TGF-β Family Signaling in Epithelial Differentiation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Intersecting pathways: The role of hybrid E/M cells and circulating tumor cells in cancer metastasis and drug resistance

Cancer metastasis and therapy resistance are intricately linked with the dynamics of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). EMT hybrid cells, characterized by a blend of epithelial and mesenchymal traits, have emerged as pivotal in metastasis and demonstrate remarkable plasticity, enabling transitions across cellular states crucial for intravasation, survival in circulation, and extravasation at distal sites. Concurrently, CTCs, which are detached from primary tumors and travel through the bloodstream, are crucial as potential biomarkers for cancer prognosis and therapeutic response. There is a significant interplay between EMT hybrid cells and CTCs, revealing a complex, bidirectional relationship that significantly influences metastatic progression and has a critical role in cancer drug resistance. This resistance is further influenced by the tumor microenvironment, with factors such as tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and hypoxic conditions driving EMT and contributing to therapeutic resistance. It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of EMT, characteristics of EMT hybrid cells and CTCs, and their roles in both metastasis and drug resistance. This comprehensive understanding sheds light on the complexities of cancer metastasis and opens avenues for novel diagnostic approaches and targeted therapies and has significant advancements in combating cancer metastasis and overcoming drug resistance.

Environmentally relevant concentration PFNA promotes degradation of SMAD7 to drive progression of ovarian cancer via TGF-β/SMADs signaling pathway

Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), an acknowledged environmental endocrine disruptor, is increasingly utilized as a substitute for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Despite its growing use, limited research has been conducted to investigate its potential impact on tumorigenesis and progression, and the potential molecular mechanisms. Earlier studies linked perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure to breast and gynecological cancer progression in humans, lacking a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms, notably in ovarian cancer. Our investigation into PFNA's effects at environmental concentrations (0.25-2 mM) showed no significant impact on cell proliferation but a notable increase in invasion and migration of ovarian cancer cells. This led to alterations in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, including Claudin1, Vimentin, and Snail. Notably, PFNA exposure activated the TGF-β/SMADs signaling pathway. Crucially, SMAD7 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system emerged as PFNA's pivotal molecular target for inducing EMT, corroborated in mouse models. In summary, this study presented evidence that environmentally relevant concentrations of PFNA could induce SMAD7 degradation via the proteasome pathway, subsequently activating the TGF-β/SMADs signaling pathway, and promoting EMT in ovarian cancer. These results illuminated the association between PFNA exposure and metastasis of ovarian cancer.

Ciwujianoside E inhibits Burkitt lymphoma cell proliferation and invasion by blocking ENO1-plasminogen interaction and TGF-β1 activation

Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is a rare and highly aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Although the outcomes of patients with BL have greatly improved, options for patients with relapsed and refractory BL are limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve BL therapeutics and to develop novel drugs with reduced toxicity. In this study, we demonstrated that enolase 1 (ENO1) is a potential novel drug target for BL treatment. We determined that ENO1 was aberrantly upregulated in BL, which was closely related to its invasiveness and poor clinical outcomes. Furthermore, using RNA interference, we demonstrated that ENO1 depletion significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we established that ENO1 knockdown suppressed the PI3K-AKT and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling pathways by reducing plasminogen (PLG) recruitment, plasmin (PL) generation, and TGF-β1 activation. Addition of activated TGF-β1 protein to the culture medium of shENO1 cells reversed the inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and invasion, as well as those on the PI3K-AKT and EMT signaling pathways. Notably, our research led to the discovery of a novel ENO1-PLG interaction inhibitor, Ciwujianoside E (L-06). L-06 effectively disrupts the interaction between ENO1 and PLG, consequently reducing PL generation and suppressing TGF-β1 activation. In both in vitro and in vivo experiments, L-06 exerted impressive antitumor effects. In summary, our study elucidated the critical role of ENO1 in BL cell proliferation and invasion and introduced a novel ENO1 inhibitor, which holds promise for improving the treatment of patients with BL in the future.

Metabolic states influence chicken retinal pigment epithelium cell fate decisions

During tissue regeneration, proliferation, dedifferentiation and reprogramming are necessary to restore lost structures. However, it is not fully understood how metabolism intersects with these processes. Chicken embryos can regenerate their retina through retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) reprogramming when treated with fibroblast factor 2 (FGF2). Using transcriptome profiling, we uncovered extensive regulation of gene sets pertaining to proliferation, neurogenesis and glycolysis throughout RPE-to-neural retina reprogramming. By manipulating cell media composition, we determined that glucose, glutamine or pyruvate are individually sufficient to support RPE reprogramming, identifying glycolysis as a requisite. Conversely, the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases, induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, while simultaneously blocking the activation of neural retina fate. We also identified that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition fate is partially driven by an oxidative environment. Our findings provide evidence that metabolism controls RPE cell fate decisions and provide insights into the metabolic state of RPE cells, which are prone to fate changes in regeneration and pathologies, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

FBLN2 is associated with Goldenhar syndrome and is essential for cranial neural crest cell development

Goldenhar syndrome, a rare craniofacial malformation, is characterized by developmental anomalies in the first and second pharyngeal arches. Its etiology is considered to be heterogenous, including both genetic and environmental factors that remain largely unknown. To further elucidate the genetic cause in a five-generation Goldenhar syndrome pedigree and exploit the whole-exome sequencing (WES) data of this pedigree, we generated collapsed haplotype pattern markers based on WES and employed rare variant nonparametric linkage analysis. FBLN2 was identified as a candidate gene via analysis of WES data across the significant linkage region. A fbln2 knockout zebrafish line was established by CRISPR/Cas9 to examine the gene's role in craniofacial cartilage development. fbln2 was expressed specifically in the mandible during the zebrafish early development, while fbln2 knockout zebrafish exhibited craniofacial malformations with abnormal chondrocyte morphologies. Functional studies revealed that fbln2 knockout caused abnormal chondrogenic differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs), and downregulated the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in the zebrafish model. This study demonstrates the role of FBLN2 in CNCC development and BMP pathway regulation, and highlights FBLN2 as a candidate gene for Goldenhar syndrome, which may have implications for the selection of potential screening targets and the development of treatments for conditions like microtia-atresia.

Benzimidazole-oxindole hybrids as multi-kinase inhibitors targeting melanoma

In the current study, a series of benzimidazole-oxindole conjugates 8a-t were designed and synthesized as type II multi-kinase inhibitors. They exhibited moderate to potent inhibitory activity against BRAFWT up to 99.61 % at 10 µM. Notably, compounds 8e, 8k, 8n and 8s demonstrated the most promising activity, with 99.44 to 99.61 % inhibition. Further evaluation revealed that 8e, 8k, 8n and 8s exhibit moderate to potent inhibitory effects on the kinases BRAFV600E, VEGFR-2, and FGFR-1. Additionally, compounds 8a-t were screened for their cytotoxicity by the NCI, and several compounds showed significant growth inhibition in diverse cancer cell lines. Compound 8e stood out with a GI50 range of 1.23 - 3.38 µM on melanoma cell lines. Encouraged by its efficacy, it was further investigated for its antitumor activity and mechanism of action, using sorafenib as a reference standard. The hybrid compound 8e exhibited potent cellular-level suppression of BRAFWT, VEGFR-2, and FGFR-1 in A375 cell line, surpassing the effects of sorafenib. In vivo studies demonstrate that 8e significantly inhibits the growth of B16F10 tumors in mice, leading to increased survival rates and histopathological tumor regression. Furthermore, 8e reduces angiogenesis markers, mRNA expression levels of VEGFR-2 and FGFR-1, and production of growth factors. It also downregulated Notch1 protein expression and decreased TGF-β1 production. Molecular docking simulations suggest that 8e binds as a promising type II kinase inhibitor in the target kinases interacting with the key regions in their kinase domain.

Curcumin Promotes Diabetic Foot Ulcer Wound Healing by Inhibiting miR-152-3p and Activating the FBN1/TGF-β Pathway

The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of curcumin in diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) wound healing. A DFU rat model was established, and fibroblasts were cultured in a high-glucose (HG) environment to create a cell model. Various techniques, including Western blot, RT‒qPCR, flow cytometry, Transwell, cell scratch test and H&E staining, were employed to measure the levels of relevant genes and proteins, as well as to assess cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and pathological changes. The results showed that miR-152-3p was overexpressed in DFU patients, while FBN1 was underexpressed. Curcumin was found to inhibit fibroblast apoptosis, promote proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in DFU rats, and accelerate wound healing in DFU rats. In addition, overexpression of miR-152-3p weakened the therapeutic effect of curcumin, while overexpression of FBN1 reversed the effects of the miR-152-3p mimic. Further investigations into the underlying mechanisms revealed that curcumin expedited wound healing in DFU rats by restoring the FBN1/TGF-β pathway through the inhibition of miR-152-3p. In conclusion, curcumin can suppress the activity of miR-152-3p, which, in turn, leads to the rejuvenation of the FBN1/TGF-β pathway and accelerates DFU wound healing.

The epithelium takes the stage in asthma and inflammatory bowel diseases

The epithelium is a dynamic barrier and the damage to this epithelial layer governs a variety of complex mechanisms involving not only epithelial cells but all resident tissue constituents, including immune and stroma cells. Traditionally, diseases characterized by a damaged epithelium have been considered "immunological diseases," and research efforts aimed at preventing and treating these diseases have primarily focused on immuno-centric therapeutic strategies, that often fail to halt or reverse the natural progression of the disease. In this review, we intend to focus on specific mechanisms driven by the epithelium that ensure barrier function. We will bring asthma and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases into the spotlight, as we believe that these two diseases serve as pertinent examples of epithelium derived pathologies. Finally, we will argue how targeting the epithelium is emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy that holds promise for addressing these chronic diseases.

Heterozygous MAP3K20 variants cause ectodermal dysplasia, craniosynostosis, sensorineural hearing loss, and limb anomalies

Biallelic pathogenic variants in MAP3K20, which encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase, are a rare cause of split-hand foot malformation (SHFM), hearing loss, and nail abnormalities or congenital myopathy. However, heterozygous variants in this gene have not been definitively associated with a phenotype. Here, we describe the phenotypic spectrum associated with heterozygous de novo variants in the linker region between the kinase domain and leucine zipper domain of MAP3K20. We report five individuals with diverse clinical features, including craniosynostosis, limb anomalies, sensorineural hearing loss, and ectodermal dysplasia-like phenotypes who have heterozygous de novo variants in this specific region of the gene. These individuals exhibit both shared and unique clinical manifestations, highlighting the complexity and variability of the disorder. We propose that the involvement of MAP3K20 in endothelial-mesenchymal transition provides a plausible etiology of these features. Together, these findings characterize a disorder that both expands the phenotypic spectrum associated with MAP3K20 and highlights the need for further studies on its role in early human development.

The Reign of Follistatin in Tumors and Their Microenvironment: Implications for Drug Resistance

Follistatin (FST) is a potent neutralizer of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and is associated with normal cellular programs and various hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. The aberrant expression of FST by solid tumors is a well-documented observation, yet how FST influences tumor progression and therapy response remains unclear. The recent surge in omics data has revealed new insights into the molecular foundation underpinning tumor heterogeneity and its microenvironment, offering novel precision medicine-based opportunities to combat cancer. In this review, we discuss these recent FST-centric studies, thereby offering an updated perspective on the protean role of FST isoforms in shaping the complex cellular ecosystem of tumors and in mediating drug resistance.

Transcriptome Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry Reveal Genes Involved in the Non-mendelian Inheritance-Mediated Feather Growth Rate in Chicken

The feather growth rate in chickens included early and late feathering. We attempted to characterize the genes and pathways associated with the feather growth rate in chickens that are not in agreement with Mendelian inheritance. Gene expression profiles in the hair follicle tissues of late-feathering cocks (LC), early-feathering cocks (EC), late-feathering hens (LH), and early-feathering hens (EH) were acquired using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), mass spectrometry (MS), and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT‑PCR). A total of 188 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were ascertained in EC vs. LC and 538 DEGs were identified in EH vs. LH. We observed that 14 up-regulated genes and 9 down-regulated genes were screened both in EC vs. LC and EH vs. LH. MS revealed that 41 and 138 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened out in EC vs. LC and EH vs. LH, respectively. Moreover, these DEGs and DEPs were enriched in multiple feather-related pathways, including JAK-STAT, MAPK, WNT, TGF-β, and calcium signaling pathways. qRT-PCR assay showed that the expression of WNT8A was decreased in LC compared with EC, while ALK and GRM4 expression were significantly up-regulated in EH relative to LH. This study helps to elucidate the potential mechanism of the feather growth rate in chickens that do not conform to genetic law.

Epigenetic priming targets tumor heterogeneity to shift transcriptomic phenotype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma towards a Vitamin D susceptible state

As a highly heterogeneous tumor, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits non-uniform responses to therapies across subtypes. Overcoming therapeutic resistance stemming from this heterogeneity remains a significant challenge. Here, we report that Vitamin D-resistant PDAC cells hijacked Vitamin D signaling to promote tumor progression, whereas epigenetic priming with glyceryl triacetate (GTA) and 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) overcame Vitamin D resistance and shifted the transcriptomic phenotype of PDAC toward a Vitamin D-susceptible state. Increasing overall H3K27 acetylation with GTA and reducing overall DNA methylation with 5-Aza not only elevated the Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression but also reprogrammed the Vitamin D-responsive genes. Consequently, Vitamin D inhibited cell viability and migration in the epigenetically primed PDAC cells by activating genes involved in apoptosis as well as genes involved in negative regulation of cell proliferation and migration, while the opposite effect of Vitamin D was observed in unprimed cells. Studies in genetically engineered mouse PDAC cells further validated the effects of epigenetic priming for enhancing the anti-tumor activity of Vitamin D. Using gain- and loss-of-function experiments, we further demonstrated that VDR expression was necessary but not sufficient for activating the favorable transcriptomic phenotype in respond to Vitamin D treatment in PDAC, highlighting that both the VDR and Vitamin D-responsive genes were prerequisites for Vitamin D response. These data reveal a previously undefined mechanism in which epigenetic state orchestrates the expression of both VDR and Vitamin D-responsive genes and determines the therapeutic response to Vitamin D in PDAC.

Corneal Epithelial Development and the Role of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Regeneration

Severe corneal disorders due to infective aetiologies, trauma, chemical injuries, and chronic cicatricial inflammations, are among vision-threatening pathologies leading to permanent corneal scarring. The whole cornea or lamellar corneal transplantation is often used as a last resort to restore vision. However, limited autologous tissue sources and potential adverse post-allotransplantation sequalae urge the need for more robust and strategic alternatives. Contemporary management using cultivated corneal epithelial transplantation has paved the way for utilizing stem cells as a regenerative potential. Humaninduced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can generate ectodermal progenitors and potentially be used for ocular surface regeneration. This review summarizes the process of corneal morphogenesis and the signaling pathways underlying the development of corneal epithelium, which is key to translating the maturation and differentiation process of hiPSCs in vitro. The current state of knowledge and methodology for driving efficient corneal epithelial cell differentiation from pluripotent stem cells are highlighted.

Transforming growth factor β1 upregulates 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase-4 expression in A549 and MCF-10A cells

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) induces a cellular process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated with metabolic reprogramming, including enhanced glycolysis. Given the involvement of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB) enzymes in glycolysis, we aimed to investigate whether TGFβ1 regulates expressions of PFKFB genes and if PFKFBs are required for TGFβ1-driven phenotypes. A549 and MCF-10A cell lines were used as TGFβ1-driven EMT models. Messenger RNA expressions of PFKFB and EMT genes were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A small interfering RNA approach was used to deplete PFKFB4 expression. A Matrigel invasion assay was conducted to assess the effect of PFKFB4 silencing on the TGFβ1-enhanced invasion of A549 cells. F2,6BP levels were analyzed using an enzyme-coupled assay. Glucose and lactate concentrations were determined using colorimetric assays. TGFβ1 robustly induced expression of the fourth isoform of PFKFBs, PFKFB4, in both cell lines. PFKFB4 depletion partially inhibits mesenchymal transdifferentiation caused by TGFβ1 in A549 cells, as assessed by microscopy. Inductions of Snail in MCF-10A cells and Fibronectin in A549 cells and repressions of E-cadherin in both cell lines by TGFβ1 are attenuated by PFKFB4 silencing. PFKFB4 silencing reduces F2,6BP and glycolytic activity, although TGFβ1 alone does not affect these parameters. Finally, PFKFB4 depletion suppresses the TGFβ1-driven invasion of A549 cells through Matrigel. Presented data suggest that TGFβ1 induces the expression of PFKFB4 in A549 and MCF-10 cells, and PFKFB4 may be required for TGFβ1-driven phenotypes such as EMT and invasion in these models.

TSLP Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Nasal Epithelial Cells From Allergic Rhinitis Patients Through TGF-β1/Smad2/3 Signaling

BACKGROUND

Airway remodeling is demonstrated in Asian patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the key mechanisms underlying airway remodeling. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an important contributor to airway remodeling. Although increased TSLP is found in AR, little is known about whether TSLP is involved in airway remodeling through induction of the EMT.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the effect of TSLP on the EMT in human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) from AR patients.

METHODS

Human nasal epithelial cells from AR patients were stimulated with TSLP in the absence or presence of the preincubation with a selective inhibitor of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) receptor (SB431542). The expression of TGF-β1 in the cells was evaluated by using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were used to assay EMT markers including vimentin, fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1) and E-cadherin, small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog2/3 (Smad2/3), and phosphorylated Smad2/3 in the cells. The levels of extracellular matrix components such as collagens I and III in supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Morphological changes of the cells were observed under inverted phase-contrast microscope.

RESULTS

A concentration-dependent increase of TGF-β1 mRNA and protein was observed following stimulation with TSLP. Furthermore, TSLP decreased the expression of E-cadherin protein, but upregulated the production of FSP1 and vimentin proteins along with increased levels of collagens I and III, and the morphology of the cells was transformed into fibroblast-like shape. Additionally, a significant increase was found in phosphorylation of Smad2/3 protein. However, these effects were reversed by SB431542 preincubation.

CONCLUSION

TSLP-induced HNECs to undergo the EMT process via TGF-β1-mediated Smad2/3 activation. TSLP is an activator of the EMT in HNECs and might be a potential target for inhibiting EMT and reducing airway remodeling in AR.

FGFR1 variants contributed to families with tooth agenesis

BACKGROUND

Tooth agenesis is a common dental anomaly that can substantially affect both the ability to chew and the esthetic appearance of patients. This study aims to identify possible genetic factors that underlie various forms of tooth agenesis and to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms through which human dental pulp stem cells may play a role in this condition.

RESULTS

Using whole-exome sequencing of a Han Chinese family with non-syndromic tooth agenesis, a rare mutation in FGFR1 (NM_001174063.2: c.103G > A, p.Gly35Arg) was identified as causative and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Via GeneMatcher, another family with a known variant (NM_001174063.2: c.1859G > A, p.Arg620Gln) was identified and diagnosed with tooth agenesis and a rare genetic disorder with considerable intrafamilial variability. Fgfr1 is enriched in the ectoderm during early embryonic development of mice and showed sustained low expression during normal embryonic development of Xenopus laevis frogs. Functional studies of the highly conserved missense variant c.103G > A showed deleterious effects. FGFR1 (c.103G > A) was overexpressed compared to wildtype and promoted proliferation while inhibiting apoptosis in HEK293 and human dental pulp stem cells. Moreover, the c.103G > A variant was found to suppress the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The variant could downregulate ID4 expression and deactivate the TGF-beta signaling pathway by promoting the expression of SMAD6 and SMAD7.

CONCLUSION

Our research broadens the mutation spectrum associated with tooth agenesis and enhances understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms of this condition.

DISTINCT METABOLIC STATES DIRECT RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM CELL FATE DECISIONS

During tissue regeneration, proliferation, dedifferentiation, and reprogramming are necessary to restore lost structures. However, it is not fully understood how metabolism intersects with these processes. Chicken embryos can regenerate their retina through retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) reprogramming when treated with fibroblast factor 2 (FGF2). Using transcriptome profiling, we uncovered extensive regulation of gene sets pertaining to proliferation, neurogenesis, and glycolysis throughout RPE-to-neural retina reprogramming. By manipulating cell media composition, we determined that glucose, glutamine, or pyruvate are sufficient to support RPE reprogramming identifying glycolysis as a requisite. Conversely, the induction of oxidative metabolism by activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase induces Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), while simultaneously blocking the activation of neural retina fate. We also identify that EMT is partially driven by an oxidative environment. Our findings provide evidence that metabolism controls RPE cell fate decisions and provide insights into the metabolic state of RPE cells, which are prone to fate changes in regeneration and pathologies, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Desmosomes in Cell Fate Determination: From Cardiogenesis to Cardiomyopathy

Desmosomes play a vital role in providing structural integrity to tissues that experience significant mechanical tension, including the heart. Deficiencies in desmosomal proteins lead to the development of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). The limited availability of preventative measures in clinical settings underscores the pressing need to gain a comprehensive understanding of desmosomal proteins not only in cardiomyocytes but also in non-myocyte residents of the heart, as they actively contribute to the progression of cardiomyopathy. This review focuses specifically on the impact of desmosome deficiency on epi- and endocardial cells. We highlight the intricate cross-talk between desmosomal proteins mutations and signaling pathways involved in the regulation of epicardial cell fate transition. We further emphasize that the consequences of desmosome deficiency differ between the embryonic and adult heart leading to enhanced erythropoiesis during heart development and enhanced fibrogenesis in the mature heart. We suggest that triggering epi-/endocardial cells and fibroblasts that are in different "states" involve the same pathways but lead to different pathological outcomes. Understanding the details of the different responses must be considered when developing interventions and therapeutic strategies.

Normalizing Input-Output Relationships of Cancer Networks for Reversion Therapy

Accumulated genetic alterations in cancer cells distort cellular stimulus-response (or input-output) relationships, resulting in uncontrolled proliferation. However, the complex molecular interaction network within a cell implicates a possibility of restoring such distorted input-output relationships by rewiring the signal flow through controlling hidden molecular switches. Here, a system framework of analyzing cellular input-output relationships in consideration of various genetic alterations and identifying possible molecular switches that can normalize the distorted relationships based on Boolean network modeling and dynamics analysis is presented. Such reversion is demonstrated by the analysis of a number of cancer molecular networks together with a focused case study on bladder cancer with in vitro experiments and patient survival data analysis. The origin of reversibility from an evolutionary point of view based on the redundancy and robustness intrinsically embedded in complex molecular regulatory networks is further discussed.

H3K36 methylation maintains cell identity by regulating opposing lineage programmes

The epigenetic mechanisms that maintain differentiated cell states remain incompletely understood. Here we employed histone mutants to uncover a crucial role for H3K36 methylation in the maintenance of cell identities across diverse developmental contexts. Focusing on the experimental induction of pluripotency, we show that H3K36M-mediated depletion of H3K36 methylation endows fibroblasts with a plastic state poised to acquire pluripotency in nearly all cells. At a cellular level, H3K36M facilitates epithelial plasticity by rendering fibroblasts insensitive to TGFβ signals. At a molecular level, H3K36M enables the decommissioning of mesenchymal enhancers and the parallel activation of epithelial/stem cell enhancers. This enhancer rewiring is Tet dependent and redirects Sox2 from promiscuous somatic to pluripotency targets. Our findings reveal a previously unappreciated dual role for H3K36 methylation in the maintenance of cell identity by integrating a crucial developmental pathway into sustained expression of cell-type-specific programmes, and by opposing the expression of alternative lineage programmes through enhancer methylation.

Expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, CD44, and E-cadherin in the microenvironment of breast carcinomas

OBJECTIVE

The expression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, E-cadherin, and CD44 in the area of tumor budding was investigated in breast carcinomas in our study.

METHODS

Tumor budding was counted at the invasive margins in 179 breast carcinomas. To understand the microenvironment of tumor budding, we examined the expression status of the immune checkpoint molecules such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, E-cadherin, and CD44.

RESULTS

Tumors were separated into low (≤5) and high tumor budding groups (>5) based on the median budding number. Lymphovascular, perineural invasion, and the number of metastatic lymph nodes were significantly higher in high-grade budding tumors (p=0.001, p<0.001, and p=0.019, respectively). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were significantly higher in tumors without tumor buddings (p<0.001). When the number of budding increases by one unit, overall survival decreases by 1.07 times (p=0.013). Also, it increases the risk of progression by 1.06 times (p=0.048). In high tumor budding groups, the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 staining percentage of lymphocytes was significantly higher (p=0.026). With each increase in the number of buds, an increase in the percentage of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 staining was seen in lymphocytes in the microenvironment of TB (p=0.034).

CONCLUSION

Tumor budding could predict poor prognosis in breast carcinomas, and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 immunotherapies may be beneficial in patients with high tumor budding tumors.

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids inhibit lung fibroblast activation mainly via inhibiting TGF-β1/Smads and ERK1/2 pathway proteins

Backgrounds

Liensinine (Lien), Neferine (Nef), Isoliensinine (Iso) and Tetrandrine (Tet), benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), have been shown inhibitory effects on pulmonary fibrosis (PF) through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative activities, inhibition of cytokines and NF-κB. Effects of other similar BIAs, Dauricine (Dau), Papaverine (Pap) and lotusine (Lot), on PF remain unclear. Here, we explored the effects of five bisbenzylisoquinoline (Lien, Nef, Iso, Tet and Dau) and two monobenzylisoquinoline (Pap, Lot) alkaloids on normal and PF fibroblasts.

Methods

Primary normal and PF lung fibroblasts were cultured and treated with these alkaloids. Proliferation, activation, migration and apoptosis changes were detected by MTT, wound healing assay, flow cytometry. Protein level was analyzed by Western blot.

Results

All BIAs inhibited proliferation of normal and PF lung fibroblasts induced by TGF-β. α-SMA protein level in normal and PF lung fibroblasts decreased after Lien, Nef, Iso, Tet and Dau treatment. Pap and Lot had no influence on α-SMA expression. Dau showed the strongest inhibitory effects on proliferation and activation among alkaloids. The migration rates of normal and PF lung fibroblasts were inhibited by Lien, Nef, Iso, and Dau. Lien, Nef, Iso and Dau significantly promoted apoptosis, while Tet had no effect on apoptosis. Pap and Lot had no influence on activation, migration and apoptosis. Dau significantly inhibited Smad3/4 and p-ERK1/2 protein overexpression induced by TGF-β1.

Conclusions

Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids had stronger effects on inhibiting lung fibroblasts than monobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Dau expressed the strongest inhibitory effects, which may be related to its inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad3/4 and p-ERK1/2 pathway proteins.

A TP63 mutation identified in a Han Chinese family with ectodermal dysplasia

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to identify a pathogenic mutation located in TP63 in a nuclear Han Chinese family.

DESIGN

Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify candidate variants. The AlphaFold and PyMOL predicted the three-dimensional structure of the protein. Single-cell RNA-sequencing data and spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas were used to generate the dissection of candidate gene expression at single-cell resolution. Significant genes (Pearson's coefficient ≥0.8 and P < 0.05) were identified for Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis.

RESULTS

A heterozygous missense variant at TP63 exon 8 (c.1010 G>A:p.Arg337Gln) was identified in the proband. This variant was predicted deleterious and likely to impair the local stability of the protein. In addition, single-cell RNA-sequencing indicated that TP63 was highly expressed in skin tissues. Furthermore, spatial transcriptome data of mice embryos showed TP63 was mainly enriched in the mucosal epithelium, thymus, epidermis, mesenchyme, and surface ectoderm. GO and KEGG pathway annotation analysis revealed that TP63 played a positive role in the process of ectoderm via the TGF-beta signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

The missense variant of TP63 (c.1010 G>A:p.Arg337Gln) was associated with ectodermal dysplasia.

MIR503HG: A potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in human diseases

LncRNAs are involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including chromatin remodeling, transcription, posttranscriptional gene expression, mRNA stability, translation, and posttranslational modification, and their functions depend on subcellular localization. MIR503HG is a lncRNA as well as a host gene for the miRNAs miR-503 and miR-424. MIR503HG functions independently or synergistically with miR-503. MIR503HG affects cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and other biological behaviors. The mechanism of MIR503HG in disease includes interaction with protein, sponging miRNA to regulate downstream target gene, and participation in NF-κB, TGF-β, ERK/MAPK, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of MIR503HG in disease and its potential applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. We also raise some unanswered questions in this area, providing insights for future research.

Hair Follicle Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes That Regulate Wool Fiber Diameter in Angora Rabbits

Wool fiber diameter (WFD) is an important index of wool traits and the main determinant of wool quality and value. However, the genetic determinants of fiber diameter have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, coarse and fine wool of Wan strain Angora rabbits and their hair follicle traits were characterized. The results indicated significant differences in the diameters of wool fibers and their hair follicles. The RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) technique was used to identify differences in gene expression in hair follicles between coarse and fine wool. In total, 2574 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found between the two hair follicle groups. Transcription factors, keratin-associated protein (KAP) and keratin (KRT) families, and ECM-related genes may control the structure of fine fibers in rabbits. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that skin development, epidermal cell and keratinocyte differentiation, epithelium development, and Notch and ribosome signaling pathways were significantly enriched, respectively. GSEA further filtered six important pathways and related core genes. PPI analysis also mined functional DEGs associated with hair structure, including LEF1, FZD3, SMAD3, ITGB6, and BMP4. Our findings provide valuable information for researching the molecular mechanisms regulating wool fiber and could facilitate enhanced selection of super-fine wool rabbits through gene-assisted selection in the future.

Transcriptome identification of genes associated with uterus-vagina junction epithelial folds formation in chicken hens

The development regulation of the uterine-vaginal junction (UVJ) epithelial folds during the sexual maturation of female birds played crucial roles in the adults' sperm storage duration and fertilization capability. However, there is a lack of studies on it in the breeding field of laying hens. In this study, White Leghorn was used for the morphological and developmental studies. According to the morphological characteristics, the development of the UVJ epithelial folds was classified into 4 stages (morphological stage T1-T4). Significant individual differences were observed simultaneously, which is one of the factors leading to the adults' UVJ morphological differences. Bulk RNA-seq suggested the different regulations of UVJ epithelial folds were classified into 3 stages (developmental stage S1-S3). Genes enriched in cell proliferation, differentiation, polarity, migration, adhesion and junction were supposed to regulate UVJ epithelial fold formation. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) showed significant differences between different types of cells within UVJ at the developmental stage S2. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed that the different proliferation rates between the epithelium and nonepithelium were one of the key factors leading to the formation of UVJ epithelial folds. Genes in the TGF-beta and WNT pathways may play roles in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of epithelium. Some factors, such as CHD2, CDC42, and carbonic anhydrases, were important participants in forming UVJ epithelial folds. This study will provide new thoughts on the differential regulation of fertilization traits from the developmental biology perspective.

The liver kinase B1 supports mammary epithelial morphogenesis by inhibiting critical factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition

The liver kinase B1 (LKB1) controls cellular metabolism and cell polarity across species. We previously established a mechanism for negative regulation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling by LKB1. The impact of this mechanism in the context of epithelial polarity and morphogenesis remains unknown. After demonstrating that human mammary tissue expresses robust LKB1 protein levels, whereas invasive breast cancer exhibits significantly reduced LKB1 levels, we focused on mammary morphogenesis studies in three dimensional (3D) acinar organoids. CRISPR/Cas9-introduced loss-of-function mutations of STK11 (LKB1) led to profound defects in the formation of 3D organoids, resulting in amorphous outgrowth and loss of rotation of young organoids embedded in matrigel. This defect was associated with an enhanced signaling by TGFβ, including TGFβ auto-induction and induction of transcription factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Protein marker analysis confirmed a more efficient EMT response to TGFβ signaling in LKB1 knockout cells. Accordingly, chemical inhibition of the TGFβ type I receptor kinase largely restored the morphogenetic defect of LKB1 knockout cells. Similarly, chemical inhibition of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway or the TANK-binding kinase 1, or genetic silencing of the EMT factor SNAI1, partially restored the LKB1 knockout defect. Thus, LKB1 sustains mammary epithelial morphogenesis by limiting pathways that promote EMT. The observed downregulation of LKB1 expression in breast cancer is therefore predicted to associate with enhanced EMT induced by SNAI1 and TGFβ family members.

Retraction

Yang J, Shao X, Wang L, et al. Angelica polysaccharide exhibits antitumor effect in neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y by up-regulation of miR-205. BioFactors. 2023;49:201. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1586 This article, published online on 23 November 2019 in Wiley Online Library, has been retracted by agreement between the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Editor in Chief (Dr. Angelo Azzi), and Wiley Periodicals LLC. The retraction has been agreed following an investigation based on allegations raised by a third party. Evidence for image manipulation was found in figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. As a result, the conclusions of this article are considered to be invalid.

FGF10 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice via the BMP4-autophagy pathway

Introduction: Damage to alveolar epithelial cells caused by uncontrolled inflammation is considered to be the main pathophysiological change in acute lung injury. FGF10 plays an important role as a fibroblast growth factor in lung development and lung diseases, but its protective effect against acute lung injury is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate protective effect and mechanism of FGF10 on acute lung injury in mice. Methods: ALI was induced by intratracheal injection of LPS into 57BL/6J mice. Six hours later, lung bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was acquired to analyse cells, protein and the determination of pro-inflammatory factor levels, and lung issues were collected for histologic examination and wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio analysis and blot analysis of protein expression. Results: We found that FGF10 can prevent the release of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, increase the expression of BMP4 and autophagy pathway, promote the regeneration of alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ cells, and improve acute lung injury. BMP4 gene knockdown decreased the protective effect of FGF10 on the lung tissue of mice. However, the activation of autophagy was reduced after BMP4 inhibition by Noggin. Additionally, the inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA also lowered the protective effect of FGF10 on alveolar epithelial cells induced by LPS. Conclusions: These data suggest that the protective effect of FGF10 is related to the activation of autophagy and regeneration of alveolar epithelial cells in an LPS-induced ALI model, and that the activation of autophagy may depend on the increase in BMP4 expression.

Protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN2 regulates TGF-β signaling through Smad4 dephosphorylation

Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of the TGF-β signaling is one of the major mechanisms underlying tumor progression. We have previously reported that anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) phosphorylates Smad4 at Tyr95, which compromises the DNA-binding ability of Smad4 and thus renders ALK-positive cancer cells resistant to TGF-β tumor-suppressive action. In this study, we demonstrated that tyrosine phosphatase PTPN2 positively regulated TGF-β signaling through dephosphorylating Smad4 at the Tyr95 site. Both in vitro and cell-based assays revealed that PTPN2 bound to and dephosphorylated Smad4, thereby preserving the DNA-binding ability of Smad4. Furthermore, overexpression of PTPN2 restored TGF-β transcriptional and growth inhibitory responses in ALK-positive cancer cells. Consistently, Spermidine, an activator of PTPN2, also promoted TGF-β-induced gene expression, apoptosis, and anti-proliferation effect. Taken together, we revealed that PTPN2 functioned as a tumor suppressor to antagonize the inhibitory effect of tyrosine phosphorylation of Smad4 and to ensure the proper TGF-β growth inhibitory signaling in cancer cells.

Cyanocobalamin promotes muscle development through the TGF-β signaling pathway

Cyanocobalamin (CNCbl, the compound name of Vitamin B12) is the only mineral vitamin that is essential for growth and development and cannot be produced by animals. Some studies have found that CNCbl can promote the proliferation and migration of C2C12 cells, but the mechanism by which it affects muscle development is still unknown. In this study, we elucidated the effect of CNCbl on muscle development and studied its underlying mechanism. CNCbl could promote the differentiation of C2C12 cells and upregulate Acvr1, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in the TGF-β signaling pathway in vitro. CD320 (the receptor in cell surface for binding with CNCbl transporter transcobalamin II) inhibition could reduce the uptake of CNCbl and significantly downregulate the expression of differentiation marker proteins MyoG and MYH2. Furthermore, the levels of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 were also reduced with the inhibition of CD320, even though CNCbl was added to the C2C12 culture medium. In addition, the injection of CNCbl could accelerate the process of mouse muscle injury repair, enlarge the diameter of newly formed myofibers and upregulate the expression of MYH2, PAX7, CD320, Acvr1, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in vivo. These results suggest that CNCbl can promote muscle development and may play its role by regulating the expression of Acvr1, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 related to the TGF-β signaling pathway.

MicroRNA-10 Family Promotes the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Renal Fibrosis by the PTEN/Akt Pathway

Renal fibrosis (RF) is a common reason for renal failure, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a vital mechanism that promotes the development of RF. It is known that microRNA-10 (miR-10) plays an important role in cancer EMT; however, whether it takes part in the EMT process of RF remains unclear. Therefore, we established an in vivo model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), and an in vitro model using TGF-β1, to investigate whether and how miR-10a and miR-10b take part in the EMT of RF. In addition, the combinatorial effects of miR-10a and miR-10b were assessed. We discovered that miR-10a and miR-10b are overexpressed in UUO mice, and miR-10a, miR-10b, and miRs-10a/10b knockout attenuated RF and EMT in UUO-treated mouse kidneys. Moreover, miR-10a and miR-10b overexpression combinatorially promoted RF and EMT in TGF-β1-treated HK-2 cells. Inhibiting miR-10a and miR-10b attenuated RF and EMT induced by TGF-β1. Mechanistically, miR-10a and miR-10b suppressed PTEN expression by binding to its mRNA3'-UTR and promoting the Akt pathway. Moreover, PTEN overexpression reduced miR-10a and miR-10b effects on Akt phosphorylation (p-Akt), RF, and EMT in HK-2 cells treated with TGF-β1. Taken together, miR-10a and miR-10b act combinatorially to negatively regulate PTEN, thereby activating the Akt pathway and promoting the EMT process, which exacerbates RF progression.

Targeting TGF-β1/miR-21 pathway in keratinocytes reveals protective effects of silymarin on imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model

Epidermal cells integrate multiple signals that activate the signaling pathways involved in skin homeostasis. TGF-β1 signaling pathway upregulates microRNA (miR)-21-5p in keratinocytes and is often deregulated in skin diseases. To identify the bioactive compounds that enable to modulate the TGF-β1/miR-21-5p signaling pathway, we screened a library of medicinal plant extracts using our miR-ON RILES luciferase reporter system placed under the control of the miR-21-5p in keratinocytes treated with TGF-β1. We identified silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., as the most potent regulator of miR-21-5p expression. Using Argonaute 2 immunoprecipitation and RT-qPCR, we showed that silymarin regulates the expression of miR-21-5p through a noncanonical TGF-β1 signaling pathway, whereas RNA-sequencing analysis revealed three unexpected transcriptomic signatures associated with keratinocyte differentiation, cell cycle, and lipid metabolism. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that SM blocks cell cycle progression, inhibits keratinocyte differentiation through repression of Notch3 expression, stimulates lipid synthesis via activation of PPARγ signaling and inhibits inflammatory responses by suppressing the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. We finally showed that topical application of silymarin alleviates the development of imiquimod-induced psoriasiform lesions in mice by abrogating the altered expression levels of markers involved in inflammation, proliferation, differentiation, and lipid metabolism.

SMAD6-deficiency in human genetic disorders

SMAD6 encodes an intracellular inhibitor of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway. Until now, SMAD6-deficiency has been associated with three distinctive human congenital conditions, i.e., congenital heart diseases, including left ventricular obstruction and conotruncal defects, craniosynostosis and radioulnar synostosis. Intriguingly, a similar spectrum of heterozygous loss-of-function variants has been reported to cause these clinically distinct disorders without a genotype–phenotype correlation. Even identical nucleotide changes have been described in patients with either a cardiovascular phenotype, craniosynostosis or radioulnar synostosis. These findings suggest that the primary pathogenic variant alone cannot explain the resultant patient phenotype. In this review, we summarise clinical and (patho)genetic (dis)similarities between these three SMAD6-related conditions, compare published Madh6 mouse models, in which the importance and impact of the genetic background with respect to the observed phenotype is highlighted, and elaborate on the cellular key mechanisms orchestrated by SMAD6 in the development of these three discrete inherited disorders. In addition, we discuss future research needed to elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying these diseases in order to improve their molecular diagnosis, advance therapeutic strategies and facilitate counselling of patients and their families.

The effects of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in COPD induced by cigarette smoke: an update

Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol containing a large number of compounds with a variety of toxicity and carcinogenicity. Long-term exposure to cigarette smoke significantly increases the risk of a variety of diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a unique biological process, that refers to epithelial cells losing their polarity and transforming into mobile mesenchymal cells, playing a crucial role in organ development, fibrosis, and cancer progression. Numerous recent studies have shown that EMT is an important pathophysiological process involved in airway fibrosis, airway remodeling, and malignant transformation of COPD. In this review, we summarized the effects of cigarette smoke on the development and progression of COPD and focus on the specific changes and underlying mechanisms of EMT in COPD induced by cigarette smoke. We spotlighted the signaling pathways involved in EMT induced by cigarette smoke and summarize the current research and treatment approaches for EMT in COPD, aiming to provide ideas for potential new treatment and research directions.

Transcriptional Characteristics Showed That miR-144-y/FOXO3 Participates in Embryonic Skin and Feather Follicle Development in Zhedong White Goose

Simple Summary

Feather is one of the most valuable and economical products in goose farming and plays a crucial physiological role in birds. For avian biology and the poultry industry, it is essential to comprehend and regulate how skin and feather follicles develop during embryogenesis. This study showed that several key regulatory genes (FOXO3, CTGF, and PTCH1, among others) and miRNAs (miR-144-y) participated in the developmental process of the skin and feather follicles in Zhedong white goose. Our findings are particularly important because they will serve as a valuable resource for upcoming studies on down feathers in agricultural economic growth regarding complex molecular mechanisms and breeding techniques.

Abstract

Skin and feather follicle development are essential processes for goose embryonic growth. Transcriptome and next-generation sequencing (NGS) network analyses were performed to improve the genome of Zhedong White goose and discover the critical genes, miRNAs, and pathways involved in goose skin and feather follicle morphogenesis. Sequencing output generated 6,002,591,668 to 8,675,720,319 clean reads from fifteen libraries. There were 1234, 3024, 4416, and 5326 different genes showing differential expression in four stages, E10 vs. E13, E10 vs. E18, E10 vs. E23, and E10 vs. E28, respectively. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be implicated in multiple biological processes and pathways associated with feather growth and development, such as the Wnt signaling pathway, cell adhesion molecules, ECM–receptor interaction signaling pathways, and cell cycle and DNA replication pathways, according to functional analysis. In total, 8276 DEGs were assembled into twenty gene profiles with diverse expression patterns. The reliability of transcriptome results was verified by real-time quantitative PCR by selecting seven DEGs and five miRNAs. The localization of forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), protein parched homolog1 (PTCH1), and miR-144-y by in situ hybridization showed spatial-temporal expression patterns and that FOXO3 and miR-144-y have an antagonistic targeting relationship. The correlation coefficient of FOXO3 and miR-144-y was -0.948, showing a strong negative correlation. Dual-luciferase reporter assay results demonstrated that miR-144-y could bind to the expected location to suppress the expression of FOXO3, which supports that there is a targeting relationship between them. The detections in this report will provide critical insight into the complex molecular mechanisms and breeding practices underlying the developmental characteristics of skin and feather follicles in Zhedong white geese.

Dysregulated glucuronic acid metabolism exacerbates hepatocellular carcinoma progression and metastasis through the TGFβ signalling pathway

BACKGROUND

Glucuronic acid metabolism participates in cellular detoxification, extracellular matrix remodeling and cell adhesion and migration. Here, we aimed to explore the crosstalk between dysregulated glucuronic acid metabolism and crucial metastatic signalling in glutathione S-transferase zeta 1 (GSTZ1)-deficient hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS

Transwell, HCC xenograft and Gstz1-/- mouse models were used to examine the role of GSTZ1 in HCC metastasis. Non-targeted and targeted metabolomics and global transcriptomic analyses were performed to screen significantly altered metabolic and signalling pathways in GSTZ1 overexpressing hepatoma cells. Further, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation, Biotin-RNA pull-down, mRNA decay assays and luciferase reporter assays were used to explore the interaction between RNA and RNA-binding proteins.

RESULTS

GSTZ1 was universally silenced in both human and murine HCC cells, and its deficiency contributed to HCC metastasis in vitro and in vivo. UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH)-mediated UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA) accumulation promoted hepatoma cell migration upon GSTZ1 loss. UDP-GlcUA stabilized TGFβR1 mRNA by enhancing its binding to polypyrimidine tract binding protein 3, contributing to the activation of TGFβ/Smad signalling. UGDH or TGFβR1 blockade impaired HCC metastasis. In addition, UGDH up-regulation and UDP-GlcUA accumulation correlated with increased metastatic potential and decreased patient survival in GSTZ1-deficient HCC.

CONCLUSIONS

GSTZ1 deficiency and subsequent up-regulation of the glucuronic acid metabolic pathway promotes HCC metastasis by increasing the stability of TGFβR1 mRNA and activating TGFβ/Smad signalling. UGDH and a key metabolite, UDP-GlcUA, may serve as prognostic markers. Targeting UGDH might be a promising strategy for HCC therapy.

A Systematic Review of Keratinocyte Secretions: A Regenerative Perspective

Cell regenerative therapy is a modern solution for difficult-to-heal wounds. Keratinocytes, the most common cell type in the skin, are difficult to obtain without the creation of another wound. Stem cell differentiation towards keratinocytes is a challenging process, and it is difficult to reproduce in chemically defined media. Nevertheless, a co-culture of keratinocytes with stem cells usually achieves efficient differentiation. This systematic review aims to identify the secretions of normal human keratinocytes reported in the literature and correlate them with the differentiation process. An online search revealed 338 references, of which 100 met the selection criteria. A total of 80 different keratinocyte secretions were reported, which can be grouped mainly into cytokines, growth factors, and antimicrobial peptides. The growth-factor group mostly affects stem cell differentiation into keratinocytes, especially epidermal growth factor and members of the transforming growth factor family. Nevertheless, the reported secretions reflected the nature of the involved studies, as most of them focused on keratinocyte interaction with inflammation. This review highlights the secretory function of keratinocytes, as well as the need for intense investigation to characterize these secretions and evaluate their regenerative capacities.

Shenkang Injection for Treating Renal Fibrosis-Metabonomics and Regulation of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Smurfs on TGF-β/Smads Signal Transduction

At present, TGF-β is the most critical fibrogenic factor known. Smad ubiquitin ligase Smurfs play an important role in the regulation of the TGF-/Smads signaling pathway, which is linked to metabolite changes in renal fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that Shenkang injection can prevent and treat chronic kidney disease through multiple channels of action. However, the precise relationship between Shenkang injection and the regulation of the TGF-/Smads signaling pathway in the treatment of chronic kidney disease is unknown. Here, we evaluated the pharmacological effects of Shenkang injection on ubiquitination and metabolic changes of the TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway in UUO mice using pathology-related indicators, immunoprecipitation, subcellular co-location, and metabonomics analysis. Our findings indicate that Shenkang injection can promote nuclear translocation of Smurf1 and Smurf2 to TGF- membrane receptors TR-I and Smad2 and ubiquitinated degradation of these proteins. Furthermore, the formation of TβR-I/TβR-II, TβR-I/Smad2, and TβR-I/Smad3 complexes was inhibited to negatively regulate the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway induced renal tubular epithelial transdifferentiation (EMT). The EMT process is not very relevant in vivo, although it is clear that TGF-β induces EMT in cultured cells, which has been demonstrated by numerous teams around the world. However, this is not the case with the in vivo models of kidney fibrosis, especially UUO. In addition, Shenkang injection can improve amino acid metabolism, purine metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism disorders.

Single-Cell Transcriptomics Uncover Key Regulators of Skin Regeneration in Human Long-Term Mechanical Stretch-Mediated Expansion Therapy

Tissue expansion is a commonly performed therapy to grow extra skin invivo for reconstruction. While mechanical stretch-induced epidermal changes have been extensively studied in rodents and cell culture, little is known about the mechanobiology of the human epidermis in vivo. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing to interrogate the changes in the human epidermis during long-term tissue expansion therapy in clinical settings. We also verified the main findings at the protein level by immunofluorescence analysis of independent clinical samples. Our data show that the expanding human skin epidermis maintained a cellular composition and lineage trajectory that are similar to its non-expanding neighbor, suggesting the cellular heterogeneity of long-term expanded samples differs from the early response to the expansion. Also, a decrease in proliferative cells due to the decayed regenerative competency was detected. On the other hand, profound transcriptional changes are detected for epidermal stem cells in the expanding skin versus their non-expanding peers. These include significantly enriched signatures of C-FOS, EMT, and mTOR pathways and upregulation of AREG and SERPINB2 genes. CellChat associated ligand-receptor pairs and signaling pathways were revealed. Together, our data present a single-cell atlas of human epidermal changes in long-term tissue expansion therapy, suggesting that transcriptional change in epidermal stem cells is the major mechanism underlying long-term human skin expansion therapy. We also identified novel therapeutic targets to promote human skin expansion efficiency in the future.

Fructose Induces Pulmonary Fibrotic Phenotype Through Promoting Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Mediated by ROS-Activated Latent TGF-β1

Fructose is a commonly used food additive and has many adverse effects on human health, but it is unclear whether fructose impacts pulmonary fibrosis. TGF-β1, a potent fibrotic inducer, is produced as latent complexes by various cells, including alveolar epithelial cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts, and must be activated by many factors such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study explored the impact of fructose on pulmonary fibrotic phenotype and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) using lung epithelial cells (A549 or BEAS-2B) and the underlying mechanisms. Fructose promoted the cell viability of lung epithelial cells, while N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) inhibited such. Co-treatment of fructose and latent TGF-β1 could induce the fibrosis phenotype and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein expression, increasing lung epithelial cell migration and invasion. Mechanism analysis shows that fructose dose-dependently promoted the production of total and mitochondrial ROS in A549 cells, while NAC eliminated this promotion. Notably, post-administration with NAC or SB431542 (a potent TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor) inhibited fibrosis phenotype and EMT process of lung epithelial cells co-treated with fructose and latent TGF-β1. Finally, the fibrosis phenotype and EMT-related protein expression of lung epithelial cells were mediated by the ROS-activated latent TGF-β1/Smad3 signal. This study revealed that high fructose promoted the fibrotic phenotype of human lung epithelial cells by up-regulating oxidative stress, which enabled the latent form of TGF-β1 into activated TGF-β1, which provides help and reference for the diet adjustment of healthy people and patients with fibrosis.

Newborn and elderly skin: two fragile skins at higher risk of pressure injury

Skin is a key organ maintaining internal homeostasis by performing many functions such as water loss prevention, body temperature regulation and protection from noxious substance absorption, microorganism intrusion and physical trauma. Skin ageing has been well studied and it is well known that physiological changes in the elderly result in higher skin fragility favouring the onset of skin diseases. For example, prolonged and/or high-intensity pressure may suppress local blood flow more easily, disturbing cell metabolism and inducing pressure injury (PI) formation. Pressure injuries (PIs) represent a significant problem worldwide and their prevalence remains too high. A higher PI prevalence is correlated with an elderly population. Newborn skin evolution has been less studied, but some data also report a higher PI prevalence in this population compared to older children, and several authors also consider this skin as physiologically fragile. In this review, we compare the characteristics of newborn and elderly skin in order to determine common features that may explain their fragility, especially regarding PI risk. We show that, despite differences in appearance, they share many common features leading to higher fragility to shear and pressure forces, not only at the structural level but also at the cellular and molecular level and in terms of physiology. Both newborn and elderly skin have: (i) a thinner epidermis; (ii) a thinner dermis containing a less-resistant collagen network, a higher collagen III:collagen I ratio and less elastin; (iii) a flatter dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) with lower anchoring systems; and (iv) a thinner hypodermis, resulting in lower mechanical resistance to skin damage when pressure or shear forces are applied. At the molecular level, reduced expression of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and its receptor TGFβ receptor II (TβRII) is involved in the decreased production and/or increased degradation of various dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Epidermal fragility also involves a higher skin pH which decreases the activity of key enzymes inducing ceramide deficiency and reduced barrier protection. This seems to be correlated with higher PI prevalence in some situations. Some data also suggest that stratum corneum (SC) dryness, which may disturb cell metabolism, also increases the risk of PI formation. Besides this structural fragility, several skin functions are also less efficient. Low applied pressures induce skin vessel vasodilation via a mechanism called pressure-induced vasodilation (PIV). Individuals lacking a normal PIV response show an early decrease in cutaneous blood flow in response to the application of very low pressures, reflecting vascular fragility of the skin that increases the risk of ulceration. Due to changes in endothelial function, skin PIV ability decreases during skin ageing, putting it at higher risk of PI formation. In newborns, some data lead us to hypothesize that the nitric oxide (NO) pathway is not fully functional at birth, which may partly explain the higher risk of PI formation in newborns. In the elderly, a lower PIV ability results from impaired functionality of skin innervation, in particular that of C-fibres which are involved in both touch and pain sensation and the PIV mechanism. In newborns, skin sensitivity differs from adults due to nerve system immaturity, but the role of this in PIV remains to be determined.

Iodine-125 Seeds Inhibit Carcinogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Suppressing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via TGF-β1/Smad Signaling

To investigate the radioactive iodine-125 (I-125) seed on migrating and invading of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and its mechanism, the irradiation of PLC and Huh7 cells was carried out with I-125 seeds in vitro. Cell counting kit 8 assay was employed to measure cell viability. Cell migration was evaluated by using wound-healing assay. Cell invasion was detected by Transwell assay; RT-PCR and Western blot were used for the detection of the mRNA and proteins of TGF-β1 signaling pathway-related genes. The viability of PLC and Huh7 cells declined in a dose-dependent manner with increasing irradiation from 0 Gy, 2 Gy, 4 Gy, and 6 Gy, to 8 Gy, respectively. The IC50 of PLC and Huh7 cells were 6.20 Gy and 5.39 Gy, respectively, after 24 h of irradiation. Migration and invasion abilities of I-125 group cells were greatly weakened (P < 0.05) comparing with the control group. According to the outcomes of RT-PCR and WB, I-125 seed irradiation significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3, and Snail. But the mRNA and protein expressions of E-cadherin were enhanced. Rescue experiment demonstrates that TGF-β1 activator could reverse the inhibitory effects of I-125 on invasion and migration of cells. The results of in vivo experiments further verified that the I-125 seeds can inhibit the proliferation and TGF-β1 of xenographed PLC cells. In conclusion, I-125 seeds restrain the invasion and migration of HCC cells by suppressing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, which may associate with the inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling.

miR-129-5p Participates in Hair Follicle Growth by Targeting HOXC13 in Rabbit

Mammalian hair formation is critically determined by the growth of hair follicles (HF). MiRNAs are crucial in the periodic development of hair follicles; they maintain epidermal homeostasis by targeting genes and influencing the activity of signaling pathways and related regulators. Our study discovered miR-129-5p to be overexpressed in the skin of Angora rabbits during catagen, and was negatively correlated with HOXC13 expression (Pearson’s R = −0.313, p < 0.05). The dual-Luciferase reporter gene detection system and Western blotting confirmed that miR-129-5p targeted HOXC13. In addition, miR-129-5p overexpression was found to significantly inhibit the expression of hair follicle development-related genes (HFDRGs), such as BCL2, WNT2, CCND1, and LEF1 (p < 0.01), and promoted the expression of SFRP2, TGF-β1, and FGF2 (p < 0.01), which was the same as the knockdown of HOXC13. In contrast, the knockout of miR-129-5p was the opposite, and it demonstrated similar results to the overexpression of HOXC13. CCK8 and flow cytometry demonstrated that miR-129-5p mimics significantly promoted the apoptosis of dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and inhibited proliferation (p < 0.01), while the inhibitor was found to reduce the apoptosis of DPCs and promote proliferation (p < 0.01). These results showed that miR-129-5p can participate in the periodic development of HF by targeting HOXC13, and it can induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation of DPCs. These results will help to understand the role and mechanism of miR-129-5p in the periodic development of HF, and will provide support for subsequent studies, not only providing a theoretical basis for genetically improving the quality of hair in animals in the future, but also a new theory and method for diagnosing and treating hair loss in humans.

Whole blood transcriptome profiling identifies candidate genes associated with alopecia in male giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Background

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a threatened species endemic to China. Alopecia, characterized by thinning and broken hair, mostly occurs in breeding males. Alopecia significantly affects the health and public image of the giant panda and the cause of alopecia is unclear.

Results

Here, we researched gene expression profiles of four alopecia giant pandas and seven healthy giant pandas. All pandas were approximately ten years old and their blood samples collected during the breeding season. A total of 458 up-regulated DEGs and 211 down-regulated DEGs were identified. KEGG pathway enrichment identified that upregulated genes were enriched in the Notch signaling pathway and downregulated genes were enriched in ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, and thermogenesis pathways. We obtained 28 hair growth-related DEGs, and identified three hub genes NOTCH1, SMAD3, and TGFB1 in PPI analysis. Five hair growth-related signaling pathways were identified with abnormal expression, these were Notch, Wnt, TGF-β, Mapk, and PI3K-Akt. The overexpression of NOTCH1 delays inner root sheath differentiation and results in hair shaft abnormalities. The delayed hair regression was associated with a significant decrease in the expression levels of TGFB1.

Conclusions

Our data confirmed the abnormal expression of several hair-related genes and pathways and identified alopecia candidate genes in the giant panda. Results of this study provide theoretical basis for the establishment of prevention and treatment strategies for giant pandas with alopecia.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08501-z.

Signaling Pathways Impact on Induction of Corneal Epithelial-like Cells Derived from Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Corneal epithelium, the outmost layer of the cornea, comprises corneal epithelial cells (CECs) that are continuously renewed by limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs). Loss or dysfunction of LESCs causes limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) which results in corneal epithelial integrity loss and visual impairment. To regenerate the ocular surface, transplantation of stem cell-derived CECs is necessary. Human Wharton’s jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) are a good candidate for cellular therapies in allogeneic transplantation. This study aimed to test the effects of treatments on three signaling pathways involved in CEC differentiation as well as examine the optimal protocol for inducing corneal epithelial differentiation of human WJ-MSCs. All-trans retinoic acid (RA, 5 or 10 µM) inhibited the Wnt signaling pathway via suppressing the translocation of β-catenin from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. SB505124 downregulated the TGF-β signaling pathway via reducing phosphorylation of Smad2. BMP4 did not increase phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 that is involved in BMP signaling. The combination of RA, SB505124, BMP4, and EGF for the first 3 days of differentiation followed by supplementing hormonal epidermal medium for an additional 6 days could generate corneal epithelial-like cells that expressed a CEC specific marker CK12. This study reveals that WJ-MSCs have the potential to transdifferentiate into CECs which would be beneficial for further applications in LSCD treatment therapy.

Audiologic and Otologic Clinical Manifestations of Loeys-Dietz Syndrome: A Heritable Connective Tissue Disorder

OBJECTIVE

Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a rare genetic connective tissue disorder resulting from TGF-ß signaling pathway defects and characterized by a wide spectrum of aortic aneurysm, arterial tortuosity, and various extravascular abnormalities. This study describes the audiologic, otologic, and craniofacial manifestations of LDS.

STUDY DESIGN

Consecutive cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Tertiary medical research institute.

METHODS

Audiologic and clinical evaluations were conducted among 36 patients (mean ± SD age, 24 ± 17 years; 54% female) with genetically confirmed LDS. Cases were categorized into genetically based LDS types 1 to 4 (TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD3, TGFB2, respectively). Audiometric characteristics included degree and type of hearing loss: subclinical, conductive, mixed, and sensorineural.

RESULTS

LDS types 1 to 4 included 11, 13, 5, and 7 patients, respectively. In LDS-1, 27% had bilateral conductive hearing loss; 9%, unilateral mixed; and 36%, subclinical. In LDS-2, 38% had conductive hearing loss and 38% subclinical. In LDS-3 and LDS-4, 40% and 43% had bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, respectively. Degree of hearing loss ranged from mild to moderate. Bifid uvula was observed only in LDS-1 (55%) and LDS-2 (62%). Submucosal/hard cleft palates were primarily in LDS-1 and LDS-2. Posttympanostomy tympanic membrane perforations occurred in 45% (10/22 ears) of LDS-1 and LDS-2. There were 4 cases of cholesteatoma: 3 middle ear (LDS-1 and LDS-2) and 1 external ear canal (LDS-3).

CONCLUSION

Conductive hearing loss, bifid uvula/cleft palate, and posttympanostomy tympanic membrane perforation are more common in LDS-1 and LDS-2 than LDS-3 and LDS-4, while sensorineural hearing loss was present only in LDS-3 and LDS-4. These LDS-associated key clinical presentations may facilitate an early diagnosis of LDS and thus prompt intervention to prevent related detrimental outcomes.

The NDNF-like factor Nord is a Hedgehog-induced extracellular BMP modulator that regulates Drosophila wing patterning and growth

Hedgehog (Hh) and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) pattern the developing Drosophila wing by functioning as short- and long-range morphogens, respectively. Here, we show that a previously unknown Hh-dependent mechanism fine-tunes the activity of BMPs. Through genome-wide expression profiling of the Drosophila wing imaginal discs, we identify nord as a novel target gene of the Hh signaling pathway. Nord is related to the vertebrate Neuron-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (NDNF) involved in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and several types of cancer. Loss- and gain-of-function analyses implicate Nord in the regulation of wing growth and proper crossvein patterning. At the molecular level, we present biochemical evidence that Nord is a secreted BMP-binding protein and localizes to the extracellular matrix. Nord binds to Decapentaplegic (Dpp) or the heterodimer Dpp-Glass-bottom boat (Gbb) to modulate their release and activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Nord is a dosage-dependent BMP modulator, where low levels of Nord promote and high levels inhibit BMP signaling. Taken together, we propose that Hh-induced Nord expression fine-tunes both the range and strength of BMP signaling in the developing Drosophila wing.

The double-edged sword role of TGF-β signaling pathway between intrauterine inflammation and cranial neural crest development

Intrauterine infection would harm a developing embryo/fetus, thereby increasing the risk of developmental malformation. But, whether or not the infection-induced inflammation affects neural crest development still remains obscure. In this study, we employed meta-analysis to demonstrate the potential correlation between infection-induced inflammation and craniofacial anomalies, which was usually derived from the problems in neural crest cell development. The correlation was further verified by inflammatory cytokine release and the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling in lipopolysaccharide-treated HH10 chicken embryos. In such an inflammatory condition, AP-2α- and Pax7-labeled pre-migratory and migratory neural crest cells in HH10 chicken embryos were significantly less than the ones in control. The bioinformatics analysis of RNA-seq data demonstrated that the principal differential gene expression occurred in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway, which was confirmed by the subsequent experimental results of quantitative PCR and immunofluorescent staining. Under this inflammatory circumstance, whole-mount in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, and quantitative PCR showed the gene expression changes of key EMT-related transcription factors including upregulated Msx1, downregulated Slug, and FoxD3, as well as adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix protein including upregulated Cadherrin6B, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Laminin at the dorsal portion of neural tube of HH10 chicken embryos. Meanwhile, the bioinformatics analysis of RNA-seq data also manifested the differential gene expressions relevant to cell proliferation, which was confirmed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen Western blot data and co-immunofluorescence staining of human natural killer-1 and phosphorylated histone H3. In brief, this study revealed for the first time that the double-edged sword role of TGF-β signaling pathway between intrauterine inflammation (protective role) and cranial neural crest development (harmful role).

Activin A and ALK4 Identified as Novel Regulators of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Human Epicardial Cells

The epicardium, the mesothelial layer covering the heart, is a crucial cell source for cardiac development and repair. It provides cells and biochemical signals to the heart to facilitate vascularization and myocardial growth. An essential element of epicardial behavior is epicardial epithelial to mesenchymal transition (epiMT), which is the initial step for epicardial cells to become motile and invade the myocardium. To identify targets to optimize epicardium-driven repair of the heart, it is vital to understand which pathways are involved in the regulation of epiMT. Therefore, we established a cell culture model for human primary adult and fetal epiMT, which allows for parallel testing of inhibitors and stimulants of specific pathways. Using this approach, we reveal Activin A and ALK4 signaling as novel regulators of epiMT, independent of the commonly accepted EMT inducer TGFβ. Importantly, Activin A was able to induce epicardial invasion in cultured embryonic mouse hearts. Our results identify Activin A/ALK4 signaling as a modulator of epicardial plasticity which may be exploitable in cardiac regenerative medicine.