1
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Combémorel N, Cavell N, Tyser RCV. Early heart development: examining the dynamics of function-form emergence. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1579-1589. [PMID: 38979619 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
During early embryonic development, the heart undergoes a remarkable and complex transformation, acquiring its iconic four-chamber structure whilst concomitantly contracting to maintain its essential function. The emergence of cardiac form and function involves intricate interplays between molecular, cellular, and biomechanical events, unfolding with precision in both space and time. The dynamic morphological remodelling of the developing heart renders it particularly vulnerable to congenital defects, with heart malformations being the most common type of congenital birth defect (∼35% of all congenital birth defects). This mini-review aims to give an overview of the morphogenetic processes which govern early heart formation as well as the dynamics and mechanisms of early cardiac function. Moreover, we aim to highlight some of the interplay between these two processes and discuss how recent findings and emerging techniques/models offer promising avenues for future exploration. In summary, the developing heart is an exciting model to gain fundamental insight into the dynamic relationship between form and function, which will augment our understanding of cardiac congenital defects and provide a blueprint for potential therapeutic strategies to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Combémorel
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge CB2 0AW, U.K
| | - Natasha Cavell
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge CB2 0AW, U.K
| | - Richard C V Tyser
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge CB2 0AW, U.K
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2
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Männer J. The Functional Significance of Cardiac Looping: Comparative Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Looped Design of Vertebrate Hearts. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:252. [PMID: 39195160 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11080252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The flow path of vertebrate hearts has a looped configuration characterized by curved (sigmoid) and twisted (chiral) components. The looped heart design is phylogenetically conserved among vertebrates and is thought to represent a significant determinant of cardiac pumping function. It evolves during the embryonic period of development by a process called "cardiac looping". During the past decades, remarkable progress has been made in the uncovering of genetic, molecular, and biophysical factors contributing to cardiac looping. Our present knowledge of the functional consequences of cardiac looping lags behind this impressive progress. This article provides an overview and discussion of the currently available information on looped heart design and its implications for the pumping function. It is emphasized that: (1) looping seems to improve the pumping efficiency of the valveless embryonic heart. (2) bilaterally asymmetric (chiral) looping plays a central role in determining the alignment and separation of the pulmonary and systemic flow paths in the multi-chambered heart of tetrapods. (3) chiral looping is not needed for efficient pumping of the two-chambered hearts of fish. (4) it is the sigmoid curving of the flow path that may improve the pumping efficiency of lower as well as higher vertebrate hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Männer
- Group Cardio-Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UMG, Georg-August-University Goettingen, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
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3
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Zambrano-Carrasco J, Zou J, Wang W, Sun X, Li J, Su H. Emerging Roles of Cullin-RING Ubiquitin Ligases in Cardiac Development. Cells 2024; 13:235. [PMID: 38334627 PMCID: PMC10854628 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Heart development is a spatiotemporally regulated process that extends from the embryonic phase to postnatal stages. Disruption of this highly orchestrated process can lead to congenital heart disease or predispose the heart to cardiomyopathy or heart failure. Consequently, gaining an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing cardiac development holds considerable promise for the development of innovative therapies for various cardiac ailments. While significant progress in uncovering novel transcriptional and epigenetic regulators of heart development has been made, the exploration of post-translational mechanisms that influence this process has lagged. Culling-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), the largest family of ubiquitin ligases, control the ubiquitination and degradation of ~20% of intracellular proteins. Emerging evidence has uncovered the critical roles of CRLs in the regulation of a wide range of cellular, physiological, and pathological processes. In this review, we summarize current findings on the versatile regulation of cardiac morphogenesis and maturation by CRLs and present future perspectives to advance our comprehensive understanding of how CRLs govern cardiac developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Zambrano-Carrasco
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (J.Z.-C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianqiu Zou
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (J.Z.-C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (J.Z.-C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Xinghui Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Jie Li
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (J.Z.-C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Huabo Su
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (J.Z.-C.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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4
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Cao C, Li L, Zhang Q, Li H, Wang Z, Wang A, Liu J. Nkx2.5: a crucial regulator of cardiac development, regeneration and diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1270951. [PMID: 38124890 PMCID: PMC10732152 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1270951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes fail to regenerate after birth and respond to mitotic signals through cellular hypertrophy rather than cellular proliferation. Necrotic cardiomyocytes in the infarcted ventricular tissue are eventually replaced by fibroblasts, generating scar tissue. Cardiomyocyte loss causes localized systolic dysfunction. Therefore, achieving the regeneration of cardiomyocytes is of great significance for cardiac function and development. Heart development is a complex biological process. An integral cardiac developmental network plays a decisive role in the regeneration of cardiomyocytes. During this process, genetic epigenetic factors, transcription factors, signaling pathways and small RNAs are involved in regulating the developmental process of the heart. Cardiomyocyte-specific genes largely promote myocardial regeneration, among which the Nkx2.5 transcription factor is one of the earliest markers of cardiac progenitor cells, and the loss or overexpression of Nkx2.5 affects cardiac development and is a promising candidate factor. Nkx2.5 affects the development and function of the heart through its multiple functional domains. However, until now, the specific mechanism of Nkx2.5 in cardiac development and regeneration is not been fully understood. Therefore, this article will review the molecular structure, function and interaction regulation of Nkx2.5 to provide a new direction for cardiac development and the treatment of heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Cao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Aoao Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Pharmacology, National Clinical Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Wu F, He Q, Li F, Yang X. A review of protocols for engineering human cardiac organoids. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19938. [PMID: 37809996 PMCID: PMC10559357 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of human cardiac organoids (hCOs) as 3D in vitro models for cardiovascular research has shown great promise. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have proven to be a potent source for engineering hCOs. However, various protocols for generating hCOs from hPSCs result in significant differences in heart development, maturity, complexity, vascularization, and spatial structure, all of which can influence their functional and physiological properties. This protocol review aims to highlight different strategies for generating hCOs using hPSCs while also critically discussing their challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujian Wu
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
- Post-doctoral Scientific Research Station of Basic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Transformation, Shenzhen Immune Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Qian He
- School of Food and Drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Furong Li
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Transformation, Shenzhen Immune Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- Translational Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Transformation, Shenzhen Immune Cell Therapy Public Service Platform, Shenzhen, 518020, China
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6
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Angrisano T, Varrone F, Ragozzino E, Fico A, Minchiotti G, Brancaccio M. Cripto Is Targeted by miR-1a-3p in a Mouse Model of Heart Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12251. [PMID: 37569627 PMCID: PMC10419258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During cardiac differentiation, numerous factors contribute to the development of the heart. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac development will help combat cardiovascular disorders, among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Among the main mechanisms, we indeed find Cripto. Cripto is found in both the syncytiotrophoblast of ampullary pregnancies and the inner cell mass along the primitive streak as the second epithelial-mesenchymal transformation event occurs to form the mesoderm and the developing myocardium. At the same time, it is now known that cardiac signaling pathways are intimately intertwined with the expression of myomiRNAs, including miR-1. This miR-1 is one of the muscle-specific miRs; aberrant expression of miR-1 plays an essential role in cardiac diseases. Given this scenario, our study aimed to evaluate the inverse correlation between Cripto and miR-1 during heart development. We used in vitro models of the heart, represented by embryoid bodies (EBs) and embryonic carcinoma cell lines derived from an embryo-derived teratocarcinoma in mice (P19 cells), respectively. First, through a luciferase assay, we demonstrated that Cripto is a target of miR-1. Following this result, we observed that as the days of differentiation increased, the Cripto gene expression decreased, while the level of miR-1 increased; furthermore, after silencing miR-1 in P19 cells, there was an increase in Cripto expression. Moreover, inducing damage with a cobra cardiotoxin (CTX) in post-differentiation cells, we noted a decreased miR-1 expression and increased Cripto. Finally, in mouse cardiac biopsies, we observed by monitoring gene expression the distribution of Cripto and miR-1 in the right and left ventricles. These results allowed us to detect an inverse correlation between miR-1 and Cripto that could represent a new pharmacological target for identifying new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Angrisano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Elvira Ragozzino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 26100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Fico
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, “A. Buzzati-Traverso”, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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7
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Inácio JM, Nunes MM, Almeida M, Cristo F, Anjos R, Belo JA. Gene-Edited Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines to Elucidate DAND5 Function throughout Cardiac Differentiation. Cells 2023; 12:520. [PMID: 36831187 PMCID: PMC9954670 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The contribution of gene-specific variants for congenital heart disease, one of the most common congenital disabilities, is still far from our complete understanding. Here, we applied a disease model using human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to evaluate the function of DAND5 on human cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation and proliferation. (2) Methods: Taking advantage of our DAND5 patient-derived iPSC line, we used CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing to generate a set of isogenic hiPSCs (DAND5-corrected and DAND5 full-mutant). The hiPSCs were differentiated into CMs, and RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence profiled the expression of cardiac markers. Cardiomyocyte proliferation was analysed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we used a multi-electrode array (MEA) to study the functional electrophysiology of DAND5 hiPSC-CMs. (3) Results: The results indicated that hiPSC-CM proliferation is affected by DAND5 levels. Cardiomyocytes derived from a DAND5 full-mutant hiPSC line are more proliferative when compared with gene-corrected hiPSC-CMs. Moreover, parallel cardiac differentiations showed a differential cardiac gene expression profile, with upregulated cardiac progenitor markers in DAND5-KO hiPSC-CMs. Microelectrode array (MEA) measurements demonstrated that DAND5-KO hiPSC-CMs showed prolonged field potential duration and increased spontaneous beating rates. In addition, conduction velocity is reduced in the monolayers of hiPSC-CMs with full-mutant genotype. (4) Conclusions: The absence of DAND5 sustains the proliferation of hiPSC-CMs, which alters their electrophysiological maturation properties. These results using DAND5 hiPSC-CMs consolidate the findings of the in vitro and in vivo mouse models, now in a translational perspective. Altogether, the data will help elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying this human heart disease and potentiates new therapies for treating adult CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Inácio
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda M. Nunes
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Micael Almeida
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cristo
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Anjos
- Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, 1449-005 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José A. Belo
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
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8
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Healing the Broken Hearts: A Glimpse on Next Generation Therapeutics. HEARTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/hearts3040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 32% of deaths globally and thus representing almost 18 million people according to WHO. Myocardial infarction, the most prevalent adult cardiovascular pathology, affects over half a million people in the USA according to the last records of the AHA. However, not only adult cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent diseases in adulthood, but congenital heart diseases also affect 0.8–1.2% of all births, accounting for mild developmental defects such as atrial septal defects to life-threatening pathologies such as tetralogy of Fallot or permanent common trunk that, if not surgically corrected in early postnatal days, they are incompatible with life. Therefore, both congenital and adult cardiovascular diseases represent an enormous social and economic burden that invariably demands continuous efforts to understand the causes of such cardiovascular defects and develop innovative strategies to correct and/or palliate them. In the next paragraphs, we aim to briefly account for our current understanding of the cellular bases of both congenital and adult cardiovascular diseases, providing a perspective of the plausible lines of action that might eventually result in increasing our understanding of cardiovascular diseases. This analysis will come out with the building blocks for designing novel and innovative therapeutic approaches to healing the broken hearts.
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9
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Jamet S, Ha S, Ho TH, Houghtaling S, Timms A, Yu K, Paquette A, Maga AM, Greene NDE, Beier DR. The arginine methyltransferase Carm1 is necessary for heart development. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6613934. [PMID: 35736367 PMCID: PMC9339313 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To discover genes implicated in human congenital disorders, we performed ENU mutagenesis in the mouse and screened for mutations affecting embryonic development. In this work, we report defects of heart development in mice homozygous for a mutation of coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (Carm1). While Carm1 has been extensively studied, it has never been previously associated with a role in heart development. Phenotype analysis combining histology and microcomputed tomography imaging shows a range of cardiac defects. Most notably, many affected midgestation embryos appear to have cardiac rupture and hemorrhaging in the thorax. Mice that survive to late gestation show a variety of cardiac defects, including ventricular septal defects, double outlet right ventricle, and persistent truncus arteriosus. Transcriptome analyses of the mutant embryos by mRNA-seq reveal the perturbation of several genes involved in cardiac morphogenesis and muscle development and function. In addition, we observe the mislocalization of cardiac neural crest cells at E12.5 in the outflow tract. The cardiac phenotype of Carm1 mutant embryos is similar to that of Pax3 null mutants, and PAX3 is a putative target of CARM1. However, our analysis does not support the hypothesis that developmental defects in Carm1 mutant embryos are primarily due to a functional defect of PAX3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Jamet
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Seungshin Ha
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Tzu-Hua Ho
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Scott Houghtaling
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Andrew Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kai Yu
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alison Paquette
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ali Murat Maga
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas D E Greene
- Developmental Biology & Cancer Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - David R Beier
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children’s Research Institute , Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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10
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Gonzalez DM, Schrode N, Ebrahim TAM, Broguiere N, Rossi G, Drakhlis L, Zweigerdt R, Lutolf MP, Beaumont KG, Sebra R, Dubois NC. Dissecting mechanisms of chamber-specific cardiac differentiation and its perturbation following retinoic acid exposure. Development 2022; 149:275658. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The specification of distinct cardiac lineages occurs before chamber formation and acquisition of bona fide atrial or ventricular identity. However, the mechanisms underlying these early specification events remain poorly understood. Here, we performed single cell analysis at the murine cardiac crescent, primitive heart tube and heart tube stages to uncover the transcriptional mechanisms underlying formation of atrial and ventricular cells. We find that progression towards differentiated cardiomyocytes occurs primarily based on heart field progenitor identity, and that progenitors contribute to ventricular or atrial identity through distinct differentiation mechanisms. We identify new candidate markers that define such differentiation processes and examine their expression dynamics using computational lineage trajectory methods. We further show that exposure to exogenous retinoic acid causes defects in ventricular chamber size, dysregulation in FGF signaling and a shunt in differentiation towards orthogonal lineages. Retinoic acid also causes defects in cell-cycle exit resulting in formation of hypomorphic ventricles. Collectively, our data identify, at a single cell level, distinct lineage trajectories during cardiac specification and differentiation, and the precise effects of manipulating cardiac progenitor patterning via retinoic acid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Gonzalez
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 1 Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology , , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 2 , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 3 , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 4 , New York, NY 10029 , USA
| | - Nadine Schrode
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 5 Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences , , New York, NY 10029 , USA
| | - Tasneem A. M. Ebrahim
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 1 Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology , , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 2 , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 3 , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 4 , New York, NY 10029 , USA
| | - Nicolas Broguiere
- School of Life Sciences, EPFL 6 Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering , , Lausanne CH-1015 , Switzerland
| | - Giuliana Rossi
- School of Life Sciences, EPFL 6 Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering , , Lausanne CH-1015 , Switzerland
| | - Lika Drakhlis
- Roche Institute for Translational Bioengineering 7 , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Basel 4052 , Switzerland
| | - Robert Zweigerdt
- Roche Institute for Translational Bioengineering 7 , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Basel 4052 , Switzerland
| | - Matthias P. Lutolf
- School of Life Sciences, EPFL 6 Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering , , Lausanne CH-1015 , Switzerland
- Roche Institute for Translational Bioengineering 7 , Roche Pharma Research and Early Development , Basel 4052 , Switzerland
| | - Kristin G. Beaumont
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 5 Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences , , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO) 8 , Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG) , , Hannover , Germany
- REBIRTH–Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School 8 , Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery (HTTG) , , Hannover , Germany
| | - Robert Sebra
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 3 , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 5 Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences , , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture 9 , Stamford, CT 06902 , USA
| | - Nicole C. Dubois
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 1 Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology , , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 2 , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 3 , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 4 , New York, NY 10029 , USA
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11
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Hedgehog Morphogens Act as Growth Factors Critical to Pre- and Postnatal Cardiac Development and Maturation: How Primary Cilia Mediate Their Signal Transduction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121879. [PMID: 35741008 PMCID: PMC9221318 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are crucial for normal cardiac organogenesis via the formation of cyto-architectural, anatomical, and physiological boundaries in the developing heart and outflow tract. These tiny, plasma membrane-bound organelles function in a sensory-integrative capacity, interpreting both the intra- and extra-cellular environments and directing changes in gene expression responses to promote, prevent, and modify cellular proliferation and differentiation. One distinct feature of this organelle is its involvement in the propagation of a variety of signaling cascades, most notably, the Hedgehog cascade. Three ligands, Sonic, Indian, and Desert hedgehog, function as growth factors that are most commonly dependent on the presence of intact primary cilia, where the Hedgehog receptors Patched-1 and Smoothened localize directly within or at the base of the ciliary axoneme. Hedgehog signaling functions to mediate many cell behaviors that are critical for normal embryonic tissue/organ development. However, inappropriate activation and/or upregulation of Hedgehog signaling in postnatal and adult tissue is known to initiate oncogenesis, as well as the pathogenesis of other diseases. The focus of this review is to provide an overview describing the role of Hedgehog signaling and its dependence upon the primary cilium in the cell types that are most essential for mammalian heart development. We outline the breadth of developmental defects and the consequential pathologies resulting from inappropriate changes to Hedgehog signaling, as it pertains to congenital heart disease and general cardiac pathophysiology.
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12
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What we can learn from embryos to understand the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in tumor progression. Biochem J 2021; 478:1809-1825. [PMID: 33988704 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial plasticity involved the terminal and transitional stages that occur during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), both are essential at different stages of early embryonic development that have been co-opted by cancer cells to undergo tumor metastasis. These processes are regulated at multiple instances, whereas the post-transcriptional regulation of key genes mediated by microRNAs is gaining major attention as a common and conserved pathway. In this review, we focus on discussing the latest findings of the cellular and molecular basis of the less characterized process of MET during embryonic development, with special attention to the role of microRNAs. Although we take in consideration the necessity of being cautious when extrapolating the obtained evidence, we propose some commonalities between early embryonic development and cancer progression that can shed light into our current understanding of this complex event and might aid in the design of specific therapeutic approaches.
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13
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Inácio JM, von Gilsa Lopes J, Silva AM, Cristo F, Marques S, Futschik ME, Belo JA. DAND5 Inactivation Enhances Cardiac Differentiation in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629430. [PMID: 33928078 PMCID: PMC8078107 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the clues of a regenerative mechanism for the mammalian adult heart would save millions of lives in the near future. Heart failure due to cardiomyocyte loss is still one of the significant health burdens worldwide. Here, we show the potential of a single molecule, DAND5, in mouse pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes specification and proliferation. Dand5 loss-of-function generated the double of cardiac beating foci compared to the wild-type cells. The early formation of cardiac progenitor cells and the increased proliferative capacity of Dand5 KO mESC-derived cardiomyocytes contribute to the observed higher number of derived cardiac cells. Transcriptional profiling sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR assays showed an upregulation of early cardiac gene networks governing cardiomyocyte differentiation, cell cycling, and cardiac regenerative pathways but reduced levels of genes involved in cardiomyocyte maturation. These findings prompt DAND5 as a key driver for the generation and expansion of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes systems with further clinical application purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Inácio
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João von Gilsa Lopes
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Silva
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cristo
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Marques
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matthias E Futschik
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Medical School, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - José António Belo
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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14
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James EC, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Crook JM. Bioengineering Clinically Relevant Cardiomyocytes and Cardiac Tissues from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063005. [PMID: 33809429 PMCID: PMC8001925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of cardiomyocytes is insufficient to functionally recover damaged tissue, and as such, ischaemic heart disease forms the largest proportion of cardiovascular associated deaths. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have enormous potential for developing patient specific cardiomyocytes for modelling heart disease, patient-based cardiac toxicity testing and potentially replacement therapy. However, traditional protocols for hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes yield mixed populations of atrial, ventricular and nodal-like cells with immature cardiac properties. New insights gleaned from embryonic heart development have progressed the precise production of subtype-specific hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes; however, their physiological immaturity severely limits their utility as model systems and their use for drug screening and cell therapy. The long-entrenched challenges in this field are being addressed by innovative bioengingeering technologies that incorporate biophysical, biochemical and more recently biomimetic electrical cues, with the latter having the potential to be used to both direct hiPSC differentiation and augment maturation and the function of derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissues by mimicking endogenous electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Claire James
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia;
| | - Eva Tomaskovic-Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia;
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- Correspondence: (E.T.-C.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Jeremy Micah Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia;
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Australia
- Correspondence: (E.T.-C.); (J.M.C.)
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15
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Lee JW, Lee CS, Ryu YR, Lee J, Son H, Cho HJ, Kim HS. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 4 Is Transiently Expressed during Cardiac Differentiation and Critical for Repair of the Damaged Heart. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1151-1163. [PMID: 33160074 PMCID: PMC7934582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into cardiac cells is essential for the development of new therapeutic modalities to repair damaged heart tissue. We identified a novel cell surface marker, the G protein-coupled receptor lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4 (LPAR4), specific to cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) and determined its functional significance and therapeutic potential. During in vitro differentiation of mouse and human PSCs toward cardiac lineage, LPAR4 expression peaked after 3−7 days of differentiation in cardiac progenitors and then declined. In vivo, LPAR4 was specifically expressed in the early stage of embryonal heart development, and as development progressed, LPAR4 expression decreased and was non-specifically distributed. We identified the effective agonist octadecenyl phosphate and a p38 MAPK blocker as the downstream signal blocker. Sequential stimulation and inhibition of LPAR4 using these agents enhanced the in vitro efficiency of cardiac differentiation from mouse and human PSCs. Importantly, in vivo, this sequential stimulation and inhibition of LPAR4 reduced the infarct size and rescued heart dysfunction in mice. In conclusion, LPAR4 is a novel CPC marker transiently expressed only in heart during embryo development. Modulation of LPAR4-positive cells may be a promising strategy for repairing myocardium after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Lee
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Soo Lee
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Rim Ryu
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - HyunJu Son
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jai Cho
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Strategic Center of Cell & Bio Therapy, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Ou M, Zhao M, Li C, Tang D, Xu Y, Dai W, Sui W, Zhang Y, Xiang Z, Mo C, Lin H, Dai Y. Single-cell sequencing reveals the potential oncogenic expression atlas of human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Biol Open 2021; 10:10/2/bio053348. [PMID: 33589441 PMCID: PMC7903994 DOI: 10.1242/bio.053348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are important source for regenerative medicine. However, the links between pluripotency and oncogenic transformation raise safety issues. To understand the characteristics of iPSC-derived cells at single-cell resolution, we directly reprogrammed two human iPSC lines into cardiomyocytes and collected cells from four time points during cardiac differentiation for single-cell sequencing. We captured 32,365 cells and identified five molecularly distinct clusters that aligned well with our reconstructed differentiation trajectory. We discovered a set of dynamic expression events related to the upregulation of oncogenes and the decreasing expression of tumor suppressor genes during cardiac differentiation, which were similar to the gain-of-function and loss-of-function patterns during oncogenesis. In practice, we characterized the dynamic expression of the TP53 and Yamanaka factor genes (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC), which were widely used for human iPSCs lines generation; and revealed the co-occurrence of MYC overexpression and TP53 silencing in some of human iPSC-derived TNNT2+ cardiomyocytes. In summary, our oncogenic expression atlas is valuable for human iPSCs application and the single-cell resolution highlights the clues potentially associated with the carcinogenic risk of human iPSC-derived cells. Summary: The single-cell expression atlas in the cardiomyocytes generated from human iPSCs provide potential carcinogenic information for the clinical application of human iPSC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglin Ou
- Central Laboratory, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541000, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Min Zhao
- GeneCology Research Centre/Seaweed Research Group, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Chunhong Li
- Guangxi Key laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Central Laboratory of Guilin No. 181 Hospital, Guilin 541002, China.,College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Donge Tang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Weier Dai
- College of Natural Science, University of Texas at Austin, Austin 78712, Texas, USA
| | - Weiguo Sui
- Guangxi Key laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Central Laboratory of Guilin No. 181 Hospital, Guilin 541002, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Guangxi Key laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Central Laboratory of Guilin No. 181 Hospital, Guilin 541002, China
| | - Zhen Xiang
- Guangxi Key laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Central Laboratory of Guilin No. 181 Hospital, Guilin 541002, China
| | - Chune Mo
- Guangxi Key laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Central Laboratory of Guilin No. 181 Hospital, Guilin 541002, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Guangxi Key laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Central Laboratory of Guilin No. 181 Hospital, Guilin 541002, China
| | - Yong Dai
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China .,Guangxi Key laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Central Laboratory of Guilin No. 181 Hospital, Guilin 541002, China
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17
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Abstract
Cardiac development is a complex developmental process that is initiated soon after gastrulation, as two sets of precardiac mesodermal precursors are symmetrically located and subsequently fused at the embryonic midline forming the cardiac straight tube. Thereafter, the cardiac straight tube invariably bends to the right, configuring the first sign of morphological left–right asymmetry and soon thereafter the atrial and ventricular chambers are formed, expanded and progressively septated. As a consequence of all these morphogenetic processes, the fetal heart acquired a four-chambered structure having distinct inlet and outlet connections and a specialized conduction system capable of directing the electrical impulse within the fully formed heart. Over the last decades, our understanding of the morphogenetic, cellular, and molecular pathways involved in cardiac development has exponentially grown. Multiples aspects of the initial discoveries during heart formation has served as guiding tools to understand the etiology of cardiac congenital anomalies and adult cardiac pathology, as well as to enlighten novels approaches to heal the damaged heart. In this review we provide an overview of the complex cellular and molecular pathways driving heart morphogenesis and how those discoveries have provided new roads into the genetic, clinical and therapeutic management of the diseased hearts.
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18
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Bordoni B, Escher AR. Osteopathic Principles: The Inspiration of Every Science Is Its Change. Cureus 2021; 13:e12478. [PMID: 33425556 PMCID: PMC7785509 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Educational Council on Osteopathic Principles (ECOP) annually renews and reviews the fundamental osteopathic principles that Dr. Still left behind for osteopathic medicine (OM). These tenets represent a guide and rationale for the osteopathic manual approach. The non-profit research organization, Foundation of Osteopathic Research and Clinical Endorsement (FORCE), which was founded in 2013 under the auspices of different international professionals, wishes to propose changes to these principles based on scientific knowledge, which did not exist in the nineteenth century, as well as all the information discovered subsequently. The proposal is not a constraint, but a further stimulus to improve the vision of OM. We believe, in fact, that a principle or a point of view never ceases to evolve: the inspiration of every science is its change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, ITA
| | - Allan R Escher
- Anesthesiology/Pain Medicine, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
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19
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The Future of Direct Cardiac Reprogramming: Any GMT Cocktail Variety? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217950. [PMID: 33114756 PMCID: PMC7663133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct cardiac reprogramming has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach to treat and regenerate injured hearts through the direct conversion of fibroblasts into cardiac cells. Most studies have focused on the reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs). The first study in which this technology was described, showed that at least a combination of three transcription factors, GATA4, MEF2C and TBX5 (GMT cocktail), was required for the reprogramming into iCMs in vitro using mouse cells. However, this was later demonstrated to be insufficient for the reprogramming of human cells and additional factors were required. Thereafter, most studies have focused on implementing reprogramming efficiency and obtaining fully reprogrammed and functional iCMs, by the incorporation of other transcription factors, microRNAs or small molecules to the original GMT cocktail. In this respect, great advances have been made in recent years. However, there is still no consensus on which of these GMT-based varieties is best, and robust and highly reproducible protocols are still urgently required, especially in the case of human cells. On the other hand, apart from CMs, other cells such as endothelial and smooth muscle cells to form new blood vessels will be fundamental for the correct reconstruction of damaged cardiac tissue. With this aim, several studies have centered on the direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiac progenitor cells (iCPCs) able to give rise to all myocardial cell lineages. Especially interesting are reports in which multipotent and highly expandable mouse iCPCs have been obtained, suggesting that clinically relevant amounts of these cells could be created. However, as of yet, this has not been achieved with human iCPCs, and exactly what stage of maturity is appropriate for a cell therapy product remains an open question. Nonetheless, the major concern in regenerative medicine is the poor retention, survival, and engraftment of transplanted cells in the cardiac tissue. To circumvent this issue, several cell pre-conditioning approaches are currently being explored. As an alternative to cell injection, in vivo reprogramming may face fewer barriers for its translation to the clinic. This approach has achieved better results in terms of efficiency and iCMs maturity in mouse models, indicating that the heart environment can favor this process. In this context, in recent years some studies have focused on the development of safer delivery systems such as Sendai virus, Adenovirus, chemical cocktails or nanoparticles. This article provides an in-depth review of the in vitro and in vivo cardiac reprograming technology used in mouse and human cells to obtain iCMs and iCPCs, and discusses what challenges still lie ahead and what hurdles are to be overcome before results from this field can be transferred to the clinical settings.
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20
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Jensen B, Christoffels VM, Moorman AFM. An Appreciation of Anatomy in the Molecular World. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:E44. [PMID: 33076272 PMCID: PMC7712948 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Robert H. Anderson is one of the most important and accomplished cardiac anatomists of the last decades, having made major contributions to our understanding of the anatomy of normal hearts and the pathologies of acquired and congenital heart diseases. While cardiac anatomy as a research discipline has become largely subservient to molecular biology, anatomists like Professor Anderson demonstrate anatomy has much to offer. Here, we provide cases of early anatomical insights on the heart that were rediscovered, and expanded on, by molecular techniques: migration of neural crest cells to the heart was deduced from histological observations (1908) and independently shown again with experimental interventions; pharyngeal mesoderm is added to the embryonic heart (1973) in what is now defined as the molecularly distinguishable second heart field; chambers develop from the heart tube as regional pouches in what is now considered the ballooning model by the molecular identification of regional differentiation and proliferation. The anatomical discovery of the conduction system by Purkinje, His, Tawara, Keith, and Flack is a special case because the main findings were never neglected in later molecular studies. Professor Anderson has successfully demonstrated that sound knowledge of anatomy is indispensable for proper understanding of cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.M.C.); (A.F.M.M.)
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21
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Gong X, Xia L, Su Z. Friend or foe of innate lymphoid cells in inflammation-associated cardiovascular disease. Immunology 2020; 162:368-376. [PMID: 32967038 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a distinctive population of leucocytes, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) participate in immune-mediated diseases and play crucial roles in tissue remodelling after injury. ILC lineages can be divided into helper ILCs and cytotoxic ILCs. Most helper ILCs are integrated into the fabric of tissues and produce different types of cytokines involving in the pathogenesis of many kinds of cardiovascular disease and form intricate response circuits with adaptive immune cells. However, the specific phenotype and function of helper ILC subsets in cardiovascular diseases are still poorly understood. In this review, we firstly highlight the distribution of helper ILCs in cardiovascular system and further discuss the potential contribution of helper ILCs in inflammation-associated cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Gong
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Xia
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Laboratory Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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22
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Boezio GL, Bensimon-Brito A, Piesker J, Guenther S, Helker CS, Stainier DY. Endothelial TGF-β signaling instructs smooth muscle cell development in the cardiac outflow tract. eLife 2020; 9:57603. [PMID: 32990594 PMCID: PMC7524555 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the cardiac outflow tract (OFT), which connects the heart to the great arteries, relies on a complex crosstalk between endothelial (ECs) and smooth muscle (SMCs) cells. Defects in OFT development can lead to severe malformations, including aortic aneurysms, which are frequently associated with impaired TGF-β signaling. To better understand the role of TGF-β signaling in OFT formation, we generated zebrafish lacking the TGF-β receptor Alk5 and found a strikingly specific dilation of the OFT: alk5-/- OFTs exhibit increased EC numbers as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) and SMC disorganization. Surprisingly, endothelial-specific alk5 overexpression in alk5-/- rescues the EC, ECM, and SMC defects. Transcriptomic analyses reveal downregulation of the ECM gene fibulin-5, which when overexpressed in ECs ameliorates OFT morphology and function. These findings reveal a new requirement for endothelial TGF-β signaling in OFT morphogenesis and suggest an important role for the endothelium in the etiology of aortic malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lm Boezio
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Janett Piesker
- Scientific Service Group Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Christian Sm Helker
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Yr Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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23
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Rahman T, Zhang H, Fan J, Wan LQ. Cell chirality in cardiovascular development and disease. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:031503. [PMID: 32903894 PMCID: PMC7449703 DOI: 10.1063/5.0014424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular system demonstrates left-right (LR) asymmetry: most notably, the LR asymmetric looping of the bilaterally symmetric linear heart tube. Similarly, the orientation of the aortic arch is asymmetric as well. Perturbations to the asymmetry have been associated with several congenital heart malformations and vascular disorders. The source of the asymmetry, however, is not clear. Cell chirality, a recently discovered and intrinsic LR asymmetric cellular morphological property, has been implicated in the heart looping and vascular barrier function. In this paper, we summarize recent advances in the field of cell chirality and describe various approaches developed for studying cell chirality at multi- and single-cell levels. We also examine research progress in asymmetric cardiovascular development and associated malformations. Finally, we review evidence connecting cell chirality to cardiac looping and vascular permeability and provide thoughts on future research directions for cell chirality in the context of cardiovascular development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnif Rahman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Haokang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Jie Fan
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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24
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Montero P, Flandes-Iparraguirre M, Musquiz S, Pérez Araluce M, Plano D, Sanmartín C, Orive G, Gavira JJ, Prosper F, Mazo MM. Cells, Materials, and Fabrication Processes for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:955. [PMID: 32850768 PMCID: PMC7431658 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer worldwide, with myocardial infarction (MI) responsible for approximately 1 in 6 deaths. The lack of endogenous regenerative capacity, added to the deleterious remodelling programme set into motion by myocardial necrosis, turns MI into a progressively debilitating disease, which current pharmacological therapy cannot halt. The advent of Regenerative Therapies over 2 decades ago kick-started a whole new scientific field whose aim was to prevent or even reverse the pathological processes of MI. As a highly dynamic organ, the heart displays a tight association between 3D structure and function, with the non-cellular components, mainly the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM), playing both fundamental active and passive roles. Tissue engineering aims to reproduce this tissue architecture and function in order to fabricate replicas able to mimic or even substitute damaged organs. Recent advances in cell reprogramming and refinement of methods for additive manufacturing have played a critical role in the development of clinically relevant engineered cardiovascular tissues. This review focuses on the generation of human cardiac tissues for therapy, paying special attention to human pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. We provide a perspective on progress in regenerative medicine from the early stages of cell therapy to the present day, as well as an overview of cellular processes, materials and fabrication strategies currently under investigation. Finally, we summarise current clinical applications and reflect on the most urgent needs and gaps to be filled for efficient translation to the clinical arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Montero
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Flandes-Iparraguirre
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saioa Musquiz
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country – UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Pérez Araluce
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country – UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology – UIRMI (UPV/EHU – Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juan José Gavira
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Cardiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel M. Mazo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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25
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Suffee N, Moore-Morris T, Jagla B, Mougenot N, Dilanian G, Berthet M, Proukhnitzky J, Le Prince P, Tregouet DA, Pucéat M, Hatem SN. Reactivation of the Epicardium at the Origin of Myocardial Fibro-Fatty Infiltration During the Atrial Cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 2020; 126:1330-1342. [PMID: 32175811 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fibro-fatty infiltration of subepicardial layers of the atrial wall has been shown to contribute to the substrate of atrial fibrillation. OBJECTIVE Here, we examined if the epicardium that contains multipotent cells is involved in this remodeling process. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred nine human surgical right atrial specimens were evaluated. There was a relatively greater extent of epicardial thickening and dense fibro-fatty infiltrates in atrial tissue sections from patients aged over 70 years who had mitral valve disease or atrial fibrillation when compared with patients aged less than 70 years with ischemic cardiomyopathy as indicated using logistic regression adjusted for age and gender. Cells coexpressing markers of epicardial progenitors and fibroblasts were detected in fibro-fatty infiltrates. Such epicardial remodeling was reproduced in an experimental model of atrial cardiomyopathy in rat and in Wilms tumor 1 (WT1)CreERT2/+;ROSA-tdT+/- mice. In the latter, genetic lineage tracing demonstrated the epicardial origin of fibroblasts within fibro-fatty infiltrates. A subpopulation of human adult epicardial-derived cells expressing PDGFR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor)-α were isolated and differentiated into myofibroblasts in the presence of Ang II (angiotensin II). Furthermore, single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis identified several clusters of adult epicardial-derived cells and revealed their specification from adipogenic to fibrogenic cells in the rat model of atrial cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS Epicardium is reactivated during the formation of the atrial cardiomyopathy. Subsets of adult epicardial-derived cells, preprogrammed towards a specific cell fate, contribute to fibro-fatty infiltration of subepicardium of diseased atria. Our study reveals the biological basis for chronic atrial myocardial remodeling that paves the way of atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Suffee
- From the INSERM UMRS1166, ICAN - Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (N.S., G.D., M.B., J.P., D.A.T.)
| | - Thomas Moore-Morris
- INSERM U 1251, Aix-Marseille University, MMG, France (T.M.-M., M.P.).,IGF, University Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France (T.M.-M.)
| | - Bernd Jagla
- Pasteur Institute UtechS CB & Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistiques, C3BI, Paris (B.J.)
| | - Nathalie Mougenot
- Sorbonne Universités, INSERM UMR_S28, Faculté de médecine UPMC, Paris, France (N.M.)
| | - Gilles Dilanian
- From the INSERM UMRS1166, ICAN - Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (N.S., G.D., M.B., J.P., D.A.T.)
| | - Myriam Berthet
- From the INSERM UMRS1166, ICAN - Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (N.S., G.D., M.B., J.P., D.A.T.)
| | - Julie Proukhnitzky
- From the INSERM UMRS1166, ICAN - Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (N.S., G.D., M.B., J.P., D.A.T.)
| | - Pascal Le Prince
- INSERM UMRS1166, ICAN - Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (P.L.P., S.N.H.)
| | - David A Tregouet
- From the INSERM UMRS1166, ICAN - Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (N.S., G.D., M.B., J.P., D.A.T.)
| | - Michel Pucéat
- INSERM U 1251, Aix-Marseille University, MMG, France (T.M.-M., M.P.)
| | - Stéphane N Hatem
- INSERM UMRS1166, ICAN - Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (P.L.P., S.N.H.)
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26
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Follow Me! A Tale of Avian Heart Development with Comparisons to Mammal Heart Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7010008. [PMID: 32156044 PMCID: PMC7151090 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian embryos have been used for centuries to study development due to the ease of access. Because the embryos are sheltered inside the eggshell, a small window in the shell is ideal for visualizing the embryos and performing different interventions. The window can then be covered, and the embryo returned to the incubator for the desired amount of time, and observed during further development. Up to about 4 days of chicken development (out of 21 days of incubation), when the egg is opened the embryo is on top of the yolk, and its heart is on top of its body. This allows easy imaging of heart formation and heart development using non-invasive techniques, including regular optical microscopy. After day 4, the embryo starts sinking into the yolk, but still imaging technologies, such as ultrasound, can tomographically image the embryo and its heart in vivo. Importantly, because like the human heart the avian heart develops into a four-chambered heart with valves, heart malformations and pathologies that human babies suffer can be replicated in avian embryos, allowing a unique developmental window into human congenital heart disease. Here, we review avian heart formation and provide comparisons to the mammalian heart.
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Long-term, in toto live imaging of cardiomyocyte behaviour during mouse ventricle chamber formation at single-cell resolution. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:332-340. [PMID: 32123336 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mapping of the holistic cell behaviours sculpting the four-chambered mammalian heart has been a goal or previous studies, but so far only success in transparent invertebrates and lower vertebrates with two-chambered hearts has been achieved. Using a live-imaging system comprising a customized vertical light-sheet microscope equipped with a mouse embryo culture module, a heartbeat-gated imaging strategy and a digital image processing framework, we realized volumetric imaging of developing mouse hearts at single-cell resolution and with uninterrupted cell lineages for up to 1.5 d. Four-dimensional landscapes of Nppa+ cardiomyocyte cell behaviours revealed a blueprint for ventricle chamber formation by which biased outward migration of the outermost cardiomyocytes is coupled with cell intercalation and horizontal division. The inner-muscle architecture of trabeculae was developed through dual mechanisms: early fate segregation and transmural cell arrangement involving both oriented cell division and directional migration. Thus, live-imaging reconstruction of uninterrupted cell lineages affords a transformative means for deciphering mammalian organogenesis.
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28
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Sirbu IO, Chiş AR, Moise AR. Role of carotenoids and retinoids during heart development. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158636. [PMID: 31978553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nutritional requirements of the developing embryo are complex. In the case of dietary vitamin A (retinol, retinyl esters and provitamin A carotenoids), maternal derived nutrients serve as precursors to signaling molecules such as retinoic acid, which is required for embryonic patterning and organogenesis. Despite variations in the composition and levels of maternal vitamin A, embryonic tissues need to generate a precise amount of retinoic acid to avoid congenital malformations. Here, we summarize recent findings regarding the role and metabolism of vitamin A during heart development and we survey the association of genes known to affect retinoid metabolism or signaling with various inherited disorders. A better understanding of the roles of vitamin A in the heart and of the factors that affect retinoid metabolism and signaling can help design strategies to meet nutritional needs and to prevent birth defects and disorders associated with altered retinoid metabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Ovidiu Sirbu
- Biochemistry Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; Timisoara Institute of Complex Systems, V. Lucaciu 18, 300044 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Aimée Rodica Chiş
- Biochemistry Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Nr. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexander Radu Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada.
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29
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Honda H, Abe T, Fujimori T. The Chiral Looping of the Embryonic Heart Is Formed by the Combination of Three Axial Asymmetries. Biophys J 2019; 118:742-752. [PMID: 31952803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals and birds, embryonic development of the heart involves conversion of a straight tubular structure into a three-dimensional helical loop, which is a chiral structure. We investigated theoretically the mechanism of helical loop formation of the mouse embryonic heart, especially focusing on determination of left-/right-handedness of the helical loop. In geometrical terms, chirality is the result of the combination of three axial asymmetries in three-dimensional space. We hypothesized the following correspondences between axial asymmetries and morphogenesis (bending and displacement): the dorsal-ventral asymmetry by ventral bending of a straight tube of the initial heart and the left-right and anterior-posterior asymmetries, the left-right asymmetry by rightward displacement of the heart tube, which is confined to the anterior region of the tube. Morphogenesis of chiral looping of the embryonic heart is a large-scaled event of the multicellular system in which substantial physical force operates dynamically. Using computer simulations with a cell-based physico-mechanical model and experiments with mouse embryos, we confirmed the hypothesis. We conclude that rightward displacement of the tube determines the left-handed screw of the loop. The process of helix loop formation consists of three steps: 1) the left-right biasing system involving Nodal-related signals that leads to left-right asymmetry in the embryonic body; 2) the rightward displacement of the tube; and finally 3) the left-handed helical looping. Step 1 is already established. Step 3 is elucidated by our study, which highlights the need for step 2 to be clarified; namely, we explore how the left-right asymmetry in the embryonic body leads to the rightward displacement of the heart tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Honda
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chūō-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratories for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chūō-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Laboratories for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chūō-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Laboratories for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chūō-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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30
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Devalla HD, Passier R. Cardiac differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and implications for modeling the heart in health and disease. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/435/eaah5457. [PMID: 29618562 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah5457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular models comprising cardiac cell types derived from human pluripotent stem cells are valuable for studying heart development and disease. We discuss transcriptional differences that define cellular identity in the heart, current methods for generating different cardiomyocyte subtypes, and implications for disease modeling, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha D Devalla
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands. .,Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Center, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
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31
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Abstract
Cardiogenesis is a complex developmental process involving multiple overlapping stages of cell fate specification, proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Precise spatiotemporal coordination between the different cardiogenic processes is ensured by intercellular signalling crosstalk and tissue-tissue interactions. Notch is an intercellular signalling pathway crucial for cell fate decisions during multicellular organismal development and is aptly positioned to coordinate the complex signalling crosstalk required for progressive cell lineage restriction during cardiogenesis. In this Review, we describe the role of Notch signalling and the crosstalk with other signalling pathways during the differentiation and patterning of the different cardiac tissues and in cardiac valve and ventricular chamber development. We examine how perturbation of Notch signalling activity is linked to congenital heart diseases affecting the neonate and adult, and discuss studies that shed light on the role of Notch signalling in heart regeneration and repair after injury.
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32
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Abstract
The function of the mammalian heart depends on the interplay between different cardiac cell types. The deployment of these cells, with precise spatiotemporal regulation, is also important during development to establish the heart structure. In this Review, we discuss the diverse origins of cardiac cell types and the lineage relationships between cells of a given type that contribute to different parts of the heart. The emerging lineage tree shows the progression of cell fate diversification, with patterning cues preceding cell type segregation, as well as points of convergence, with overlapping lineages contributing to a given tissue. Several cell lineage markers have been identified. However, caution is required with genetic-tracing experiments in comparison with clonal analyses. Genetic studies on cell populations provided insights into the mechanisms for lineage decisions. In the past 3 years, results of single-cell transcriptomics are beginning to reveal cell heterogeneity and early developmental trajectories. Equating this information with the in vivo location of cells and their lineage history is a current challenge. Characterization of the progenitor cells that form the heart and of the gene regulatory networks that control their deployment is of major importance for understanding the origin of congenital heart malformations and for producing cardiac tissue for use in regenerative medicine.
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33
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Xiong H, Luo Y, Yue Y, Zhang J, Ai S, Li X, Wang X, Zhang YL, Wei Y, Li HH, Hu X, Li C, He A. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Chemotaxis-Mediated Intraorgan Crosstalk During Cardiogenesis. Circ Res 2019; 125:398-410. [PMID: 31221018 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We hypothesized that the differentiation processes of cardiac progenitor cell (CP) from first and second heart fields (FHF and SHF) may undergo the unique instructive gene regulatory networks or signaling pathways, and the precise SHF progression is contingent on the FHF signaling developmental cues. OBJECTIVE We investigated how the intraorgan communications control sequential building of discrete anatomic regions of the heart at single-cell resolution. METHODS AND RESULTS By single-cell transcriptomic analysis of Nkx2-5 (NK2 homeobox 5) and Isl1 (ISL LIM homeobox 1) lineages at embryonic day 7.75, embryonic day 8.25, embryonic day 8.75, and embryonic day 9.25, we present a panoramic view of distinct CP differentiation hierarchies. Computational identifications of FHF- and SHF-CP descendants revealed that SHF differentiation toward cardiomyocytes underwent numerous step-like transitions, whereas earlier FHF progressed toward cardiomyocytes in a wave-like manner. Importantly, single-cell pairing analysis demonstrated that SHF-CPs were attracted to and expanded FHF-populated heart tube region through interlineage communications mediated by the chemotactic guidance (MIF [macrophage migration inhibitory factor]-CXCR2 [C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2]). This finding was verified by pharmacological blockade of this chemotaxis in embryos manifesting limited SHF cell migration and contribution to the growth of the outflow tract and right ventricle but undetectable effects on the left ventricle or heart tube initiation. Genetic loss-of-function assay of Cxcr2 showed that the expression domain of CXCR4 was expanded predominantly at SHF. Furthermore, double knockout of Cxcr2/Cxcr4 exhibited defective SHF development, corroborating the redundant function. Mechanistically, NKX2-5 directly bound the Cxcr2 and Cxcr4 genomic loci and activated their transcription in SHF. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we propose a model in which the chemotaxis-mediated intraorgan crosstalk spatiotemporally guides the successive process of positioning SHF-CP and promoting primary heart expansion and patterning upon FHF-derived heart tube initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Xiong
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine (H.X., Y.L., Y.Y., J.Z., S.A., X.L., X.W., X.H., A.H.), Peking University, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences (H.X., Y.L., A.H.), Peking University, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (H.X., Y.L.), Peking University, China
| | - Yingjie Luo
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine (H.X., Y.L., Y.Y., J.Z., S.A., X.L., X.W., X.H., A.H.), Peking University, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences (H.X., Y.L., A.H.), Peking University, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies (H.X., Y.L.), Peking University, China
| | - Yanzhu Yue
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine (H.X., Y.L., Y.Y., J.Z., S.A., X.L., X.W., X.H., A.H.), Peking University, China
| | - Jiejie Zhang
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine (H.X., Y.L., Y.Y., J.Z., S.A., X.L., X.W., X.H., A.H.), Peking University, China
| | - Shanshan Ai
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine (H.X., Y.L., Y.Y., J.Z., S.A., X.L., X.W., X.H., A.H.), Peking University, China
| | - Xin Li
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine (H.X., Y.L., Y.Y., J.Z., S.A., X.L., X.W., X.H., A.H.), Peking University, China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine (H.X., Y.L., Y.Y., J.Z., S.A., X.L., X.W., X.H., A.H.), Peking University, China
| | - Yun-Long Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, China (Y.-L.Z., H.-H.L.)
| | - Yusheng Wei
- School of Life Sciences (Y.W., C.L.), Peking University, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, China (Y.-L.Z., H.-H.L.)
| | - Xinli Hu
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine (H.X., Y.L., Y.Y., J.Z., S.A., X.L., X.W., X.H., A.H.), Peking University, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Life Sciences (Y.W., C.L.), Peking University, China.,Center for Statistical Science, Center for Bioinformatics (C.L.), Peking University, China
| | - Aibin He
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine (H.X., Y.L., Y.Y., J.Z., S.A., X.L., X.W., X.H., A.H.), Peking University, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences (H.X., Y.L., A.H.), Peking University, China
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34
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Perl E, Waxman JS. Reiterative Mechanisms of Retinoic Acid Signaling during Vertebrate Heart Development. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7020011. [PMID: 31151214 PMCID: PMC6631158 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tightly-regulated levels of retinoic acid (RA) are critical for promoting normal vertebrate development. The extensive history of research on RA has shown that its proper regulation is essential for cardiac progenitor specification and organogenesis. Here, we discuss the roles of RA signaling and its establishment of networks that drive both early and later steps of normal vertebrate heart development. We focus on studies that highlight the drastic effects alternative levels of RA have on early cardiomyocyte (CM) specification and cardiac chamber morphogenesis, consequences of improper RA synthesis and degradation, and known effectors downstream of RA. We conclude with the implications of these findings to our understanding of cardiac regeneration and the etiologies of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliyahu Perl
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
- The Heart Institute and Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Joshua S Waxman
- The Heart Institute and Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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35
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Bracamonte-Baran W, Chen G, Hou X, Talor MV, Choi HS, Davogustto G, Taegtmeyer H, Sung J, Hackam DJ, Nauen D, Čiháková D. Non-cytotoxic Cardiac Innate Lymphoid Cells Are a Resident and Quiescent Type 2-Commited Population. Front Immunol 2019; 10:634. [PMID: 30984196 PMCID: PMC6450181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are a subset of leukocytes with lymphoid properties that lack antigen specific receptors. They can be stimulated by and exert their effect via specific cytokine axes, whereas Natural Killers (NK) cells are the only known cytotoxic member of this family. ILCs are considered key in linking the innate and adaptive response in physiologic and pathologic environments. In this study, we investigated the properties of non-cytotoxic cardiac ILCs in physiologic, inflammatory, and ischemic conditions. We found that in healthy humans and mice, non-cytotoxic cardiac ILCs are predominantly a type 2-committed population with progenitor-like features, such as an absence of type-specific immunophenotype, intermediate GATA3 expression, and capacity to transiently express Pro-myelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger protein (PLZF) upon activation. During myocarditis and ischemia, in both human and mice, cardiac ILCs differentiated into conventional ILC2s. We found that cardiac ILCs lack IL-25 receptor and cannot become inflammatory ILC2s. We found a strong correlation between IL-33 production in the heart and the ability of cardiac ILCs to become conventional ILC2s. The main producer of IL-33 was a subset of CD29+Sca-1+ cardiac fibroblasts. ILC2 expansion and fibroblast-derived IL-33 production were significantly increased in the heart in mouse models of infarction and myocarditis. Despite its progenitor-like status in healthy hearts, cardiac ILCs were unable to become ILC1 or ILC3 in vivo and in vitro. Using adoptive transfer and parabiosis, we demonstrated that the heart, unlike other organs such as lung, cannot be infiltrated by circulating ILCs in adulthood even during cardiac inflammation or ischemia. Thus, the ILC2s present during inflammatory conditions are derived from the heart-resident and quiescent steady-state population. Non-cytotoxic cardiac ILCs are a resident population of ILC2-commited cells, with undifferentiated progenitor-like features in steady-state conditions and an ability to expand and develop pro-inflammatory type 2 features during inflammation or ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bracamonte-Baran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Guobao Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xuezhou Hou
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Monica V. Talor
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hee Sun Choi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Giovanni Davogustto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Heinrich Taegtmeyer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jungeun Sung
- School of Medicine, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David Joel Hackam
- Division of General Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins University and Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David Nauen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Kranc W, Brązert M, Celichowski P, Bryja A, Nawrocki MJ, Ożegowska K, Jankowski M, Jeseta M, Pawelczyk L, Bręborowicz A, Rachoń D, Skowroński MT, Bruska M, Zabel M, Nowicki M, Kempisty B. 'Heart development and morphogenesis' is a novel pathway for human ovarian granulosa cell differentiation during long‑term in vitro cultivation‑a microarray approach. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:1705-1715. [PMID: 30628715 PMCID: PMC6390010 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulosa cells (GCs) have many functions in the endocrine system. Most notably, they produce progesterone following ovulation. However, it has recently been proven that GCs can change their properties when subjected to long-term culture. In the present study, GCs were collected from hyper-stimulated ovarian follicles during in vitro fertilization procedures. They were grown in vitro, in a long-term manner. RNA was collected following 1, 7, 15 and 30 days of culture. Expression microarrays were used for analysis, which allowed to identify groups of genes characteristic for particular cellular processes. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to validate the obtained results. Two ontological groups characteristic for processes associated with the development and morphogenesis of the heart were identified during the analyses: ‘Heart development’ and ‘heart morphogenesis’. The results of the microarrays revealed that the highest change in expression was demonstrated by the lysyl Oxidase, oxytocin receptor, nexilin F-actin binding protein, and cysteine-rich protein 3 genes. The lowest change was exhibited by odd-skipped related transcription factor 1, plakophilin 2, transcription growth factor-β receptor 1, and kinesin family member 3A. The direction of changes was confirmed by RT-qPCR results. In the present study, it was suggested that GCs may have the potential to differentiate towards other cell types under long-term in vitro culture conditions. Thus, genes belonging to the presented ontological groups can be considered as novel markers of proliferation and differentiation of GCs towards the heart muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiesława Kranc
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Brązert
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑535 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Celichowski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Bryja
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz J Nawrocki
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ożegowska
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑535 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maurycy Jankowski
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Michal Jeseta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leszek Pawelczyk
- Division of Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑535 Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bręborowicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60‑806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dominik Rachoń
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80‑211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mariusz T Skowroński
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10‑719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bruska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50‑368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60‑781 Poznań, Poland
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Pei D, Shu X, Gassama-Diagne A, Thiery JP. Mesenchymal–epithelial transition in development and reprogramming. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:44-53. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Moore-Morris T, van Vliet PP, Andelfinger G, Puceat M. Role of Epigenetics in Cardiac Development and Congenital Diseases. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:2453-2475. [PMID: 30156497 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00048.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first organ to be functional in the fetus. Heart formation is a complex morphogenetic process regulated by both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the most prominent congenital diseases. Genetics is not sufficient to explain these diseases or the impact of them on patients. Epigenetics is more and more emerging as a basis for cardiac malformations. This review brings the essential knowledge on cardiac biology of development. It further provides a broad background on epigenetics with a focus on three-dimensional conformation of chromatin. Then, we summarize the current knowledge of the impact of epigenetics on cardiac cell fate decision. We further provide an update on the epigenetic anomalies in the genesis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moore-Morris
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Piet van Vliet
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Puceat
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM UMR- 1251, Marseille , France ; Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec , Canada ; and Laboratoire International Associé INSERM, Marseille France-CHU Ste Justine, Quebec, Canada
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Cui M, Wang Z, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of cardiomyocytes in development, regeneration and disease. Development 2018; 145:145/24/dev171983. [PMID: 30573475 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic and postnatal life depend on the uninterrupted function of cardiac muscle cells. These cells, termed cardiomyocytes, display many fascinating behaviors, including complex morphogenic movements, interactions with other cell types of the heart, persistent contractility and quiescence after birth. Each of these behaviors depends on complex interactions between both cardiac-restricted and widely expressed transcription factors, as well as on epigenetic modifications. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic control of cardiomyocyte differentiation and proliferation during heart development, regeneration and disease. We focus on those regulators that are required for both heart development and disease, and highlight the regenerative principles that might be manipulated to restore function to the injured adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Cui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhaoning Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, and Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Jia G, Preussner J, Chen X, Guenther S, Yuan X, Yekelchyk M, Kuenne C, Looso M, Zhou Y, Teichmann S, Braun T. Single cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq analysis of cardiac progenitor cell transition states and lineage settlement. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4877. [PMID: 30451828 PMCID: PMC6242939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation and segregation of cell lineages forming the heart have been studied extensively but the underlying gene regulatory networks and epigenetic changes driving cell fate transitions during early cardiogenesis are still only partially understood. Here, we comprehensively characterize mouse cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) marked by Nkx2-5 and Isl1 expression from E7.5 to E9.5 using single-cell RNA sequencing and transposase-accessible chromatin profiling (ATAC-seq). By leveraging on cell-to-cell transcriptome and chromatin accessibility heterogeneity, we identify different previously unknown cardiac subpopulations. Reconstruction of developmental trajectories reveal that multipotent Isl1+ CPC pass through an attractor state before separating into different developmental branches, whereas extended expression of Nkx2-5 commits CPC to an unidirectional cardiomyocyte fate. Furthermore, we show that CPC fate transitions are associated with distinct open chromatin states critically depending on Isl1 and Nkx2-5. Our data provide a model of transcriptional and epigenetic regulations during cardiac progenitor cell fate decisions at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshuai Jia
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jens Preussner
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany
| | - Xi Chen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany
| | - Xuejun Yuan
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany
| | - Michail Yekelchyk
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany
| | - Carsten Kuenne
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Teichmann
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, 19 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, 60596, Germany.
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Engineer A, Saiyin T, Lu X, Kucey AS, Urquhart BL, Drysdale TA, Norozi K, Feng Q. Sapropterin Treatment Prevents Congenital Heart Defects Induced by Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus in Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e009624. [PMID: 30608180 PMCID: PMC6404194 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor of endothelial NO synthase ( eNOS ), which is critical to embryonic heart development. We aimed to study the effects of sapropterin (Kuvan), an orally active synthetic form of tetrahydrobiopterin on eNOS uncoupling and congenital heart defects ( CHD s) induced by pregestational diabetes mellitus in mice. Methods and Results Adult female mice were induced to pregestational diabetes mellitus by streptozotocin and bred with normal male mice to produce offspring. Pregnant mice were treated with sapropterin or vehicle during gestation. CHD s were identified by histological analysis. Cell proliferation, eNOS dimerization, and reactive oxygen species production were assessed in the fetal heart. Pregestational diabetes mellitus results in a spectrum of CHD s in their offspring. Oral treatment with sapropterin in the diabetic dams significantly decreased the incidence of CHD s from 59% to 27%, and major abnormalities, such as atrioventricular septal defect and double-outlet right ventricle, were absent in the sapropterin-treated group. Lineage tracing reveals that pregestational diabetes mellitus results in decreased commitment of second heart field progenitors to the outflow tract, endocardial cushions, and ventricular myocardium of the fetal heart. Notably, decreased cell proliferation and cardiac transcription factor expression induced by maternal diabetes mellitus were normalized with sapropterin treatment. Furthermore, sapropterin administration in the diabetic dams increased eNOS dimerization and lowered reactive oxygen species levels in the fetal heart. Conclusions Sapropterin treatment in the diabetic mothers improves eNOS coupling, increases cell proliferation, and prevents the development of CHD s in the offspring. Thus, sapropterin may have therapeutic potential in preventing CHD s in pregestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Engineer
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Tana Saiyin
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Xiangru Lu
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Andrew S. Kucey
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Brad L. Urquhart
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Thomas A. Drysdale
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of PediatricsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Children's Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Kambiz Norozi
- Department of PediatricsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Children's Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care MedicineHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care MedicineUniversity of GöttingenGermany
| | - Qingping Feng
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Children's Health Research InstituteLondonOntarioCanada
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Kheradvar A, Zareian R, Kawauchi S, Goodwin RL, Rugonyi S. Animal Models for Heart Valve Research and Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 24:55-62. [PMID: 30631375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Valvular heart disease is the third-most common cause of heart problems in the United States. Malfunction of the valves can be acquired or congenital and each may lead either to stenosis or regurgitation, or even both in some cases. Heart valve disease is a progressive disease, which is irreversible and may be fatal if left untreated. Pharmacological agents cannot currently prevent valvular calcification or help repair damaged valves, as valve tissue is unable to regenerate spontaneously. Thus, heart valve replacement/repair is the only current available treatment. Heart valve research and development is currently focused on two parallel paths; first, research that aims to understand the underlying mechanisms for heart valve disease to emerge with an ultimate goal to devise medical treatment; and second, efforts to develop repair and replacement options for a diseased valve. Studies that focus on developmental malformation, genetic and disease epigenetics usually employ small animal models that are easy to access for in vivo imaging that minimally disturbs their environment during early stages of development. Alternatively, studies that aim to develop novel device for replacement and repair of diseased valves often employ large animals whose heart size and anatomy closely replicate human's. This paper aims to briefly review the current state-of-the-art animal models, and justification to use an animal model for a particular heart valve related project.
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Carmona R, Ariza L, Cañete A, Muñoz-Chápuli R. Comparative developmental biology of the cardiac inflow tract. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 116:155-164. [PMID: 29452155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate heart receives the blood through the cardiac inflow tract. This area has experienced profound changes along the evolution of vertebrates; changes that have a reflection in the cardiac ontogeny. The development of the inflow tract involves dynamic changes due to the progressive addition of tissue derived from the secondary heart field. The inflow tract is the site where oxygenated blood coming from lungs is received separately from the systemic return, where the cardiac pacemaker is established and where the proepicardium develops. Differential cell migration towards the inflow tract breaks the symmetry of the primary heart tube and determines the direction of the cardiac looping. In air-breathing vertebrates, an inflow tract reorganization is essential to keep separate blood flows from systemic and pulmonary returns. Finally, the sinus venosus endocardium has recently been recognized as playing a role in the constitution of the coronary vasculature. Due to this developmental complexity, congenital anomalies of the inflow tract can cause severe cardiac diseases. We aimed to review the recent literature on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the morphogenesis of the cardiac inflow tract, together with comparative and evolutionary details, thus providing a basis for a better understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carmona
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Laura Ariza
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Ana Cañete
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain
| | - Ramón Muñoz-Chápuli
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), 29071 Málaga (Spain), Spain.
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Zhou Z, Wang J, Guo C, Chang W, Zhuang J, Zhu P, Li X. Temporally Distinct Six2-Positive Second Heart Field Progenitors Regulate Mammalian Heart Development and Disease. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1019-1032. [PMID: 28122228 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic process of forming a complex structure such as the heart remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Six2 marks a dynamic subset of second heart field progenitors. Six2-positive (Six2+) progenitors are rapidly recruited and assigned, and their descendants are allocated successively to regions of the heart from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary trunk. Global ablation of Six2+ progenitors resulted in RV hypoplasia and pulmonary atresia. An early stage-specific ablation of a small subset of Six2+ progenitors did not cause any apparent structural defect at birth but rather resulted in adult-onset cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction. Furthermore, Six2 expression depends in part on Shh signaling, and Shh deletion resulted in severe deficiency of Six2+ progenitors. Collectively, these findings unveil the chronological features of cardiogenesis, in which the mammalian heart is built sequentially by temporally distinct populations of cardiac progenitors, and provide insights into late-onset congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfang Zhou
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Jingying Wang
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chaoshe Guo
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Weiting Chang
- Divisions of Genetics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China.
| | - Xue Li
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Le Garrec JF, Domínguez JN, Desgrange A, Ivanovitch KD, Raphaël E, Bangham JA, Torres M, Coen E, Mohun TJ, Meilhac SM. A predictive model of asymmetric morphogenesis from 3D reconstructions of mouse heart looping dynamics. eLife 2017; 6:28951. [PMID: 29179813 PMCID: PMC5705212 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
How left-right patterning drives asymmetric morphogenesis is unclear. Here, we have quantified shape changes during mouse heart looping, from 3D reconstructions by HREM. In combination with cell labelling and computer simulations, we propose a novel model of heart looping. Buckling, when the cardiac tube grows between fixed poles, is modulated by the progressive breakdown of the dorsal mesocardium. We have identified sequential left-right asymmetries at the poles, which bias the buckling in opposite directions, thus leading to a helical shape. Our predictive model is useful to explore the parameter space generating shape variations. The role of the dorsal mesocardium was validated in Shh-/- mutants, which recapitulate heart shape changes expected from a persistent dorsal mesocardium. Our computer and quantitative tools provide novel insight into the mechanism of heart looping and the contribution of different factors, beyond the simple description of looping direction. This is relevant to congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Le Garrec
- Imagine - Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jorge N Domínguez
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain
| | - Audrey Desgrange
- Imagine - Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Kenzo D Ivanovitch
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Etienne Raphaël
- Imagine - Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Miguel Torres
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrico Coen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Imagine - Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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46
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Bardot E, Tzavaras N, Benson DL, Dubois NC. Quantitative Whole-mount Immunofluorescence Analysis of Cardiac Progenitor Populations in Mouse Embryos. J Vis Exp 2017:10.3791/56446. [PMID: 29053691 PMCID: PMC6475905 DOI: 10.3791/56446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of ever-advancing imaging techniques has contributed broadly to our increased understanding of embryonic development. Pre-implantation development and organogenesis are two areas of research that have benefitted greatly from these advances, due to the high quality of data that can be obtained directly from imaging pre-implantation embryos or ex vivo organs. While pre-implantation embryos have yielded data with especially high spatial resolution, later stages have been less amenable to three-dimensional reconstruction. Obtaining high-quality 3D or volumetric data for known embryonic structures in combination with fate mapping or genetic lineage tracing will allow for a more comprehensive analysis of the morphogenetic events taking place during embryogenesis. This protocol describes a whole-mount immunofluorescence approach that allows for the labeling, visualization, and quantification of progenitor cell populations within the developing cardiac crescent, a key structure formed during heart development. The approach is designed in such a way that both cell- and tissue-level information can be obtained. Using confocal microscopy and image processing, this protocol allows for three-dimensional spatial reconstruction of the cardiac crescent, thereby providing the ability to analyze the localization and organization of specific progenitor populations during this critical phase of heart development. Importantly, the use of reference antibodies allows for successive masking of the cardiac crescent and subsequent quantitative measurements of areas within the crescent. This protocol will not only enable a detailed examination of early heart development, but with adaptations should be applicable to most organ systems in the gastrula to early somite stage mouse embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Bardot
- Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Nikos Tzavaras
- Microscopy Core, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Deanna L Benson
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Nicole C Dubois
- Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai;
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47
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(Re-)programming of subtype specific cardiomyocytes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:142-167. [PMID: 28916499 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) possess a highly restricted intrinsic regenerative potential - a major barrier to the effective treatment of a range of chronic degenerative cardiac disorders characterized by cellular loss and/or irreversible dysfunction and which underlies the majority of deaths in developed countries. Both stem cell programming and direct cell reprogramming hold promise as novel, potentially curative approaches to address this therapeutic challenge. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has introduced a second pluripotent stem cell source besides embryonic stem cells (ESCs), enabling even autologous cardiomyocyte production. In addition, the recent achievement of directly reprogramming somatic cells into cardiomyocytes is likely to become of great importance. In either case, different clinical scenarios will require the generation of highly pure, specific cardiac cellular-subtypes. In this review, we discuss these themes as related to the cardiovascular stem cell and programming field, including a focus on the emergent topic of pacemaker cell generation for the development of biological pacemakers and in vitro drug testing.
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48
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Foxa2 identifies a cardiac progenitor population with ventricular differentiation potential. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14428. [PMID: 28195173 PMCID: PMC5316866 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of progenitor populations that contribute to the developing heart in a distinct spatial and temporal manner has fundamentally improved our understanding of cardiac development. However, the mechanisms that direct atrial versus ventricular specification remain largely unknown. Here we report the identification of a progenitor population that gives rise primarily to cardiovascular cells of the ventricles and only to few atrial cells (<5%) of the differentiated heart. These progenitors are specified during gastrulation, when they transiently express Foxa2, a gene not previously implicated in cardiac development. Importantly, Foxa2+ cells contribute to previously identified progenitor populations in a defined pattern and ratio. Lastly, we describe an analogous Foxa2+ population during differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Together, these findings provide insight into the developmental origin of ventricular and atrial cells, and may lead to the establishment of new strategies for generating chamber-specific cell types from pluripotent stem cells.
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Xie X, Wu SP, Tsai MJ, Tsai S. The Role of COUP-TFII in Striated Muscle Development and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 125:375-403. [PMID: 28527579 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal and cardiac muscles are the only striated muscles in the body. Although sharing many structural and functional similarities, skeletal and cardiac muscles have intrinsic differences in terms of physiology and regenerative potential. While skeletal muscle possesses a robust regenerative response, the mammalian heart has limited repair capacity after birth. In this review, we provide an updated view regarding chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) function in vertebrate myogenesis, with particular emphasis on the skeletal and cardiac muscles. We also highlight the new insights of COUP-TFII hyperactivity underlying striated muscle dysfunction. Lastly, we discuss the challenges and strategies in translating COUP-TFII action for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - San-Pin Wu
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Sophia Tsai
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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50
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Burggren WW, Dubansky B, Bautista NM. Cardiovascular Development in Embryonic and Larval Fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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