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Yihunie W, Nibret G, Aschale Y. Recent Advances in Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) Vaccines and Their Delivery Systems: A Review. Clin Pharmacol 2023; 15:77-98. [PMID: 37554660 PMCID: PMC10405914 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s418314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was found as the intermediary that transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis in 1961. The emergency use authorization of the two covid-19 mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, is a significant achievement in the history of vaccine development. Because they are generated in a cell-free environment using the in vitro transcription (IVT) process, mRNA vaccines are risk-free. Moreover, chemical modifications to the mRNA molecule, such as cap structures and changed nucleosides, have proved critical in overcoming immunogenicity concerns, achieving sustained stability, and achieving effective, accurate protein production in vivo. Several vaccine delivery strategies (including protamine, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, nanoemulsions, and cell-based administration) were also optimized to load and transport RNA into the cytosol. LNPs, which are composed of a cationic or a pH-dependent ionizable lipid layer, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) component, phospholipids, and cholesterol, are the most advanced systems for delivering mRNA vaccines. Moreover, modifications of the four components that make up the LNPs showed to increase vaccine effectiveness and reduce side effects. Furthermore, the introduction of biodegradable lipids improved LNP biocompatibility. Furthermore, mRNA-based therapies are expected to be effective treatments for a variety of refractory conditions, including infectious diseases, metabolic genetic diseases, cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, the present review aims to provide the scientific community with up-to-date information on mRNA vaccines and their delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubetu Yihunie
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Getinet Nibret
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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2
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Arroz-Madeira S, Bekkhus T, Ulvmar MH, Petrova TV. Lessons of Vascular Specialization From Secondary Lymphoid Organ Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Circ Res 2023; 132:1203-1225. [PMID: 37104555 PMCID: PMC10144364 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.322136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, harbor highly specialized and compartmentalized niches. These niches are optimized to facilitate the encounter of naive lymphocytes with antigens and antigen-presenting cells, enabling optimal generation of adaptive immune responses. Lymphatic vessels of lymphoid organs are uniquely specialized to perform a staggering variety of tasks. These include antigen presentation, directing the trafficking of immune cells but also modulating immune cell activation and providing factors for their survival. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular basis of such specialization, opening avenues for better understanding the mechanisms of immune-vascular interactions and their applications. Such knowledge is essential for designing better treatments for human diseases given the central role of the immune system in infection, aging, tissue regeneration and repair. In addition, principles established in studies of lymphoid organ lymphatic vessel functions and organization may be applied to guide our understanding of specialization of vascular beds in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Arroz-Madeira
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland (S.A.M., T.V.P.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Switzerland (S.A.M., T.V.P.)
| | - Tove Bekkhus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden (T.B., M.H.U.)
| | - Maria H. Ulvmar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden (T.B., M.H.U.)
| | - Tatiana V. Petrova
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland (S.A.M., T.V.P.)
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Switzerland (S.A.M., T.V.P.)
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3
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Roy S, Sharma A, Ghosh S. Mechanistic crosstalk of extracellular calcium-mediated regulation of maturation and plasticity in human monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 643:39-47. [PMID: 36586157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells play a pivotal role in controlling tissue repair and rejection after biomaterial implantation. Calcium supplementation regulates cellular responses and alter the pathophysiology of various diseases. A series of macrophage activations through differential plasticity has been observed after cell-to-material interactions. We investigated the role of calcium supplementation in controlling macrophage phenotypes in pro-inflammatory and pre-reparative states. Oxidative defence and mitochondria involvement in cellular plasticity and the sequential M0 to M1 and M1 to M2 transitions were observed after calcium supplementation. This study describes the molecular mechanism of reactive oxygen species and drives the interconnected cellular plasticity of macrophages in the presence of calcium. Gene expression, and immunostaining, revealed a relationship between MHC class II maturation and cellular plasticity. This study elucidated the role of controlled calcium supplementation under various conditions. These findings underscore the molecular mechanism of calcium-mediated immune induction and its favourable use in different calcium-containing biomaterials., essential for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Roy
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Aarushi Sharma
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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4
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Nonclinical pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of VSV-GP using methods to decouple input drug disposition and viral replication. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 28:190-207. [PMID: 36700123 PMCID: PMC9843450 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral replication places oncolytic viruses (OVs) in a unique niche in the field of drug pharmacokinetics (PK) as their self-amplification obscures exposure-response relationships. Moreover, standard bioanalytical techniques are unable to distinguish the input from replicated drug products. Here, we combine two novel approaches to characterize PK and biodistribution (BD) after systemic administration of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-GP) in healthy mice. First: to decouple input drug PK/BD versus replication PK/BD, we developed and fully characterized a replication-incompetent tool virus that retained all other critical attributes of the drug. We used this approach to quantify replication in blood and tissues and to determine its impact on PK and BD. Second: to discriminate the genomic and antigenomic viral RNA strands contributing to replication dynamics in tissues, we developed an in situ hybridization method using strand-specific probes and assessed their spatiotemporal distribution in tissues. This latter approach demonstrated that distribution, transcription, and replication localized to tissue-resident macrophages, indicating their role in PK and BD. Ultimately, our study results in a refined PK/BD profile for a replicating OV, new proposed PK parameters, and deeper understanding of OV PK/BD using unique approaches that could be applied to other replicating vectors.
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Ozawa M, Nakajima S, Kobayashi D, Tomii K, Li NJ, Watarai T, Suzuki R, Watanabe S, Kanda Y, Takeuchi A, Katakai T. Micro- and Macro-Anatomical Frameworks of Lymph Nodes Indispensable for the Lymphatic System Filtering Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:902601. [PMID: 35794860 PMCID: PMC9251010 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.902601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the lymphatic vascular system, lymph nodes (LNs) play a pivotal role in filtering and removing lymph-borne substances. The filtering function of LNs involves resident macrophages tightly associated with unique lymphatic sinus structures. Moreover, an intermittently arranged LN in the lymphatic pathway is considered to cooperatively prevent lymph-borne substances from entering blood circulation. However, the functional significance of tissue microarchitecture, cellular composition, and individual LNs in the “LN chain” system is not fully understood. To explore the mechanistic and histo-anatomical significance of LNs as lymph fluid filters, we subcutaneously injected fluorescent tracers into mice and examined the details of lymphatic transport to the LNs qualitatively and quantitatively. Lymph-borne tracers were selectively accumulated in the MARCO+ subcapsular-medullary sinus border (SMB) region of the LN, in which reticular lymphatic endothelial cells and CD169+F4/80+ medullary sinus macrophages construct a dense meshwork of the physical barrier, forming the main body to capture the tracers. We also demonstrated stepwise filtration via the LN chain in the lymphatic basin, which prevented tracer leakage into the blood. Furthermore, inflammatory responses that induce the remodeling of LN tissue as well as the lymphatic pathway reinforce the overall filtering capacity of the lymphatic basin. Taken together, specialized tissue infrastructure in the LNs and their systematic orchestration constitute an integrated filtering system for lymphatic recirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shihori Nakajima
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daichi Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Tomii
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nan-Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoya Watarai
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryo Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kanda
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Arata Takeuchi
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Katakai
- Department of Immunology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tomoya Katakai,
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Seiffert SB, Vennemann A, Nordhorn ID, Kröger S, Wiemann M, Karst U. LA-ICP-MS and Immunohistochemical Staining with Lanthanide-Labeled Antibodies to Study the Uptake of CeO 2 Nanoparticles by Macrophages in Tissue Sections. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:981-991. [PMID: 35583351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing use and production of CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs), the likelihood of exposure especially via the air rapidly grows. However, the uptake of CeO2 NPs via the lung and the resulting distribution into various cell types of remote organs are not well understood because classical analytical methods provide limited spatial information. In this study, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was combined with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with lanthanide-labeled antibodies to investigate the distribution of intratracheally instilled CeO2 NPs from the rat lung to lymph nodes, spleen, and liver after 3 h, 3 days, and 21 days. We selected regions of interest after fast imaging using LA-ICP-MS in low-resolution mode and conducted high-resolution LA-ICP-MS in combination with IHC for cellular localization. The lanthanide labeling, which was largely congruent with conventional fluorescent labeling, allowed us to calculate the association rates of Ce to specific cell types. Major portions of Ce were found to be associated with phagocytic cells in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. In the lung, almost 94% of the Ce was co-localized with CD68-positive alveolar macrophages after 21 days. Ce was also detected in the lymph nodes outside macrophages 3 h post instillation but shifted to macrophage-associated locations. In the liver, Ce accumulations associated with Kupffer cells (CD163-positive) were found. Ce-containing populations of metallophilic and marginal zone macrophages (both CD169-positive) as well as red pulp macrophages (CD68-positive) were identified as major targets in the spleen. Overall, high-resolution LA-ICP-MS analysis in combination with IHC staining with lanthanide-labeled antibodies is a suitable tool to quantify and localize Ce associated with specific cell types and to estimate their particle burden under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja B Seiffert
- Department of Material Physics, Analytics & Formulation, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Antje Vennemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ilona D Nordhorn
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kröger
- Department of Material Physics, Analytics & Formulation, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Paterson N, Lämmermann T. Macrophage network dynamics depend on haptokinesis for optimal local surveillance. eLife 2022; 11:75354. [PMID: 35343899 PMCID: PMC8963880 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key immune cells with important roles for tissue surveillance in almost all mammalian organs. Cellular networks made up of many individual macrophages allow for optimal removal of dead cell material and pathogens in tissues. However, the critical determinants that underlie these population responses have not been systematically studied. Here, we investigated how cell shape and the motility of individual cells influences macrophage network responses in 3D culture settings and in mouse tissues. We show that surveying macrophage populations can tolerate lowered actomyosin contractility, but cannot easily compensate for a lack of integrin-mediated adhesion. Although integrins were dispensable for macrophage chemotactic responses, they were crucial to control cell movement and protrusiveness for optimal surveillance by a macrophage population. Our study reveals that β1 integrins are important for maintaining macrophage shape and network sampling efficiency in mammalian tissues, and sets macrophage motility strategies apart from the integrin-independent 3D migration modes of many other immune cell subsets. Macrophages are immune cells in the body that remove dying cells and debris from tissues. They live in almost all the body’s organs, surveilling for signs of infection and destroying microbes. They also migrate to wound sites, where they can eliminate foreign particles and stop microbes from entering the body. To perform their surveillance role, macrophages need to work together as a team. They form a network, coordinating their movements to optimise the removal of particles and dead cells. How this happens is something of a mystery. As individuals, cells travel through tissues using a balance of several activities: they change their shape, they contract and relax, and they grab hold of their surroundings using proteins called integrins. It is thought that the choice between these types of movement may affect the rest of the network. To investigate, Paterson and Lämmermann genetically engineered mouse macrophages grown in the laboratory so they would not produce working integrins. These macrophages were able to contract and relax, but they could not attach to the proteins in the structures they were exploring. Paterson and Lämmermann then placed these macrophages in gels studded with proteins that mimic a biological matrix to observe their behaviour. When these macrophages were exposed to the chemicals that indicate the presence of a wound, they moved normally, changing shape and contracting and relaxing. Paterson and Lämmermann confirmed this normal behaviour for macrophages moving to sites of injuries in the tissue of living mice. However, when it came to surveillance, the macrophages’ abilities were seriously diminished, and they were unable to form an effective network to take up particles and dead cells. This work sheds light on how the movement of individual cells affects the entire immune surveillance network. A deeper understanding could lead to new insights into how to prevent inflammation. The next step is to map macrophage networks in healthy and diseased tissues to understand how cell movement affects surveillance under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Paterson
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Mild inflammation persists in the glenohumeral joint of patients with shoulder instability: Cross-sectional study. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2022; 4:100241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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9
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CD169 + macrophages in lymph node and spleen critically depend on dual RANK and LTbetaR signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2108540119. [PMID: 35031565 PMCID: PMC8784161 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108540119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD169+ macrophages that play an important role in the fight against infections and cancer are receptive to environmental signals for their differentiation. We show that lymph node and splenic CD169+ macrophages require both LTβR and RANK signaling since the conditional deficiency of either receptor results in their disappearance. Using a reporter mouse, we observe RANKL expression by a splenic mesenchymal cell subset and show that it participates in CD169+ macrophage differentiation. Their absence leads to a reduced viral capture and a greatly attenuated virus-specific CD8+ T cell expansion. Thus, tight control mechanisms operate for the precise positioning of these macrophages at sites where numerous immune-stimulatory forces converge. CD169+ macrophages reside in lymph node (LN) and spleen and play an important role in the immune defense against pathogens. As resident macrophages, they are responsive to environmental cues to shape their tissue-specific identity. We have previously shown that LN CD169+ macrophages require RANKL for formation of their niche and their differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that they are also dependent on direct lymphotoxin beta (LTβ) receptor (R) signaling. In the absence or the reduced expression of either RANK or LTβR, their differentiation is perturbed, generating myeloid cells expressing SIGN-R1 in LNs. Conditions of combined haploinsufficiencies of RANK and LTβR revealed that both receptors contribute equally to LN CD169+ macrophage differentiation. In the spleen, the Cd169-directed ablation of either receptor results in a selective loss of marginal metallophilic macrophages (MMMs). Using a RANKL reporter mouse, we identify splenic marginal zone stromal cells as a source of RANKL and demonstrate that it participates in MMM differentiation. The loss of MMMs had no effect on the splenic B cell compartments but compromised viral capture and the expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Taken together, the data provide evidence that CD169+ macrophage differentiation in LN and spleen requires dual signals from LTβR and RANK with implications for the immune response.
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10
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Abstract
Introduction: NAFLD is often under-diagnosed, even though rates of its co-morbidities such as obesity and type2 diabetes mellitus, prominent statuses of inflammation, are significantly high. The spleen-liver axis is gaining much credit in the last years like other well-known organ axes.Areas covered: PubMed/MEDLINE was searched for relevant articles related to concomitant occurrence of NAFLD and spleen. Areas covered in this review include: (1) updated findings of spleen dimensions at ultrasonography, (2) discussion of current data on pathophysiological connections between obesity-related NAFLD and increased volume of the spleen, and (3) analysis of current immune-mediated mechanisms characterizing the so.called chronic low-grade inflammation leading to insulin resistance.Expert opinion: The advances in explaining mechanisms underlying the spleen involvement in immune regulation, coupled with research about the role of spleen in NAFLD, could impact real world outcomes through establishing better tools for a precocious diagnosis. Using both liver and spleen ultrasonography, technique largely dealt with in this review, could expand the possibility to cover an adequate diagnostic path toward NAFLD, reaching a good sensibility and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Citro
- Department of General Medicine, "Umberto I" Hospital, Nocera Inferiore (SA), Nocera Inferiore, Italy
| | - Clara Balsano
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Life, Health & Environmental Sciences-MESVA, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Pellin D, Claudio N, Guo Z, Ziglari T, Pucci F. Gene Expression Profiling of Lymph Node Sub-Capsular Sinus Macrophages in Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672123. [PMID: 34168645 PMCID: PMC8218730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes are key lymphoid organs collecting lymph fluid and migratory cells from the tissue area they survey. When cancerous cells arise within a tissue, the sentinel lymph node is the first immunological organ to mount an immune response. Sub-capsular sinus macrophages (SSMs) are specialized macrophages residing in the lymph nodes that play important roles as gatekeepers against particulate antigenic material. In the context of cancer, SSMs capture tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tEVs), a form of particulate antigen released in high amounts by tumor cells. We and others have recently demonstrated that SSMs possess anti-tumor activity because in their absence tumors progress faster. A comprehensive profiling of SSMs represents an important first step to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for SSM anti-tumor activity. Unfortunately, the isolation of SSMs for molecular analyses is very challenging. Here, we combined an optimized dissociation protocol, careful marker selection and stringent gating strategies to highly purify SSMs. We provide evidence of decreased T and B cell contamination, which allowed us to reveal the gene expression profile of this elusive macrophage subset. Squamous cell carcinomas induced an increase in the expression of Fc receptors, lysosomal and proteasomal enzymes in SSMs. Imaging of mouse and patient lymph nodes confirmed the presence of the top differentially expressed genes. These results suggest that SSMs respond to tumor formation by upregulating the machinery necessary for presentation of tumor particulate antigens to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Pellin
- Gene Therapy Program, Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Natalie Claudio
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Zihan Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Program in Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tahereh Ziglari
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ferdinando Pucci
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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12
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Grabert K, Sehgal A, Irvine KM, Wollscheid-Lengeling E, Ozdemir DD, Stables J, Luke GA, Ryan MD, Adamson A, Humphreys NE, Sandrock CJ, Rojo R, Verkasalo VA, Mueller W, Hohenstein P, Pettit AR, Pridans C, Hume DA. A Transgenic Line That Reports CSF1R Protein Expression Provides a Definitive Marker for the Mouse Mononuclear Phagocyte System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3154-3166. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Chen Y, Jiang W, Yong H, He M, Yang Y, Deng Z, Li Y. Macrophages in osteoarthritis: pathophysiology and therapeutics. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:261-268. [PMID: 32051751 PMCID: PMC7013211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of disability in worldwide population, which is characterized by cartilage breakdown, synovial fibrosis, osteophyte formation and pain. Synovial inflammation is usually found in both early and late stages in most of the OA patients. Macrophages, the major component of the mononuclear phagocyte system, play a critical role in OA pathogenesis through the induction of inflammatory mediators, growth factors and proteinases. So, drugs that can target macrophages and macrophage-associated inflammatory pathways at an appropriate stage may help to inhibit or slow down the progression of OA. However, despite an emerging role of synovial macrophages in OA pathogenesis, little is known about the biology of synovial tissue macrophages, and attempts to target macrophages therapeutically have had limited success. But the use of selective targets of macrophages may minimize the side effects and support the promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of OA. More pre-clinical animal models and clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the role of selective targets of macrophages in the prevention and treatment of OA. This review article discusses the association of macrophages in OA development and possible OA therapeutics by targeting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Chen
- Baishilong Community Health Service Center, People’s Hospital of LonghuaShenzhen 518109, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Bone and Joint Department of Shenzhen People’s HospitalShenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanfan University of Science and TechenologyShenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan UniversityShenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Huang Yong
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuntao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410008, Hunan, China
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Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous group of cells that are capable of carrying out distinct functions in different tissues, as well as in different locations within a given tissue. Some of these tissue macrophages lie on, or close to, the outer (abluminal) surface of blood vessels and perform several crucial activities at this interface between the tissue and the blood. In steady-state tissues, these perivascular macrophages maintain tight junctions between endothelial cells and limit vessel permeability, phagocytose potential pathogens before they enter tissues from the blood and restrict inappropriate inflammation. They also have a multifaceted role in diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Here, we examine the important functions of perivascular macrophages in various adult tissues and describe how these functions are perturbed in a broad array of pathological conditions.
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15
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Oakes RS, Froimchuk E, Jewell CM. Engineering Biomaterials to Direct Innate Immunity. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019; 2:1800157. [PMID: 31236439 PMCID: PMC6590522 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Small alterations during early stages of innate immune response can drive large changes in how adaptive immune cells develop and function during protective immunity or disease. Controlling these events creates exciting potential in development of immune engineered vaccines and therapeutics. This progress report discusses recent biomaterial technologies exploiting innate immunity to dissect immune function and to design new vaccines and immunotherapies for infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmunity. Across these examples, an important idea is the possibility to co-opt innate immune mechanisms to enhance immunity during infection and cancer. During inflammatory or autoimmune disease, some of these same innate immune mechanisms can be manipulated in different ways to control excess inflammation by promotion of immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Oakes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - E. Froimchuk
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - C. M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, 10. N Green Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF-I Suite 380, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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16
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Bordet E, Frétaud M, Crisci E, Bouguyon E, Rault S, Pezant J, Pleau A, Renson P, Giuffra E, Larcher T, Bourge M, Bourry O, Boulesteix O, Langevin C, Schwartz-Cornil I, Bertho N. Macrophage-B Cell Interactions in the Inverted Porcine Lymph Node and Their Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:953. [PMID: 31130951 PMCID: PMC6510060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine lymph nodes (LN) present an inverted structure compared to mouse and human, with the afferent lymph diffusing from the center to the periphery. This structure, also observed in close and distant species such as dolphins, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, and elephants, is poorly described, nor are the LN macrophage populations and their relationship with B cell follicles. B cell maturation occurs mainly in LN B cell follicles with the help of LN macrophage populations endowed with different antigen delivery capacities. We identified three macrophage populations that we localized in the inverted LN spatial organization. This allowed us to ascribe porcine LN MΦ to their murine counterparts: subcapsular sinus MΦ, medullary cord MΦ and medullary sinus MΦ. We identified the different intra and extrafollicular stages of LN B cells maturation and explored the interaction of MΦ, drained antigen and follicular B cells. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major porcine pathogen that infects tissue macrophages (MΦ). PRRSV is persistent in the secondary lymphoid tissues and induces a delay in neutralizing antibodies appearance. We observed PRRSV interaction with two LN MΦ populations, of which one interacts closely with centroblasts. We observed BCL6 up-regulation in centroblast upon PRRSV infection, leading to new hypothesis on PRRSV inhibition of B cell maturation. This seminal study of porcine LN will permit fruitful comparison with murine and human LN for a better understanding of normal and inverted LN development and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Bordet
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maxence Frétaud
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,INRA, EMERG'IN- Plateforme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale IERP- Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elisa Crisci
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,UMR Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Edwige Bouguyon
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stéphane Rault
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jérémy Pezant
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alexis Pleau
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Patricia Renson
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Virologie et Immunologie Porcines, Zoopôle, BP53, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Cité Internationale, Rennes, France
| | - Elisabetta Giuffra
- UMR Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Mickael Bourge
- I2BC, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Unité Virologie et Immunologie Porcines, Zoopôle, BP53, Ploufragan, France.,Université Bretagne Loire, Cité Internationale, Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle Langevin
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,INRA, EMERG'IN- Plateforme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale IERP- Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Nicolas Bertho
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Nantes, France
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17
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Boor PPC, Bosma BM, Tran KTC, van der Laan LJW, Hagenaars H, IJzermans JNM, Metselaar HJ, Kwekkeboom J. Characterization of Antigen-Presenting Cell Subsets in Human Liver-Draining Lymph Nodes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:441. [PMID: 30930897 PMCID: PMC6428028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell immunity in the liver is tightly regulated to prevent chronic liver inflammation in response to antigens and toxins derived from food and intestinal bacterial flora. Since the main sites of T cell activation in response to foreign components entering solid tissues are the draining lymph nodes (LN), we aimed to study whether Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC) subsets in human liver lymph-draining LN show features that may contribute to the immunologically tolerant liver environment. Healthy liver LN, iliac LN, spleen and liver perfusates were obtained from multi-organ donors, while diseased liver LN were collected from explanted patient livers. Inguinal LN were obtained from kidney transplant recipients. Mononuclear cells were isolated from fresh tissues, and immunophenotypic and functional characteristics of APC subsets were studied using flowcytometry and in ex vivo cultures. Healthy liver-draining LN contained significantly lower relative numbers of CD1c+ conventional dendritic cells (cDC2), plasmacytoid DC (PDC), and CD14+CD163+DC-SIGN+ macrophages (MF) compared to inguinal LN. Compared to spleen, both types of LN contained low relative numbers of CD141hi cDC1. Both cDC subsets in liver LN showed a more activated/mature immunophenotype than those in inguinal LN, iliacal LN, spleen and liver tissue. Despite their more mature status, cDC2 isolated from hepatic LN displayed similar cytokine production capacity (IL-10, IL-12, and IL-6) and allogeneic T cell stimulatory capacity as their counterparts from spleen. Liver LN from patients with inflammatory liver diseases showed a further reduction of cDC1, but had increased relative numbers of PDC and MF. In steady state conditions human liver LN contain relatively low numbers of cDC2, PDC, and macrophages, and relative numbers of cDC1 in liver LN decline during liver inflammation. The paucity of cDC in liver LN may contribute to immune tolerance in the liver environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P C Boor
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brenda M Bosma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Khe T C Tran
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Hagenaars
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan N M IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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18
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Vural A, Nabar NR, Hwang IY, Sohn S, Park C, Karlsson MCI, Blumer JB, Kehrl JH. Gα i2 Signaling Regulates Inflammasome Priming and Cytokine Production by Biasing Macrophage Phenotype Determination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1510-1520. [PMID: 30683698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages exist as innate immune subsets that exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity and functional plasticity. Their phenotypes are dictated by inputs from the tissue microenvironment. G-protein-coupled receptors are essential in transducing signals from the microenvironment, and heterotrimeric Gα signaling links these receptors to downstream effectors. Several Gαi-coupled G-protein-coupled receptors have been implicated in macrophage polarization. In this study, we use genetically modified mice to investigate the role of Gαi2 on inflammasome activity and macrophage polarization. We report that Gαi2 in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) regulates IL-1β release after activation of the NLRP3, AIM2, and NLRC4 inflammasomes. We show this regulation stems from the biased polarity of Gαi2 deficient (Gnai2 -/-) and RGS-insensitive Gαi2 (Gnai2 G184S/G184S) BMDMs. We determined that although Gnai2 G184S/G184S BMDMs (excess Gαi2 signaling) have a tendency toward classically activated proinflammatory (M1) phenotype, Gnai2-/- BMDMs (Gαi2 deficient) are biased toward alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Finally, we find that Gαi2-deficient macrophages have increased Akt activation and IFN-β production but defects in ERK1/2 and STAT3 activation after LPS stimulation. Gαi2-deficient macrophages also exhibit increased STAT6 activation after IL-4 stimulation. In summary, our data indicates that excess Gαi2 signaling promotes an M1 macrophage phenotype, whereas Gαi2 signaling deficiency promotes an M2 phenotype. Understanding Gαi2-mediated effects on macrophage polarization may bring to light insights regarding disease pathogenesis and the reprogramming of macrophages for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Vural
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Neel R Nabar
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; .,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Il-Young Hwang
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Silke Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Chung Park
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Joe B Blumer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - John H Kehrl
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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19
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Marakalala MJ, Martinez FO, Plüddemann A, Gordon S. Macrophage Heterogeneity in the Immunopathogenesis of Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1028. [PMID: 29875747 PMCID: PMC5974223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in tuberculosis, as the site of primary infection, inducers and effectors of inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, as well as mediators of tissue destruction and repair. Early descriptions by pathologists have emphasized their morphological heterogeneity in granulomas, followed by delineation of T lymphocyte-dependent activation of anti-mycobacterial resistance. More recently, powerful genetic and molecular tools have become available to describe macrophage cellular properties and their role in host-pathogen interactions. In this review we discuss aspects of macrophage heterogeneity relevant to the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and, conversely, lessons that can be learnt from mycobacterial infection, with regard to the immunobiological functions of macrophages in homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohlopheni J. Marakalala
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fernando O. Martinez
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Botnar Research Centre, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Plüddemann
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Soni C, Schell SL, Fasnacht MJ, Chodisetti SB, Rahman ZS. Crucial role of Mer tyrosine kinase in the maintenance of SIGN-R1 + marginal zone macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:298-315. [PMID: 29345385 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mer Tyrosine Kinase receptor (Mer) is involved in anti-inflammatory efferocytosis. Here we report elevated spontaneous germinal center (Spt-GC) responses in Mer-deficient mice (Mer-/- ) that are associated with the loss of SIGN-R1+ marginal zone macrophages (MZMs). The dissipation of MZMs in Mer-/- mice occurs independently of reduced cellularity or delocalization of marginal zone B cells, sinusoidal cells or of CD169+ metallophillic macrophages. We find that MZM dissipation in Mer-/- mice contributes to apoptotic cell (AC) accumulation in Spt-GCs and dysregulation of the GC checkpoint, allowing an expansion of DNA-reactive B cells in GCs. We further observe that bone marrow derived macrophages from Mer-/- mice produce more TNFα, and are susceptible to cell death upon exposure to ACs compared to WT macrophages. Anti-TNFα Ab treatment of Mer-/- mice is, however, unable to reverse MZM loss, but results in reduced Spt-GC responses, indicating that TNFα promotes Spt-GC responses in Mer-/- mice. Contrary to an anti-TNFα Ab treatment, treatment of Mer-/- mice with a synthetic agonist for the transcription factor LXRα rescues a significant number of MZMs in vivo. Our data suggest that Mer-LXRα signaling plays an important role in the differentiation and maintenance of MZMs, which in turn regulate Spt-GC responses and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Soni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Stephanie L Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Melinda J Fasnacht
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Ziaur Sm Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
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21
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Verschoor A, Karsten CM, Broadley SP, Laumonnier Y, Köhl J. Old dogs-new tricks: immunoregulatory properties of C3 and C5 cleavage fragments. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:112-126. [PMID: 27782330 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the complement system by canonical and non-canonical mechanisms results in the generation of multiple C3 and C5 cleavage fragments including anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a as well as opsonizing C3b/iC3b. It is now well appreciated that anaphylatoxins not only act as pro-inflammatory mediators but as immunoregulatory molecules that control the activation status of cells and tissue at several levels. Likewise, C3b/iC3b is more than the opsonizing fragment that facilitates engulfment and destruction of targets by phagocytes. In the circulation, it also facilitates the transport and delivery of bacteria and immune complexes to phagocytes, through a process known as immune adherence, with consequences for adaptive immunity. Here, we will discuss non-classical immunoregulatory properties of C3 and C5 cleavage fragments. We highlight the influence of anaphylatoxins on Th2 and Th17 cell development during allergic asthma with a particular emphasis on their role in the modulation of CD11b+ conventional dendritic cells and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Furthermore, we discuss the control of anaphylatoxin-mediated activation of dendritic cells and allergic effector cells by adaptive immune mechanisms that involve allergen-specific IgG1 antibodies and plasma or regulatory T cell-derived IL-10 production. Finally, we take a fresh look at immune adherence with a particular focus on the development of antibacterial cytotoxic T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admar Verschoor
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Christian M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Steven P Broadley
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yves Laumonnier
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany. .,Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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22
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Yeh MY, Shih YL, Chung HY, Chou J, Lu HF, Liu CH, Liu JY, Huang WW, Peng SF, Wu LY, Chung JG. Chitosan promotes immune responses, ameliorating total mature white blood cell numbers, but increases glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and ameliorates lactate dehydrogenase levels in leukemia mice in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:2483-2490. [PMID: 28677783 PMCID: PMC5547931 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of chitosan (a naturally derived polymer) on the immune responses and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in WEHI-3 cell-generated leukemia mice. Mice were divided into control, WEHI-3 control, acetic acid (vehicle)-treated, and 5 and 20 mg/kg chitosan-treated groups. Mice were subsequently weighed, blood was collected, and liver and spleen samples were isolated and weighed. Blood samples were measured for cell markers, the spleen underwent phagocytosis and natural killer (NK) cell activity examination, and cell proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry. Chitosan did not significantly affect the weights of body, liver and spleen at 5 and 20 mg/kg treatment. Chitosan increased the percentage of CD3 (T cells marker), decreased the levels of CD19 (B-cell marker) and CD11b at 5 mg/kg treatment, and decreased the levels of Mac-3 at 5 and 20 mg/kg treatment. Chitosan significantly increased macrophage phagocytosis of PBMCs, but did not significantly affect macrophage phagocytosis in the peritoneal cavity. Chitosan treatment did not significantly affect the cytotoxic activity of NK cells, and also did not affect T- and B-cell proliferation. Chitosan significantly increased total white blood cell numbers, and GOT and GPT activities were both significantly increased. However, chitosan did not significantly affect LDH activity in leukemia mice. Chitosan may aid in future studies on improving immune responses in the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Yeh
- Office of Director, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Luen Shih
- Department of School of Medicine, Fu‑Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsueh-Yu Chung
- Jen‑Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County 356, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jason Chou
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsu-Feng Lu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Hui Liu
- The Center of General Education, Chia‑Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-You Liu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lung-Yuan Wu
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post‑Baccalaureate, I‑Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
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23
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Abstract
Macrophages are present in all vertebrate tissues, from mid-gestation throughout life, constituting a widely dispersed organ system. They promote homeostasis by responding to internal and external changes within the body, not only as phagocytes in defence against microbes and in clearance of dead and senescent cells, but also through trophic, regulatory and repair functions. In this review, we describe macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity in different tissue environments, drawing particular attention to organ-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan. .,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Annette Plüddemann
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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24
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Gordon S. Phagocytosis: An Immunobiologic Process. Immunity 2016; 44:463-475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Yeh MY, Shih YL, Chung HY, Chou J, Lu HF, Liu CH, Liu JY, Huang WW, Peng SF, Wu LY, Chung JG. Chitosan promotes immune responses, ameliorates glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, but enhances lactate dehydrogenase levels in normal mice in vivo. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1300-1306. [PMID: 27073440 PMCID: PMC4812523 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a naturally derived polymer, has been shown to possess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties; however, little is known about the effect of chitosan on the immune responses and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in normal mice. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether chitosan has an effect on the immune responses and GOT, GPT and LDH activities in mice in vivo. BALB/c mice were divided into four groups. The negative control group was treated with a normal diet; the positive control group was treated with a normal diet plus orally administered acetic acid and two treatment groups were treated with a normal diet plus orally administered chitosan in acetic acid at doses of 5 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, every other day for 24 days. Mice were weighed during the treatment, and following the treatment, blood was collected, and liver and spleen samples were isolated and weighted. The blood samples were used for measurement of white blood cell markers, and the spleen samples were used for analysis of phagocytosis, natural killer (NK) cell activity and cell proliferation using flow cytometry. The results indicated that chitosan did not markedly affect the body, liver and spleen weights at either dose. Chitosan increased the percentages of CD3 (T-cell marker), CD19 (B-cell marker), CD11b (monocytes) and Mac-3 (macrophages) when compared with the control group. However, chitosan did not affect the phagocytic activity of macrophages in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, although it decreased it in the peritoneal cavity. Treatment with 20 mg/kg chitosan led to a reduction in the cytotoxic activity of NK cells at an effector to target ratio of 25:1. Chitosan did not significantly promote B-cell proliferation in lipopolysaccharide-pretreated cells, but significantly decreased T-cell proliferation in concanavalin A-pretreated cells, and decreased the activity of GOT and GPT compared with that in the acetic acid-treated group,. In addition, it significantly increased LDH activity, to a level similar to that in normal mice, indicating that chitosan can protect against liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Yeh
- Office of Director, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Luen Shih
- Department of School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsueh-Yu Chung
- Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jason Chou
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsu-Feng Lu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Hui Liu
- The Center of General Education, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-You Liu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Fen Peng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Lung-Yuan Wu
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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26
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Ruscitti P, Ciccia F, Cipriani P, Guggino G, Di Benedetto P, Rizzo A, Liakouli V, Berardicurti O, Carubbi F, Triolo G, Giacomelli R. The CD68(+)/H-ferritin(+) cells colonize the lymph nodes of the patients with adult onset Still's disease and are associated with increased extracellular level of H-ferritin in the same tissue: correlation with disease severity and implication for pathogenesis. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:397-404. [PMID: 26540556 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we aimed to evaluate the levels of ferritin enriched in H subunits (H-ferritin) and ferritin enriched in L subunits (L-ferritin) and the cells expressing these two molecules in the lymph node (LN) biopsies obtained from adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) patients, and the possible correlation among these data and the severity of the disease. Ten patients with AOSD underwent LN biopsy. All the samples were stained by immunofluorescence. A statistical analysis was performed to estimate the possible correlation among both H-ferritin and L-ferritin tissue expression and the clinical picture of the disease. Furthermore, the same analysis was performed to evaluate the possible correlation among the number of CD68(+)/H-ferritin(+) or CD68(+)/L-ferritin(+) cells and the clinical picture. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated an increased tissue H-ferritin expression in the LNs of AOSD patients. This increased expression correlated with the severity of the disease. An increased number of CD68 macrophages expressing H-ferritin was observed in the LN samples of our patients. Furthermore, we observed that the number of CD68(+)/H-ferritin(+) cells correlated significantly with the severity of the clinical picture. Our data showed an imbalance between the levels of H- and L-ferritin in LNs of AOSD patients and the evidence of an increased number of CD68(+)/H-ferritin(+) cells in the same organs. Furthermore, a correlation among both the tissue H-ferritin levels and the CD68(+)/H-ferritin(+) cells and the clinical picture was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ruscitti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - F Ciccia
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - P Cipriani
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - G Guggino
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - P Di Benedetto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A Rizzo
- General Pathology, Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Liakouli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - O Berardicurti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - F Carubbi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - G Triolo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Giacomelli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, School of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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27
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Steiniger BS. Human spleen microanatomy: why mice do not suffice. Immunology 2015; 145:334-46. [PMID: 25827019 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microanatomical structure of the spleen has been primarily described in mice and rats. This leads to terminological problems with respect to humans and their species-specific splenic microstructure. In mice, rats and humans the spleen consists of the white pulp embedded in the red pulp. In the white pulp, T and B lymphocytes form accumulations, the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths and the follicles, located around intermediate-sized arterial vessels, the central arteries. The red pulp is a reticular connective tissue containing all types of blood cells. The spleen of mice and rats exhibits an additional well-delineated B-cell compartment, the marginal zone, between white and red pulp. This area is, however, absent in human spleen. Human splenic secondary follicles comprise three zones: a germinal centre, a mantle zone and a superficial zone. In humans, arterioles and sheathed capillaries in the red pulp are surrounded by lymphocytes, especially by B cells. Human sheathed capillaries are related to the splenic ellipsoids of most other vertebrates. Such vessels are lacking in rats or mice, which form an evolutionary exception. Capillary sheaths are composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, special stromal sheath cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes. Human spleens most probably host a totally open circulation system, as connections from capillaries to sinuses were not found in the red pulp. Three stromal cell types of different phenotype and location occur in the human white pulp. Splenic white and red pulp structure is reviewed in rats, mice and humans to encourage further investigations on lymphocyte recirculation through the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte S Steiniger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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28
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Demberg T, Mohanram V, Musich T, Brocca-Cofano E, McKinnon KM, Venzon D, Robert-Guroff M. Loss of marginal zone B-cells in SHIVSF162P4 challenged rhesus macaques despite control of viremia to low or undetectable levels in chronic infection. Virology 2015; 484:323-333. [PMID: 26151223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells generate T-independent antibody responses to pathogens before T-dependent antibodies arise in germinal centers. They have been identified in cynomolgus monkeys and monitored during acute SIV infection, yet have not been well-studied in rhesus macaques. Here we characterized rhesus macaque MZ B cells, present in secondary lymphoid tissue but not peripheral blood, as CD19(+), CD20(+), CD21(hi), IgM(+), CD22(+), CD38(+), BTLA(+), CD40(+), CCR6(+) and BCL-2(+). Compared to healthy macaques, SHIVSF162P4-infected animals showed decreased total B cells and MZ B cells and increased MZ B cell Ki-67 expression early in chronic infection. These changes persisted in late chronic infection, despite viremia reductions to low or undetectable levels. Expression levels of additional phenotypic markers and RNA PCR array analyses were in concert with continued low-level activation and diminished function of MZ B cells. We conclude that MZ B-cell dysregulation and dysfunction associated with SIV/HIV infection are not readily reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Thomas Musich
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Katherine M McKinnon
- FACS Core, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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