increased the mtDNA copy number of the hair and HEI-OC1 cells by transfecting them with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector containing mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). We found that the apoptosis rates decreased upon inducing apoptosis with neomycin or cisplatin (DDP). To elucidate the mechanisms, we analyzed the mitochondrial-membrane permeability and mitochondrial function of HEI-OC1 cells. Our results suggested that the increase in mtDNA copy number could protect hair cells and HEI-OC1 cells against drug-induced apoptosis by stabilizing the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Mei
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Mei
- Department of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Huiqian Yu
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Shan Sun
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Co‑Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, P.R. China
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
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47
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Deutschman E, Ward JR, Kumar A, Ray G, Welch N, Lemieux ME, Dasarathy S, Longworth MS. Condensin II protein dysfunction impacts mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial oxidative stress responses. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs233783. [PMID: 31653782 PMCID: PMC6899004 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.233783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of mitochondrial respiratory function and homeostasis is essential to human health. Here, we identify condensin II subunits as novel regulators of mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial stress responses. Condensin II is present in the nucleus and cytoplasm. While the effects of condensin II depletion on nuclear genome organization are well studied, the effects on essential cytoplasmic and metabolic processes are not as well understood. Excitingly, we observe that condensin II chromosome-associated protein (CAP) subunits individually localize to different regions of mitochondria, suggesting possible mitochondrial-specific functions independent from those mediated by the canonical condensin II holocomplex. Changes in cellular ATP levels and mitochondrial respiration are observed in condensin II CAP subunit-deficient cells. Surprisingly, we find that loss of NCAPD3 also sensitizes cells to oxidative stress. Together, these studies identify new, and possibly independent, roles for condensin II CAP subunits in preventing mitochondrial damage and dysfunction. These findings reveal a new area of condensin protein research that could contribute to the identification of targets to treat diseases where aberrant function of condensin II proteins is implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Deutschman
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jacqueline R Ward
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Greeshma Ray
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nicole Welch
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | - Srinivisan Dasarathy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michelle S Longworth
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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48
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Jian F, Chen D, Chen L, Yan C, Lu B, Zhu Y, Chen S, Shi A, Chan DC, Song Z. Sam50 Regulates PINK1-Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy by Controlling PINK1 Stability and Mitochondrial Morphology. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2989-3005. [PMID: 29874585 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PINK1 and Parkin mediate mitophagy, the cellular process that clears dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitophagy is regulated by mitochondrial dynamics, but the molecules linking these two processes remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Sam50, the core component of the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM), is a critical regulator of mitochondrial dynamics and PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy. In response to Sam50 depletion, normal tubular mitochondria are first fragmented and subsequently merged into large spheres. Sam50 interacts with PINK1 to facilitate its processing and degradation. Depletion of Sam50 results in PINK1 accumulation, Parkin recruitment, and mitophagy. Interestingly, Sam50 deficiency induces a piecemeal mode of mitophagy that eliminates mitochondria "bit by bit" but spares mtDNA. In C. elegans, the Sam50 homolog gop-3 is required for the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology and mass. Our findings reveal that Sam50 directly links mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy and that Sam50 depletion induces elimination of mitochondria without affecting mtDNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Jian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Li Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Chaojun Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yushan Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zhiyin Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
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Melchinger H, Jain K, Tyagi T, Hwa J. Role of Platelet Mitochondria: Life in a Nucleus-Free Zone. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:153. [PMID: 31737646 PMCID: PMC6828734 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are abundant, small, anucleate circulating cells, serving many emerging pathophysiological roles beyond hemostasis; including active critical roles in thrombosis, injury response, and immunoregulation. In the absence of genomic DNA transcriptional regulation (no nucleus), platelets require strategic prepackaging of all the needed RNA and organelles from megakaryocytes, to sense stress (e.g., hyperglycemia), to protect themselves from stress (e.g., mitophagy), and to communicate a stress response to other cells (e.g., granule and microparticle release). Distinct from avian thrombocytes that have a nucleus, the absence of a nucleus allows the mammalian platelet to maintain its small size, permits morphological flexibility, and may improve speed and efficiency of protein expression in response to stress. In the absence of a nucleus, platelet lifespan of 7–10 days, is largely determined by the mitochondria. The packaging of 5–8 mitochondria is critical in aerobic respiration and yielding metabolic substrates needed for function and survival. Mitochondria damage or dysfunction, as observed with several disease processes, results in greatly attenuated platelet survival and increased risk for thrombovascular events. Here we provide insights into the emerging roles of platelets despite the lack of a nucleus, and the key role played by mitochondria in platelet function and survival both in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Melchinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kanika Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tarun Tyagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - John Hwa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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50
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Bahhir D, Yalgin C, Ots L, Järvinen S, George J, Naudí A, Krama T, Krams I, Tamm M, Andjelković A, Dufour E, González de Cózar JM, Gerards M, Parhiala M, Pamplona R, Jacobs HT, Jõers P. Manipulating mtDNA in vivo reprograms metabolism via novel response mechanisms. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008410. [PMID: 31584940 PMCID: PMC6795474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have been increasingly recognized as a central regulatory nexus for multiple metabolic pathways, in addition to ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Here we show that inducing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) stress in Drosophila using a mitochondrially-targeted Type I restriction endonuclease (mtEcoBI) results in unexpected metabolic reprogramming in adult flies, distinct from effects on OXPHOS. Carbohydrate utilization was repressed, with catabolism shifted towards lipid oxidation, accompanied by elevated serine synthesis. Cleavage and translocation, the two modes of mtEcoBI action, repressed carbohydrate rmetabolism via two different mechanisms. DNA cleavage activity induced a type II diabetes-like phenotype involving deactivation of Akt kinase and inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase, whilst translocation decreased post-translational protein acetylation by cytonuclear depletion of acetyl-CoA (AcCoA). The associated decrease in the concentrations of ketogenic amino acids also produced downstream effects on physiology and behavior, attributable to decreased neurotransmitter levels. We thus provide evidence for novel signaling pathways connecting mtDNA to metabolism, distinct from its role in supporting OXPHOS. Mitochondria, subcellular compartments (organelles) found in virtually all eukaryotes, contain DNA which is believed to be a remnant of an ancestral bacterial genome. They are best known for the synthesis of the universal energy carrier ATP, but also serve as the hub of various metabolic and signalling pathways. We report here that mtDNA integrity is linked to a signaling system that influences metabolic fuel selection between fats and sugars. By disrupting mtDNA in the fruit fly we induced a strong shift towards lipid catabolism. This was caused both by a widespread decrease in post-translational acetylation of proteins, as well as specific inhibition of the machinery that transports glucose into cells across the plasma membrane. This phenomenon is very similar to the pathophysiology of diabetes, where the inability to transport glucose to cells is considered the main hallmark of the disease. Moreover, decreased protein acetylation was associated with lower levels of certain neurotransmitters, causing various effects on feeding and fertility. Our discovery reveals an unexpected role for mtDNA stability in regulating global metabolic balance and suggests that it could be instrumental in pandemic metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bahhir
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cagri Yalgin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Liina Ots
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sampsa Järvinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jack George
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alba Naudí
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida (UdL-IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Spain
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Plant Health, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
- Department of Biotechnology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Mairi Tamm
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ana Andjelković
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eric Dufour
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Mike Gerards
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mikael Parhiala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Lleida-Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida (UdL-IRBLLEIDA), Lleida, Spain
| | - Howard T. Jacobs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Priit Jõers
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- * E-mail:
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